555 Cau Hoi Trac Nghiem Hoa Hoc - Luyen Thi Dai Hoc

Li ni u
Kim tra, nh gi c vai tr, chc nng rt quan trng trong dy

hc Ho hc. N gip thy v tr iu chnh vic dy v hc nhm t kt
qu dy hc cao hn, ng thi xc nhn thnh qu dy hc ca thy v
tr. C nhiu hnh thc kim tra, nh gi kt qu dy hc, trong kim
tra trc nghim khch quan ang c quan tm s dng.
Trc nghim khch quan c quan tm bi mt s l do sau:
- Vic chm v cho im tng i d dng v khch quan hn so vi
bi lun .
- Trong cc cu hi trc nghim, nhim v ca ngi hc c pht
biu r rng hn l trong cc bi lun .
- Khi lm mt bi thi trc nghim, hu ht thi gian hc sinh dng
c v suy ngh. C th t kim tra, nh gi kin thc.
- Trnh c vic hc t, hc lch. Cung cp mt lng thng tin
phn hi ln, lm c s cho vic iu chnh k hoch dy hc.
- D dng ng dng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng t chc
thi, chm bi mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc v an ton.
phc v cho vic i mi phng php kim tra, nh gi trong
dy hc ho hc trng ph thng nhm t cc mc tiu pht trin
ngun nhn lc phc v cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, chng
ti bin son b sch Trc nghim ho hc gm 6 cun, t lp 8 n lp
12 v luyn thi i hc theo chng trnh v sch gio khoa mi.
Ni dung mi cun gm hai phn:
Phn th nht : Gm cc cu hi trc nghim c bin son theo
nhiu hnh thc nh: Trc nghim nhiu la chn, trc nghim ghp i,
trc nghim ng, sai, trc nghim in khuyt. Ni dung cc cu hi trc
nghim bao trm cc kin thc c bn v ho hc ph thng c m
rng nng cao v gn vi thc tin.
Phn th hai: Hng dn gii v p s.
Chng ti hy vng rng b sch s b ch cho cc em hc sinh v
cc thy, c gio dy hc ho hc.
Mc d rt c gng, nhng b sch chc chn khng trnh khi
sai st, chng ti rt mong v chn thnh cm n cc kin gp ca cc
bn c, nht l cc thy, c gio v cc em hc sinh sch c hon
chnh trong ln ti bn sau, nu c.
Cc tc gi
3
Phn 1- ho hc i cng
Chng 1 Cu to nguyn t - nh lut tun hon
v lin kt ho hc
A. tm tt l thuyt
I. cu to nguyn t
1. Thnh phn, cu to nguyn t
Nguyn t gm ht nhn v v electron. Ht nhn gm cc ht
proton v ntron, phn v gm cc electron. Cc c trng ca cc ht c
bn trong nguyn t c tm tt trong bng sau:
Proton Ntron electron
K hiu p n e
Khi lng (vC) 1 1 0,00055
Khi lng (kg) 1,6726.10
-27
1,6748.10
-27
9,1095.10
-31
in tch nguyn t 1+ 0 1-
in tch (Culng) 1,602.10
-19
0 -1,602.10
-19
2. Ht nhn nguyn t:
Khi bn ph mt l vng mng bng tia phng x ca rai, Ruzfo
pht hin ht nhn nguyn t. Ht nhn nguyn t c kch thc rt nh
so vi kch thc ca ton b nguyn t. Ht nhn mang in tch dng.
in tch ht nhn c gi tr bng s proton trong ht nhn, gi l
Z+. Do nguyn t trung ho v in cho nn s electron bng s Z.
V d: nguyn t oxi c 8 proton trong ht nhn v 8 electron lp v.
S khi, k hiu A, c tnh theo cng thc A = Z + N, trong Z l
tng s ht proton, N l tng s ht ntron.
Nguyn t ho hc bao gm cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn.
ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s
ntron, do s khi A ca chng khc nhau.
V d: Nguyn t oxi c ba ng v, chng u c 8 proton v 8, 9, 10
ntron trong ht nhn nguyn t.
16 17 18
8 8 8
O, O, O
II. Cu to v electron ca nguyn t
4
1. Lp electron
Trong nguyn t, mi electron c mt mc nng lng nht nh.
Cc electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau c xp thnh mt lp
electron.
Th t ca lp tng dn 1, 2, 3, n th mc nng lng ca electron
cng tng dn. Electron lp c tr s n nh b ht nhn ht mnh, kh
bt ra khi nguyn t. Electron lp c tr s n ln th c nng lng
cng cao, b ht nhn ht yu hn v d tch ra khi nguyn t.
Lp electron c s electron ti a gi l lp electron bo
ho.
Tng s electron trong mt lp l 2n
2
.
S th t ca lp electron (n) 1 2 3 4
K hiu tng ng ca lp electron K L M N
S electron ti a lp 2 8 18 32
2. Phn lp electron
Mi lp electron li c chia thnh cc phn lp. Cc electron
thuc cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau.
K hiu cc phn lp l cc ch ci thng: s, p, d, f.
S phn lp ca mt lp electron bng s th t ca lp. V d lp
K (n =1) ch c mt phn lp s. Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp l s v p. Lp
M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp l s, p, d
S electron ti a trong mt phn lp:
- Phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron,
- Phn lp p cha ti a 6 electron,
- Phn lp d cha ti a 10 electron v f cha ti a 14 electron.
Lp electron S electron ti a ca
lp
Phn b electron trn cc phn
lp
K (n =1) 2 1s
2
L (n = 2) 8 2s
2
2p
6
M (n = 3) 18 3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
3. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
5
L cch biu din s phn b electron trn cc lp v phn lp. S phn
b ca cc electron trong nguyn t tun theo cc nguyn l v quy tc
sau:
a. Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc
electron chim ln lt cc obitan c mc nng lng t thp ln cao.
b. Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai
electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung
quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
c. Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b
trn cc obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny
phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.
d. Quy tc v trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
V d: Cu hnh electron ca Fe, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
Fe: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
Fe
2+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
Fe
3+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4. c im ca lp electron ngoi cng
i vi nguyn t ca tt c cc nguyn t, s electron lp ngoi
cng c nhiu nht l 8 electron.
Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp ngoi cng (ns
2
np
6
) u rt bn
vng, chng hu nh khng tham gia vo cc phn ng ho hc. l cc
kh him, v vy trong t nhin, phn t kh him ch gm mt nguyn t.
Cc nguyn t c 1-3 electron lp ngoi cng u l cc kim loi
(tr B). Trong cc phn ng ho hc cc kim loi c xu hng ch yu l
nhng electron tr thnh ion dng.
Cc nguyn t c 5 -7 electron lp ngoi cng u l cc phi kim.
Trong cc phn ng ho hc cc phi kim c xu hng ch yu l nhn
thm electron tr thnh ion m.
6
Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng l cc phi kim, khi
chng c s hiu nguyn t nh nh C, Si hay cc kim loi nh Sn, Pb khi
chng c s hiu nguyn t ln.
III. bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc
1. Nguyn tc sp xp:
Cc nguyn t ho hc c sp xp theo chiu tng dn in tch
ht nhn nguyn t.
Cc nguyn t ho hc c cng s lp electron c sp xp thnh
cng mt hng.
Cc nguyn t ho hc c cng s electron ho tr trong nguyn t
c sp xp thnh mt ct.
2. Cu to ca bng h thng tun hon
Bng h thng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc l s th hin ni dung
ca nh lut tun hon. Trong hn 100 nm tn ti v pht trin, c
khong 28 kiu bng h thng tun hon khc nhau. Dng c s dng
trong sch gio khoa ho hc ph thng hin nay l bng h thng tun
hon dng di. Cc thnh phn cu to nn bng h thng tun hon cc
nguyn t ho hc nh sau:
: S th t ca bng s hiu nguyn t v bng s n v in tch ht
nhn bng tng s electron ca nguyn t..
Chu k: C 7 chu k, s th t ca chu k bng s lp electron ca
nguyn t gm:
+ Chu k nh l cc chu k 1, 2, 3 ch gm cc nguyn t s v cc
nguyn t p. Mi chu k nh gm 8 nguyn t, tr chu k 1 ch c hai
nguyn t.
+ Chu k ln l cc chu k 4, 5, 6 ,7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d v f.
Chu k 4 v chu k 5 mi chu k c 18 nguyn t. Chu k 6 c 32 nguyn
t. Theo quy lut, chu k 7 cng phi c 32 nguyn t, tuy nhin chu k 7
mi pht hin c 24 nguyn t ho hc. L do l cc nguyn t c ht
nhn cng nng cng km bn, chng c i sng rt ngn ngi.
Nhm: C 8 nhm, s th t ca nhm bng s electron ho tr gm :
7
+ Nhm A: S th t ca nhm bng s electron ho tr (gm cc
nguyn t s v p). Nhm A cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn
nhm chnh.
+ Nhm B: S th t ca nhm B bng s electron ho tr (gm cc
nguyn t d v f). Nhm B cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn
nhm ph.
IV. Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht
nhn
- Bn knh nguyn t:
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh
nguyn t gim dn.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh
nguyn t tng dn.
- m in, tnh kim loi - phi kim, tnh axit - baz ca oxit v hiroxit
bin i tng t bn knh nguyn t.
- Nng lng ion ho:
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng
ion ho ca nguyn t tng dn.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng
lng ion ho ca nguyn t gim dn.
V. Lin kt ho hc
Xu hng ca cc nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim l t n cu
hnh bn vng nh ca kh him bng cch cho, nhn electron to ra kiu
hp cht ion, hay gp chung electron to ra hp cht cng ho tr (nguyn
t).
Khng c ranh gii tht r rng gia cc cht c kiu lin kt ion
v cng ho tr. Ngi ta thng dng hiu s m in ( ) xt mt
cht c kiu lin kt ho hc g.
- Nu hiu s m in 1,70 th cht c kiu lin kt ion,
- Nu hiu s m in < 1,70 th cht c kiu lin kt
8
cng ho tr (ngoi l HF c 1,70 nhng vn thuc loi lin
kt cng ho tr ).
9
C th so snh hai kiu lin kt ho hc qua bng sau:
Lin kt ion Lin kt cng ho tr
Hnh thnh gia kim loi in
hnh v phi kim in hnh.
Hiu s m in 1,70
Hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t ging
nhau hoc gn ging nhau.
Hiu s m in < 1,70
Nguyn t kim loi nhng
electron tr thnh ion dng.
Nguyn t phi kim nhn
electron tr thnh ion m. Cc
ion khc du ht nhau bng lc
ht tnh in. V d: NaCl,
MgCl
2
Bn cht: do lc ht tnh in
gia cc ion mang in tch tri
du.
Cc nguyn t gp chung electron. Cc
electron dng chung thuc ht nhn ca
c hai nguyn t. V d: H
2
, HCl
Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc
khi i electron dng chung khng b
lch v nguyn t no: N
2
, H
2
Lin kt cng ho tr c cc khi

i electron dng chun b lch v mt
nguyn t : HBr, H
2
O
Lin kt cho - nhn (phi tr) l mt trng hp ring ca lin kt cng
ho tr. Trong , i electron dng chung c hnh thnh do mt nguyn
t a ra. V d trong phn t kh sunfur SO
2
, cng thc cu to ca SO
2
l:
S
O
O
Lin kt cho nhn c k hiu bng mt mi tn. Mi mi tn biu
din mt cp electron dng chung, trong phn gc mi tn l nguyn t
cho electron, phn ngn l nguyn t nhn electron.
10
B. BI
Hy chn phng n ng A, B, C hay D trong cc cu hi trc
nghim sau:
1. Electron c tm ra vo nm 1897 bi nh bc hc ngi Anh Tom -
xn (J.J. Thomson). c im no sau y khng phi ca electron?
A. Mi electron c khi lng bng khong
1
1840
khi lng ca
nguyn t nh nht l H.
B. Mi electron c in tch bng -1,6 .10
-19
C, ngha l bng 1-
in tch nguyn t.
C. Dng electron b lch hng v pha cc m trong in trng.
D. Cc electron ch thot ra khi nguyn t trong nhng iu kin
c bit (p sut kh rt thp, in th rt cao gia cc cc ca ngun
in).
2. Cc ng v c phn bit bi yu t no sau y?
A. S ntron. B. S electron ho tr.
C. S proton D. S lp electron.
3. K hiu no trong s cc k hiu ca cc obitan sau l sai?
A. 2s, 4f B. 1p, 2d
C. 2p, 3d D. 1s, 2p
4. phn lp 3d s electron ti a l:
A. 6 B. 18
C. 10 D. 14
5. Ion, c 18 electron v 16 proton, mang s in tch nguyn t l:
A. 18+ B. 2 -
C. 18- D. 2+
6. Cc ion v nguyn t: Ne, Na
+
, F
_
c im chung l:
A. S khi B. S electron
C. S proton D. S notron
7. Cu hnh electron ca cc ion no sau y ging nh ca kh him ?
A. Te
2-
B. Fe
2+
C. Cu
+
D. Cr
3+
11
8. C bao nhiu electron trong mt ion
52
24
Cr
3+
?
A. 21 B. 27
C. 24 D. 52
9. Vi ht no sau y c s proton nhiu hn s electron?
A. Nguyn t Na. B. Ion clorua Cl
-
.
C. Nguyn t S. D. Ion kali K
+
.
10. Nguyn t ca nguyn t c in tch ht nhn 13, s khi 27 c s
electron ho tr l:
A. 13 B. 5
C. 3 D. 4
11. Nguyn t ca nguyn t ho hc no c cu hnh electron di y:
Cu hnh electron Tn nguyn t
(1) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
...
(2) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
...
(3) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
...
(4) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2
...
12. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion sau:
Ion cu hnh electron Ion cu hnh electron
(1) Na
+
(4) Ni
2+

