OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

LI GII THIU
S ra i ca chun 802.16 cho mng WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access - Kh nng tng tc ton cu vi truy nhp vi ba) n nh du s bt u cho mt k nguyn truy nhp khng dy bng rng c nh ang n giai on pht trin. N mang n nhng thch thc ln cho mng hu tuyn hin ti v n c mt chi ph thp khi lp t v bo tr. Chun ny cng p dng cho mng truyn thng v tuyn ng di (ln ti 50km) trong thc t v c th s l mt s b sung hoc thay th cho mng 3G. Tt c nhng c tnh y ha hn ny ca WiMAX s mang li mt th trng ln trong tng lai. Xut pht t nhng vn nu trn, em la chn ti K THUT X L TN HIU TRONG WiMAX. Mc tiu u tin ca chuyn ny l nghin cu nhng c tnh mi ca WiMAX v tp trung ch yu vo vic phn tch lp vt l v lp truy nhp. Mc tiu th hai l tm hiu v k thut iu ch OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Ghp knh phn tn trc giao) v k thut OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access - a truy nhp phn tn trc giao) c s dng trong WiMAX Mc tiu th ba l thc hin vic m phng qu trnh x l tn hiu trong WiMAX da trn k thut OFDM Ni dung chuyn gm 4 chng chnh nh sau : Chng 1: K thut iu ch OFDM Trong chng 1 s trnh by nhng khi nim c bn, u nhc im, nguyn l iu ch v gii iu ch ca k thut iu ch OFDM, v nhng ng dng ca k thut ny. Chng 2: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX Trong chng 2 ny s trnh by v nhng khi nim c bn, v cu trc, cc bng tn s dng, cc ng dng thc t v nhng u nhc im ca cng ngh WiMAX.

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Chng 3: K thut OFDMA trong WiMAX Trong chng ny s trnh by v nhng khi nim c bn, cc c im v tnh cht ni bt ca k thut a truy nhp phn tn trc giao OFDMA. Qua chng ta c th thy c nhng u im ca k thut ny trong vic x l truyn nhn tn hiu ni chung v ng dng trong cng ngh WiMAX ni ring. .Tong thi gian lm chuyn , em c gng rt nhiu song do kin thc cn hn ch, thi gian nghin cu ti c hn . Em rt mong nhn c s ph bnh, cc kin ng gp chn thnh ca cc thy c v cc bn chuyn c hon thin hn. H Ni-2013 Sinh vin thc hin

Nhm 15

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

CHNG 1: L THUYT K THUT IU CH OFDM

1.1 Gii thiu: Sau a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA, u nm 2000 xut hin gii php a truy nhp mi thu ht nhiu s quan tm ca ngnh truyn thng, l a truy nhp phn tn trc giao OFDMA, s dng k thut iu ch OFDM. 1.1.1 Khi nim: K thut iu ch OFDM, v c bn, l mt trng hp c bit ca phng php iu ch FDM, chia lung d liu thnh nhiu ng truyn bng hp trong vng tn s s dng, trong cc sng mang con (hay sng mang ph, sub-carrier) trc giao vi nhau. Do vy, ph tn hiu ca cc sng mang ph ny c php chng ln ln nhau m pha u thu vn khi phc li c tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu ny lm cho h thng OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi cc k thut iu ch thng thng.

Hnh 1.1: So snh gia FDM v OFDM S lng cc sng mang con ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh rng knh v mc nhiu. Con s ny tgn ng vi kch thc FFT. Chun giao tip v tuyn 802.16-2004 xc nh 256 sng mang con tng FFT 256 im, hnh thnh chun Fixed WiMAX, vi rng knh c nh. Chun giao tip 802.16-2005 cho php

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kch c FFT t 512 n 2048 ph hp vi rng knh 5MHz n 20MHz, hnh thnh chun Mobile WiMAX (Scalable OFDMA ), duy tr tng i khong thi gian khng i ca cc k hiu v khong dn cch gia cc sng mang vi rng knh.

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Hnh 1.2 Tn hiu OFDM v ph 1.1.2 Lch s pht trin: D thut ng OFDM mi ph bin rng ri gn y nhng k thut ny c xut hin cch nay hn 40 nm: Nm 1966, R.W.Chang pht minh ra k thut OFDM M. Nm 1971, mt cng trnh khoa hc ca Weisteins v Ebert chng minh rng phng php iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM c th c thc hin thng qua php bin i IDFT (bin i Fourier ri rc ngc) v DFT ( bin i Fourier ri rc). Sau , cng vi s pht trin ca k thut s, ngi ta s dng php bin i IFFT v FFT cho b iu ch OFDM. Nm 1999, tp chun IEEE 802.11 pht hnh chun 802.11a v hot ng ca OFDM bng tn 5GHz UNI. Nm 2003, IEEE cng b chun 802.11g cho OFDM hot ng bng tn 2.4GHz v pht trin OFDM cho h thng bng rng, chng t s hu dng ca OFDM vi cc h thng c SNR( t s S/N) thp. Ngy nay, k thut OFDM cn kt hp vi cc phng php m ha knh s dng trong thng tin v tuyn, gi l Coded OFDM, ngha l tn hiu trc khi iu ch s c m ha vi nhiu loi m khc nhau hn ch cc li xy ra trn knh truyn. Do cht lng knh ( fading v t s S/N) ca mi sng mang con ph l khc nhau, ngi ta thc hin iu ch tn hiu trn mi sng mang vi cc mc iu ch khc nhau, gi l iu ch thch nghi (adaptive modulation) hin ang c s dng trong h thng thng tin my tnh bng rng HiperLAN ca ETSI Chu u. 1.1.3 Cc u v nhc im ca k thut OFDM: Ngoi u im tit kim bng thng knh truyn k trn, OFDM cn c mt s u im sau y: H thng OFDM c th loi b hin tng nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI (InterSymbol Interference) nu di chui bo v (guard interval ) ln hn tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh truyn.

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OFDM ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng. Cu trc my thu n gin. Tuy nhin, bn cnh , OFDM cng c mt s nhc im sau: Vic s dng chui bo v gip gim hin tng ISI do phn tp a ng nhng chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch, chim mt phn bng thng ca ng truyn lm gim hiu sut ng truyn. Do yu cu v tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang ph nn h thng OFDM kh nhy cm vi hiu ng Dopler, dch tn ( frequency offset) v dch thi ( time offset) do sai s ng b. ng bao bin ca tn hiu pha pht khng bng phng, gy ra mo phi tuyn cc b khuch i cng sut u pht v u thu. 1.2/ L thuyt iu ch OFDM: 1.2.1 S trc giao ca hai tn hiu: V mt ton hc, cc tn hiu sp v sq c coi l trc giao vi nhau khi :

k, p = q * s ( t ) s ( t ) dt = a p q 0, p q
b

(BT 2.1)

Trong s*q(t) l lin hip phc ca sq(t), khong thi gian (a,b) l chu k ca tn hiu, k l const. Ta c th biu din n gin hn:
T2

1 i = k ( t ) ( t ) dt = = 1 2 ik 0 i k T1

(BT 2.2)

1.2.2 Nguyn tc iu ch: Da v vo tnh trc giao, ph tn hiu ca cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau lm hiu sut s dng ph tng ln ng k. S trc giao gia cc sng mang ph c thc hin nh sau: ph tn hiu sng mang ph th q c dch vo mt knh con th p thng qua php nhn vi hm phc ejqwst, trong S= 2f=2/TS l khong cch tn s gia hai sng mang. Nh php nhn phc ny m cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, c kim chng nh sau:

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

( k +1)TS

kTS

e jpS t (e jqS t )* dt =

( k +1)TS

kTS t =( k +1)TS t = kTS

e j ( p q )S t dt
(BT 2.3)

= =

1 e j ( p q )S t j ( p q )S
0, p q TS , p = q

cng thc trn, ta thy hai sng mang ph p,q trc giao vi nhau do tch phn ca mt sng mang lin hip phc vi sng mang cn li s bng 0 nu chng l hai sng mang khc bit. 1.2.2.1 S :
data randomize e Channel coding interleaving Modulation Subcarrier allocation S / P I F F T P / S Cyclic Prefix

Hnh 1.3 B pht tn hiu OFDM 1.2.2.2 Chui bo v trong h thng OFDM: u im ca phng php iu ch OFDM khng ch th hin hiu qu s dng bng thng m cn c kh nng lm gim hay loi tr nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI nh s dng chui bo v (Guard Interval- GI ). Mt mu tn hiu c di l T S, chui bo v tng ng l mt chui tn hiu c di T G pha sau c sao chp ln phn pha trc ca mu tn hiu ny nh hnh v sau( do , GI cn c gi l Cyclic Prefix-CP). S sao chp ny c tc dng chng li nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI do hiu ng phn tp a ng.

