Giao thc SIP

A.Tng quan v giao thc SIP

I.Giao thc SIP Giao thc SIP (Secssion Initiation Protocol ) l giao thc bo hiu iu khin lp ng dng c dng thit lp , duy tr , kt thc cc phin truyn thng a phng tin ( multimedia ) c mt hoc nhiu ngi tham gia . Cc phin multimedia bao gm thoi internet , hi ngh v cc ng dng tng t c lin quan n cc phng tin truyn t ( media ) nh m thanh , hnh nh v d liu . SIP s dng cc bn tin mi ( INVITE ) thit lp cc phin v mang cc thng tin m t phin truyn dn . SIP h tr cc phin n b ( unicast ) v qung b ( multicast ) tng ng cc cuc gi im ti im v cuc gi a im . SIP l mt giao thc thit lp cc phin truyn thng . Cc phin SIP bao gm : Hi hp a phng tin qua internet . Cc cuc gi in thoi qua internet . Cc phin video qua internet . Phn phi a phuong tin . Cc phn t ca SIP c th lin lc thng qua : Lin lc c nhn . Pht qung b . Thng qua t hp ca cc quan h lin lc c nhn hoc mt t hp ca tt c nhng phng tin trn . Trong cc mi trng IPv4 v IPv6 thng qua : UDP

 TCP SCTP hoc TLS trn nn TCP SIP l mt giao thc m rng n gin Cc phng tin ( Methods ) nh ngha v phin truyn thng . Khi mo u ( Headers ) M t v phin truyn thng . Phn thng tin bo ( Message Body ) SDP , k t , XML .

II.S pht trin ca giao thc SIP u tin SIP ch n thun l mt giao thc dng thit lp phin qung b cho Internet2 ( t gia n cui thp k 90 ) . SIP c pht trin bi SIP Working Group trong IETF. Phin bn u tin c ban hnh vo thng 3 nm 1999 trong ti liu RFC 2543. Sau , SIP tri qua nhiu thay i v ci tin. Phin bn mi nht hin nay c ban hnh trong IETF RFC 3261. RFC 3261 hon ton tng thch ngc vi RFC 2543, do cc h thng thc thi theo RFC 2543 hon ton c th s dng vi cc h thng theo RFC 3261. Mt bn tin SIP c hai phn, phn mo u v phn thn. Phn thn cho php phc v cc ng dng khc nhau mt cch linh hot. Ban u phn thn ch dng chuyn ti cc tham s miu t phin SDP nh codec, a ch IP u cui, ... Phn thn c s dng m rng cc ng dng ca khc nhau ca SIP v d nh SIPT cho lin vn PSTN-SIP-PSTN hoc MSCML (Media Server Control Markup Language) cho dch v hi ngh. S ph cp ca SIP dn ti vic mt lot nhm lm vic lin quan n SIP c thnh lp. Nhm SIPPING (Session Initiation Protocol investigation working group) c thnh lp vi mc ch nghin cu cc ng dng v pht trin cc yu cu m rng cho SIP. Nhm SIMPLE (SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions) c nhim v chun ho cc giao thc cho cc ng dng nhn tin tc thi. Cc nhm lm vic khc l PINT (PSTN and Internet Internetworking), SPIRITS (PSTN/IN requesting Internet Services). III.Cc thnh phn trong mng SIP 1.Thnh phn ca SIP : bao gm SIP User Agent ( UA ) v SIP server . 1.1.SIP User Agent ( ngi dng Agent) :

SIP UA hoc thit b u cui l im cui ca dialog : SIP UA gui v nhn cc yu cu v tr li ca SIP , n l im cui ca lung a phng tin v n lun l Ngi dng Equiment ( UE ) bao gm ng dng trong thit b u cui hoc ng dng phn cng chuyn dng . UA gm hai phn : Ngi dng Agent Client ( UAC ) : ng dng ca ngi gi khi to request . Ngi dng Agent Server ( UAS ) : chp nhn , gi li , t chi request v gi tr li cho request n thay mt cho ngi s dng . UA l thc th SIP m tng tc vi vi ngi s dng . N thng xuyn s dng giao din vi ngi s dng . Tuy nhin , mt vi h thng s dng SIP khng trc tip kt ni vi ngi s dng . V d : B c th gi li tt c li mi vo phin c nhn t na m n 7 gi sng n my tr li SIP ca B > my ny t ng thit lp phin trong thng ip bn ghi . N cng cha UA m khng nht thit lp duy tr tng tc vi ngi s dng , nhng vn tr li mi hoc chuyn li mi trn di din ca B . 1.2.SIP Server : SIP server : Cn phn bit SIP Server v UA server cng nh m hnh clientserver . y , SIP server l mt thc th lun l , mt SIP server c th c chc nng ca nhiu loi server hay ni cch khc mt SIP Server c th hot ng nh cc server khc nhau trong cc trng hp khc nhau . Trong SIP Server c cc thnh phn quan trng nh : Proxy Server , Redect Server , Location Server , Registrar Server ,