(2) Cl
-
(5) Fe
2+

(3) Ca
2+
(6) Cu
+

13. Nguyn t ca nguyn t ho hc c cu hnh electron
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
l:
A. Ca B. K
C. Ba D. Na
14. Chu k bn r, thi gian cn thit lng cht ban u mt i mt
na, ca
P
32
15
l 14,3 ngy. Cn bao nhiu ngy mt mu thuc c tnh
phng x cha
P
32
15
gim i ch cn li 20% hot tnh phng x ban u
ca n.
A. 33,2 ngy B. 71,5 ngy
C. 61,8 ngy D. 286 ngy
12
51.
U
238
92
l nguyn t gc ca h phng x t nhin uran, kt thc ca
dy ny l ng v bn ca ch
Pb
206
82
, s ln phn r v l :
A. 6 phn r v 8 ln phn r
B. 8 phn r v 6 ln phn r
C. 8 phn r v 8 ln phn r
D. 6 phn r v 6 ln phn r
16. Tia phng x ca ng v
14
6
C
l:
A. tia B. tia
C. tia D. tia v
17. Trong cc cu hnh electron sau, cu hnh no sai ?
A.1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
x
2py2pz
B.1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
x
2p
2
y
2p
2
z
3s
C.1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
x
2py
D.1s
2
2s
2
2px2py2pz
18. Cc electron thuc cc lp K, M, N, L trong nguyn t khc nhau v:
A. Khong cch t electron n ht nhn.
B. bn lin kt vi ht nhn.
C. Nng lng ca electron
D. A, B, C u ng.
19. Trong nguyn t, cc electron quyt dnh tnh cht ho hc l :
A. Cc electron ho tr.
B. Cc electron lp ngoi cng.
C. Cc electron lp ngoi cng i vi cc nguyn t s, p v c lp
st ngoi cng vi cc nguyn t h d, f.
D. Tt c A, B, C u sai.
20. Khoanh trn vo ch nu pht biu ng, ch S nu pht biu sai
trong nhng cu di y:
A. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc obitan 2px, 2py 2pz

l nh
nhau - S
13
B. Cc electron thuc cc obitan 2px, 2py , 2pz

ch khc nhau v nh
hng trong khng gian
- S C. Nng lng ca cc electron cc phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d l
khc nhau - S
D. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc obitan 2s v 2px nh nhau
- S E. Phn lp 3d bo ho khi xp y 10 electron
- S
21. Cu hnh electron biu din theo lng t no sau y l sai?
A.
B. .
C.
D.
22. Ghp i tn nguyn t ct A vi cu hnh electron tng ng ct
B
A B
1. Oxi A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
2. Cacbon B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3. Kali C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
4. Clo D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
5. Canxi E. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
6. Silic F. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
7. Photpho G. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3p
1
8. Gali H. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2
I. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
Th t ghp i l : 1 ;2. ;3.. ;4 ;5. ;6.. ;7 ;8..
23.Mt nguyn t ho hc c nhiu loi nguyn t c khi lng khc
nhau v l do no sau y ?
A. Ht nhn c cng s ntron nhng khc nhau v s proton.
B. Ht nhn c cng s proton. nhng khc nhau v s ntron
14
C. Ht nhn c cng s ntron nhng khc nhau v s electron
D. Phng n khc
24. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng kim loi l 63,546. ng tn ti
trong t nhin vi hai loi ng v l
63
Cu v
65
Cu. S nguyn t
63
Cu c
trong 32g Cu l:
A. 6,023. 10
23
B. 3,000.10
23
C. 2,181.10
23
D. 1,500.10
23
25. Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p
l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng
s ht mang in ca A l 8. A v B l cc nguyn t:
A. Al v Br
B. Al v Cl
C. Mg v Cl
D. Si v Br
26. in y cc thng tin vo cc ch trng trong nhng cu sau: cho
hai nguyn t A v B c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 11 v 13.
- Cu hnh electron ca A:
- Cu hnh electron ca B..
- A chu k, nhm, phn nhm A c kh nng
to ra ion A
+
v B c kh nng to ra ion B
3+
. Kh nng kh ca A
l..so vi B, kh nng oxi ho ca ion B
3+
l..so vi ion
A
+
.
27. Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht mang in v khng mang in l 34,
trong s ht mang in gp 1,833 ln s ht khng mang in. Nguyn
t R v v tr ca n trong bng HTTH l:
A. Na 11, chu k III, nhm IA
B. Mg 12, chu k III, nhm IIA
C. F 9, chu k II, nhm VIIA
D. Ne 10, chu k II, nhm VIIIA
15
28. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 82, trong
s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22.
S hiu nguyn t ca X l:
S khi: v tn nguyn t.l: . Cu hnh electron ca nguyn

t X:..
Cu hnh electron ca cc ion to thnh t X: ..
Cc phng trnh ho hc xy ra khi:
X tc dng vi Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
;

X tc dng vi HNO
3
c, nng
..
29. Cation X
3+
v anionY
2-
u c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng
l 2p
6
. K hiu ca cc nguyn t X,Y v v tr ca chng trong bng
HTTH l:
A. Al 13, chu k III, nhm IIIA v O 8, chu k II, nhm
VIA.
B. Mg 12, chu k III, nhm IIA v O 8, chu k II, nhm
VIA.
C. Al 13, chu k III, nhm IIIA v F 9, chu k II, nhm
VIIA.
D. Mg 12, chu k III, nhm IIA v F 9, chu k II, nhm
VIIA.
30. Nhng c trng no sau y ca nguyn t cc nguyn t bin i
tun hon:
A. in tch ht nhn nguyn t. B. T khi.
C. S lp electron. D. S electron lp ngoi
cng.
31. Xc nh tn nguyn t theo bng s liu sau:
16
STT Proton Ntron Electron Nguyn t
1 15 16 15
2 26 30 26
3 29 35 29
32. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no lun cho 1e trong cc phn ng ho hc?
A. Na S th t 11. B. Mg S th t 12.
C. Al S th t 13. D. Si S th t 14.
33. Cc nguyn t ca nhm IA trong bng HTTH c s no chung ?
C. S lp electron D. S electron lp ngoi
cng.
34. Cc n cht ca cc nguyn t no sau y c tnh cht ho hc
tng t nhau?
A. as, Se, Cl, Fe. B. F, Cl, Br, I.
C. Br, P, H, Sb . D. O, Se, Br, Te.
35. Dy nguyn t ho hc c nhng s hiu nguyn t no sau y c
tnh cht ho hc tng t kim loi natri?
A. 12, 14, 22, 42 B. 3, 19, 37, 55.
C. 4, 20, 38, 56 D. 5, 21, 39, 57.
36. Nguyn t no sau y c tnh cht ho hc tng t canxi?
A. C B. K
C. Na D. Sr
37. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no trong nhm VA c bn knh nguyn t
ln nht?
A. Nit B. Photpho
C. asen D. Bitmut
38. Dy nguyn t no sau y c xp theo chiu bn knh nguyn t
tng?
A. i, Br, Cl, P B. C, N, O, F
C. Na, Mg, Al, Si D. O, S, Se, Te.
17
39. S bin i tnh cht kim loi ca cc nguyn t trong dy Mg - Ca -
Sr - Ba l:
A. tng. B. gim.
C. khng thay i. D. va gim va tng.
40. S bin i tnh cht phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong dy N - P - as
-Sb -Bi l:
A. tng. B. gim.
41. Cp nguyn t ho hc no sau y c tnh cht ho hc ging nhau
nht:
A. Ca, Si B. P, as
C. Ag, Ni D. N, P
42. Mc oxi ho c trng nht ca cc nguyn t h Lantanit l:
A. +2 B. +3
C. +1 D. +4
43. Cc nguyn t ho hc nhm IA ca bng HTTH c thuc tnh no
sau y ?
A. c gi l kim loi kim.
B. D dng cho electron.
C. Cho 1e t cu hnh bn vng.
D. Tt c u ng.
44. Tnh cht baz ca hiroxit ca nhm IA theo chiu tng ca s th t
l:
A. tng B. gim
C. khng thay i D. va gim va tng
45. Nhit si ca cc n cht ca cc nguyn t nhm VIIA theo
chiu tng s th t l:
A. tng. B. gim.
46. S hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cho bit:
A. S electron ho tr
B. S proton trong ht nhn.
18
C. S electron trong nguyn t.
D. B, C ng.
47. Trong 20 nguyn t u tin trong bng h thng tun hon, s nguyn
t c nguyn t vi hai electron c thn trng thi c bn l:
A. 1 B. 3
C. 2 D. 4
48. m in ca dy nguyn t F, Cl, Br, I bin i nh sau:
A. tng. B. gim.
49. m in ca dy nguyn t Na, Al, P, Cl, bin i nh sau:
A. tng. B. gim.
50. Tnh cht baz ca dy cc hiroxit: NaOH, Mg(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
bin
i nh sau :
A. tng. B. gim.
51. Tnh cht axit ca dy cc hiroxit : H
2
SiO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, HClO
4
bin i
nh sau :
A. tng. B. gim.
52. Chn cc t v cm t thch hp in vo nhng ch trng trong
cc cu sau:
a. Tnh baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm
IIA ............ theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
b. Tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm VIIA .............. theo
chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
c. m in c trng cho kh nng .................. ca nguyn t
nguyn t trong phn t.
d. Nguyn t c m in ln nht l ............., nguyn t c m
in nh nht l.......................
19
53. Nguyn t Cs c s dng ch to t bo quang in v:
A. Gi thnh r, d kim.
B. C nng lng ion ho thp nht.
C. C bn knh nguyn t ln nht.
D. C tnh kim loi mnh nht.
54. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
, in t, hay
nhm t thch hp vo cc khong trng sau:
A. Nguyn t X thuc chu k , phn nhm nhm
.
B. Nguyn t X c k hiu
C. Trong cc phn ng ho hc X th hin tnh.mnh
55. Mt nguyn t thuc nhm VIIA c tng s proton, ntron v electron
trong nguyn t bng 28. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
56. Hai nguyn t A v B ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s
proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 25. A v B thuc chu k v cc
nhm:
A. Chu k 2 v cc nhm IIA v IIIA.
B. Chu k 3 v cc nhm IA v IIA.
C. Chu k 3 v cc nhm IIA v IIIA.
D. Chu k 2 v cc nhm IVA v VA.
57. Cho 6,4g hn hp hai kim loi thuc hai chu k lin tip, nhm IIA tc
dng ht vi dung dch HCl d thu c 4,48 l kh hiro (ktc). Cc kim
loi l:
A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca
C. Ca v Sr D. Sr v Ba
58. Cho cc phn t BeH
2
v C
2
H
2
, nhn nh no sau y v hai phn t
trn l ng?
A. Cc nguyn t Be v C u trng thi lai ho sp
3
.
20
B. Cc nguyn t Be v C u trng thi lai ho sp
2
.
C. Cc nguyn t Be v C u trng thi lai ho sp
D. Cc nguyn t Be v C u trng thi lai ho sp
3
d
2
.
59. Cho cc cht: NaCl, HCl, SO
2
, H
2
, CO
2
. Hy in cc t thch hp vo
cc ch trng trong nhng cu sau:
A. NaCl l hp cht c kiu lin kt
B. HCl, SO
2
, H
2
, CO
2
u c kiu lin kt
C. HCl, SO
2
, CO
2
u c kiu lin kt
D. H
2
l cht c kiu lin kt
21
C. hng dn tr li, p s
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. B
7. A 8. A 9. D 10. C 11. 12.
13. B 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. C 18. D
19. A 20. 21. A 22. 23. B 24. C
25. B 26. 27. A 28. 29. A 30. D
31. 32. A 33. D 33. B 34. B 35. D
36. D 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B 41. D
42. A 43. D 44. A 45. A 46. D 47. D
48. B 49. A 50. B 51. A 52. 53. B
54. 55. B 56. C 57. B 58. C 59.
1. electron l nhng ht mang in tch m, do trong in trng chng
s b ht lch v pha cc dng. iu sai l:
C. Dng electron b lch hng v pha cc m trong in trng.
2. Cc ng v c phn bit bi yu t A.
A. S ntron.
Gii thch: Cc ng v c cng s proton trong ht nhn, do cng s
electron nhng khc nhau v s ntron.
3. K hiu ca cc obitan sau l sai:
B. 1p, 2d
Gii thch: Lp electron th nht ch c mt phn lp l 1s, khng c 1p.
Lp electron th hai ch c hai phn lp l 2s v 2p, khng c phn lp
2D.
4. phn lp 3d s electron ti a l:
C. 10
Gii thch: Phn lp 3d c 5 obitan, mi obitan c ti a 2 electron.
8. C 21 electron trong mt ion
52
24
Cr
3+
A. 21
Gii thch: Ion crom mang in tch 3+ c ngha l trong ion, s proton
nhiu hn s electron l 3, do s electron ca ion ny bng 24 - 3 = 21.
9. Tiu phn no sau y c s proton nhiu hn s electron?
22
D. Ion kali
Gii thch: K
+
c 19 proton nhng ch c 18 electron.
11. Nguyn t ca nguyn t ho hc no c cu hnh electron di y:
Cu hnh electron Tn nguyn t
(1) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
Bo k hiu B
(2) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
Flo F
(3) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
Natri Na
(4) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2
Silic Si
12. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion sau:
Ion cu hnh electron Ion cu hnh electron
(1) Na
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
(1) Ni
2+