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GI

Phn tn Phn tnhiu hiuc c ch ch

Hnh 1.4 Khi nim v chui bo v. Nguyn tc ny gii thch nh sau: Gi s my pht i mt khong tn hiu c chiu di l Ts, sau khi chn thm chui bo v c chiu di T G th tn hiu ny c chiu di l T=T S+TG. Do hiu ng a ng multipath, tn hiu ny s ti my thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Trong hnh v m t di y, hnh a, tn hiu theo ng th nht khng c tr, cc ng th hai v th ba u b tr mt khong thi gian so vi ng th nht.Tn hiu thu c my thu s l tng hp ca tt c cc tuyn, cho thy k hiu ng trc s chng ln vo k hiu ngay sau , y chnh l hin tng ISI. Do trong OFDM c s dng chui bo v c di TG s d dng loi b hin tng ny. Trong trng hp T G
MAX

nh hnh v m

t th phn b chng ln ISI nm trong khong ca chui bo v, cn thnh phn tn hiu c ch vn an ton. pha my thu s gt b chui bo v trc khi gi tn hiu n b gii iu ch OFDM. Do , iu kin cn thit cho h thng OFDM khng b nh hng bi ISI l:

TG MAX (BT 2.4)

vi MAX l tr truyn dn ti a ca knh. a/Khng c GI

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b/C GI

Hnh 1.5 ISI v cyclic prefix Vic s dng chui bo v m bo tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con, do vy n gin ho cu trc b nh gi knh truyn, b cn bng tn hiu my thu. Tuy nhin, do chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch nn tng ph ca tc truyn nn ph tn hiu s tng, tiu tn bng thng, lm gim hiu sut s dng bng thng mt lng l :

TS TS + TG

(BT 2.5)

Ngoi ra, gim s nh hng ca s ph thuc theo gii gian ca knh i vi cht lng h thng th di ca mu tn hiu OFDM phi nh hn di ph thuc thi gian ca knh (channel coherent time)
TS = 1 2 f D max

(BT 2.6)

vi fD l tn s Doppler, f D =

vf c , v l vn tc gia my pht v my thu, fc l c

tn s sng mang, c l vn tc lan truyn ca trng in t. 1.2.2.3 Php nhn vi xung c bn: Trong a s cc h thng v tuyn, tn hiu trc khi truyn i u c nhn vi xung c bn. Mc ch chnh l gii hn ph tn hiu pht sao cho ph hp vi rng knh truyn. Trong trng hp rng ph tn hiu ln hn

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rng knh truyn th s gy nhiu xuyn knh cho h thng khc. Trong OFDM, tn hiu trc khi pht i c nhn vi xung c bn c b rng ng bng b rng ca mt mu tn hiu OFDM, xung c bn thng l xung vung hay xung ch nht. Sau khi chn thm chui bo v th xung c bn k hiu l S(t) c rng l T S + TG. S(t)

-TG

TS T

Hnh 2.6. Xung c s Trong thc t xung c bn thng c s dng l b lc cos nng (Raise cosine filter ). 1.2.3 Thc hin iu ch bng thut ton IFFT: Mi sng mang c m t nh mt tn hiu phc:

Sc (t ) = Ac e j (ct + c ) (BT 2.7)

vi Ac, c l bin v pha Nu s dng iu ch QPSK, bin ca sng mang thng bng 1 v pha l mt trong bn gc phn t ca h thng QPSK thng thng. i vi vi iu ch OFDM s dng nhiu sng mang nn tn hiu a sng mang c th hin bi:

1 N 1 S (t ) = Ac e j (nt +c ) (BT 2.8) N n =0 n = 0 +

vi n = 0 + .

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Nu xt dng sng ca mi phn t tn hiu trn mt chu k symbol th cc bin s Ac v l cc gi tr c nh ph thuc vo tn s sng mang c th no .

c n
hp thnh c th hin bi cng thc:

Ac An

Nu tn hiu c ly mu vi chu k l T (tn s ly mu f=1/T) th tn hiu

1 S (kT ) = N

Ae
n 0

N 1

j ( n ) kT + 0+ n

(BT 2.9)

Khong thi gian tn hiu c phn thnh N mu d ly mu trong mt chu k symbol nn =NT. n gin ho m khng lm mt i tnh tng qut, ta cho 0 =0 th (BT 2.9) tr thnh:
N 1 n =0

1 S (kT ) = N

j j ( n ) kT A e n e

(BT 2.10)

So snh vi dng bin i tng qut ca Fourier ngc:

(BT 2.11) Biu thc 2.10 v 2.11 l tng ng nu:

(BT 2.12) Php biu din tn hiu OFDM trn trng vi php bin i IDFT. Do vy, b iu ch OFDM c th thc hin d dng bng php bin i IDFT. Trong trng hp NFFT l bi s ca 2, php bin i IDFT s c thay th bng php bin i IFFT. 1.3 L thuyt gii iu ch OFDM: 1.3.1 Truyn dn phn tp a ng: Knh truyn dn phn tp a ng , v mt ton hc, c biu hin qua p ng xung h(, t) v hm truyn t H( j , t). i vi p ng xung, bin l tr

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truyn dn ca knh, l khong thi gian tn hiu i t my pht n my thu. Bin i Fourier ca p ng xung cho ta hm truyn t ca knh

H ( j , t ) = h( , t )e j d

(BT 2.13)

Gi s khng c AWGN, mi lin h gia tn hiu thu u(t), tn hiu pht m(t) v p ng xung: m(t) h(,t) H(j,t) Hnh 2.7 M hnh knh truyn Trong min thi gian l tch chp ca tn hiu pht v p ng xung ca knh:
max

u(t)

u (t ) = m(t )* h( , t ) =
1.3.2 Nguyn tc gii iu ch: 1.3.2.1 S :

h( , t )m(t )d (BT 2.14)

0

Remove Cyclic Prefix Timing,frequency & power offset detection

S / P

F F T

P / S

Hnh 2.8 B thu tn hiu OFDM

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Cc bc thc hin y u ngc li so vi pha my pht. Tn hiu thu s c tch chui bo v, gii iu ch khi phc bng tn gc, gii iu ch cc sng mang con, chuyn i mu tn hiu phc thnh dng bt ( tn hiu s) v chuyn i song song sang ni tip

(k-1)T

kT

(k-1)TS

kTS

Hnh 2.9 Tch chui bo v Sau khi tch chui bo v khi lung tn hiu u(t), lung tn hiu nhn c l: u(kTS+t)=u(kT+t) 1.3.2.2 Thc hin gii iu ch bng thut ton FFT: dng mch s, tn hiu c ly mu vi chu k ta. Gi thit mu tin OFDM c chiu di TS c chia thnh NFFT mu tn hiu, rng ca mt chu k ly mu s l:

ta =

TS (BT 2.15) N FFT

Sau khi lu mu tn hiu nhn c s l uk(kTS+nta) vi n=0,1,2,NFFT-1 Biu din di dng chui nh sau:
N FFT 1

t S (t ) = a TS

n=0

u 'k (kTS + nta )e jS ( kTS + nta ) (BT 2.16)

Ta nhn thy rng : S=2/TS nn

e jk S TS = e jk 2 = 1
S = 2
1 2 ta = TS N FFT

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Do , biu thc 2.16 c vit li:

S (t ) =

1 N FFT

N FFT 1

n=0

u 'k ( kTS + nta )e j 2 n / N FFT (BT 2.17)

Biu thc trn chnh l php biu din DFT vi chiu di N FFT. iu ny c Weinteins v Ebert pht hin ra t nm 1971. Khi N FFT l bi s ca 2, php thc hin DFT c thay th bng php bin i nhanh FFT. 1.4 Mt s ng dng tiu biu v hng pht trin ca k thut OFDM: Ngy nay, k thut OFDM c tiu chun ho l phng php iu ch cho cc h thng pht thanh s nh DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale- h thng pht thanh s ng di thay cho h thng AM), cc h thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting for Terrestrial Transmission Mode), DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting for Handheld) v t ngi bit rng s nng cao tc ng truyn trong h thng ADSL l nh k thut OFDM. Nh k thut iu ch a sng mang v cho php chng ln ph gia cc sng mang m tc truyn dn trong ADSL tng ln ng k. 1.4.1 H thng DRM: DRM l h thng pht thanh s thay th cho h thng pht thanh truyn thng AM. Tn s sng mang cho h thng DRM tng i thp, nh hn 30MHz, ph hp cho vic truyn sng khong cch ln. Mi trng truyn sng ca h thng l knh phn tp a ng c s tham gia phn x mt t v tng in li nn phm vi ph sng ca DRM rt ln, c th ph sng a quc gia hay lin lc a. S khi h thng DRM c miu t nh hnh di y

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Sound data

M ho ngun

Ghp knh

Phn tn nng lng

M ho knh

Ghp xen

n h x

Tin m ho Data Tin m ho Thng tin truy nhp knh Thng tin m t DV Phn tn nng lng

Pht pilot

O F D M

M ho knh

Phn tn nng lng Tin m ho

M ho knh

Hnh 1.10 H thng DRM Cc tham s c bn ca DRM ,theo ETSI, nh sau: rng bng: B=9.328kHz di FFT: NFFT= 256. S sng mang c s dng truyn tin: NC=198. Do tr truyn dn tng i ln nn h thng DRM c thit k ch dnh cho cc my thu tnh hay xch tay. iu ny khc hn so vi h thng DAB hay DVB c thit k cho my thu c tc di chuyn tng i ln nh t, tu ho. 1.4.2 Cc h thng DVB 1.4.2.1 DVB-T -Gii thiu: Th h my pht s ra i khc phc nhc im ca my pht tng t nh kh nng mang nhiu chng trnh trn mt knh RF, h tr kh nng thu tn hiu a ng v thu di ngMy pht s DVB-T v my pht hnh tng t ging nhau, ch khc nhau phn iu ch.