 Proxy Sever : C th xem cc Proxy Server nh cc router thit b u cui SIP m chuyn tip cc yu cu v tr li. Tuy nhin cc Proxy SIP s dng nguyn tc nh tuyn phc tp hn l ch t ng chuyn tip bn tin da vo bng nh tuyn. Chun v SIP cho php cc Proxy thc hin cc hot ng chng hn nh xc nh tnh hp l ca bn tin, xc thc ngi s dng, phn nhnh cc request, phn gii a ch, hy b cc cuc gi ang ch. S linh hot ca cc proxy SIP cho php cc nh khai thc v qun tr mng s dng cc proxy cho cc mc ch khc nhau v trong cc v tr khc nhau trong mng (chng hn nh Proxy bin, Proxy li, v Proxy ca cc doanh nghip). Mt Proxy Server c thit k trong sut vi cc UA. Cc Proxy Server c php thay i cc bn tin ch theo mt s cch c th v hn ch. V d, mt proxy khng c php thay i phn thn bn tin SDP ca bn tin INVITE. Forking proxy: SIP proxy server nh tuyn thng ip n nhiu hn mt ch c gi l proxy phn nhnh. Forking Proxy c th nh tuyn thng ip song song hoc theo th t. V d ca Forking Proxy song song l vic rung chung ng thi ca tt c cc in thoi trong nh. Forking Proxy theo th t cha proxy th rung chung ln lt cc v tr khc nhau, c th rung chung trong mt chu k thi gian nht nh nu ngi dng khng nhc my th th UA mi.

Redirect Server :

Truy nhp d liu v dch v nh v tm a ch ca user v gi tr v bn tin lp 300 thng bo thit b chuyn hng bn tin ti a ch khc t lin lc thng qua a ch tr v .

c.Registrar Sever : l sever nhn bn tin SIP REGISTER yu cu v cp nht thng tin t bn tin request vo location database nm trong Location Sever . d.Location Sever Lu thng tin trng thi hin ti ca ngi dng trong mng SIP .

2.Cc bn tin SIP mo u v nh s : Di y l cc bn tin ca SIP : INVITE : bt u thit lp cuc gi bng cch gi bn tin mi u cui khc tham gia ACK : bn tin ny khng nh my trm nhn c bn tin tr li bn tin INVITE BYE : bt u kt thc cuc gi

CANCEL : hy yu cu nm trong hng i REGISTER : u cui SIP s dng bn tin ny ng k vi my ch ng k OPTION : s dng xc nh nng lc ca my ch INFO : s dng ti cc thng tin nh m bo DTMF

Nhng bn tin trao i gia A v B thit lp mt phin :

3. Khun dng thng ip :

Thng ip SIP gm 3 phn: start line, header ca thng ip v body. Client gi yu cu (request) v server tr li bng response. Giao dch SIP bao gm yu cu t client, 0 hoc nhiu provisional response v final response t server. 3.1. SIP response Status line l dng bt u ca response. Cc bn tin p ng c chia thnh thnh hai nhm bao gm 6 loi bn tin, mi bn dng mt m trng thi nm trong mt di m.

Khun dng thng ip SIP

SIP version

Status code

Reason Phrase

Cu trc Response Line SIP response

Provisional (1xx): Bn tin ny dng ch th tin trnh nhng khng kt thc giao dch SIP (tm kim, rung chung, xp hng).

Final (2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx, 6xx): Bn tin ny ch th kt thc giao dch SIP.

1xx: Provisional nhn yu cu v ang tip tc x l yu cu. Tm kim, rung chung, xp hng i, no c phat khi qua trinh x ly cha th kt thuc ngay c. Phia phat cn phai dng qu trnh truyn cac yu cu khi nhn c ban tin nay. 2xx: Success Cc yu c x l thnh cng (nhn, hiu v c tip nhn). 3xx: Redirection Cn tin hnh thm cc hot ng c th p ng c cc yu cu. Chung c gi bi cac Redirect Server. 4xx: Client Error Li do pha Client, cc yu cu sai c php hoc khng p ng ng yu cu ca Server. 5xx: Server Error Li pha Server, server b s c v khng p ng c cc yu cu hp l. 6xx: Global Failure Li tng th, cc yu cu khng th c p ng ti bt k server no. c th : 1xx: Phn hi thng tin : 100: ang th : my c gi tip nhn c yu cu bn gi v gi bn tin ny mang tnh cht phn hi th 180: chung : My c gi chung, v gi bn tin chung v cho bn gi. 181: cuc gi ang chuyn hng: May c gi lp trnh chuyn hng n mt my khc trong khi n ang bn hoc khng x l cuc gi ca bn gi. 182 : ang xp hng i : ch i v c nhiu yu cu n cng lc