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
(2) Cl
-
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
(2) Fe
2+

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6

(3) Ca
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
(3) Cu
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
14. p dng phng trnh: k =
1
t
ln
0
N
N
=
1/ 2
0, 693
t
trong :
- k l hng s tc phn ng (ti nhit xc nh),
- N
0
l s ht nhn phng x thi im u (t = 0),
- N l s ht nhn phng x thi im t ang xt.
- t
1/2
l chu k bn r ca nguyn t phng x.
t = ln
0
N
N
.t
1/2
= 2,303 lg
1, 0
0, 2
.
14, 3
0, 693
= 33,2 ngy
p s: A.
15. Mi phn r lm gim 2+ n v in tch v 4 vC, nh vy khi
nguyn t khi gim t 238 xung 206, ngha l gim 32 vC tng ng
vi 8 ln phn r . Nh vy l ra in tch s gim 8 x 2 = 16 + n v
in tch, nhng theo bi ra ch gim 92 - 82 = 10, do c 6 phn r
lm tng 6+ n v in tch.
Vy p n : B.
23
16. Chn p n B.
l cc h Uran c nguyn t gc l
238
92
U
,
H Thori c nguyn t gc l
232
90
Th
H actini c nguyn t gc l
235
92
U
17. Cu hnh electron sau l sai:
C.1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
x
2py
Gii thch: Phn lp 2p c 3 obitan l 2px 2py v 2pz. Nu c 3 electron
th theo quy tc Hund s chim c 3 obitan 2px 2py v 2pz.
19. Trong nguyn t, cc electron quyt dnh tnh cht ho hc l:
A. Cc electron ho tr.
Gii thch: Cc electron ho tr c th trng vi cc electron lp ngoi
cng (cc nguyn t h s v p), nhng c th khc (cc nguyn t h d, f).
20.
A. Nng lng ca electron thuc cc obitan 2px, 2py 2pz

l nh nhau.

B. Cc electron 2px, 2py, 2pz

khc nhau v nh hng trong khng gian.

C. Nng lng ca electron thuc cc phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d l khc nhau.
D. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc obitan 2s v 2px l
nh nhau S

E. Phn lp 3d bo ho khi xp y
10 electron.
21. Cu hnh electron biu din theo lng t sau y l sai:
A.
Gii thch: cu hnh trn vi phm quy tc Hun.
22. Ghp i tn nguyn t ct A vi cu hnh electron tng ng ct
B:
1 D; 2 E; 3 A; 4 C; 5 B; 6 H; 7 I; 8 G.
26. Cho hai nguyn t A v B c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 11 v 13.
- Cu hnh electron ca A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s.
24
- Cu hnh electron ca B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p.
- A chu k 3, nhm I, phn nhm chnh nhm I.
A c kh nng to ra ion A
+
v B c kh nng to ra ion B
3+
. Kh nng
kh ca A l mnh hn so vi B, kh nng oxi ho ca ion B
3+
l mnh
hn so vi ion A
+
.
28. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 82, trong
s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22.
S hiu nguyn t ca X l: 26
S khi: 56 v tn nguyn t.l: st
- Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
.
- Cu hnh electron ca cc ion to thnh t X:
Fe
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
Fe
3+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
- Cc phng trnh ho hc xy ra khi:
X tc dng vi Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
;
Fe + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
3FeSO
4
X tc dng vi HNO
3
c, nng
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
31. Xc nh tn nguyn t theo bng s liu sau:
STT Proton Ntron Electron Nguyn t
1 15 16 15 Photpho
2 26 30 26 St
3 29 35 29 ng
52. Chn cc t v cm t thch hp in vo ch trng trong cc cu
sau :
(1) Tnh baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm
IIA tng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
(2) Tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm VIIA gim theo chiu
tng ca in tch ht nhn.
(3) m in c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t
nguyn t trong phn t.
25
(4) Nguyn t c m in ln nht l F nguyn t c m in
nh nht l Cs.
54. A. Nguyn t X thuc chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm 3.
B. Nguyn t X c k hiu Al
C. Trong cc phn ng ho hc X th hin tnh kh mnh
59. Cho cc cht: NaCl, HCl, SO
2
, H
2
, CO
2
. Hy in cc t thch hp vo
cc ch trng trong nhng cu sau:
A. NaCl l hp cht c kiu lin kt ion.
B. HCl, SO
2
, H
2
, CO
2
u c kiu lin kt cng ho tr.
C. HCl, SO
2
, CO
2
u c kiu lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
D. H
2
l cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr khng cc.
Chng 2 Phn ng ho hc- Phn ng oxi ho kh, in phn - tc
phn ng v cn bng ho hc
A.Tm tt l thuyt
I. Phn ng ho hc
Phn ng ho hc l qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc. Trong
phn ng ho hc ch c phn v electron thay i, lm thay i lin kt
ho hc cn ht nhn nguyn t c bo ton.
Phn ng ho hc c chia thnh hai loi ln l: phn ng oxi ho kh
v phn ng trao i. Phn ng axit-baz l mt trng hp ring ca
phn ng trao i.
Phn ng oxi ho kh l phn ng ho hc trong c s chuyn electron
gia cc cht tham gia phn ng. Phn ng oxi ho kh lm thay i s
oxi ho ca cc cht tham gia phn ng. Cht kh l cht cho electron, c
s oxi ho tng. Cht oxi ho l cht nhn electron, c s oxi ho gim.
Qu trnh oxi ho l qu trnh cho electron. Qu trnh kh l qu trnh
nhn electron.
26
Phn ng oxi ho kh c th c chia thnh ba loi l phn ng t oxi
ho - t kh, phn ng oxi ho kh ni phn t v phn ng oxi ho kh
thng thng.
in phn l phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra cc in cc di tc dng
ca dng in mt chiu. in phn l phng php duy nht trong cng
nghip iu ch cc kim loi mnh nh Na, K, Ca, AlNgoi ra, in
phn cn c s dng tinh ch kim loi, m kim loi.
nh lut Faraday Khi lng mt n cht thot ra in cc t l
thun vi in lng v ng lng ho hc ca n cht . Biu thc
ca nh lut Faraday:
m =
A I t
n F

Trong : - m l khi lng ca n cht thot ra in cc (gam).

- A l khi lng mol nguyn t (gam) n l ho tr, hay s electron trao
i.
- I l cng dng in (A), t l thi gian in phn (giy).
- F l s Faraday bng 96500.
Gi tr
A
n
cn c gi l ng lng ho hc ca n cht.
I t
F
l s mol electron trao i trong qu trnh in phn.

II. tc phn ng v cn bng ho hc
Trong t nhin, c nhng phn ng ho hc din ra rt nhanh nh
phn ng trung ho, phn ng n ca thuc pho, tuy nhin cng c
nhng phn ng din ra rt chm nh phn ng to thch nh trong cc
hang ng vi c trng cho s nhanh, chm ca phn ng ho
hc, ngi ta s dng khi nim tc phn ng ho hc.
Tc ca phn ng ho hc:
Cho phn ng ho hc:
aA + bB cC + dD
Tc phn ng v c xc nh bi biu thc: v = k. [A]
a
.[B]
b
.
27
Tc phn ng ho hc ph thuc vo cc yu t:
- Bn cht ca cc cht tham gia phn ng.
- Nhit .
- Nng .
- p sut (i vi cc cht kh).
- Cht xc tc.
Phn ng ho hc thun nghch:
Hu ht cc phn ng ho hc u xy ra khng hon ton. Bn
cnh qu trnh to ra cc cht sn phm gi l phn ng thun cn c qu
trnh ngc li to ra cc cht ban u gi l phn ng nghch.
vnghch

= k. [C]
c
.[D]
b
.
Cn bng ho hc l trng thi ca hn hp phn ng khi tc phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng nghch.
Chuyn dch cn bng ho hc s chuyn dch theo hng chng li s
thay i bn ngoi. l ni dung ca nguyn l Lsatli. Cc yu t
nh hng n s chuyn dich cn bng gm:
- Nhit .
- Nng .
- p sut (i vi cc cht kh).
Hng s cn bng ho hc
Kcb =
B. bi
60. Trong phn ng iu ch kh oxi trong phng th nghim bng cch
nhit phn mui kali clorat, nhng bin php no sau y c s dng
nhm mc ch tng tc phn ng?
A. Dng cht xc tc mangan ioxit (MnO
2
).
B. Nung hn hp kali clorat v mangan ioxit nhit cao.
C. Dng phng php di nc thu kh oxi.
28
[A]
a
.
[B]
b
[C]
c
. [D]
d
D. Dng kali clorat v mangan ioxit khan.
Hy chn phng n ng trong s cc phng n sau:
A. A, C, D. B. A, B, D. C. B, C, D. D. A, B, C.
61. Trong nhng trng hp di y, yu t no nh hng n tc
phn ng?
A. S chy din ra mnh v nhanh hn khi a lu hunh ang
chy ngoi khng kh vo l ng kh oxi.
B. Khi cn bp than, ngi ta y np bp l lm cho phn ng
chy ca than chm li.
C. Phn ng oxi ho lu hunh ioxit to thnh lu hunh trioxit
din ra nhanh hn khi c mt vanai oxit (V
2
O
5
).
D. Nhm bt tc dng vi dung dch axit clohiric nhanh hn so
vi nhm dy.
Hy ghp cc trng hp t A n D vi cc yu t t 1 n 5 sau y cho
ph hp:
1. Nng . 2. Nhit . 3. Kch thc ht.
4. p sut. 5. Xc tc
62. Khi nhit tng ln 10
0
C, tc ca mt phn ng ho hc tng ln
3 ln. Ngi ta ni rng tc phn ng ho hc trn c h s nhit
bng 3. iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
A.Tc phn ng tng ln 256 ln khi nhit tng t 20
0
C ln
50
0
C.
B.Tc phn ng tng ln 243 ln khi nhit tng t 20
0
C ln
50
0
C.
C.Tc phn ng tng ln 27 ln khi nhit tng t 20
0
C ln
50
0
C.
D.Tc phn ng tng ln 81 ln khi nhit tng t 20
0
C ln
50
0
C.
29
63. H s nhit ca tc phn ng l gi tr no sau y? Bit rng
khi tng nhit ln thm 50
0
C th tc phn ng tng ln 1024 ln.
A. 2,0 B. 2,5
C. 3,0 D. 4,0
64. Hy cho bit ngi ta s dng yu t no trong s cc yu t sau
tng tc phn ng trong trng hp rc men vo tinh bt c nu
chn (cm, ng, khoai, sn) ru?
A. Nhit . B. Xc tc.
C. Nng . D. p sut.
65. Trong cc cp phn ng sau, cp no c tc phn ng ln nht?
A. Fe + ddHCl 0,1M.
B. Fe + ddHCl 0,2M.
C. Fe + ddHCl 0,3M
D. Fe + ddHCl 20%, (d = 1,2g/ml)
66. S ph thuc ca tc phn ng ho hc vo nng c xc
nh bi nh lut tc dng khi lng: tc phn ng ho hc t l
thun vi tch s nng ca cc cht phn ng vi lu tha bng h s t
lng trong phong trnh ho hC. V d i vi phn ng:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3

Tc phn ng v c xc nh bi biu thc: v = k. [N
2
].[H
2
]
3
. Hi tc
phn ng s tng bao nhiu ln khi tng p sut chung ca h ln 2 ln?
Tc phn ng s tng:
A. 4 ln B. 8 ln.
C. 12 ln D.16 ln.
67. Cho phng trnh ho hc
N
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
tia lua dien
2NO (k); H > 0
Hy cho bit nhng yu t no sau y nh hng n s chuyn dch cn
bng ho hc trn?
A. Nhit v nng .
B. p sut v nng .
C. Nng v cht xc tc.
30
D. Cht xc tc v nhit .
68. T th k XIX, ngi ta nhn ra rng trong thnh
phn kh l cao (l luyn gang) vn cn kh cacbon monoxit. Nguyn nhn
no sau y l ng?
A. L xy cha cao.
B. Thi gian tip xc ca CO v Fe
2
O
3
cha .
C. Nhit cha cao.
D. Phn ng ho hc thun nghch.
69. Cho phn ng ho hc sau ang trng thi cn bng.
2SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
V
2
O
5
,t
o
2SO
3
(k) H = -192kJ
Hy phn tch cc c im ca phn ng ho hc trn, t ghp ni cc
thng tin ct A vi B sao cho hp l.
A B
Thay i iu kin ca phn ng
ho hc
Cn bng s thay i nh th no
1. Tng nhit ca bnh phn ng A. cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu
thun
2. Tng p sut chung ca hn hp. B. cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu
nghch
3. Tng nng kh oxi C. cn bng khng thay i.
4. Gim nng kh sunfur.
70. Sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip da trn phng trnh ho hc
sau :
2N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
p, xt
2NH
3
(k) H = -92kJ
Hy cho bit iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch v pha to ra amoniac nhiu hn nu
A. gim p sut chung v nhit ca h.
31
B. gim nng ca kh nit v kh hiro.
C. tng nhit ca h.
D. tng p sut chung ca h.
71. S tng tc gia hiro v iot c c tnh thun nghch:
H
2
+ I
2
2HI
Sau mt thi gian phn ng, tc phn ng thun bng tc
phn ng nghch: vt = vn hay kt