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Hnh 1.11 S khi b DVB-T -c im: Tn hiu truyn i c t chc thnh tng khung, c 4 khung lin tip to thnh mt siu khung. L do ca vic to khung l mang phc v t chc mang thng tin tham s ca pha pht bng cc sng mang bo hiu tham s pha pht (Transmission Parameters Signalling carriers- TPS). Vic hnh thnh siu khung l chn s nguyn ln gi m sa sai reed-Solomon 204 byte trong dng truyn ti MPEG-2 d ta chn bt k cu hnh no trnh vic chn thm cc gi m khng cn thit. Mi khung cha 68 symbol OFDM trong min thi gian c nh s t 0 n 67. Mi symbol ny cha hng ngn sng mang ( 6817 vi ch 8K, 1705 vi ch 2K) nm dy c trong di thng 8MHz( nc ta chn di thng 8MHz, mt s nc khc chn 7MHz). Nh vy, mt symbol ODFM s cha: Sng mang d liu: c iu ch M-QAM, vi mode 8K l 6048 sng mang v mode 2K l 1512. Sng mang dn ng( pilot symbol, mang thng tin pha pht khi phc tn hiu):cc pilot ny thng c iu ch BPSK vi mc cng sut 2.5dB: Pilot lin tc: gm 177 pilot vi mode 8K, 15 vi mode 2K, c v tr c nh trong 8MHz pha thu sa li tn s v pha, t ng iu chnh tn s.

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Pilot ri rc: 524 vi mode 8K, 131 vi mode 2K, khng c v tr c nh trong min tn s nhng c ri u trong di tn 8MHz, gip u thu t ng iu chnh t p ng knh tt nht. Sng mang thng s pht TPS: cha nhm thng s pht c iu ch BPSK, gm 68 sng mang trong mode 8K, 17 trong mode 2K lun c v tr c nh trong biu chm sao BPSK v trong di thng 78MHz. trnh nhiu gia cc k hiu ISI v nhiu tng h gia cc sng mang ICI, ngui ta thc hin chn thm chui bo v GI vo mi symbol. Vic chn thm ny c thc hin bn pha pht vi thi gian bo v T G khc nhau theo quy nh ca DVB : 1/4 TU, 1/8 TU, 1/16TU, 1/32 TU ( TU: chiu di phn tn hiu c ch). 1.4.2.2 DVB-H:in thoi di ng truyn hnh:

Hnh 1.12 S thu ca DVB-H Cu trc my thu ca in thoi di ng DVB-H c cho trn hnh gm 2 phn: Mt b gii iu ch DVB-H (gm khi iu ch DVB-T, moun Time slicing v moun MPE-FEC) v mt u cui DVB-H. Tn hiu vo l tn hiu DVB-T. Khi iu ch DVB-T thu li cc gi dng truyn ti MPEG-2, tn hiu ny cung cp cc mode truyn dn (2K, 8K v 4K) vi cc tn hiu mang thng s truyn dn - TPS tng ng.

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Moun Time Slicing gip tit kim cng sut tiu th v h tr vic chuyn giao mng linh hot hn. Moun MPE-FEC cung cp m sa li tin cho php b thu c th ng u vi cc iu kin thu c bit kh khn. Tn hiu ra khi gii iu ch DVB-H c dng cc gi ca dng truyn ti TS hoc cc IP Datagrams (khi thu tn hiu DVB-H). u cui DVB-H gii m cc IP Datagrams, hin th ni dung ca cc chng trnh DVB-H. Hin nay nhiu hng sn xut in thoi c cc th h TD DVB-H u tin: NOKIA 7700 v 7710, PHILIPS HoTMAN 2, SIEMENS

Hnh 1.13. Cc mu in thoi di ng DVB-H u tin Kin trc ban u ca cc my TD DVB-H hin nay gm: - in thoi tch hp 3 bng tn s: GSM, GPRS v UMTS (3G). - B thu DVB-H. - Camera 1.3M pixel. - Mn hin th VGA (640 x 480). - Mn hnh cm bin - touch screen. - m thanh ng ra Stereo. - H tr chun khng dy Bluetooth. - B nh trong c dung lng 1Gbit

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Hng NOKIA tuyn b t nay hng s tung ra th trng khong 60 thit b sang trng c tch hp DVB-H [NOKIA]. DVB-H ang c nhng u th vt tri ca mnh: Tit kim nng lng Pin ti 90%, thu tn hiu trong mi trng di ng tt, tn hiu c ng gi dng IP v truyn tn hiu di dng qung b ti cc my in thoi di ng. Bi vy ng dng cng ngh qung b DVB-H cho ng xung (downlink) ca cc my in thoi trong mng di ng dng nh l mt gii php mang tnh t ph m cc th h mng vin thng 2G (GSM); 2,5G (GPRS) v 3G (UMTS) hin nay cha th khc phc ngay c. l khng b hn ch v bng thng khi ti cng mt thi im s thu bao s cc dng dch v truyn hnh trc tuyn tng vt. S hi t gia cng ngh qung b DVB-H v vin thng ang c cc hng truyn thng ln trn th gii th nghim ti nhiu nc trn th gii (m hnh DVB-H & GPRS hay DVB-H & UMTS) v chnh thc a ra sn phm ca mnh vo u nm 2005 nh Nokia, Philips, Siemens... cc hng sn sut my pht s hng u th gii (Harris, Intelco, Rohde&Schwarz...) cng xut xng cc thit b tch hp cng ngh DVB-H. Cuc ua gia in thoi di ng 3G v in thoi di ng truyn hnh DVB-H bt u! TD truyn hnh cng ngh DVBH, vi nhng u th ca mnh, ang m ra nhng trin vng mi cho ngi s dng. STT c im Tc bit ca mt knh 1 truyn hnh c nt tiu 4-5 Mbit/s chun SDTV 2 Mn hin th Mn hnh TV c trung bnh v Mn ln. Anten trn mi nh (anten 3 4 Anten Ngun cung cp Yagi), trong nh (anten roi) hoc anten trn t. C nh v l ngun lin tc. hnh in thoi nh. Anten bn trong in thoi. Ngun nng 128-384 Kbit/s DVB-T DVB-H

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

lng Pin v c gii hn. Thu c nh, thu xch tay trong 5 Ch thu nh v thu trn phng tin giao thng. Bng 1.1 So snh gia DVB-T v DVB-H Hin nay vi cng ngh pht s mt t (DVB-T) chng ta c th pht c khong 6-7 chng trnh TV (SDTV) trn mt knh sng (vi tc tng l 27,14 Mbit/s). Trong khi cng ngh IP Datacast (DVB-H) d dng tng thch vi cc mn hnh c nh (vi inch) ca cc u cui cm tay. Vi mn hnh nh th ch vi tc 128-384 Kbit/s trn mt knh (hay mt chng trnh TV yu cu) c th phn phi mt knh video cht lng cao. Chnh cng ngh ny lm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh pht qung b v c th truyn c t 10 n 55 chng trnh . Cc my cm tay di ng.

CHNG 2:

KHO ST K THUT WIMAX

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

2.1 Gii thiu: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access- Kh nng tng tc ton cu vi truy nhp vi ba) l mt cng ngh ra i da trn cc chun 802.11, 802.16 ca IEEE cho php truy cp v tuyn u cui (last mile) nh mt phng thc thay th cho cp, DSL v WLAN. H thng WiMAX theo nh WiMax Forum, cho php kt ni bng rng v tuyn c nh, nomandic( ngi s dng c th di chuyn nhng c nh trong lc kt ni), mang xch c( portable, ngi s dng c th di chuyn tc i b), di ng vi kh nng ph sng ca mt trm anten pht ln n 50km di cc iu kin tm nhn thng (LOS) v bn knh cell ln ti 8km khng theo tm nhn thng (NLOS). 2.2 M hnh h thng: M hnh ph sng mng WiMAX tng t nh mt mng in thoi di ng:

Hnh 2.1 M hnh h thng WiMAX Mt h thng WiMAX c m t nh hnh gm c 2 phn: + Trm pht :ging nh cc trm BTS trong mng thng tin di ng vi cng sut ln, c th ph sng khu vc rng ti 8000km2.

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

+ Trm thu : c th l cc anten nh nh cc loi card mng tch hp (hay gn thm) trn cc mainboard ca my tnh nh WLAN. Cc trm pht c kt ni ti mng Internet thng qua cc ung truyn Internet tc cao hay kt ni ti cc trm khc nh l trm trung chuyn theo ng truyn trc x (line of sight) nn WiMAX c th ph sng nhng khu vc xa. Cc anten thu pht c th trao i thng tin qua qua cc ng truyn LOS hay NLOS.Trong trng hp truyn thng LOS, cc anten c t c nh ti cc im trn cao, tn hiu trong trng hp ny n nh v t tc truyn ti a. Bng tn s dng c th tn s cao, khong 66GHz, v tn s ny t b giao thoa vi cc knh tn hiu khc v bng thng s dng ln. Mt ng truyn LOS yu cu phi c c tnh l ton b min Fresnel th nht khng h c chng ngi vt, nu c tnh ny khng c bo m th cng tn hiu s suy gim ng k. Khng gian min Fresnel ph thuc vo tn s hot ng v khong cch gia trm pht v trm thu.

Hnh 2.2 Min Fresnel trong trng hp LOS Trong trng hp truyn NLOS, h thng s dng bng tn thp hn, 211GHz, tng t nh WLAN, tn hiu c th vt cc vt chn thng qua ng phn x, nhiu x, tn x . n ch. Cc tn hiu nhn c pha thu bao

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

gm s tng hp cc thnh phn nhn c t ng i trc tip, cc ng phn x, nng lng tn x v cc thnh phn nhiu x. Nhng tn hiu ny c nhng khong tr, s suy gim, s phn cc v trng thi n nh lin quan ti ng truyn trc tip l khc nhau.