183: Phin ang tin hnh: C phin cuc gi khc ang c tin hnh vi my c gi 2xx: Phn hi thnh cng 200 OK phn hi thnh cng : c dng khi bn c yu cu tr li thnh cng yu cu ca bn yu cu: v d trn ta dng hai bn tin 200 ok. Trong bn tin u tin do my c gi phn hi li my gi khi n tr li thnh cng bn tin chung. Cn trong bn tin 200 OK th hai do my gi phn hi n my c gi khi n gi thnh cng cuc gi v chp nhn kt thc cuc gi. 3xx: Phn hi chuyn hng 300: c nhiu la chn 301: di i vnh vin 302: tm thi di i 305: dng proxy 380: dch v thay th 4xx: Yu cu tht bi 400: yu cu sai 401: khng c quyn: ch dng vi c quan ng kim , cc proxy phi dng yu cu cp php cho proxy 407 402: yu cu tr tin :D tr phng trong tng lai: V d khi bn dng in thoi di ng, tin trong ti khon ca bn gn ht, trc khi thit lp cuc gi theo yu cu ca bn th tng i s thm mt thng bo:"Ti khon ca bn sp ht , xin vui lng np thm c th tip tc s dng"... 403: cm 404: Khng tm thy ngi dng:"Thu bao qu khch va gi Khng c, xin vui lng th li" 405: Phng thc khng c php 406: Khng c chp nhn

407: cn c s cp php cho proxy 408: yu cu b ht gi : Khng tm thy ngi dng trong thi gian cho php 410: khng cn , ngi dng tng tn ti nhng by gi khng cn c s dng na:"Thu bao qu khch va gi hin ang tm kha, mong qu khch vui lng gi li sau" 413: n v yu cu qu ln: "cuc gi khng th thc hin c" 414: URI ca yu cu qu ti :"mng qu ti" 415: kiu phng tin khng c h tr: v d : tin nhn a phng tin khng th gi n v nhn t mt s my di ng khng h trn GPRS 416: gin URI khng c h tr 420: phn m rng khng ng: S dng phn m rng ca giao thc SIP khng ng nn my ch khng hiu c 421: Yu cu c phn m rng 423: Qung qu ngn 480: tm thi khng hot ng 481: cuc gi/giao dch khng tn ti 482: pht hin thy lp 483: qu nhiu chng trung tuyn 484:a ch khng hon chnh 485: ti ngha 486: ang bn 487: yu cu b chm dt 488: Khng c chp nhn ti y 491: yu cu ang ch

493: khng th gii m c : Khng th gii m phn thn ca S/MIME 5xx: Li my ch 500: li bn trong my ch 501: cha khai bo: Phng thc yu cu SIP ny cha c khai bo y 502: gateway sai 503: dch v khng c 505: phin bn khng c h tr: My ch khng h tr giao thc SIP ny 513: thng ip qu ln 6xx: Tht bi ton cc 600: tt c mi ni u bn 603: t chi 604: khng tn ti bt c u 606: Khng c chp nhn 3.2. SIP request Request line l dng u tin ca request. Tn giao thc ch ra mc ch ca request v request-URI cha ch ca request. Cc phng thc SIP Cc phng thc SIP c th xem nh l cc kiu thng ip. Chng xc nh yu cu ang c to bi thit b ca ngi dng (hoc thc th mng trong mt s trng hp). Cc phng thc SIP c bn hin ti c nh ngha s dng trong IMS: ACK, BYE, CANCEL, INVITE, REGISTER, UPDATE.. Method Request URI SIP version

Cu trc Request Line SIP request

3.3. Cc trng header Khun dng ca cc trng header: Tn ca trng header: gi tr ca trng header C cc trng header bt buc v ty chn trong mi thng ip. C 6 trng header c tnh bt buc trong mi SIP thng ip: To, From, Cseq, Call-ID, MaxForward, Via. 3.4. Message Body Message Body c tch khi trng header bi dng trng. Thng ip SIP c th mang bt k kiu no ca body, k c body nhiu phn s dng m ha MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension ). SIP s dng MIME m ha body ca n. Do , body ca SIP c m t ging nh phn nh km vo email. c tnh quan trng ca body l chng truyn t u cui n u cui. Proxy khng cn phn tch c php ca thng ip body nh tuyn thng ip. Thc t, UA c th la chn m ha ni dung ca thng ip body end to end. Trong trng hp ny, proxy s khng th bit kiu phin no ang c thit lp gia hai UA 4. Chc nng ca SIP 4.1. Thit lp, sa i v kt thc phin SIP c lp vi kiu ca phin a phng tin c iu khin v k thut s dng m t phin. N rt hu ch cho hi ngh, cuc gi audio, whiteboard c chia s v cc phin chi game. Cc phin bao gm cc lung RTP (Real Time Protocol) mang audio v video thng xuyn c m t bng SDP, nhng c mt vi kiu phin khc c th c m t vi cc giao thc m t khc. SIP c s dng phn phi m t phin gia cc bn tham gia tim nng. Khi m t phin c phn phi, SIP c th s dng tha thun v sa cc tham s ca phin v kt thc phin. V d sau y m t tt c cc chc nng ny. B mun c mt phin audio-video vi A v d nh dng codec PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) m ha voice. Trong v d ny, bn phn phi phin bao gm B gi cho A m t phin vi codec