.[H
2
].[I
2
] = kn

.[HI]
2
Sau khi bin i chng ta xy dng c biu thc hng s cn bng ca
h (Kcb).
Kcb =
kt
kn

Hi, nu nng ban u ca H
2
v I
2
l 0,02mol/l, nng cn
bng ca HI l 0,03mol/l th nng cn bng ca H
2
v hng s cn bng
l bao nhiu?
A. 0,005 mol v 18. B. 0,005 mol v 36.
C. 0,05 mol v 18. D. 0,05 mol v 36.
72. Cho phng trnh ho hc:
2N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
p, xt
2NH
3
(k)
Nu trng thi cn bng nng ca NH
3
l 0,30mol/l, ca N
2
l
0,05mol/l v ca H
2
l 0,10mol/l. Hng s cn bng ca h l gi tr no
sau y?
A. 36.
B. 360.
C. 3600.
D. 36000.
32
[H
2
].[I
2
]
[HI]
2
73. Trong cng nghip, iu ch kh than t, ngi ta thi hi
nc qua than ang nng . Phn ng ho hc xy ra nh sau
C (r) + H
2
O (k) CO(k) + H
2
(k) H =
131kJ
iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
A. Tng p sut chung ca h lm cn bng khng thay i.
B. Tng nhit ca h lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
C. Dng cht xc tc lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
D. Tng nng hiro lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
74. Clo tc dng vi nc theo phng trnh ho hc sau:
Cl
2
(k) + H
2
O(l) HOCl + HCl
Hai sn phm to ra u tan tt trong nc to thnh dung dch.
Ngoi ra mt lng ng k kh clo tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c
mu vng lc nht gi l nc clo. Hy chn l do sai: Nc clo dn dn
b mt mu theo thi gian, khng bo qun c lu v:
A. clo l cht kh d bay ra khi dung dch.
B. axit hipoclor (HOCl) l hp cht khng bn.
C. hidroclorua (HCl) l cht kh d bay hi.
D. phn ng ho hc trn l thun nghch.
75. Sn xut vi trong cng nghip v i sng u da trn phn ng
ho hc:
CaCO
3
(r)
t
o
CaO(r) + CO
2
(k), H = 178kJ
Hy chn phng n ng. Cn bng ho hc s chuyn sang
chiu thun khi
A. tng nhit .
B. p nh vi lm tng din tch tip xc.
C. thi khng kh nn vo l lm gim nng kh cacbonic.
D. c ba phng n A, B, C u ng.
76. Mt phn ng ho hc c dng:
33
2A(k) + B(k) 2C(k), H > o
Hy cho bit cc bin php cn tin hnh chuyn dch cn bng ho hc
sang chiu thun?
A. Tng p sut chung ca h. B. Gim nhit .
C. Dng cht xc tc thch hp. D. A, B u ng.
77. Cho cc phn ng ho hc
C (r) + H
2
O (k) CO(k) + H
2
(k); H =
131kJ
2SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
V
2
O
5
2SO
3
(k); H =
-192kJ
Tm phng n sai trong s cc khng nh sau y ?
Cc c im ging nhau ca hai phn ng ho hc trn l:
A. To nhit. B. Thun nghch.
C. u to thnh cc cht kh.
D. u l cc phn ng oxi ho-kh.
78. Cho phn ng tng hp amoniac:
2N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
p, xt
2NH
3
(k)
Tc phn ng ho hc tng hp amoniac s tng bao nhiu ln nu
tng nng hiro ln 2 ln?
A. 2 ln. B. 4 ln. C. 8 ln. D. 16 ln.
Trong tt c cc trng hp trn, nhit ca phn ng c gi nguyn.
79. Ngi ta s dng nhit ca phn ng t chy than nung vi,
Bin php k thut no sau y khng c s dng tng tc phn
ng nung vi?
a. p nh vi vi kch thc khong 10cm.
b. Tng nhit phn ng ln khong 900
0
C.
c. Tng nng kh cacbonic.
d. Thi khng kh nn vo l nung vi.
80. Hnh v no sau y biu din trng thi cn bng ho hc?
34
v v v

A. B. C.
t(thi gian)
81. Trong nhng khng nh sau, iu no l ph hp vi mt h ho
hc trng thi cn bng?
A. Phn ng thun kt thc.
B. Phn ng nghch kt thc.
C.Tc ca phn ng thun v nghch bng nhau.
D. Nng ca cc cht tham gia v to thnh sau phn ng nh
nhau.
82. Cho phng trnh ho hc
CO(k) + Cl
2
(k) COCl
2
(k)
Bit rng nng cn bng ca CO l 0,20mol/l v ca Cl
2
l 0,30mol/l v
hng s cn bng l 4. Nng cn bng ca cht to thnh mt nhit
no cu phn ng l gi tr no sau y?
A. 0,24 mol/l B. 0,024 mol/l
C. 2,4 mol/l D. 0,0024 mol/l
83. Lm th no iu khin cc phn ng ho hc theo hng c li
nht cho con ngi? Bin php no sau y c s dng?
A. Tng nhit v p sut.
B. Chn cc iu kin nhit , p sut, nng sao cho cn bng
ho hc chuyn dch hon ton sang chiu thun.
C. Chn cc iu kin nhit , p sut, nng , xc tc sao cho
va c li v tc v chuyn dch cn bng ho hc ca phn ng.
D. Chn cc iu kin nhit , p sut, nng , xc tc sao cho
tc phn ng thun l ln nht.
trong nhng cu di y:
A. Cht kh l cht cho electron, c s oxi ho tng - S
35
B. Cht oxi ho l cht nhn electron, c s oxi ho gim
- S
C. Cht kh tham gia qu trnh kh - S
D. Cht oxi ho tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - S
E. Khng th tch ri qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh
- S
85. Phn ng t oxi ho- kh l phn ng trong :
A. C s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t.
B. C s nhng v nhn electron cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn
t.
C. Cht oxi ho v cht kh nm cng mt phn t.
D. C s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t c cng s oxi ho ban u.
86. Phn ng t oxi ho, t kh l:
A. NH
4
NO
3
N
2
O + 2H
2
O
B. 2Al(NO
3
)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 6NO
2
+ 3/2O
2
C. Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO
D. 2KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
E. 10FeSO
4
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2MnSO
4
+
K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
87. Cho cc phn ng oxi ho- kh sau:
3I
2
+ 3H
2
O HIO
3
+ 5HI (1)
HgO 2Hg + O
2
(2)
4K
2
SO
3
3K
2
SO
4
+ K
2
S (3)
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
O + 2H
2
O (4)
2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
(5)
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO (6)
4HClO
4
2Cl
2
+ 7O
2
+ 2H
2
O (7)
2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
(8)
36
Trong s cc phn ng oxi ho- kh trn, s phn ng oxi ho- kh ni
phn t l
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
88. Cho cc phn ng oxi ho- kh sau:
3K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O MnO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4KOH
(1)
4HCl+MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
(2)
4KClO
3
KCl + 3KClO
4
(3)
3HNO
2
HNO
3
+ 2NO + H
2
O (4)
4K
2
SO
3
2K
2
SO
4
+ 2K
2
S (5)
2AgNO
3
2Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2
(6)
2S + 6KOH 2K
2
S + K
2
SO
3
+ 3H
2
O
(7)
2KMnO
4
+16 HCl 5Cl
2
+ 2KCl + 2MnCl
2
+ 8H
2
O (8)
Trong cc phn ng oxi ho- kh trn s phn ng t oxi ho, t kh
l:
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
89. Cc cht no sau y u tc dng vi dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
?
A. Mg, Fe, Cu. B. Al, Fe, Ag.
C. Ni, Zn, Fe D. C A v C u ng.
90. Trong phn ng:
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO
Kh NO
2
ng vai tr no sau y?
A. Cht oxi ho.
B. Cht kh.
C. L cht oxi ho nhng ng thi cng l cht kh.
D. Khng l cht oxi ho cng khng l cht kh.
91. Cho cc phn ng sau:
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl +HClO
37
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaClO + H
2
O + NaCl
3Cl
2
+ 6NaOH 5NaCl +NaClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
2Cl
2
+ H
2
O

+HgO HgCl
2
+2HClO
2Cl
2
+ HgO HgCl
2
+ Cl
2
O
Trong cc phn ng trn clo ng vai tr l cht g?
A. L cht oxi ho.
B. L cht kh.
C. Va l cht oxi ho, va l cht kh.
D. A, B, C u ng
92. Trong cc phn ng sau, phn ng no HCl ng vai tr l cht oxi
ho?
A. 4HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
B. 4HCl +2Cu + O
2
2CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
C. 2HCl + Fe FeCl
2
+ H
2
D. 16HCl + 2 KMnO
4
2MnCl
2
+ 5Cl
2
+8 H
2
O + 2KCl
E. 4HCl + O
2
2H
2
O + 2Cl
2
93. Khi cho Zn vo dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh A gm N
2
O v
N
2
khi phn ng kt thc cho thm NaOH vo li thy gii phng kh B,
hn hp kh B l:
A. H
2
, NO
2
. B. H
2
, NH
3
. C. N
2
, N
2
O. D. NO, NO
2
94. Phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra khi to thnh
A. Cht t tan to kt ta.
B. Cht t in li.
C. Cht oxi ho v cht kh yu hn.
D. Cht d bay hi.
95. Ho tan hon ton m gam FexOy bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng thu
c kh A v dung dch B. Cho kh A hp th hon ton bi dung dch
NaOH d to ra 12,6 gam mui. Mt khc, c cn dung dch B th thu
c 120 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca st oxit FexOy l:
A. FeO B. Fe
3
O
4
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Tt c u sai
38
96. Ghp i cc thnh phn ca cu ct A v B sao cho hp l.
A B
1. S oxi ho l A. qu trnh nhn electron v lm gim s
oxi ho ca mt nguyn t.
2. S kh l B. qu trnh cho electron v lm tng s
oxi ho ca mt nguyn t.
3. Phn ng to nhit l
C.Phn ng c H > 0
4. Phn ng oxi ho - kh l
D. Phn ng c H < 0
E. Phn ng trong c s chuyn
electron gia cc cht phn ng. Hoc l
phn ng trong c s thay i s oxi
ho ca cc nguyn t.
97. Cho KI tc dng vi KMnO
4
trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
, ngi ta thu
c 1,51g MnSO
4
theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
10KI + 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
6K
2
SO
4
+ 5I
2
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 8
H
2
O
S mol iot to thnh v KI tham gia phn ng trn l:
A. 0,00025 v 0,0005
B. 0,025 v 0,05.
C. 0,25 v 0,50.
D. 0,0025 v 0,005
98. Hy chn phng n ng. Phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra hay khng
trong cc trng hp sau y? ng c th tc dng vi
A. dung dch mui st II to thnh mui ng II v gii phng st.
B. dung dch mui st III to thnh mui ng II v gii phng st.
C. dung dch mui st III to thnh mui ng II v mui st II.
D. khng th tc dng vi dung dch mui st III.
99. m gam phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin
thnh hn hp (B) c khi lng 12 gam gm st v cc oxit FeO, Fe
3
O
4
,
Fe
2
O
3
. cho B tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
thy gii phng ra
2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc).Khi lng tnh theo gam ca m l:
A. 11,8. B. 10,8
39
C. 9,8 D. 8,8
100. Cho cc cht sau: NH
3
, HCl, SO
3
, N
2
. Chng c kiu lin kt ho hc
no sau y?
A. Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.
B. Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.
C. Lin kt cng ho tr.
D. Lin kt phi tr
101. Cho 1,44g hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n MO, c s mol
bng nhau, tc dng ht vi H
2
SO
4
c, un nng. Th tch kh SO
2
(ktc)
thu c l 0,224lit. Cho bit rng ho tr ln nht ca M l II.
Kim loi M l:.....................................................
V tr ca M trong bng h thng tun hon
l:..............................................
.......................................................................................................................
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc xy ra:.
102. A v B l hai nguyn t thuc hai phn nhm chnh k tip nhau, B
nhm V, trng thi n cht A v B c phn ng vi nhau. Tng s
proton trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23.
- Cu hnh e ca A..
- Cng thc phn t ca n cht A
- Cng thc phn t ca dng th hnh A
- Cu hnh e ca B
- Cc dng th hnh thng gp ca B
- V tr ca A, B trong bng HTTH
103. Nhng 1 thanh nhm nng 50g vo 400ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M.
Sau mt thi gian ly thanh nhm ra cn nng 51,38g. Hi khi lng Cu
thot ra l bao nhiu?
A. 0,64g B. 1,28g
C. 1,92g D. 2,56.
104. Ha tan 4,59g Al bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh NO v
N
2
O c t khi hi i vi hiro bng 16,75. Th tch NO v N
2
O thu c
40
ktc l:
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. B. 2,016 lt v 0,672
lt.
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt. D. 1,972 lt v 0,448
lt.
trong nhng cu di y:
A. Lin kt n bn hn lin kt i - S
B. Lin kt i bn hn lin kt ba - S
C. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ho tr
- S
D. Cc cht SO
2
, H
2
SO
3
, KHSO
3
lu hunh c s oxi ho +4
- S
E. Tinh th nguyn t bn hn tinh th phn t
- S
106. Phn ng t oxi ho - t kh l phn ng ho hc trong
A. C s tng, gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t
B. C s nhng v nhn electron cc nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t.
C. Cht oxi ho v cht kh nm cng mt phn t.
D. C s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng
mt nguyn t c cng s oxi ho ban u.
107. Cho cc cp oxi ho kh sau: Fe
2+
/Fe ; Cu
2+
/Cu ; Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
. T tri
sang phi tnh oxi ho tng dn theo th t Fe
2+
, Cu
2+
, Fe
3+
, tnh kh gim
dn theo th t Fe, Cu, Fe
2+
. iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
A. Fe c kh nng tan c trong cc dung dch FeCl
3
v CuCl
2
.
B. ng c kh nng tan trong cc dung dch FeCl
3
v FeCl
2
.
C. Fe khng tan c trong cc dung dch FeCl
3
v CuCl
2
.
D. ng c kh nng tan trong cc dung dch FeCl
2
.
41
108. Trong cc phn ng oxi ho kh, cc axit c kh nng ng vai tr
cht oxi ho, cht kh hoc ch l mi trng, khng tham gia vic cho
nhn electron. Hy ghp ni phn ng ho hc ct A vi vai tr ca axit
trong ct B cho ph hp.
Phng trnh ho hc Vai tr ca axit
A. 4HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
(1)L cht oxi ho
B. Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
(2)L cht kh
C. 2H
2
S + SO
2
3S + 2H
2
O
(3)L mi trng
D. 10FeSO
4
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4