Hnh 2.3 Truyn sng trong trng hp NLOS Hin tng truyn sng a ng cng l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i phn cc tn hiu. Do s dng phn cc cng nh ti s dng tn s m c thc hin bnh thng trong trin khai LOS li kh khn trong cc ng dng NLOS. Nu ch n thun tng cng sut pht vt qua cc chng ngi vt khng phi l cng ngh NLOS. iu kin ph sng ca c LOS v NLOS b chi phi bi cc c tnh truyn sng ca mi trng, tn hao trn ng truyn (path loss) v qu cng sut ca ng truyn v tuyn. Vi nhng u im hin c, NLOS cn c khai thc tt hn. V d, do mt s yu cu v qui hoch, gii hn cao anten nn khng cho php anten t v tr thun li cho vic truyn LOS; ngoi ra, do mng t bo ngy cng m rng m vic ti s dng tn s ngy cng c hn nn phi h thp cao ca anten gim nhiu ng knh gia cc cell ln cn. Kt qu cc trm gc phi hot ng trong iu kin NLOS v h thp cao anten nh hng n tm nhn thng t trm gc ti cc CPE ti a im ca khch hng. NLOS cng gip gim ng k

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

chi ph kho st trm thit lp, ci t ban u do cc CPE c th t nhng iu kin a hnh phc tp, khch hng c th s dng thit b ti nh. 2.3 Cc u v nhc im ca WiMAX: 2.3.1 Mt s u im chnh ca cng ngh WiMAX: 2.3.1.1 Lp vt l ca WiMAX da trn nn k thut OFDM (ghp knh phn tn trc giao): Lp vt l ca WiMAX da trn nn k thut OFDM gip hn ch hiu ng phn tp a ng, cho php WiMAX hot ng tt trong mi trung NLOS nn bao ph rng hn nn khong cch gia trm thu v trm pht c th ln n 50km. Cng nh k thut OFDM, ph cc sng mang con c th chng ln ln nhau nn s tit kim, s dng hiu qu bng thng v cho php truyn d liu vi tc cao: ph tn hiu 10MHz hot ng ch TDD (song cng phn thi) vi t s ng xung/ng ln (downlink-to-uplink ratio) l 3:1 th tc nh tng ng s l 25Mbps v 6.7Mbps. 2.3.1.2 H thng WiMAX c cng sut cao: Trong WiMAX hng truyn tin chia thnh hai ng: hng ln( uplink) v hng xung(downlink), hng ln c tn s thp hn hng xung v u s dng k thut OFDM. OFDM s dng ti a 2048 sng mang, trong 1536 sng mang dnh cho thng tin c chia thnh 32 knh con, mi knh con tng ng 48 sng mang. WiMAX cn s dng thm iu ch nhiu mc thch ng t BPSK, QPSK n 256- QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li nh ngu nhin ho, m ho sa li Reed Solomon, m xon t l m t 1/2 n 7/8, lm tng tin cy kt ni vi hot ng phn loi sng mang v tng cng sut qua khong cch xa hn. Ngoi ra WiMAX cn cho php s dng cng ngh TDD v FDD cho vic phn chia truyn dn hng ln v hng xung. 2.3.1.3 Lp MAC da trn nn OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access- truy nhp OFDM): rng bng tn ca WiMAX t 5MHZ n trn 20MHz c chia nh thnh nhiu bng con 1.75Mhz, mi bng con ny c chia nh hn nh k thut

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

OFDM, cho php nhiu thu bao truy cp ng thi mt hay nhiu knh mt cch linh hot, m bo hiu qu s dng bng thng. OFDMA cho php thay i tc d liu ph hp vi bng thng tng ng nh thay i s mc FFT lp vt l; v d mt h thng WiMAX dng bin i FFT ln lt l: 128 bit, 512 bit, 1048 bit tng ng vi bng thng knh truyn l : 1.25MHz, 5MHz, 10 MHz; nh vy s d dng hn cho user kt ni gia cc mng c bng thng knh truyn khc nhau. 2.3.1.4 Chun cho truy cp v tuyn c nh v di ng tng lai: WiMAX do WiMAX forum xut v pht trin da trn nn 802.16, tp chun v h thng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng cho di ng v c nh ca IEEE, nn cc sn phm, thit b phn cng s do WiMAX forum chng nhn ph hp, tng thch ngc vi HiperLAN ca ETSI cng nh Wi-Fi. H tr cc k thut anten: phn tp thu pht, m ho khng gian, m ho thi gian. H tr k thut h tng mng trn nn IP: QoS( trong cc dch v a phng tin, thoi), ARQ( gip bo m tin cy kt ni), . 2.3.1.5 Chi ph thp: Thit lp, ci t dch v WiMAX d dng s gim chi ph cho nh cung dch v cng nh khch hng. To iu kin thun li pht trin cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin cc vng su, vng xa, nhng ni kh pht trin h tng mng bng rng, khc phc nhng gii hn ca ng truyn Internet DSL v cp. CPE v tuyn c nh c th s dng cng loi chipset modem c s dng trong my tnh c nhn (PC) v PDA, v khong cch gn cc modem c th t lp t trong nh CPE s tng t nh cp, DSL v cc trm gc c th s dng cng loi chipset chung c thit k cho cc im truy cp WiMAX chi ph thp v cui cng l s lng tng cng tha mn cho vic u t vo vic tch hp mc cao hn cc chipset tn s v tuyn (RF), lm chi ph gim hn na.

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2.3.2 Mt s nhc im : Di tn WiMAX s dng khng tng thch ti nhiu quc gia, lm hn ch s ph bin cng ngh rng ri. Do cng ngh mi xut hin gn y nn vn cn mt s l hng bo mt. Tuy c gi l chun cng ngh nhng tht s cha c chun do hin gi ang s dng gn 10 chun cng ngh khc nhau. Theo din dn WiMAX ch mi c khong 12 hng pht trin chun WiMAX c chng nhn bao gm: Alvarion, Selex Communication, Airspan, Proxim Wilreless, Redline, Sequnas, Siemens, SR Telecom, Telsim, Wavesat, Aperto, Axxcelera. V gi thnh: d cc hng, tp on sn xut thit b u cui (nh Intel, Alcatel, Alvarion, Motorola) tham gia nghin cu pht trin nhng gi thnh vn cn rt cao. V d: M mun lp mng WiMAX ton quc phi tn km khong 3 t USD. Cng ngh ny khi xng t nc M, nhng thc s cha c thng tin chnh thc no cp n vic M s dng WiMAX nh th no, khc phc hu qu s c ra sao. Ngay c Vit Nam, VNPT ( vi nh thu nc ngoi l Motorola, Alvarion) cng trin khai mt s tnh min ni pha Bc,c th l Lo Cai nhng cng ch gii hn l cc im truy cp Internet ti Bu in tnh,huyn ch cha c nhng kt lun chnh thc v tnh hiu qu ng k ca h thng. 2.4 WiMAX v cc chun khng dy khc: - IEEE 802.16 v cng ngh WiMAX: Mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh ca Din n WiMAX l to ra mt chun tng thch t chun 802.16 ca IEEE v cc chun HiperMAN ca ETSI. iu ny s thc hin c nh vic hnh thnh cc m t h thng. Da trn nhng g m Din n WiMAX xem xt v cc iu khon ca nh cung cp dch v v cc k hoch thit b ca cc nh cung cp, din n WiMAX quyt nh tp trung trc tin vo cc m t cho phng thc PHY OFDM 256 ca chun 802.16 nm 2004, c IEEE thng qua vo thng 6/2004. Lp vt l (PHY) s c kt hp vi mt b iu khin truy nhp phng

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tin (MAC) c lp m bo mt nn tng thng nht cho tt c nhng trin khai WiMAX. Tun th theo chun 802.16 khng c ngha l thit b c Din n WiMAX chng nhn hoc c th tng thch vi cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp khc. Tuy nhin nu mt thit b tun th thit k c Din n WiMAX chng nhn th va tun th chun 802.16 v tng thch vi c thit b ca cc nh khai cp khc.

Hnh 2.4 Chun 802.16 Din n WiMax tha nhn cc tnh cht u vit ny v cho php chun 802.16 hot ng vi tn s 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz v 5.8GHz.WiMax c mt s u im sau: + Thch hp cho cc ng dng IP yu cu di tn ln cho c di ng v c nh. + Gi c thp v vng ph sng rng hn h thng t bo hin nay. + Kt hp tt vi c mng c nh v di ng hin ti; c th chia s li IP v cc ng dng vn phng. - WiMAX v Wi-Fi: WiMAX v Wi-Fi s cng tn ti v tr thnh nhng cng ngh b sung ngy cng ln cho ccng dng ring. c trng ca WiMAX l khng thay th Wi-Fi. Hn th WiMAX b sung cho Wi-Fi bng cch m rng

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phm vi ca Wi-Fi v mang li nhng thc t ca ngi s dng "kiu Wi-Fi" trn mt quy m a l rng hn. Cng ngh Wi-Fi c thit k v ti u cho cc mng ni b (LAN), trong khi WiMAX c thit k v ti u cho cc mng thnh ph (MAN). Trong khong thi gian t 2006 - 2008, hy vng c 802.16 v 802.11 s xut hin trong cc thit b ngi s dng t laptop ti cc PDA, c hai chun ny cho php kt ni v tuyn trc tip ti ngi s dng - ti gia nh, trong vn phng v khi ang di chuyn. Mc d khng cng mc ch nh nhau nhng chng ta thy cng ngh s dng trong mng WiMAX c mt s u im so vi Wi-Fi: + Sai s t hn + Kh nng vt qua vt cn tt hn + S thit b s dng kt ni ln hn hng trm so vi hng chc trong WiFi. + Lp vt l MAC(Medium Access Control) dng trong WiMAX da trn k thut phn chia theo khe thi gian cho php ng nht bng tn gia cc thit b (TDMA) hiu qu hn s vi Wi-Fi (s dng CSMA-CA rt gn CSMA-CD s dng trong mng Ethernet). Chnh v vy ph sng v tuyn s t c tt hn. So snh gia mng WiMAX v Wi-Fi c tng kt thng qua bng sau:

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Thuc

Wi-Fi (802.11)

WiMAX(802.16)

tnh OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX Kh - Knh c nh (20MHz) - Knh c bng tn thay i nng - MAC h tr hng chc ngi sKh nng m rng bng tn t 1,5dng 20Mhz - MAC h tr hng trm ngi s dng Cht lng QoS - S dng (CSMA/CA) nn khng- C m bo v cht lng trn m bo v cht lng MAC

- Hin ti khng h tr m-H tr m thanh,hnh nh thanh,video

- Khng cho php cc mc dch v khc nhau - Ch c TDD (bt i xng) - Ch 802.11e u tin cho QoS

- H tr nhiu mc dch v T1 cho ngi bun bn, c bit hiu qu nh ring - C TDD/FDD/HFDD (c i xng v bt i xng) - Yu cu bt buc cho QoS

Phm vi

- Ti u khong 100 m

-Ti u ho khng 50km

- Khng c kh nng b khong- Thit k cho nhiu ngi s dng cch hng km

- Thit k a ng trong nh (tr - Chu c tr a ng ln c 10 0,8s) ms

-Ti u ho tp trung ti hai lp - Lp PHY v MAC vi kh nng m PHY v MAC trong phm vi 100m rng trong phm vi cho php - M rng phm vi nh thay i- MAC chun tc cng sut nhng lp MAC c th khng chun tc Ph sng - Ti u ho trong nh - Ti u ho bn ngoi trong tm nhn Trang 29 hn ch

OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Bng 2.1 So snh gia Wi-Fi v WiMAX Mng WiMAX khng th thay th c Wi-Fi trong cc ng dng nhng n gp phn b sung hnh thnh mng khng dy. Xu hng chung ca mng khng dy l ci thin phm vi ph sng vi hiu qu tt nht. K thut ni bt l chim lnh v khng gian, tch hp vi cc k thut hin ti v quan tm n cc yu t c bn nh cng sut tiu th thp, phm vi ln, tc truyn d liu cao. Trong mng khng dy cht lng ti lp thp nht c th iu khin tr trong qu trnh truyn v cc dch v nh thoi,video. WiMAX v Wi-Fi ng dng trong hai mi trng khc nhau. Mc ch ca WiMAX s hng ti khng ch l phm vi ph sng mng di ng m c nhng mng cng cng khc. Mt trong cc hng pht trin quan trng khc ca WiMAX l gii quyt kt ni cho mng VoIP trong tng lai khng xa. - WiMAX vi HiperMAN ca ETSI: Cc chun 802.16-2004 (256 OFDM PHY) ca IEEE v HiperMAN ca ETSI s chia s chung cc c tnh k thut PHY v MAC. Din n WiMAX hot ng c hai t chc tiu chun ny m bo mt chun ton cu chung cho MAN v tuyn, s c chp nhn. 2.5 Cc bng tn Wimax: Cc bng c WiMax Forum tp trung xem xt v vn ng c quan qun l tn s cc nc phn b cho WiMax l: 3600-3800MHz, 3400-3600MHz (bng 3.5GHz), 3300-3400MHz (bng 3.3GHz), 2500-2690MHz (bng 2.5GHz), 23002400MHz (bng 2.3GHz), 5725-5850MHz (bng 5.8GHz) v bng 700-800MHz (di 1GHz). 2.5.1 Bng 3400-3600MHz (bng 3.5GHz): Bng 3.5Ghz l bng tn c nhiu nc phn b cho h thng truy cp khng dy c nh (Fixed Wireless Access FWA) hoc cho h thng truy cp khng dy bng rng (Wireless Broadband Access-WBA). WiMax cng c xem l mt cng ngh WBA nn c th s dng bng tn ny cho WiMax. V vy, WiMax Forum thng nht la chn bng tn ny cho WiMax.

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Cc h thng WiMax bng tn ny s dng chun 802.16-2004 cung cp cc ng dng c nh v nomandic, rng phn knh l 3.5MHz hoc 7MHz, ch song cng TDD hoc FDD. Mt s nc quy nh bng tn ny ch dnh cho cc h thng cung cp cc dch v c nh, khng c ng dng nomandic, nn trin khai c WiMax cn thit phi sa i li quy nh ny. i vi Vit Nam, do bng tn ny c u tin dnh cho h thng v tinh Vinasat nn hin ti khng th trin khai cho WiMax. 2.5.2 Bng 3600-3800MHz Bng 3600-3800MHz c mt s nc chu u xem xt cp cho WBA. Tuy nhin, do mt phn bng tn ny (t 3.7-3.8GHz) ang c nhiu h thng v tinh vin thng s dng (ng xung bng C), c bit l khu vc chu , nn t kh nng bng tn ny s c chp nhn cho WiMax chu . 2.5.3 Bng 3300-3400MHz (bng 3.3 GHz) Bng tn ny c phn b n , Trung Quc v Vit Nam ang xem xt phn b chnh thc. Do n v Trung Quc l hai th trng ln, nn d cha c nhiu nc cp bng tn ny cho WBA, nhng thit b WiMAX cng c sn xut. Chun WiMax p dng bng tn ny tng t nh vi bng 3.5GHz, l WiMax c nh, ch song cng FDD hoc TDD, rng knh 3.5MHz hoc 7MHz. Do n ch cho php s dng on bng tn 3316-3400MHz, nn cc thit b WiMax hin ti cng ch lm vic trong on ny vi ti a 2x9 knh 3.5MHz. V vy, nu c 4 nh khai thc s dng bng tn ny th thng mi nh khai thc ch c cp s dng 2x2 knh 3.5MHz. Trong khi , theo kin ca cc chuyn gia Alvarion, mt trong nhng hng cung cp thit b WiMax, th khai thc hiu qu, mi nh khai thc nn c cp t nht 2x3 knh 3.5MHz. 2.5.4 Bng 2500-2690MHz (bng 2.5 GHz)

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Bng tn ny l bng tn c WiMax Forum u tin la chn cho WiMax di ng theo chun 802.16-2005. C hai l do cho s la chn ny. Th nht, so vi cc bng trn 3GHz iu kin truyn sng ca bng tn ny thch hp cho cc ng dng di ng. Th hai l kh nng bng tn ny s c nhiu nc cho php s dng WBA bao gm c WiMax. WiMax bng tn ny c rng knh l 5MHz, ch song cng TDD, FDD. Bng tn ny trc y c s dng ph bin cho cc h thng truyn hnh MMDS trn th gii, nhng do MMDS khng pht trin nn Hi ngh Thng tin V tuyn th gii nm 2000 (WRC-2000) xc nh c th s dng bng tn ny cho h thng di ng th h 3 (3G hay IMT-2000 theo cch t tn ca ITU). Tuy nhin, khi no IMT-2000 c trin khai bng tn ny cn cha c cu tr li r rng. V vy, hin c mt s nc nh M, Brazil, Mexico, Singapore, Canada, Lin hip Anh (UK), Australia cho php s dng mt phn bng tn tn ny cho WBA. Trung quc v n th cn ang xem xt. V d, Singapore chia bng 2.5GHz thnh 15 khi 6 MHz cho WBA u thu, theo nh khai thc c cung cp cc dch v c nh, nomadic v di ng, khng yu cu phi s dng mt cng ngh c th no. Cc nh khai thc trng thu c trch nhim t phi hp vi nhau v vi cc nh khai thc ca cc nc lng ging trnh can nhiu. Ti M, y ban Truyn thng Lin bang (FCC) chia bng 2.5GHz thnh 8 khi, mi nh khai thc c th c cp 22.5MHz, gm mt khi ph c rng 16.5MHz kt hp vi khi 6MHz. Do ITU xc nh bng tn ny cho IMT-2000, nn WiMax Forum ang c k hoch tham gia vo cc nhm nghin cu ca ITU thc y vic a chun 802.16 thnh mt nhnh ca h tiu chun IMT-2000. Vi Vit Nam, Quy hoch ph v tuyn in quc gia c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt cui nm 2005 quy nh bng tn 2500-2690 MHz s c s dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi, khng trin khai thm cc thit b khc trong bng tn ny. V vy, c th hiu cng ngh WiMax di ng

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cng l mt i tng ca quy nh ny, nhng bng tn ny s c s dng cho loi hnh cng ngh c th no vn cn m. 2.5.5 Bng 2300-2400MHz (bng 2.3 GHz) Bng 2.3GHz cng c c tnh truyn sng tng t nh bng 2.5GHz nn l bng tn c WiMax Forum xem xt cho WiMax di ng. Hin c mt s nc phn b bng tn ny cho WBA nh Hn Quc (trin khai WiBro), c, M, Canada, Singapore. Singapore cho u thu 10 khi 5MHz trong di 2300-2350MHz s dng cho WBA vi cc iu kin tng t nh vi bng 2.5GHz. c chia bng tn ny thnh cc khi 7MHz, khng qui nh c th v cng ngh hay rng knh, u tin cho ng dng c nh. Trong khi M chia thnh cc 5 khi v 10MHz, khng qui nh c th v rng knh, cho php trin khai c TDD v FDD. i vi Vit Nam, y cng l mt bng tn c kh nng s c s dng trin khai WBA/WiMax. 2.5.6 Bng 5725-5850MHz (bng 5.8 GHz) Bng tn ny c WiMax Forum quan tm v y l bng tn c nhiu nc cho php s dng khng cn cp php v vi cng sut ti cao hn so vi cc on bng tn khc trong di 5GHz (5125-5250MHz, 5250-5350MHz), vn thng c s dng cho cc ng dng trong nh. Theo WiMax Forum th bng tn ny thch hp trin khai WiMax c nh, rng phn knh l 10MHz, phng thc song cng c s dng l TDD, khng c FDD. 2.5.7 Bng di 1GHz Vi cc tn s cng thp, sng v tuyn truyn lan cng xa, s trm gc cn s dng cng t, tc l mc u t cho h thng thp i. V vy, WiMax Forum cng ang xem xt kh nng s dng cc bng tn di 1GHz, c bit l bng 700800MHz. Hin nay, mt s nc ang thc hin vic chuyn i t truyn hnh tng t sang truyn hnh s, nn s gii phng c mt phn ph tn nn c th s dng cho