PCM. A thch s dng codec ADPCM v n tn t bng thng hn, do A thuyt phc B s dng ADPCM. Cui cng c hai s dng codec ADPCM, nhng phin khng th c thit lp cho n khi vic tha thun ny kt thc. t nhin, gia phin audio-video, A quyt nh mun b thnh phn video. A sa phin ch c audio. Khi B quyt nh cuc hi thoi kt thc, phin c kt thc. 4.2. Tnh di ng ca ngi s dng SIP khng th phn phi m t phin cho cc bn tham gia cho n khi h c nh v. Ngi dng c th thng xuyn c lin lc ti vi v tr. Khi , h c vi a ch IP khc nhau ph thuc vo my m h s dng v mun nhn phin n ch ti v tr hin ti ca h. V d, ngi khc c th mun nhn phin mi trn my trm ca h vo bui sng khi ngi s dng n ni lm vic, trn my tnh ti nh vo bui ti v trn in thoi cm tay khi h i du lch. SIP URI: ngi s dng trong mi trng SIP c nh ngha bi SIP Uniform Resource Identity (URI). Khun dng ca SIP URI tng t nh a ch email, bao gm username v domain name: sip: B@thanglong.com Trong v d trc, nu chng ta tra cu SIP server (iu khin domain company.com) chng ta s tm thy ngi s dng c username l B. URI ca B c th l SIP:b@131.160.1.112, ch ra rng host c a ch IP l 131.160.1.112 c username l B. Registration (ng k): ch rng, ngi s dng ng k v tr hin ti ca h cho server nu h mun c tm thy. Trong v d trn, B ang lm vic trn laptop ca mnh c a ch IP l 131.160.1.112. Tn login l B. B ng k v tr hin ti ca mnh vi server ca cng ty. By gi A mun gi B. A mun c a ch SIP Public ca B sip: B@thanglong.com) v n c in trong business card ca B. V vy, khi server ti thanglong.com c lin h v hi v B, n bit ni m B c th lin lc v kt ni c to.

5.Thit lp v hy cuc gi SIP Trc tin ta tm hiu hot ng ca my ch y quyn v my ch chuyn i + Hot ng ca my ch y quyn (Proxy Server)

Hot ng ca Proxy server c trnh by nh trong hnh .Client SIP userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin INVITE cho userB@hotmail.com mi tham gia cuc gi. Cc bc nh sau:

+ Bc 1: userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin INVITE cho UserB min hotmail.com, bn tin ny n proxy server SIP ca min hotmail.com (Bn tin INVITE c th i t Proxy server SIP ca min yahoo.com v c Proxy ny chuyn n Proxy server ca min hotmail.com). + Bc 2: Proxy server ca min hotmail.com s tham kho server nh v (Location server) quyt nh v tr hin ti ca UserB. + Bc 3: Server nh v tr li v tr hin ti ca UserB (gi s l UserB@hotmail.com). + Bc 4: Proxy server gi bn tin INVITE ti userB@hotmail.com. Proxy server thm a ch ca n trong mt trng ca bn tin INVITE. + Bc 5: UAS ca UserB p ng cho server Proxy vi bn tin 200 OK. + Bc 6: Proxy server gi p ng 200 OK tr v userA@yahoo.com. + Bc 7: userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin ACK cho UserB thng qua proxy server. + Bc 8: Proxy server chuyn bn tin ACK cho userB@hostmail.com + Bc 9: Sau khi c hai bn ng tham d cuc gi, mt knh RTP/RTCP c m gia hai im cui truyn tn hiu thoi. + Bc 10: Sau khi qu trnh truyn dn hon tt, phin lm vic b xa bng cch s dng bn tin BYE v ACK gia hai im cui. + Hot ng ca my ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server):

Hot ng ca Redirect Server c trnh by nh hnh . Cc bc nh sau: + Bc 1: Redirect server nhn c yu cu INVITE t ngi gi (Yu cu ny c th i t mt proxy server khc). + Bc 2: Redirect server truy vn server nh v a ch ca B. + Bc 3: Server nh v tr li a ch ca B cho Redirect server. + Bc 4: Redirect server tr li a ch ca B n ngi gi A. N khng pht yu cu INVITE nh proxy server. + Bc 5: User Agent bn A gi li bn tin ACK n Redirect server xc nhn s trao i thnh cng. + Bc 6: Ngi gi A gi yu cu INVITE trc tip n a ch c tr li bi Redirect server (n B). Ngi b gi B p ng vi ch th thnh cng (200 OK), v ngi gi p tr bn tin ACK xc nhn. Cuc gi c thit lp. Ngoi ra SIP cn c cc m hnh hot ng lin mng vi SS7 (n PSTN) hoc l lin mng vi chng giao thc H.323.