5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 8H
2
O
109. Ho tan hon ton m gam Fe
3
O
4
vo dung dch HNO
3
long d, tt c
lng kh NO thu c em oxi ho thnh NO
2
ri sc vo nc cng
dng kh O
2
chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
. Cho bit th tch kh oxi (ktc)
tham gia qu trnh trn l 3,36 lit. Khi lng m ca Fe
3
O
4
l gi tr no
sau y?
A. 139,2 gam. B. 13,92 gam.
C. 1,392 gam. D. 1392 gam.
110. Vai tr ca kim loi v ion kim loi trong cc phn ng oxi ho - kh
m chng tham gia l:
A. Cht kh.
B. Cht oxi ho.
C. Va l cht kh va c th l cht oxi ho.
D. Kim loi ch l cht kh, ion kim loi c th l cht kh hay
cht oxi ho.
111. Ho tan hon ton hn hp FeS v FeCO
3
bng dung dch HNO
3
c
nng thu c hn hp kh A gm hai kh X, Y c t khi so vi hiro
bng 22,805. Cng thc ho hc ca X v Y theo th t l:
A. H
2
S v CO
2
. B. SO
2
v
CO
2
.
C. NO
2
v CO
2
D. NO
2
v SO
2
42
112. A l dung dch cha 2 cht tan l HCl v CuSO
4
c

pH = 1. Cho t t
dung dch NaOH 1M vo 100ml dung dch A n khi lng kt ta sinh ra
bt u khng i th dng ht 250 ml. Nng M ca cc cht tan trong
A ln lt l:
A. 0,01M v 0,24M. B. 0,1M v 0,24M.
C. 0,01M v 2,4M. D. 0,1M v 2,4M.
113. Ho tan hon ton oxit FexOy

(A) trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng
thu c dung dch A
1
v kh B
1
. Mt khc li cho dung dch A
1
tc dng
vi NaOH d lc tch kt ta ri nung n khi lng khng i c
cht rn A
2
. Cng thc ho hc ca A
1
, A
2
v kh B
1
ln lt nh sau:
A. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FeO v SO
2
.
B. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v SO
2
.
C. Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Fe
2
O
3
v SO
2
.
D. FeSO
4
, Fe
2
O
3
v SO
2
.
114. Ha tan hon ton 28,8 g kim loi Cu vo dung dch HNO
3
long, tt
c kh NO thu c em oxi ha thnh NO
2
ri sc vo nc c dng oxi
chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
. Th tch kh oxi ktc tham gia vo qu
trnh trn l:
A . 100,8 lt B. 10,08lt
C . 50,4 lt D. 5,04 lt
115. Cho s chuyn ho
X
1

+
2
) (OH Ca
Y

C
0
900
CO
2
+
X
A
+ HCl
B

+
4 2
SO Na
D +
Cht X c th l mt trong cc cht no sau y?
A. CaCO
3
B. BaSO
3
C. BaCO
3
D. MgCO
3
43
116. Ho tan 7,8g hn hp bt Al v Mg trong dung dch HCl d. Sau
phn ng khi lng dung dch axit tng thm 7,0g. Khi lng nhm v
magie trong hn hp u l:
A. 2,7g v 1,2g B. 5,4g v 2,4g
C. 5,8g v 3,6g D. 1,2g v 2,4g
117. Cho cc phng trnh ho hc sau y:
A. Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O 4Al(OH)
3
+ 3CH
4
B. 2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
C. C
2
H
2
+ H
2
O
+ 2
Hg
CH
3
CHO
D. C
2
H
5
Cl + H
2
O

OH
C
2
H
5
OH + HCl
E. NaH + H
2
O NaOH + H
2
F. 2F
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HF + O
2
C bao nhiu phn ng ho hc trong s cc phn ng trn, trong H
2
O
ng vai tr cht oxi ha hay cht kh?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
118. Kim loi no sau y c th iu ch theo phng php in phn
nng chy oxit:
A. Fe B. Cu
C. Al D. Ag
119. Nhng mt thanh Mg c khi lng m vo mt dung dch cha 2
mui FeCl
3
v FeCl
2
. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh Mg ra cn li thy c
khi lng m < m. Vy trong dung dch cn li c cha cc cation no
sau y?
A. Mg
2+
B. Mg
2+
v Fe
2+
C. Mg
2+
, Fe
2+
v Fe
3+
D. C B v C u ng
44
120. Dung dch FeCl
3
c pH l:
A. < 7 B. = 7
C. > 7 D. 7
121. Kim loi no sau y c phn ng vi dung dch CuSO
4
?
A. Mg, Al, Ag B. Fe, Mg, Na
C. Ba, Zn, Hg D. Na, Hg, Ni
122. Thi V lt kh CO
2
iu kin tiu chun vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol
Ca(OH)
2
th thu c 2,5g kt tA. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,56 lt. B. 8,4 lt.
C. 1,12 lt. D. C A v B u ng.
123. C kh CO
2
ln tp cht l SO
2
. loi b tp cht th c th sc hn
hp kh vo trong dung dch no sau y?
A. Dung dch nc brom d.
B. Dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d.
C. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d.
D. Dung dch NaOH d.
124. Cc cht no trong dy sau y va tc dng vi dung dch kim
mnh, va tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh?
A. Al(OH)
3
, (NH
2
)
2
CO, NH
4
Cl.
B. NaHCO
3
, Zn(OH)
2
, CH
3
COONH
4
.
C. Ba(OH)
2
, AlCl
3
, ZnO.
D. Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, FeO, KOH.
125. Khi ly 14,25g mui clorua ca mt kim loi M ch c ho tr II v
mt lng mui nitrat ca M vi s mol nh nhau, th thy khi lng
khc nhau l 7,95g. Cng thc ca 2 mui l:
A. CuCl
2
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
B. FeCl
2
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
C. MgCl
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
D. CaCl
2
, Ca(NO
3
)
2
45
126. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,05 mol Ag v 0,03 mol Cu vo
dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh A gm NO v NO
2
c t l s mol
tng ng l 2 : 3. Th tch hn hp A ktc l:
A. 1,368 lt.
B. 2,737 lt.
C. 2,224 lt.
D. 3,3737 lt.
127. Trn 0,54 g bt nhm vi bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng
nhit nhm thu c hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch
HNO
3
c hn hp kh gm NO v NO
2
c t l s mol tng ng l 1 :
3. Th tch (ktc) kh NO v NO
2
ln lt l:
A. 0,224 lt v 0,672 lt.
B. 0,672 lt v 0,224 lt.
C. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt.
D. 6,72 lt v 2,24 lt.
128. Ho tan hon ton mt lng bt st vo dung dch HNO
3
long thu
c hn hp kh gm 0,015 mol N
2
O v 0,01 mol NO. Lng st ho
tan l:
A. 0,56g B. 0,84g
C. 2,8g D. 1,4g
129. Cho hn hp gm FeO, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
c s mol ba cht u bng nhau
tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh gm 0,09 mol
NO
2
v 0,05 mol NO. S mol ca mi cht l:
A. 0,12 mol. B. 0,24 mol.
C. 0,21 mol. D. 0,36 mol.
130. C cc dung dch AlCl
3
, NaCl, MgCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
. Ch c dng thm
mt thuc th, th c th dng thm thuc th no sau y nhn bit
cc dung dch ?
A. Dung dch NaOH. B. Dung dch AgNO
3
.
C. Dung dch BaCl
2
. D. Dung dch qu tm.
46
131. in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi anot bng ng nhn thy mu xanh
ca dung dch khng i. Chn mt trong cc l do sau:
A. S in phn khng xy ra.
B. Thc cht l in phn nc.
C. ng va to ra catot li tan ngay.
D. Lng ng bm vo catot bng lng tan ra anot nh in phn.
132. in phn dung dch cha 0,2 mol FeSO
4
v 0,06mol HCl vi dng
in 1,34 A trong 2 gi (in cc tr, c mng ngn). B qua s ho tan
ca clo trong nc v coi hiu sut in phn l 100%. Khi lng kim
loi thot ra katot v th tch kh thot ra anot (ktc) ln lt l:
A. 1,12 gam Fe v 0,896 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
B. 1,12 gam Fe v 1,12 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
C. 11,2 gam Fe v 1,12 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
D. 1,12 gam Fe v 8,96 lit hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
133. Cho cc anion: Cl
-
, Br
-
, S
2-
, I
-
, OH
-
Th t oxi ho ca cc anion
anot tr no sau y l ng?
A. Cl
-
, Br
-
, S
2-
, I
-
, OH
-
.
B. S
2-
, Cl
-
, I
-
, Br,
-
OH
-
.
C. S
2-
, I
-
, Br
-
, Cl
-
, OH
-
.
D. S
2-
, I
-
, Br
-
, OH
-
, Cl
-
.
60. B 62. C 63. D 64. B 65. D 66. D
67. A 68. D 70. D 71. B 72. D 73. A
74. D 75. D 76. D 77. A 78. C 79. C
80. C 81. C 82. A 83. C 85. D 86. C
87. B 88. D 89. D 90. C 91. C 92. C
93. B 94. C 95. B 97. B 98. C 99. B
100. C 103. C 104. B 106. D 107 A 109. A
110. D 111. C 112. D 113. C 114. D 115. C
116. B 117. C 118. C 119. D 120. A 121. B
122. D 123. A 124. B 125. C 126. A 127. A
128. C 129. A 130. A 131. D 132, A 133. C
61. a - 1; b -1; c - 5; d - 3.
47
69. 1 - b; 2 - a; 3 - a; 4 - a
trong nhng cu di y:
A. Cht kh l cht cho electron, c s oxi ho tng
B. Cht oxi ho l cht nhn electron, c s oxi ho gim
C. Cht kh tham gia qu trnh kh S
D. Cht oxi ho tham gia qu trnh oxi ho S
E. Khng th tch ri qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh
87. C nm phn ng oxi ho- kh sau thuc loi phn ng oxi ho- kh
ni phn t:
HgO 2Hg + O
2
(2)
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
O + 2H
2
O (4)
2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
(5)
4HClO
4
2Cl
2
+ 7O
2
+ 2H
2
O (7)
2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
(8)
Do phng n ng l: B. 5
And 88. C cc phn ng oxi ho- kh sau thuc loi phn ng t oxi
ho, t kh:
3K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O MnO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4KOH
(1)
4KClO
3
KCl + 3KClO
4
(3)
3HNO
2
HNO
3
+ 2NO + H
2
O (4)
4K
2
SO
3
2K
2
SO
4
+ 2K
2
S (5)
2S + 6KOH 2K
2
S + K
2
SO
3
+ 3H
2
O
(7)
Vy phng n ng l: D. 5
96. 1 B; 2 A; 3 D; 4 E.
101.
48
Hng dn gii: S mol ca SO
2
bng s mol ca M =
0, 224
22, 4
= 0,01
(mol) = s mol ca MO.
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp l
1, 44
0, 02
= 72
Khi lng mol nguyn t oxi = (72 - AM) 2 = 16 AM = 64.
Kim loi M l:Cu
V tr ca M trong bng h thng tun hon l 29, chu k 4, nhm IB.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc xy ra:
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
102. A v B l hai nguyn t thuc hai phn nhm chnh k tip nhau, B
nhm V, trng thi n cht A v B c phn ng vi nhau. Tng s
proton trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23. Ch c th B l N hay
P. N b loi v khng tc dng vi S. Nh vy B l photpho v A l oxi.
- Cu hnh e ca A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
- Cng thc phn t ca n cht A: O
2
- Cng thc phn t ca dng th hnh A: O
3
- Cu hnh e ca B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
- Cc dng th hnh thng gp ca B: P , P trng
- V tr ca A, B trong bng HTTH: oxi s 8, chu k II, nhm VIA;
Photpho s 15, chu k III v nhm VA.
103. Cch 1:
2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu
x 1,5x
t s mol Al phn ng l x
Khi lng thanh nhm sau phn ng = mCu
gp
+ mAl
cn d
= 1,5x x 64 + (50 - 27x) = 51,38
x = 0,02 (mol)
=> khi lng Cu thot ra: 0,02 x 1,5 x 64 = 1,92g
49
Cch 2:
Theo phng trnh c 2mol Al 3mol Cu khi lng tng l: 3 x (64 -
54) = 138g
Vy khi lng tng: 51,38 - 50 = 1,38g 0,03mol Cu
mCu = 0,03 x 64 = 1,92 (g)
Vy p n (C) ng.
104. Cch 1:
Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
x x (mol)
8Al + 30HNO
3
8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 15H
2
O
y y (mol)
x + y = 0,17 (I)
= 16,75 x 2 = 33,5 (II)
Gii h phng trnh (I) v (II):
( )
3x 8y 0,51
3x 8y 0,51 x 0,09
30x 44y 33,5 x y 3,5x 10,5y 0 y 0,03
+
+