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

WBA/WiMax. V d, M cp on bng tn 699-741MHz trc y dng cho knh 52-59 UHF truyn hnh v xem xt cp tip bng 747-801MHz (knh 60-69 UHF truyn hnh). Vi Vit Nam, do c im c rt nhiu i truyn hnh a phng nn cc knh trong di 470-806MHz dnh cho truyn hnh c s dng dy c cho cc h thng truyn hnh tng t. Hin cha c l trnh c th no chuyn i cc h thng truyn hnh tng t ny sang truyn hnh s, nn cha thy c kh nng c bng tn cp cho WBA/WiMax y. 2.6 Kin trc ca WiMAX: V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMAX c phn chia thnh 4 lp: Lp con tip ng (convergence) lm gi vai trn giao din gia lp a nhp v cc lp bn trn. Lp a truy nhp ( MAC layer). Lp truyn dn (transmission). Lp vt l (physical layer) Cc lp ny tng ng vi 2 lp di cng cng ca m hnh OSI, c tiu chun ho giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn. Lp vt l: Lp vt l (PHY) c 802.16 nh ngha c ba bin th: WirelesMAN Sca PHY giao din iu ch n sng mang, WirelessMAN OFDM 256 sng mang v Wireless MAN OFDMA 2048 sng mang. Lp vt l OFDM 256 c Din n WiMAX la chn cho cc m t u tin da trn 802.16-2004 (trc y l 802.16REVd). u tin l Wireless Metropolitan Area Network- Single carrier physical layer da trn tp chun 802.16c, hot ng bng tn 11-66GHz. Trm gc (Base Station-BS) ch cn mt anten ng hng, truyn d liu hng xung cc user c m s nhn dng kt ni (Connection Identifer- CID). Cc my thu (Subcriber Station- SS) vi cc anten nh hng, hng v pha cc BS. Tn hiu x l pha my pht bao gm: ngu nhin ho, m ho sa li, sp xp cc k hiu, sa dng xung (pulse shaping) truc khi truyn i. Ngu nhin ho bo m khi phc tn

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

hiu pha u thu v nu tn hiu khng c m ho gi ngu nhin th nng lng s tp trung ti mt s tn s no nh ph vch, iu ny to ra nguy him cho my thu, b dao ng VCO ca my thu c th kho pha ti cc tn s ny thay v ti tn s sng mang s dn n khng gii iu ch c v s mt thng tin ca lung d liu. B m ho sa li FEC bao gm m Reed Solomon, m chp (m xon) , c th c thm m kim tra chn l hay m xon turbo (Convolution turbo code- CTC). T l m ph thuc vo iu kin ca knh truyn v t s bt li (Bit error rate- BER). Cc k thut iu ch thng l QPSK, 16-QAM, i khi s dng 64- QAM. Chun ny p dng cho kt ni vi ba im - im (point to point- PPP) v im a im (point to multi point- PMP); gip tit kim thi gian, chi ph hn so vi vic lp t cp. Ngoi ra, tp chun 802.16a cng h tr WirelessMAN Sca PHY nhng dnh hco bng tn di 11GHZ v hot ng trong NLOS. SS c th l mt my tnh vi v modem gn ngoi ni vi mt anten ng hng. Tp chun ny cng h tr song cng TDD v FDD, nh 802.16c, s dng thm cc k thut cn bng v uc lng knh khc phc hiu ng a ng, v nng cht lng tn hiu vn phi s dng TCM( trellis coded modulation), FEC, ghp xen, h thng anten thch ng ( Adaptive Antenna System- AAS), m ho khng gian thi gian (Space Time coding- STC). WirelessMAN 256 sng mang da trn tp chun 802.16d, cung cp dch v kt ni bng rng trong nh. Cc SS l cc thit b anten dng trong nh v c th di chuyn vi tc thp ( portable). Nh s dng OFDM nn cho php kt ni NLOS di 11GHz, v lm b bt khi cn bng trong b thu. Cc k thut h tr cng gm: FEC vi Reed-Solomon, AAS, STC, ghp xen; thi gian k hiu v s im FFT c th thay i ph hp cho ph hp vi bng thng tng ng. Vi WirelessMAN OFDMA 2048 sng mang: tng t nh WirelessMAN 256 sng mang nhng c nhiu u im hn. Da trn tp chun 802.16e (2005), vi s h tr ca OFDMA lp vt l, cho php cc user (SS) di chuyn vi tc cao, khong gn 125km/s, s dng m ho knh l m xon, m xon turbo, m

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

khi, m kim tra chn l mt thp (Low Density Parity Check- LDPC); d liu c ngu nhin ho, ghp xen trnh tn tht khi khi phc v li cm. Ngoi k thut AAS, STC cn s dng thm phn tp thu pht (Multi In Multi Out MIMO). Lp truy nhp : Chun 802.16 ca IEEE a ra cng mt lp MAC cho tt c lp PHY (n sng mang, 256 OFDM, 2048 OFDMA). Lp MAC ny l kt ni c nh hng im- a im. Hot ng truy nhp knh lp MAC ca WiMax hon ton khc so vi WiFi. WiMax h tr phng php truyn song cng FDD v TDD s dng k thut truy nhp TDMA/OFDMA. u im ca phng php ny l n cho php linh ng thay i rng bng tn ln hoc xung, dn n c th thay i tc pht (Upload) hoc thu (Download) d liu ch khng phi l c nh nh trong ASDL hay CDMA. Trong WiFi tt c cc trm truy nhp mt cch ngu nhin n im truy cp (Access point - AP), chnh v vy khong cch khc nhau t mi nt n AP s lm gim thng lng mng. Ngc li, lp MAC ca 802.16, lch trnh hot ng cho mi thu bao c nh trc, do vy cc trm ch c duy nht mt ln cnh tranh knh truyn dn l thi im gia nhp mng. Sau thi im ny, mi trm c trm pht gc gn cho mt khe thi gian. Khe thi gian c th m rng hay co hp li trong qu trnh truyn dn. u im ca vic t lch trnh l ch truyn dn vn hot ng n nh trong trng hp qu ti v s lng thu bao ng k vt qu cho php, v n cng c th tng c hiu qu s dng bng tn. Vic s dng thut ton lch trnh cn cho php trm pht gc iu khin cht lng dch v (Quality of Service -QoS) bng vic cn bng nhu cu truyn thng gia cc thu bao.

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

MAC Layer Physical Layer

Convergence MAC Layer Tranmission Physical Layer

M hnh OSI

Kin trc phn lp ca WiMAX

Hnh 1.4 Phn lp ca WiMAX so vi OSI 2.7 ng dng ca WiMAX v tnh hnh trin khai: i vi cc doanh nghip, WiMAX cho php truy cp bng rng vi chi ph hp l. V phn ln cc doanh nghip s khng c chia thnh khu vc c ng cp, la chn duy nht ca h i vi dch v bng rng l t cc nh cung cp vin thng a phng. iu ny dn ti s c quyn. Cc doanh nghip s c hng li t vic trin khai cc h thng WiMAX chng nhn nh to ra s cnh tranh mi trn th trng, gim gi v cho php cc doanh nghip thit lp mng ring ca mnh. iu ny c bit ph hp i vi cc ngnh nh kh t, m, nng nghip, vn ti, xy dng v cc ngnh khc nm nhng v tr xa xi, ho lnh. i vi ngi s dng l h gia nh nhng vng nng thn (ni dch v DSL v cp cha th vn ti), WiMAX mang li kh nng truy cp bng rng. iu ny c bit ph hp cc nc ang pht trin ni m h tng vin thng truyn thng vn cha th tip cn. Mt s im tin ni bt v tnh hnh WiMAX : Ngy 12/10/2006 Intel xut xng chip WiMAX connection 2210 h tr cc mng WiMAX di ng v c nh, s tch hp vo dng sn phm CPEi 200 cho thit b hng ti ngi tiu dng, nh cc modem khng dy khng dy tc cao.

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Hnh 1.5 Chip Intel tch hp cng ngh WiMAX Motorola c nhng hp ng lp t mng WiMAX nhiu ni trn th gii (trong c Vit Nam). Cc gii php thuc dng MOTOwi4 gm cc trm thu pht sng, thit b u cui khch hng (CPE), th h tr kt ni WiMAX dnh cho my tnh, b vi x l WiMAX di ng ang pht tirn v s dng trong cc thit b ca Motorola Nokia d nh tung sn phm in thoi di ng dng cng ngh WiMAX vo nnm 2008. C Intel, Nokia, Samsung , Motorola u h tr tiu chun m WiMAX nh kt ni Internet bng rng khng dy vi cc mng di ng th h th ba. im yu ca cc mng di ng 3G l tc truy cp Internet c th b nh hng nu cc mng trn ngp cuc gi.