B.Cc giao thc trong SIP

Cc giao thc khc ca IT c th s dng xy dng nhng ng dng SIP . SIP c th hot ng cng vi nhiu giao thc nh :

RSVP ( Reource Revervation Protocol ) : Giao thc chim trc ti nguyn mng . RTP ( Real-time tranpsport Protocol ) : Giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc .

RTSP ( Real Time Streaming Protocol ) : Giao thc to lung thi gian thc . SAP ( Session Advertisement Protocol ) : Giao thc thng bo phin kt ni .

SDP ( Session Description Protocol ) : Giao thc m t phin kt ni a phng tin . MIME ( Multipurpose Internet mail Extension M rng th tn Internet a mc ch .

HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer protocol ) : Giao thc truyn siu vn bn . COPS ( Common Open policy Service ) : Dch v chnh sch m chung . OSP ( Open Settlement protocol ) : Giao thc tha thun m .

I.RSVP ( Reource Revervation Protocol ) : Giao thc chim trc ti nguyn mng. RSVP l mt c ch bo hiu dng dnh ring ti nguyn trn mt mng. RSVP khng phi l mt giao thc nh tuyn. Vic quyt nh tuyn do IGP (gm c cc m rng TE) v CSPF.

Cng vic ca RSVP l bo hiu v duy tr ti nguyn dnh ring qua mt mng. Trong MPLS TE, RSVP d tr bng thng ti mt phng iu khin (control-plane layer); khng c chnh sch lu lng trn mt phng chuyn tip (forwardingplane). Khi s dng cho cc mc ch khc (nh VoIP hay DLSW+reservations), RSVP c th c dng dnh ring khng gian hng i cng bng c trng s (WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing) hay xy dng cc ATM SVC. - RSVP c ba chc nng c bn: * Thit lp v duy tr ng i (Path setup and maintenance) * Hy ng i (Path teardown) * Bo li (Error signalling)

- RSVP l mt giao thc trng thi mm (soft-state protocol). Ngha l cn ti bo hiu trn mng lm ti nh k cho n. Vi RSVP, mt yu cu b hy nu n c ch nh xa khi mng bng RSVP hay ht thi gian dnh ring (reservation times out). 1.Cc loi thng ip trong RSVP : c 6 loi thng ip trong RSVP nh sau : a) Path s dng yu cu ti nguyn dnh trc b) Resv Gi p ng bn tin ng thit lp v duy tr d tr ti nguyn. c) PathTear- S dng xa d tr ti nguyn khi mng theo hng i. d) ResvTear S dng xa b ti nguyn khi mng theo hng v. e) PathErr Thng bo li bn tin Path f) ResvErr- Thng bo li bn tin Resv g) ResvConf L mt bn tin ty chn, gi ngc li ti pha gi ca bn tin Resv xc nhn rng ti nguyn d tr xc nh thc s c ci t h) ResvTearConf- S dng xc nhn d tr ti nguyn xc nh b xa khi mng. 2.M hnh hot ng ( Gm 6 bc ) :

2 1 PATH RES V

R2

R3 R4 PATH

R1

Host A 24.1.70.210

PA TH RE V

3
S

TH PA

Host B 128.32.32.69

R5

Bc 1: ng dung trn Host A s to 1 phin n my ch co Ip : 128.32.32.69 bng RSVP ti host A . Bc 2 : Ti host A , RSVP s to bn tin Path v s gi n router gn nht R1 nhm a n a ch 128.32.32.69 . Bc 3 : Bn tin Path tip tc thng qua R5 v R4 cho n khi n ch l Host B . Bc 4 : ng dng ti host B s tip nhn RSVP ny v kim tra phin 128.32.32.69. Kim tra xem cc bn tin ny c tn ti trong phin khng . Bc 5 : Host B s dng RSVP to ra bn tin Resv gi ngc li R4 v a ch gi l 24.1.70.210 Bc 6 : Bn tin Resv tip tc thng qua R5 v R1 cho n khi ti Host A.

3. Cc chc nng ca RSVP: 3.1.Thit lp v duy tr ng i: a.Thit lp ng i (Path Setup): - Sau khi u ng hm (tunnel headend) hon thnh CSPF cho mt ng hm c th, n gi mt thng ip Path n nt k tip (next-hop) dc theo ng i tnh ton n ch. LSR gi thng ip Path c gi l LSR ngc dng (upstream router), v LSR nhn thng ip c gi l LSR xui dng (downstream router). LSR ngc dng con duoc goi la trm trc ( phop previous hop).