' ' '
+ +

VNO = 0,09 x 22,4 = 2,106 lt

2
N O
V
= 0,03 x 22,4 = 0,672 lt
Cch 2:
Al - 3e Al
3+

3
NO 3e NO
+
3x x

3 2
2NO 8e N O
+
8y y
50
44
30
33,5
3,5
10,5
V
N
2
O
V
NO
2
N O
NO
V
1 x
V 3 y

3x 8y 0,51
3x y 0
+

x 0,09
y 0,03

p n (B) ng.
trong nhng cu di y:
A. Lin kt n bn hn lin kt i S
B. Lin kt i bn hn lin kt ba S
C. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ho tr
S
D. Cc cht SO
2
, H
2
SO
3
, KHSO
3
lu hunh c s oxi ho +4

E. Tinh th nguyn t bn hn tinh th phn t

108. a (3); b (1); c (2); d (3).
109.
p dng phng php bo ton electron, ta c:
n =
3, 36
22, 4
= 0,15(mol),
Sau qu trnh bin i HNO
3
tr lai trng thi ban u, do cht nhn
electron l oxi. O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
0,15 0,6 mol
Cht cho electron l Fe
2+
trong Fe
3
O
4
Fe
2+
- 1e Fe
3+
x 0,6 mol
51
x =
0, 6
1
= 0,6 m = 0,6. 232 = 139,2 (gam)
p s: A.
114. Cch 1:
3 Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu (NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4 H
2
O (1)
NO +O
2
NO
2
(2)
2NO
2
+O
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
(3)
nCu =
28,8
0,45
64
(mol)
Theo phng trnh (1): NNO = nCu = 0,45 = 0,3 (mol)
(2):
2 2
NO NO O (2) NO
1
n n 0,3(mol) n n 0,15(mol)
2

(3)
2 2
O NO
1 0,3
n n 0,075(mol)
4 4

2
O phn ng
n 0,15 0,075 0,225(mol) +
2
O phn ng
V 0,225x22,4 5,04lt (ktc)
Cch 2:
Cu - 2e Cu
2+
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
0,45 0,9 x 4x
4x = 0,9 x = 0,225 (mol)

2
O
V
= 0,225 x 22,4 = 5,04 lt
p n (D) ng
119. D. C B v C u ng
Gii thch: Mg + Fe
3+
Mg
2+
+ Fe (1)
Fe + 2Fe
3+
3Fe
2+
(2)
52
V m< m cho nn khng cn Fe bm vo thanh Mg, nh vy c th Fe
3+
tc dng va vi Fe, dung dch ch cn Mg
2+
v Fe
2+
hoc d
Fe
3+
.
120. A. < 7
121. B. Fe, Mg, Na
122. D. C A v B u ng. Hng dn:
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)
2
d, ch xy ra phn ng (1) V =
2, 5
100
22,4 = 0,56
(lit)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (1)
xmol xmol xmol
Trng hp 2: Xy ra c hai phn ng (1) v (2)
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(2)
ymol
2
y
mol
2
y
mol
x =
2, 5
100
= 0,025 (mol); x +
2
y
= 0,2
2
y
= 0,175 hay y = 0,35
(mol)
Tng s mol ca CO
2
= 0,35 + 0,025 = 0,375 (mol) hay V = 8,4
lit
125. C. MgCl
2
, Mg(NO
3
)
2
Hng dn gii:
Cng thc ca hai mui l MCl
2
v M(NO
3
)
2
p dng phng php tng, gim khi lng ta c:
C 1mol MCl
2
v M(NO
3
)
2
khi lng khc nhau 53 gam
Vy xmol MCl
2
7,95 gam
x =
7, 95
53
= 0,15 (mol)
Khi lng mol ca MCl
2
=
14, 25
0,15
= 95 hay M = 95 -71 = 24, M l
Mg.
53
54
Chng 3 S in li - phn ng gia cc ion
trong dung dch pH
A. tm tt l thuyt
1. s in li
1.1. nh ngha: S in li l s phn chia cht in li thnh ion dng v
ion m khi tan trong nc hoc nng chy.
V d: ho tan mui n trong nc: NaCl Na
+
+ Cl
-
1.2. Cht in li mnh, yu
Cht in li mnh l cht phn li gn nh hon ton.
V d: NaCl, HCl, H
2
SO
4
, NaOH,
Cht in li yu l cht ch phn li mt phn.
V d: H
2
O, H
2
S, CH
3
COOH,
1.3. in li
nh gi mnh, yu ca cht in li, ngi ta dng khi nim
in li.
in li ca cht din li l t s gia s phn t phn li v tng s
phn t ca cht tan trong dung dch.
in li ph thuc vo nhng yu t sau:
- Bn cht ca cht in li. - Bn cht ca dung mi.
- Nhit . - Nng .
2. Axit - baz - mui - pH
2.1. Axit (theo Bronstet)
Axit l nhng cht c kh nng cho proton (H
+
).
V d: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, NH
4
+
,
2.2. Baz (theo Bronstet)
Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton (H
+
).
V d: NaOH, NH
3
, CO
3
2-
,
2.3. Hiroxit lng tnh
Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit va c kh nng cho proton (H
+
) va c
kh nng nhn proton.
V d: Zn(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
, HCO
3
-
.
55
2.4. Mui
Mui l nhng hp cht m phn t gm cation kim loi kt hp vi anion
gc axit.
V d: NaCl, CaCO
3
, MgSO
4
,
2.5. pH
Ngi ta da vo pH nh gi axit hay baz ca dung dch.
Nc nguyn cht c [H
+
] = [OH
-
] = 10
-7
25
oC
tch s [H
+
] . [OH
-
] = 10
-
14
c gi l tch s ion ca nc. Thm axit vo nc, nng H
+
tng,
do nng OH
-
gim. V d dung dch HCl 0,01M c [H
+
] = 10
-2
hay
dung dch c pH = - lg[H
+
] = 2.
Dung dch NaOH 0,001M c [OH
-
] = 10
-3
hay [H
+
] = 10
-11
dung dch c
pH = 11.
Dung dch axit c pH < 7.
Dung dch baz c pH > 7.
3. Phn ng trao i ion
Phn ng trao i gia cc cht in li trong dung dch cn gi l
phn ng trao i ion. Phn ng trao i ion ch xy ra trong nhng
trng hp sau:
a. Sn phm ca phn ng c mt cht kt ta.
V d: NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3
.
Phng trnh ion y ca phn ng l:
Na
+
+ Cl
-
+ Ag
+
+ NO
3
-
AgCl + Na
+
+ NO
3
-
.
Phng trnh ion thu gn l:
Cl
-
+ Ag
+
AgCl
b. Phn ng to cht d bay hi.
V d: Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

2Na
+
+ CO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
+ SO
4
2-
2Na
+
+ SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O + CO
2
CO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
c. Phn ng to cht t in li
56
V d: CH
3
COONa + HCl CH
3
COOH + NaCl
Na
+
+ CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
+ Cl
-
CH
3
COOH + Na
+
+ Cl
-
.
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
CH
3
COOH
Phn ng trao i ion gia cc ion trong dung dch ch xy ra khi mt
Trong cc sn phm l cht kt ta, cht bay hi hoc cht in li yu.
B. bi
134. in cc thng tin vo nhng trng trong bng sau, nu ng ghi
du x, nu sai th ghi du 0.
L phn ng
oxi ho kh
L s phn chia cht
in li thnh ion
L phn ng
phn hu
S in li
S in phn
S nhit phn
vi
(CaCO
3
)
135. Theo Ahreniut th kt lun no sau y l ng?
A. Baz l cht nhn proton.
B. Axit l cht nhng proton.
C. Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H
+
.
D. Baz l hp cht trong thnh phn phn t c mt hay nhiu nhm
OH.
136. Chn cc cht l hiroxit lng tnh trong s cc hiroxit sau:
A. Zn(OH)
2
.
B. Sn(OH)
2
.
C. Al(OH)
3
.
D. C A, B, C.
57
137. Ch ra cu tr li sai v pH:
A. pH = - lg[H
+
]
B. [H
+
] = 10
a
th pH = a
C. pH + pOH = 14
D. [H
+
].[OH
-
] = 10
-14
138. Chn cu tr li ng, khi ni v mui axit:
A. Dung dch mui c pH < 7.
B. Mui c kh nng phn ng vi baz.
C. Mui vn cn hiro trong phn t.
D. Mui to bi axit yu, axit mnh.
E. Mui vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li to proton trong nc.
139. Chn cu tr li ng v mui trung ho:
A. Mui c pH = 7.
B. Mui to bi axit mnh v baz mnh .
C. Mui khng cn c hiro trong phn t .
D. Mui c kh nng phn ng vi axit v baz.
E. Mui khng cn hiro c kh nng phn li to proton trong nc.
140. Hy chn cu tr li ng: Phn ng trao i trong dung dch cc
cht in li ch c th xy ra khi c t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau:
A. to thnh cht kt ta.
B. to thnh cht kh .
C. to thnh cht in li yu.
D. hoc A, hoc B, hoc C.
E. c A, B v C.
141. Trong cc cht sau cht no l cht t in li?
58
A. H
2
O B. HCl
C. NaOH D. NaCl
142. Nc ng vai tr g trong qu trnh in li cc cht trong nc?
A. Mi trng in li.
B. Dung mi khng phn cc.
C. Dung mi phn cc.
D. To lin kt hiro vi cc cht tan.
143. Chn nhng cht in li mnh trong s cc cht sau:
a. NaCl b. Ba(OH)
2
c. HNO
3

d. AgCl e. Cu(OH)
2
f. HCl
A. a, b, c, f. B. a, d, e, f.
C. b, c, d, e. D. a, b, c.
144. Chn cu tr li ng khi ni v axit theo quan im ca Bronstet:
A. Axit ho tan c mi kim loi.
B. Axit tc dng c vi mi baz.
C. Axit l cht cho proton.
D. Axit l cht in li mnh.
145. Hy chn cu tr li ng trong s cc cu sau:
A. axit m mt phn t phn li nhiu H
+
l axit nhiu nc.
B. axit m phn t c bao nhiu nguyn t H th phn li ra by nhiu
H
+
.
C. H
3
PO
4
l axit ba nc .
D. A v C ng.
146. Chn cu tr li ng nht, khi xt v Zn(OH)
2
l:
A. cht lng tnh.
B. hiroxit lng tnh.
59
C. baz lng tnh.
D. hiroxit trung ha.
147. Theo Bronstet th cu tr li no sau y l ng?
A. Axit hoc baz c th l phn t hoc ion.
B. Trong thnh phn ca axit c th khng c H.
C. Trong thnh phn ca baz phi c nhm OH.
D. Trong thnh phn ca baz c th khng c nhm OH.
E. A v D ng.
148. Dy cc cht no sau y va tc dng vi dung dch HCl va tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH?
A. Pb(OH)
2
, ZnO, Fe
2
O
3
B. Al(OH)
3
, Al
2
O
3
, Na
2
CO
3
C. Na
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, Al
2
O
3
D. Na
2
HPO
4
, ZnO, Zn(OH)
2
E. Zn(OH)
2
, NaHCO
3
, CuCl
2
149. Theo Bronstet ion no sau y l lng tnh?
a. PO
4
3-
b. CO
3
2-
c. HSO
4
-
d. HCO
3
-
e. HPO
3
2-
A. a, b, c. B. b, c, d.
C. c, d, e. D. b, c, e.
150. Cho cc axit sau:
(1). H
3
PO
4
(Ka = 7,6 . 10
-3
) (2). HOCl (Ka