CHNG 3 K THUT OFDMA TRONG WiMAX

3.1 Gii thiu k thut OFDMA OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access - a truy nhp phn tn trc giao ) l mt cng ngh a sng mang pht trin da trn nn k thut OFDM. Trong OFDMA, mt s cc sng mang con, khng nht thit phi nm k

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nhau, c gp li thnh mt knh con (sub-channel) v cc user khi truy cp vo ti nguyn s c cp cho mt hay nhiu knh con truyn nhn ty theo nhu cu lu lung c th. 3.2 c im OFDMA c mt s u im nh l tng kh nng linh hot, thng lng v tnh n nh c ci thin.Vic n nh cc knh con cho cc thu bao c th, vic truyn nhn t mt s thu bao c th xy ra ng thi m khng cn s can thip no, do s gim thiu nhng tc ng nh nhiu a truy xut (Multi access Interfearence- MAI)

Hnh 3.1 ODFM v OFDMA

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Hnh 3.2 m t mt v d v bng tn s thi gian ca OFDMA, trong c 7 ngi dng t a n g v mi ngi s dng mt phn xc nh ca cc sng mang ph c sn,khc vi nhng ngi cn li. F A A A A B B B B t Hnh 3.2 V d ca biu tn s, thi gian vi OFDMA. Th d c th ny thc t l s hn hp ca OFDMA v TDMA bi v mi ngi s dng ch pht mt trong 4 khe thi gian, cha 1 hoc vi symbol OFDM. 7 ngi s dng t a n g u c t c nh (fix set) cho cc sng mang theo bn khe thi gian. 3.3 OFDMA nhy tn Trong v d trc ca OFDMA, mi ngi s dng u c mt s sp t c nh (fix set) cho sng mang. C th d dng cho php nhy cc sng mang ph theo khe thi gian nh c m t trong hnh. Vic cho php nhy vi cc mu nhy khc nhau cho mi user lm bin i thc s h thng OFDM trong h thng CDMA nhy tn. iu ny c li l tnh phn tp theo tn s tng ln bi v mi user dng ton b bng thng c sn cng nh l c li v xuyn nhiu trung bnh, iu rt ph bin i vi cc bin th ca CDMA. Bng cch s dng m sa li hng i (Forward Error Correcting - FEC) trn cc bc nhy, h thng c th sa cho cc sng mang ph khi b fading su hay cc sng mang b xuyn nhiu bi cc user khc. Do c tnh xuyn nhiu v fading thay i vi mi bc nhy, h thng ph thuc vo nng lng tn hiu nhn c trung bnh hn l ph thuc vo user v nng lng nhiu trong trng hp xu nht. d d e e e e F F A A A A B B B B D D E E E E F F a a a a b b b b D D E E E E F F

c c

c c

c c

g g g g

g g g g

g g g g

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

A c B C A t B A B c

b c

Hnh 3.3 Biu tn s thi gian vi 3 ngi dng nhy tn a, b, c u c 1 bc nhy vi 4 khe thi gian. u im c bn ca h thng OFDMA nhy tn hn hn cc h thng DSCDMA v MC-CDMA l tng i d dng loi b c xuyn nhiu trong mt t bo bng cch s dng cc mu nhy trc giao trong mt t bo. Mt v d ca vic nhy tn nh vy c m t trong hnh 3.4 cho N sng mang ph,n lun lun c th to ra N mu nhy trc giao. A B C D E F F A B C D E e f a b c d D E F A B C c d e f a b b c d e f a

Hnh 3.4 6 mu nhy tn trc giao vi 6 tn s nhy khc nhau

iuch bng Chn k t 3.4 tn H gc thng OFDMAdn ng

IFFT

Chn GI

DAC Knh truyn

Hnh 3.5: Tng quan h thng s dng OFDMA Cn bng Gii iu ch IFFT GI DAC Ngun tn hiu lm mt bt c iu ch bng Tch tn c s thng qua cc bng tn gc knh phng php iu ch nh QPSK ,M- QAM Tn hiu dn ng (bn tin dn Tch k t dn ng

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

ng, knh hoa tiu - pilot symbol) c chn vo ngun tn hiu, sau c iu ch thnh tn hiu OFDM thng qua bin i IFFT v chn chui bo v GI. Lung tn hiu s c chuyn thnh tn hiu tng t trc khi truyn trn knh v tuyn qua anten pht. Tn hiu ny s b nh hng bi fading v nhiu trng AWGN( Addictive White Gaussian Noise ). Tn hiu dn ng l mu tn hiu c bit trc pha pht v pha thu, c pht km vi tn hiu c ch nhm khi phc knh truyn v ng b h thng.

Hnh 3.6 Mu tn hiu dn ng trong OFDMA Pha my thu s thc hin ngc li so vi my pht. khi phc tn hiu pht th hm truyn phi c khi phc nh vo mu tin dn ng i km. Tn hiu nhn c sau khi gii iu ch OFDM c chia lm hai lung tn hiu. Lung th nht l tn hiu c ch c a n b cn bng knh. Lung th hai l mu tin dn ng c a vo b khi phc knh truyn, sau li c a n b cn bng knh khi phc li tn hiu ban u.

i vi knh hng xung :

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Hnh 3.7 OFDMA downlink

Hnh 3.8 Cu trc cm trong OFDMA downlink Cu trc cm bao gm 1 knh con trong min tn s v n k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian, cha N sng mang. Mi sng mang c th c iu ch khc nhau. i vi knh hng ln :

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Hnh 3.9 OFDMA uplink

Hnh 3.10 Cu trc cm trong OFDMA uplink Cu trc cm gm 1 knh con trong min tn s v 3 k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian, mi cm ch 144 sng mang d liu, s dng iu ch thch nghi trn tng user; mi user c th yu cu t 1 n 32 knh con; 2 knh con c s dng lm ranging (php o c li bng cch o thi gian truyn ca tn hiu in t) v yu cu bng thng (nu c) ca user . Khi cp sng mang cho cc user, OFDMA to ra mt dy c bn cc sng mang ri thc hin dch vng dy khi cp cho cc user khc nhau. 3.4.1 Chn chui dn ng min tn s v min thi gian

t f

Hnh 3.11 Chn chui dn ng trong min tn s v thi gian

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Mu tin dn ng c th c chn cng vi mu tin c ch c min tn s v min thi gian nh trn hnh. Tuy nhin khong cch gia hai mu tn hiu dn ng lin tip nhau tun theo quy lut ly mu c min tn s v min thi gian. min tn s, s bin i knh v tuyn ph thuc thi gian tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh max (maximum propagation delay or delay spread). Vi r f l t s ly mu (oversampling) min tn s, fs l khong cch lin tip gia hai sng mang con, khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng min tn s D f phi tho mn iu kin sau:

rf =

1 1 D f f S max

(3.1)

T s ly mu ti thiu min tn s r f phi l 1. T s ny c th ln hn 1, khi , s mu tin dn ng nhiu hn mc cn thit v knh truyn c ly mu vt mc (oversampling). Trong trng hp khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng khng tha mn iu kin ly mu nh trn, r f <1, th knh truyn khng th c khi phc hon ton thng qua mu tin dn ng. Tng t nh min tn s, khong cch gia hai mu tin dn ng lin tip trong min thi gian Dt cng phi tha mn iu kin ly mu tng ng. S bin i ca hm truyn v tuyn min thi gian ph thuc vo tn s Doppler. Theo tiu chun ly mu th khong cch Dt phi tho mn iu kin:

rf =

1 1 2 f D max Dt (TS + TS )

(3.2)

T s rt c gi l t s ly mu min thi gian. Trong trng hp iu kin trn khng tho mn th hm truyn knh v tuyn cng khng th khi phc hon ton my thu. 3.4.2 iu ch thch nghi iu ch thch nghi (adaptive modulation) cho php h thng iu chnh nguyn l iu ch tn hiu theo t l tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ca ng truyn v tuyn. Khi ng truyn v tuyn c cht lng cao, nguyn l iu ch cao nht c s dng lm tng thm dung lng h thng. Trong qu trnh suy gim tn

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

hiu, h thng WiMAX c th chuyn sang mt nguyn l iu ch thp hn duy tr cht lng v s n nh ca ng truyn. c im ny cho php h thng khc phc hiu ng fading la chn thi gian. c im quan trng ca iu ch thch nghi l kh nng tng di s dng ca nguyn l iu ch mc cao hn, do h thng c tnh mm do i vi tnh trng fading thc t.

OFDM Cells (64 mode)

OFDMA Cell (2k mode)

64QAM users 16QAM users QPSK users

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Hnh 3.12 iu ch thch nghi K thut iu ch v m ho thch nghi l mt trong nhng u vit ca OFDM v n cho php ti u ho mc iu ch trn mi knh con da trn cht lng tn hiu (t l SNR) v cht lng knh truyn dn. 3.4.3 Cc k thut sa li Ngoi m xon rt ph bin s dng trong cc h thng v tuyn, WiMAX cng nh c h thng OFDM thng s dng mt s m sau: 3.4.3.1 M ha LDPC (Low-Density-Parity-Check) Vi nhng ngi thit k thng tin, c bit trong lnh vc khng dy v h thng mng, gii hn Shannon c xem nh l k vng cao nht. n nay cc nh thit k pht trin v ci thin cc k thut m ho sa sai nhm a hiu sut knh ngy cng tin gn ti gii hn Shannon. Vic tm ra cc phng n FEC l mt nhu cu trong vic nng cao hiu sut truyn tin, LDPC l mt trong nhng phng n . M LDPC a n gii php FEC m khi thc hin tin gn hn ti gii hn Shannon. M LDPC da trn c s ma trn H cha mt vi gi tr "1".M ho c thc hin bng vic s dng cc ng thc t ma trn H to ra cc bit kim tra chn l. Qu trnh gii m c thc hin bng s dng "cng vo mm" vi cc ng thc trn xc nh cc tr s gi. Qu trnh x l c lp theo phng php tng tc trong b m ho tc cao. M LDPC c th gy ra nn li l im yu chung ca TCCs. ch ra nn li, cc m u ra nh l phng php BCH c th phi hp vi cng ngh LDPC.M u ra BCH c hiu ng nn li thp. Cc cng ngh qung b video s s dng phng php ny pht trin tiu chun DVB-S2. Vi kh nng linh hot ca LDPC, m c th c xy dng chnh xc theo ng kch c ca khi hoc t l m, tuy vy thc hin thc t c th buc phi xc nh trc kch c khi v tc m c th t c. Sau khi xc nh kch c khi v tc m, ma trn H c xy dng vi n ct v (n-k) hng c cha mt vi gi tr 1.