- Sau khi LSR xui dng nhn mt thng ip Path, n kim tra nh dng ca thng ip, sau kim tra lng bng thng m thng ip yu cu. Tin trnh ny c gi l iu khin chp nhn (admission control). - Nu vic kim tra ny thnh cng v thng ip Path c php dnh ring bng thng nh n yu cu, LSR xui dng to mt thng ip Path mi v gi n nt k trong i tng tuyn tng minh (ERO Explicit Route Object). Thng ip Path tip tc c chuyn i n khi no chng n c nt cui cng trong ERO ui ng hm MPLS TE (tunnel tail). - ui ng hm thc hin iu khin chp nhn trn thng ip Path ging nh cc LSR xui dng khc. Khi n nhn ra rng n l ch n ca thng ip Path n tr li li bng thng ip Resv. Resv ng vai tr nh l mt ACK bo v cho LSR ngc dng. Resv cha mt thng bo rng tha mn s dnh ring n cui ng hm v thng tin nhn n (incoming label) cho LSR ngc dng s dng gi cc gi dc theo TE LSP n ch. b.Duy tr ng i (Path Maintenance): - Thot nhn, vic duy tr ng i ging nh thit lp ng i. Mi 30 giy u ng hm gi mt thng ip Path n lng ging xui dng ca n. Nu mt LSR gi i mt dy 4 thng ip Path v khng thy Resv, n ngh rng s dnh ring b mt v gi mt thng ip ngc dng (message upstream) bo rng s dnh ring b mt. - Cc thng ip Path v Resv c gi c lp v bt ng b gia cc lng ging vi nhau. Thng ip Resv c dng lm ti (refresh) mt s dnh ring ang tn ti ch khng phi tr li cho thng ip Path.

3.2. Hy ng i: -Nu mt nt (thng l u ng hm) quyt nh mt s dnh ring khng cn cn thit trong mng, n gi mt thng ip PathTear dc theo ng thng ip Path i v mt ResvTear dc theo ng ca Resv.

- Thng ip ResvTear c gi hi p cho PathTear bo hiu ui ng hm. PathTear v ResvTear cng c gi tr li mt iu kin li trong mng. -Khng ging thng ip lm ti, PathTear khng cn i n ht downstream trc khi nhn c kt qu. 3.3. Bo li: - Thnh thong, tn hiu RSVP c th b li. Cc li ny c bo hiu bng thng ip PathErr hay ResvErr. Thng ip li c gi ngc dng v pha ngun ca li; mt PathErr c gi ngc dng t mt nt xui dng v mt ResvErr c gi xui dng t mt nt ngc dng.

II. RTP ( Real Time Tranpsport Protocol ) : Giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc . RTP t vit tt ca Real Time Transport Protocol (Giao thc Vn chuyn Thi gian Thc) c t mt tiu chun nh dng gi tin dng truyn m thanh v hnh nh qua internet. Tiu chun ny c khai bo trong RFC 1889. N c pht trin bi nhm Audio Video Transport Working v c ban hnh ln u tin vo nm 1996. RTP v RTCP lin kt rt cht ch vi nhau RTP truyn d liu thc trong khi RTCP c dng nhn thng tin phn hi v cht lng dch v. 1.RTP (even port-port chn) _ RTP cung cp chc nng mng vn chuyn end-to-end cho nhng ng dng truyn d liu m yu cu thi gian thc (real-time) nh l m thanh v video. Nhng chc nng bao gm nhn din loi d liu, s trnh t, tham s thi gian v gim st tin trnh gi. - RTP l thnh phn quan trng ca VoIP bi v n cho php thit b ch sp xp v iu chnh li thi gian cho gi tin thoi trc khi c gi n ngi dng. - Sequence number c tng thm bi 1 i vi tng gi tin, gi tr khi u ( ca gi tin u tin ) c chn ngu nhin nhm mc ch bo mt. Xem xt gi tr

trong trng ny, receiver c th xc nh c gi tin b mt hoc out of oder tnh tan sc xut mt gi hay iu chnh thi gian playout ca d liu nhm m bo cht lng ca dch v. - Timestamp c s dng tnh tan ng b cng nh jitter ca d liu, v vy gi tr trong trng ny lun tng mt cch tuyn tnh v n iu ty thuc theo xung clock ly mu c s dng cho tng lai d liu ( vd video l 90kHz) bt u t thi im byte u tin ca gi RTP. Gi tr u tin cng c chn ngu nhin.

2.RTCP(Real-Time Transport Control Protocol)odd port-port l - RTCP gim st cht lng ca qu trnh phn phi d liu v cung cp tin trnh iu khin thng tin. RTCP cung cp thng tin phn hi da theo iu kin ca mng: - RTCP cung cp c ch cho nhng thit b lin quan trong phin (session) RTP trao i thng tin v gim st v iu khin phin. - RTCP gim st cht lng ca cc yu t nh l m gi (packet count), mt gi, tr, jitter. RTCP truyn gi bng 1% bng thng ca phin, nhng mt tc xc nh trong t nht mi 5 giy. - Tham s thi gian Network Time Protocol(NTP) da vo cc xung c ng b. - Tham s thi gian RTP tng ng th c to ngu nhin v da vo tin trnh ly mu gi d liu. C hai NTP v RTP th c t trong gi RTCP bi ngi gi d liu.