= 5 . 10
-8
)
(3). CH
3
COOH (Ka = 1,8 . 10
-5
) (4). HSO
4
(Ka = 10
-2
)
Sp xp mnh ca cc axit theo th t tng dn:
A. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4).
B. (4) < (2) < (3) < (1).
C. (2) < (3) < (1) < (4).
D. (3) < (2) < (1) < (4).
151. Thang pH thng dng t 0 n 14 l v:
A. Tch s ion ca nc [OH
-
][H
+
] = 10
-14
25
0
C.
B. pH dng o dung dch c [H
+
] nh.
C. trnh ghi [H
+
] vi s m m.
60
D. C A, B, v C.
152. Chn cu tr li sai trong s cc cu sau y?
A. Gi tr [H
+
] tng th axit tng.
B. Gi tr pH tng th axit tng.
C. Dung dch pH < 7: lm qu tm ha .
D. Dung dch pH = 7: trung tnh.
153. Cho cc dung dch c nh s th t nh sau:
1. KCl 2. Na
2
CO
3
3. CuSO
4
4. CH
3
COONa
5. Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
6. NH
4
Cl 7. NaBr 8. K
2
S
Hy chn phng n trong cc dung dch u c pH < 7 trong cc
phng n sau:
A. 1, 2, 3 B. 3, 5, 6
C. 6, 7, 8 D. 2, 4, 6
154. Cho cc ion v cht c nh s th t nh sau:
1. HCO
3
-
2. K
2
CO
3
3. H
2
O 4. Cu(OH)
2
5. HPO
4
-
6. Al
2
O
3
7. NH
4
Cl 8. HSO
3
-
Theo Bronstet, cc cht v ion lng tnh l:
A. 1, 2, 3. B. 4, 5, 6.
C. 1, 3, 5, 6, 8. D. 2, 4, 6, 7.
155. Cho dung dch cha cc ion: Na
+
, Ca
2+
, H
+
, Cl
-
, Ba
2+
, Mg
2+
. Nu
khng a ion l vo dung dch, dng cht no sau y tch nhiu ion
nht ra khi dung dch?
A. Dung dch Na
2
SO
4
va .
B. Dung dch K
2
CO
3
va .
C. Dung dch NaOH va .
D. Dung dch Na
2
CO
3
va .
156. Cht no di y gp phn nhiu nht vo s hnh thnh ma axit?
61
A. Cacbon ioxit.
B. Lu hunh ioxit.
C. Ozon.
D. Dn xut flo ca hirocacbon.
157. Hy chn cu ng nht trong cc nh ngha sau y v phn ng
axit - baz theo quan im ca l thuyt Bronstet. Phn ng axit - baz l:
A. do axit tc dng vi baz.
B. do oxit axit tc dng vi oxit baz.
C. do c s nhng, nhn proton.
D. Do c s dch chuyn electron t cht ny sang cht khc.
158. Cu no sau y ng khi ni v s in ly?
A. S in ly l s ho tan mt cht vo nc thnh dung dch.
B. S in ly l s phn ly mt cht di tc dng ca dng in.
C. S in ly l s phn ly mt cht thnh ion dng v ion m khi
cht tan trong nc hay trng thi nng chy.
D. S in ly thc cht l qu trnh oxi ho kh.
159. Theo nh ngha v axit - baz ca Bronstet c bao nhiu ion trong s
cc ion sau y l baz: Na
+
, Cl
-
, CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
, CH
3
COO
-
, NH
4
+
, S
2-
?
A: 1 B: 2
C: 3 D: 4
160. Trong cc dung dch sau y: K
2
CO
3
, KCl, CH
3
COONa, NH
4
Cl,
NaHSO
4
, Na
2
S c bao nhiu dung dch c pH > 7?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
161. Cho 10,6g Na
2
CO
3
vo 12g dung dch H
2
SO
4
98%, s thu c bao
nhiu gam dung dch? Nu c cn dung dch sau phn ng s thu c bao
nhiu gam cht rn?
A. 18,2g v 14,2g
B. 18,2g v 16,16g
C. 22,6g v 16,16g
D. 7,1g v 9,1g
62
162. Trong dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
long c cha 0,6 mol SO
4
2-
, th trong
dung dch c cha:
A. 0,2 mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. B. 0,4 mol Al
3+
.
C. 1,8 mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. D. C A v B u ng.
163. Theo nh ngha v axit - baz ca Bronstet th c bao nhiu ion l
baz trong s cc ion sau y: Ba
2+
, Br
-
, NO
3
-
, C
6
H
5
O
-
, NH
4
+
, CH
3
COO
-
,
SO
4
2-
?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
164. Trong cc cp cht sau y, cp cht no cng tn ti trong dung
dch?
A. AlCl
3
v Na
2
CO
3
.
B. HNO
3
v NaHCO
3
.
C. NaAlO
2
v KOH.
D. NaCl v AgNO
3
.
165. C bn l ng bn dung dch mt nhn l: AlCl
3
, NaNO
3
, K
2
CO
3
,
NH
4
NO
3
. Nu ch c php dng mt cht lm thuc th th c th chn
cht no trong cc cht sau?
A. Dung dch NaOH
B. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
C. Dung dch Ba(OH)
2
D. Dung dch AgNO
3
166. Cc cht no trong dy sau y va tc dng vi dung dch kim
mnh, va tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh?
A. Al(OH)
3
, (NH
2
)
2
CO, NH
4
Cl.
B. NaHCO
3
, Zn(OH)
2
, CH
3
COONH
4
.
C. Ba(OH)
2
, AlCl
3
, ZnO.
D. Mg(HCO
3
)
2
, FeO, KOH.
167. Cho hn hp gm ba kim loi A, B, C c khi lng 2,17g tc dng
ht vi dung dch HCl to ra 1,68 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Khi lng mui
clorua trong dung dch sau phn ng l:
63
A. 7,945g B. 7,495g
C. 7,594g D. 7,549g
168. Th tch dung dch NaOH 2M ti thiu hp th ht 5,6 lt kh SO
2
(
ktc) l:
A. 250 ml B. 500 ml
C. 125 ml D. 175 ml
169. Cho V lt kh CO
2
( ktc) hp th hon ton bi 2,0 lt dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
0,015M thu c 1,97g BaCO
3
kt ta. V c gi tr l:
A. 0,224 lt. B. 1,12 lt.
C. 0,448 lt. D. 0,244 hay 1,12 lt.
170. Cho 4,48 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh N
2
O v CO
2
t t qua bnh ng
nc vi trong d thy c 1,12 lt kh (ktc) kh thot ra. Thnh phn phn
trm theo khi lng ca hn hp l:
A. 25% v 75%
B. 33,33% v 66,67%
C. 45% v 55%
D. 40% v 60%
171. Cho cc cht rn sau: Al
2
O
3
ZnO, NaOH, Al, Zn, Na
2
O, Pb(OH)
2,
K
2
O, CaO, Be, Ba. Dy cht rn c th tan ht trong dung dch KOH d
l:
A. Al, Zn, Be.
B. Al
2
O
3
, ZnO.
C. ZnO, Pb(OH)
2
, Al
2
O
3
.
D. Al, Zn, Be, Al
2
O
3
, ZnO.
172. Hn hp kh gm CO
2
v N
2
c t khi i vi H
2
l 18. Thnh phn
% theo khi lng ca hn hp l:
A. 61,11% v 38,89% B. 60, 12% v 39,88%
C. 63,15% v 36,85% D. 64,25% v 35,75%
173. Sc kh clo vo dung dch hn hp cha NaBr v NaI n phn ng
hon ton thu c 1,17 g NaCl. Tng s mol NaBr v NaI c trong hn
hp ban u l:
64
A. 0,015 mol. B. 0,02 mol.
C. 0,025 mol. D. 0,03 mol.
174. Cho 115,0g hn hp gm ACO
3
, B
2
CO
3
, R
2
CO
3
tc dng ht vi
dung dch HCl thy thot ra 22,4 lt CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua
to ra trong dung dch l:
A. 142,0g. B. 124,0g.
C. 141,0g. D. 123,0g.
175. Cho 200 ml dung dch KOH vo 200 ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M thu
c 7,8g kt ta keo. Nng mol ca dung dch KOH l:
A. 1,5 mol/l. B. 3,5 mol/l.
C. 1,5 mol/l v 3,5 mol/l. D. 2 mol/l v 3 mol/l.
176. Trn ln 100 ml dung dch KOH 1M vi 50 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M
th nng mol ca mui trong dung dch thu c l:
A. 0,33M. B. 0,66M.
C. 0,44M. D. 1,1M.
177. Dy cht v ion no sau y c tnh cht trung tnh ?
A. Cl
-
, Na
+
, NH
4
+
, H
2
O B. ZnO, Al
2
O
3
, H
2
O
C. Cl
-
, Na
+
D. NH
4
+
, Cl
-
, H
2
O
178. Cho 9,1 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonnat ca hai kim loi kim
hai chu k lin tip tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc). Hai kim loi l:
A. Li, Na. B. Na, K.
C. K, Rb. D. Rb, Cs.
179. Cho 1 lt hn hp kh gm H
2
, Cl
2
, HCl i qua dung dch KI thu
c 2,54g iot v cn li 500ml ( cc kh o cng iu kin tiu chun).
Phn trm s mol cc kh trong hn hp ln lt l:
A. 50; 22,4; 27,6 B. 25; 50; 25
C. 21; 34,5; 45,5 D. 30; 40; 30
180. Lng SO
3
cn thm vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% c 100g dung
dch H
2
SO
4
20% l:
A. 2,5g B. 8,88g
C. 6,66g D. 24,5g
65
181. Khi lng dung dch KOH 8% cn ly cho tc dng vi 47g K
2
O
thu c dung dch KOH 21% l:
A. 354,85g B. 250 g
C. 320g D. 400g
182. Cho 10 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M. Th tch
dung dch NaOH 1M cn trung ho dung dch axit cho l:
A. 10ml. B. 15ml.
C. 20ml. D. 25ml.
183. Cho H
2
SO
4
c tc dng vi 58,5g NaCl v dn ht kh sinh ra vo
146g H
2
O. Nng % ca axit thu c l:
A. 30 B. 20
C. 50 D. 25
184. Trn 200ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 2M. Nu
s pha trn khng lm co gin th tch th dung dch mi c nng mol
l:
A. 1,5M B. 1,2M
C. 1,6M D. 0,15M
185. Trn 20ml dung dch HCl 0,05M vi 20ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,075M.
Nu coi th tch sau khi pha trn bng tng th tch ca hai dung dch u
th pH ca dung dch thu c l:
A 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 1,5
186. in li ca cht in li ph thuc vo nhng yu t no sau
y?
A. Bn cht ca cht in li.
B. Bn cht ca dung mi.
C. Nhit ca mi trng v nng ca cht tan.
D. A, B, C ng.
187. dn in ca dung dch axit CH
3
COOH thay i nh th no nu
tng nng ca axit t 0% n 100%?
A. dn in tng t l thun vi nng axit.
66
B. dn in gim.
C. Ban u dn in tng, sau gim.
D. Ban u dn in gim, sau tng.
188. Hy d on hin tng xy ra khi thm t t dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vo
dung dch mui FeCl
3
?
A. C kt ta mu nu .
B. C cc bt kh si ln.
C. C kt ta mu lc nht.
D. A v B ng.
189. Ngi ta la chn phng php no sau y tch ring cht rn ra
khi hn hp phn ng gia cc dung dch Na
2
CO
3
v CaCl
2
?
A. C cn dung dch. B. Chit.
C. Chng ct. D. Lc.
190. C 10ml dung dch axit HCl c pH = 3. Cn thm bao nhiu ml nc
ct thu c dung dch axit c pH = 4?
A. 90ml B. 100ml
C. 10ml D. 40ml
191. Dung dch A c a mol NH
4
+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol SO
4
2-
v d mol
HCO
3
-
. Biu thc no biu th s lin quan gia a, b, c, d sau y l ng?
A. a + 2b = c + d B. a + 2b = 2c + d
C. a + b = 2c + d D. a + b = c + d
192. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,3M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch hn
hp NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M l:
A. 100ml. B. 150ml
C. 200ml D. 250ml
193. Cho phng trnh ion thu gn: H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O. Phng trnh ion
thu gn cho biu din bn cht ca cc phn ng ho hc no sau y?
A. HCl + NaOH H
2
O + NaCl
B. NaOH + NaHCO
3
H
2
O + Na
2
CO
3
C. H
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
2HCl + BaSO
4
D. A v B ng.
67
194. Trong cc phn ng di y, phn ng no trong nc ng vai
tr l mt axit Bronstet?
A. HCl + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Cl
-
B. NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-
C. CuSO
4
+ 5H
2
O CuSO
4
.5H
2
O
D. H
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ HSO
4
-
D. Hng dn tr li, p s
134. 135. C 136. D 137. B 138. E
139. E 140. D 141. A 142. C 143. A
144. C 145. D 146. B 147. E 148. D
149. C 150. C 151. A 152. A 153. B
154. C 155. D 156. B 157. C 158. C
159. D 160. C 161. A 162. D 163. B
164. C 165. C 166. B 167. B 168. C
169. D 170. A 171. D 172. A 173. B
174. A 175. C 176. A 177. C 178. A
179. A 180. B 181. A 182. C 183. B
184. C 185. A 186. D 187. C 188. D
189. D 190. A 191. B 192. A 193. A
194. B
Phn 2 - trc nghim ho hc phi kim
Chng 4 nhm halogen
A. tm tt l thuyt
I. Cu to nguyn t, tnh cht ca n cht halogen
1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Flo, clo, brom v iot c cu hnh electron nh sau:
F:[He]2s
2
2p
5
; Cl:[Ne]2s
2
2p
5
; Br :[Ar]2s
2
2p
5
; I:[Kr]2s
2
2p
5
Ging nhau: Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc halozen c 7
electron v c cu hnh ns
2
np
5
.
68
Khc nhau: T flo qua clo n brom v iot, bn knh nguyn t tng
dn lp electron ngoi cng cng xa ht nhn hn, lc ht ca ht
nhn i vi lp electron ngoi cng cng yu hn.
Lp electron ngoi cng : flo khng c phn lp d, cc halogen khc
c phn lp d cn trng.
2. Cc halogen c m in ln.
F: 4,0 ; Cl: 3,0; Br: 2,8; I: 2,5
Trong nhm halogen , m in gim dn t flo n iot
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Halogen l nhng phi kim c tnh oxi ho mnh : Halogen oxi
ho hu ht cc kim loi , nhiu phi kim v nhiu hp cht . Khi
nguyn t halogen bin thnh ion halogenua vi s oxi ho
-1.
Cl
2
+ H
2
2HCl
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HclO
3Cl
2
+ 2Fe 2FeCl
3
Cl
2
+ 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br
2
Clo khng tc dng trc tip vi oxi.
Tnh oxi ho ca halogen gim dn t flo n iot.
Flo khng th hin tnh kh, cc halogen khc th hin tnh
kh v tnh kh tng dn t clo n iot.
4. iu ch clo
Trong phng th nghim: Dng dung dch axit HCl c tc dng
vi mt cht oxi ho nh KMnO
4
, MnO
2
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7