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Ma trn H c xy dng thch hp l ma trn c khong cch ti thiu (d min) ln. Khi s c s lng 1 trong ma trn H nh v nh vy s lng ct ca H cn c c tng bng 0 hng ti nh cc m c xy dng ngu nhin. Khong cch ti thiu trong v d m sau ch l 4, do c th ch cn xem xt cc ct 0, 1, 3 v 4 ca ma trn H. V d v to m: Mt b to m LDPC n gin c s dng gii thiu v m (16,9) vi ma trn H sau.Cc tham s trong v d l: k bit bn tin = 9 n-k bit chn l = 7 T l m = k/n = 9/16

Hnh 3.13

V d v mt ma trn m LDPC

Trong v d m trn, cc ct t n0 n n8 tng ng vi phn bn tin ca khi m, cn cc ct t n9 n n15 tng ng vi (n-k) bit chn l v ma trn con th pha di c dng hnh tam gic nhm n gin ho hn qu trnh m ho.V d, m ho bit chn l n9 ch cn bit n0, n1 v n2. ng thc logic c s 2 c th vit c trc tip t hng ca ma trn H theo dng ca b to m LDPC nh sau: Vit ng thc chn l cho hng u tin to m n9 n0 + n1 + n2 + n9 = 0 n9 = n0 + n1 + n2 Tip tc thc hin vi cc hng cn li s c y 7 ng thc

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

n9 = n0 + n1 + n2 n10 = n3 + n4 + n5 n11 = n6 + n7 + n8 n12 = n0 + n3 + n6 n13 = n1 + n4 + n7 n14 = n2 + n5 + n8 n15 = n12 + n13 + n14 hon chnh b to m LDPC, ngi thit k cn chuyn cc ng thc logic c s 2 thnh cc mch in 3 u vo o (exclusive) hoc cng XOR v thanh ghi cc u ra. m ho c h thng,th t cc bit truyn trong knh cn bo m th t l n0 ... n15. S dng phng php ny s khng cn n yu cu xc nh ma trn sinh m thay vo l phng php s dng ln lt cc ng thc ma trn sinh m ho d liu. B gii m LDPC B gii m LDPC nhn cc khi d liu,gm c cc bit sai do nhiu, vi 5 hoc 6 bit sa sai s quyt nh gi tr 0 hay 1 ca bit nhn c. Gii m khi s dng qu trnh lp gm vic gii (n-k) ng thc kim tra chn l ca ma trn H.Vic gii cc ng thc trong trng hp ny c ngha cp nht cc gi tr tht ca cc bit trong cc ng thc l 1 hay 0 s dng truyn lan tin cy hoc cc xp x n gin ca truyn lan tin cy. Qu trnh ny c lp li nhiu vng, thng t 30 n 60, gii m hon ton khi d liu nhn c. B gii m c th dng khi mt t m c xc nh ng (tho mn tt c cc ng thc kim tra chn l) hoc khi thi gian qui nh ht m khng tm c t m. Cc khi kch thc ln v tng tc m rng s nng cao hiu sut ca m nhng c hai s yu cu nng lc x l, tc d liu v b nh chim dng cao hn. M LDPC ang chng minh rng n t tng ch m tuyt vi vi di t l m v kch c khi rng. Li ch chnh khi s dng LDPC l hiu sut tng ch o c theo dB c th c s dng theo nhiu cch nh gim cng sut truyn,tng

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

thng lng s liu,khong cch truyn xa hn, hoc tng tin cy ca ng truyn thng tin. Khi cng sut pht b gii hn th tng ch m ho do m LDPC to ra s l s khc bit gia thng tin chnh xc v khng c thng tin. 3.4.3.2 M ho Reed-Solomon Gii thiu: c im quan trng ca m RS l khong cch ti thiu trong b m (n,k) l n-k+1. Vi bt k gi tr nguyn dng t 2 m-1 lun tn ti m RS sa t symbol li.V d: n = 2m-1 n-k=2t k= 2 m-1-2t dmin = 2t+1=n-k+1 a thc sinh s l:

g(x) = (x + )(x + 2 )...(x + 2t )

2t 1 2t = g 0 + g1x + g 2x 2 + ... + g 2t 1 x + x

(3.3) vi , 2 ,..., 2t l cc nghim. V d: m = 8 , t = 16 n = 255 k = n 2t = 223 dmin = 33 (3.4) Cch to m: Cho a thc m(x) l thng tin cn m ho, k = n-2t m(x) = m0+m1x++mk-1xk-1 Thc hin chia x2tm(x) cho g(x), ta c b(x) l phn d: x2tm(x) = a(x)g(x)+b(x) b(x) = b0+b1x+b2t-1x2t-1 (3.5)

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Cui cng, a thc m ho s l : b(x)+x2tm(x) S to m:

Hnh 3.14 S to m RS Gii m: Vi c(x) l a thc m gi i, r(x) l a thc nhn c v e(x) l li tc ng.

c(x) = c0 + c1x + ... + c n 1x n 1

r(x) = r0 + r1x x + ... + rn 1x n 1
(3.6)

e(x) = r(x) c(x)

= e 0 + e1x + e 2 x 2 + ... + e n 1x n 1
Gi s e(x) c v li ti cc v tr xj1, xj2, xjv..

e(x) = e j1x j1 + e j2 x j2+...+ e jv x jv

V tr cc li l:

(3.7)

Z j1 = j1 , Z j2 = j2 ,..., Z jv = jv

Cc gi tr li l: e j1 ,e j2 ,...,e jv Tnh syndrome:

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

Hnh 3.15 S syndrome thu ca RS

r(x) = r0 + r1x x + ... + rn 1x n 1

c( i ) = m( i )g( i ),i = 1,2,..., 2t
vi i l cc nghim trong a thc sinh. Ta c mi quan h: Syndrome nhn c l: vi cc gi tr: (3.8)

r( i ) = c( i ) + e( i ) = e( i ) = e j ij
j= 0

n 1

S = (S1 ,S2 ,...,S2t )

Si = r( i )

3.5 iu khin cng sut Thng thng, vi h thng thng tin di ng, iu khin cng sut bao gm iu khin cng sut vng h v iu khin cng sut vng kn nhm thay i cng sut pht ca MS tng ng vi khong cch vi BTS. iu khin cng sut vng h: BTS o cng trng ti im thu, tnh ra c li, tnh ra cng sut pht ph hp. iu khin cng sut vng kn: MS o cng trng,gi ln BSC, BSC s tnh tan cho MS tng hay gim cng sut cho ph hp Trong WiMAX dng iu khin cng sut vng kn, cc thut ton iu khin cng sut c s dng ci tin hiu sut tng th ca h thng, n c thc

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

hin nh trm gc gi thng tin iu khin cng sut ti tng CPE n nh mc cng sut pht sao cho mc thu c ti trm gc lun mc nh trc. Trong mt mi trng fading thay i khng ngng mc hiu sut nh trc ny c ngha l CPE ch truyn cng sut theo yu cu, ngc li mc cng sut pht ca CPE s khng ph hp. Cng sut pht s lm gim nng lng tiu th tng ca CPE v nhiu tim n t cc trm gc ln cn.Vi LOS, cng sut pht ca CPE xp x t l vi khong cch ca n ti trm gc, vi NLOS n ph thuc rt nhiu vo khong trng v chng ngi vt.

KT LUN
Chun WirelessMAN IEEE 802.16 ni chung v WiMAX ni ring nh ngha cc chun giao din v tuyn trong vic truy nhp khng dy bng thng rng cho c thit b c nh, xch tay v di ng.N cha ng nhiu u im vt tri, nh tc truyn dn d liu cao, c khi ln ti 70 Mb/s trong phm vi 50 km, cht lng dch v c thit lp cho tng kt ni, an ninh tt, h tr multicast cng nh di ng, s dng c ph tn cp php v khng c cp php. WiMAX thc s ang c cc nh cung cp dch v cng nh cc nh sn xut quan tm. Chnh v th m chuyn chn cng ngh WiMAX cng nh ng dng ca n lm ch nghin cu.Chuyn tp trung nghin cu cc vn lin quan n cng ngh WiMAX nh sau: Gii thiu mt cch tng qut nht v cng ngh WiMAX, nu ra c s hnh thnh ca chun IEEE 802.16, nu vn tt cc chun ca chun IEEE 802.16, ng thi so snh c WiMAX v WIFI. Ngoi ra cng a ra cc m hnh ng dng v

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OFDM V NG DNG TRONG WIMAX

minh ho ni bt nht ca cng ngh WiMAX, qua lm r c tnh kh thi ca cng ngh WiMAX. Trnh by nhng khi nim c bn, u nhc im, nguyn l iu ch v gii iu ch ca k thut iu ch OFDM, v nhng ng dng ca k thut ny. Trnh by v nhng khi nim c bn, cc c im v tnh cht ni bt ca k thut a truy nhp phn tn trc giao OFDMA.Qua chng ta c th thy c nhng u im ca k thut ny trong vic x l truyn nhn tn hiu ni chung v ng dng trong cng ngh WiMAX ni ring.

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Chng 1: L thuyt k thut iu ch OFDM

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