III. RTSP ( Real Time Streaming Protocol ) : Giao thc to lung thi gian thc . L giao thc iu khin kim sot h thng mng , c thit k s dng trong h thng gii tr v truyn thng kim sot Streaming media Severs . Giao thc

c s dng thit lp v kim sot cc phng tin truyn thng gia cc im cui phin . Ngi dng a ra cc lnh VCR , nh chy hay tm dng , iu khin thi gian thc trong vic pht li cc file media t sever .

IV. SDP ( Session Description Protocol ) : Giao thc m t phin kt ni a phng tin . L giao thc cho php client chia s thng tin v phin kt ni cho cc client khc. N ng mt vai tr quan trng trong VoIP. 1.M t SDP: SDP khng phi l mt giao thc lp vn chuyn, n khng thc s vn chuyn d liu gia cc client m n ch thit lp cu trc thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca lung d liu, d liu thc s c truyn i bi cc giao thc SIP, RTSP hay HTTP. Thng tin trong gi SDP dng ASCII gm nhiu dng, mi dng l 1 trng. V d bn tin SDP: v=0 o=bsmith 2208988800 2208988800 IN IP4 68.33.152.147 s= e=bsmith@foo.com c=IN IP4 20.1.25.50 t=0 0 a=recvonly m=audio 0 RTP/AVP 0 1 101 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000

Trng V O S I U E P C k m t a

ngha Phin bn ca giao thc Ch ca phin kt ni, nhn dng, phin bn phin kt ni, Loi mng, Loi a ch, IP ca ch. Tn phin kt ni Miu t kt ni URI E-mail ca ngi cn lin lc S in thoi ca ngi cn lin lc Thng tin kt ni:: IP version and CIDR IP address Kha m ha nh clear text,base64, uri Loi mng, port kt ni,phng thc vn chuyn,danh sch nh dng Thi im bt u v kt thc kt ni Thuc tnh.

ngha ca cc trng

2.Hot ng ca SDP: Client gi SIP request, thit b s to mt gi SDP gi tr li. Gi SDP ny mang thng tin v phin kt ni. Sau y l mt v d:

v=0 o=thang 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 host.hanoi.example.com s= c=IN IP4 host.hanoi.example.com t=0 0 m=audio 49170 RTP/AVP 0 8 97 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000 m=video 51372 RTP/AVP 31 32 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000

Trong v d trn, ngi gi l Thng , lng nghe kt ni t host.hanoi.example.com. Gi c gi ti bt k ai mun tham gia phin kt ni. Kt ni ca Alice h tr ba loi kt ni cho audio l PCMU, PCMIA v iLBC, hai loi kt ni video H.261 v MPV. Nu Ngc mun tham gia kt ni th gi li bn tin SDP:

v=0 o=ngoc 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 host.hanoi2.example.com s= c=IN IP4 host.hanoi2.example.com t=0 0 m=audio 49174 RTP/AVP 0

a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 m=video 49170 RTP/AVP 32 a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000

3.Bo mt cho SDP: Bn tin SDP mang thng tin v phin kt ni nh nhn dng phin kt ni, IP ngi gi, ngi nhn, Nu k tn cng bt c nhng gi SDP ny n c th thay i gi tr trong cc trng ri gi i. Nhng iu ny hon ton c th khc phc bng phng php chng thc user ca SIP. V. MIME ( Multipurpose Internet mail Extension M rng th tn Internet a mc ch . MIME cung cp cch thc kt hp nhiu loi d liu khc nhau vo trong mt thng ip duy nht c th c gi qua Internet dng Email hay Newgroup. Thng tin c chuyn i theo cch ny trng ging nh nhng khi k t ngu nhin. Nhng thng ip s dng chun MIME c th cha hnh nh, m thanh v bt k nhng loi thng tin no khc c th lu tr c trn my tnh. Hu ht nhng chng trnh x l th in t s t ng gii m nhng thng bo ny v cho php bn lu tr d liu cha trong chng vo a cng.

VI. HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer protocol ) : Giao thc truyn siu vn bn . L mt trong nm giao thc chun v mng Internet, c dng lin h thng tin gia My cung cp dch v (Web server) v My s dng dch v (Web client) l giao thc Client/Server dng cho World Wide Web-WWW, HTTP l mt giao thc ng dng ca b giao thc TCP/IP (cc giao thc nn tng cho Internet). Cu trc ca HTTP Message

HTTP l mt giao thc kiu client/server; client a ra cc request, v server s tr li cc request ny. Cu trc cc HTTP message v th cng thay i theo yu t ny. C mt nh dng cho HTTP request v cho cc response. 1.HTTP Request Mi request bt u vi mt Request-Line. Dng ny ch ra phng thc m client yu cu, ti nguyn, v phin bn ca HTTP m client c th h tr. Request-Line c th c tip sau mt hay nhiu header v mt message body. Mt HTTP request bt u vi mt Request-Line v c th bao gm cc header v message body. Phn header c th m t qu vic truyn d liu, xc nh cc yu cu hay phn message body km theo. GET / HTTP/1.1 Accept: */* Accept-Language: en-us A ccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0) Host: www.ft.com Connection: Keep-Alive Request-Line cha ba mc phn bit, l method, uri, v phin bn HTTP, mi mc c phn tch bi mt hay nhiu khong trng. Mt HTTP Request-Line c mt phng thc, mt a ch nh danh ti nguyn (URI), v thng bo phin bn HTTP. Phng thc c xc nh trn dng u tin ca Request-Line. HTTP nh ngha tt c l 8 phng thc. Mt HTTP server ch c yu cu h tr cc phng thc GET v HEAD; nu chng h tr cc phng thc HTTP khc, s h tr phi c gn vi cc quy tc ca HTTP. c t HTTP cng c cc m rng cc phng thc khc c th c b sung trong tng lai.

Mc tip theo trong Request-Line l Request-uri. Mc ny cung cp a ch nh danh ti nguyn cho mt ti nguyn. V d, Request-uri l /, ch ra mt request cho ti nguyn gc. Cho cc request khng yu cu mt ti nguyn c th (nh l TRACE request hay trong mt s trng hp c OPTIONS request), client c th dng mt du * cho Request-uri. Mc cui cng trong Request-Line l phin bn HTTP. Nh trong v d, phin bn HTTP l 1.1 cha trong on text HTTP/1.1. Tip sau Request-Line, mt HTTP request c th bao gm mt hay nhiu dng message header. Mt message header c th cha cc loi general header, request header, hoc entity header. General header p dng trong truyn d liu; request header p dng cho cc request c th, v entity header p dng cho message body trong request. Mt HTTP request lun cha mt dng trng sau Request-Line v bt k header no. Nu request bao gm mt message body, phn body i sau mt dng trng. Dng trng - blank line rt quan trng v server xc nh c phn kt ca request, hoc phn kt ca header. Khng c dng trng, server nhn cc message s khng bit c cc header khc na c tip tc c truyn khng. 1. HTTP Response HTTP Response kh ging vi HTTP Request. Du hiu khc bit duy nht l response bt u vi mt dng trng thi status so vi Request-Line. Status-Line, cng ging nh Request-Line, cha ba mc ngn cch bi cc khong trng.

Mt HTTP response bt u vi mt Status-Line v c th cha cc header v mt message body. Header c th m t qu trnh truyn d liu, xc nh response, hoc phn body km theo. Dng bt u vi phin bn cao nht ca HTTP m server h tr. HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 08 Oct 2000 18:46:12

GMT Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Unix) Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=120 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/html <html>... HTTP Status-Line bt u vi ch bo HTTP, m trng thi, v mt on text m t response. Hai mc cn li trong Status-Line l Status-Code v Reason-Phrase. Status-Code l mt b ba k t ch bo kt qu ca request. Status-Code ph bin nht l 200. Gi tr ny thng bo yu cu ca client thnh cng. Phn loi HTTP Status Code Header Field HTTP request v response c th c mt hay nhiu message header. Message header bt u vi tn trng v du (:). Trong mt s trng hp, ch c tn trng trong phn header. Trong hu ht cc trng hp khc header cha cc thm thng tin khc na, cc thng tin ny i sau du :. Mt message header kt thc cui dng, nhng nu mt client cn biu din nhiu hn mt dng th dng tip theo s bt u vi mt hay nhiu k t trng hay k t gch ngang (ascii character 8). V d sau l ca User-Agent header:

GET / HTTP/1.1 Accept: */* Accept-Language: en-us Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0)

Host: www.ft.com Connection: Keep-Alive Nu mt message header cha mt chui gi tr phn tch bi du ,; ta c th tch ra thnh cc dng ring, nh v d sau tch cc gi tr ca Accept-Encoding: GET / HTTP/1.1 Accept: */* Accept-Language: en-us Accept-Encoding: gzip Accept-Encoding: deflate User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0) Host: www.ft.com Connection: Keep-Alive Bng sau th hin cc HeaderField, phm vi p dng ca chng trong cc request hay response, hay trong message body (entity) i km vi request hay response.

Header Accept Accept-Charset Accept-Encoding Accept-Language Accept-Ranges Age Allow Authentication-Info Authorization Cache-Control Connection Content-Encoding Content-Language

General

Request

Response

Entity

Content-Length Content-Location Content-MD5 Content-Range Content-Type Cookie Cookie2 Date Etag Expect Expires From Host If-Match If-Modified-Since If-None-Match If-Range If-UnmodifiedSince Last-Modified Location Max-Forwards Meter Pragma Proxy-Authenticate ProxyAuthorization Range Referer Retry-After Server Set-Cookie2 TE Trailer Transfer-Encoding Upgrade User-Agent Vary Warning WWW-Authenticate

HTTP Header Field

Status Code 100-199 200-299 300-399 400-499 500-599

ngha Informational; server nhn c request nhng kt qu cui cng khng sn c. Success; server c kh nng thc hin cc yu cu. Redirection; client c th chuyn hng request sang mt server hay ti nguyn khc Client error; request c li. Server error; server khng th thc hin cc yu cu ngay c khi request hp l. Bng phn loi HTTP Status Code