16HCl + 2KMnO
4
2KCl + 5Cl
2
+ 2MnCl
2
+ 8H
2
O
69
Trong cng nghip: Sn xut kh clo bng cch in phn dung
dch mui n bo ho c mng ngn.
2NaCl + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2
II. Hp cht ca halogen
1. hiro halogenua v axit halogenhiric HF, HCl, HBr, HI
hiro halogenua l cc hp cht kh, d tan trong nc to
ra cc dung dch axit halogenhiric.
T HF n HI tnh cht axit tng dn, HF l mt axit yu.
T HF n HI tnh cht kh tng dn, ch c th oxi ho F
-
bng dng in, trong khi cc ion m khc nh Cl
-
, Br
-
,
I
-
u b oxi ho khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh.
2. Hp cht c oxi ca halogen
Trong cc hp cht c oxi, clo, brom, iot th hin s oxi ho dng cn
flo th hin s oxi ho m.
Chiu tnh bn v tnh axit tng
HClO HClO
2
HClO
3
HClO
4
Kh nng oxi ho tng
Nc Giaven, clorua vi, mui clorat
Clo tc dng vi dung dch natri hiroxit long, ngui to ra nc
Giaven: NaCl, NaClO, H
2
O.
Khi in phn dung dch NaCl, khng c mng ngn gia cc m
v cc dng, clo to thnh cc dng s tc dng vi natri hiroxit to
thnh nc Giaven. Do tnh cht oxi ho mnh, nc Giaven c dng
ty trng si, vi, giy, st trng v kh mi cc khu vc b nhim.
Clorua vi: CaOCl
2
70
Cng thc cu to:
Ca
Cl
OCl
Clorua vi l mui hn tp ca canxi vi hai gc axit khc nhau.
So vi nc Giaven, clorua vi c gi thnh r hn, d chuyn ch
hn nn c s dng rng ri lm cht ty trng, st trng, kh nhim
bo v mi trng.
Mui clorat l mui ca axit HClO
3
. Mui clorat quan trng hn c l
KClO
3
.
iu ch:
3Cl
2
+ 6KOH 5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
Trong cng nghip mui kali clorat c iu ch bng cch in
phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 - 75
oC
.
Mui kali clorat tan nhiu trong nc nng, t tan trong nc lnh.
V vy, khi lm lnh dung dch bo ho, mui kali clorat d dng tch ra
khi dung dch.
Mui kali clorat c s dng iu ch oxi trong phng th
nghim, sn xut pho hoa, thuc n. Thuc gn u que dim thng
cha 50% mui kali clorat.
71
B. bi
195. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t nhm VIIA
(halogen) l:
A. ns
2
np
4
B. ns
2
np
5
C. ns
2
np
3
D. ns
2
np
6
196. trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca cc halogen c s electron c
thn l:
A. 1 B. 5
C. 3

D. 7
197. Phn t ca cc n cht halogen c kiu lin kt:
A. Cng ho tr. B. Tinh th.
C. Ion.

D. Phi tr.
198. Trong cc hp cht flo lun c s oxi ho m v flo l phi kim:
A. mnh nht. B. c bn knh nguyn t nh nht.
C. c m in

ln nht.

D. A, B, C ng.
199. T flo n iot, nhit nng chy v nhit si bin i theo quy
lut:
A. tng B. khng thay i
C. gim

D. va tng va gim.
200. Trong s cc hiro halogenua, cht no sau y c tnh kh mnh
nht ?
A. HF B. HBr
C. HCl

D. HI
201. Dn hai lung kh clo i qua NaOH: Dung dch 1 long v ngui;
Dung dch 2 m c v un nng n 100
0
C. Nu lng mui NaCl sinh
ra trong hai dung dch bng nhau th t l th tch clo i qua hai dung dch
trn l:
A.
5
6
B.
5
3
72
C.
6
3
D.
8
3
202. Khi m vi nc my, nu ch mt cht s pht hin mi l. l
do nc my cn lu gi vt tch ca cht st trng. chnh l clo v
ngi ta gii thch kh nng dit khun ca clo l do:
A. Clo c nn c tnh st trng. B. Clo c tnh oxi ho
mnh.
C. C HClO cht ny c tnh oxi ho mnh. D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.
203. Ngi ta c th st trng bng dung dch mui n NaCl, chng hn
nh hoa qu ti, rau sng c ngm trong dung dch NaCl t 10 - 15
pht. Kh nng dit khun ca dung dch NaCl l do:
A. dung dch NaCl c th to ra ion Cl
-
c tnh kh.
B. vi khun b mt nc do thm thu.
C. dung dch NaCl c.
D. mt l do khc.
204. Hy la chn cc ho cht cn thit trong phng th nghim iu
ch clo?
A. MnO
2
, dung dch HCl long.
B. KMnO
4
, dung dch HCl m c.
C. KMnO
4
, dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c v tinh th NaCl.
D. MnO
2
, dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c v tinh th NaCl.
E. b , d l cc p n ng.
205. kh mt lng nh kh clo khng may thot ra trong phng th
nghim, ngi ta dng ho cht no sau y:
A. dung dch NaOH long.
B. dung dch Ca(OH)
2
C. dung dch NH
3
long ,
D. dung dch NaCl.
73
206. Phn kali - KCl mt loi phn bn ho hc c tch t qung
xinvinit: NaCl.KCl da vo s khc nhau gia KCl v NaCl v:
A. nhit nng chy.
B. s thay i tan trong nc theo nhit .
C. tnh cht ho hc.
D. nhit si.
207. Dung dch axit HCl c nht 20
0
C c nng l:
A. 27% B. 47%
C. 37% D. 33%
208. Axit clohiric c th tham gia phn ng oxi ho- kh vi vai tr:
A. l cht kh B. l cht oxi ho
C. l mi trng D. tt c u ng.
209. Thuc th ca axit HCl v cc mui clorua tan l dung dch AgNO
3
,
v to thnh cht kt ta trng l AgCl. Hy hon thnh cc phn ng ho
hc sau:
A. AgNO
3
+ NaCl ? + ?
B. AgNO
3
+ HCl ? + ?
C. AgNO
3
+ MgCl
2
? + ?
210. Clo t do c th thu c t phn ng ho hc no sau y :
A. HCl + Fe ?
B. HCl + MgO ?
C. HCl + Br
2
?
D. HCl + F
2
?
211. Clo c th phn ng mnh vi hidro di tia cc tm theo phng
trnh phn ng: Cl
2
+ H
2

hv
2HCl. C ch ca phn ng ny c th xy
ra theo cch no sau y?
A. Cl
2
+ H
2

hv
HCl + HCl
B. H
2

hv
H
+
+ H
-
Cl
2

hv
Cl
+
+ Cl
-
74
H
+
+ Cl
-
HCl
H
-
e + H

Cl
-
e + Cl
+ Cl
HCl
C. Cl
2

hv
Cl
+ Cl
H
2
+ Cl
HCl + H
Cl
2
+ H
HCl + Cl
+ Cl
HCl
D. Cl
2
+ H
2

hv
HCl
2
+ HCl
212. Brom n cht khng tn ti trong t nhin, n c iu ch nhn
to. Hy cho bit trng thi no l ng i vi bom n cht iu kin
thng?
A. Rn B. Lng
C. Kh D. Tt c u sai
213. Cho dy axit HF, HCl, HBr, HI. Theo chiu t tri sang phi tnh cht
axit bin i nh sau:
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Khng thay i D. Va tng va gim
214. Brom lng hay hi u rt c.. hu ht lng brom lng chng
may b vi mc ch bo v mi trng, c th dng mt ho cht
thng thng d kim sau:
A. Dung dch NaOH. B. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
.
C. dung dch NaI. D. dung dch KOH
215. thu kh clo trong phng th nghim, ngi ta s dng dng c no
sau y?
Cl
2
Cl
2
75
Hnh 1
Cl
2
Hnh 2
Hnh 3
H
2
O
A. Hnh 1.
B. Hnh 2.
C. Hinh 3.
D. Cc hnh u sai.
216. Hy in ch thch vo hnh v m t th nghim v tnh ty mu ca
clo m.
H
2
O H
2
SO
4
c
KOH Cl
2
m
HCl Cl
2
kh
217. Hy la chn phng php iu ch kh HCl trong phng th nghim
t cc ho cht u sau:
A. Thu phn mui AlCl
3
B. Tng hp t H
2
v Cl
2
C. Clo tc dng vi nc
D. NaCl tinh th v H
2
SO
4
c
218. Chn cu ng trong s cc cu sau y. Phn ng ha hc gia
hiro v clo xy ra iu kin:
A. trong bng ti, nhit thng.
76
Bng giy mu m
ng nghim 1 ng nghim 2
Bng giy mu kh
(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
B. c chiu sng.
C. nhit thp.
D. trong bng ti.
219. Hin tng no xy ra khi a mt dy ng mnh, c un thnh
l xo, nng vo l thy tinh ng y kh clo, y l cha mt lp
nc mng?
A. Dy ng khng chy.
B. Dy ng chy mnh, c khi mu nu.
C. Dy ng chy mnh, c khi mu nu, khi khi tan, lp nc
y l thy tinh c mu xanh nht.
D. Khng c hin tng g xy ra.
220. Khi m mt l ng dung dch axit HCl 37% trong khng kh m,
thy c khi trng bay ra. Khi l:
A. do HCl phn hy to thnh H
2
v Cl
2
.
B. do HCl d bay hi to thnh.
C. do HCl d bay hi, ht m to ra cc git nh axit HCl.
D. do HCl tan trong nc n mc bo ha.
221. Hy la chn phng php iu ch kh HCl trong cng nghip t
cc ho cht u sau:
A. Thu phn mui AlCl
3
.
B. Tng hp t H
2
v Cl
2
.
C. Clo tc dng vi nc.
D. NaCl tinh th v H
2
SO
4
c.
222. Kali clorat tan nhiu trong nc nng nhng tan t trong nc
lnh.Hin tng no xy ra khi cho kh clo i qua nc vi d un nng,
ly dung dch thu c trn vi KCl v lm lnh:
A. Khng c hin tng g xy ra.
B. C cht kh thot ra mu vng lc.
C. Mu ca dung dch thay i,
D. C cht kt ta kali clorat,
223. u que dim cha S, P, C, KClO
3
. Vai tr ca KClO
3
l:
A. cht cung cp oxi t chy C, S, P.
B. lm cht n h gi thnh sn phm.
77
C. lm cht kt dnh.
D. lm tng ma st gia u que dim vi v bao dim.
224. HF c nhit si cao nht trong s cc HX (X: Cl, Br, I) v l do no
sau y?
A. Lin kt ho gia cc phn t HF l bn nht.
B. HF c phn t khi nh nht.
C. HF c di lin kt ngn.
D. HF c lin kt cng ha tr rt bn.
225. Thuc th nhn ra iot l:
A. H tinh bt.
B. Nc brom.
C. Phenolphtalein.
D. Qu tm.
226. Iot c th tan tt trong dung dch KI, do c phn ng ha hc thun
nghch to ra sn phm KI
3
. Ly khong 1ml dung dch KI
3
khng mu
vo ng nghim ri thm vo 1ml benzen (C
6
H
6
) cng khng mu, lc
u sau ln gi ng nghim. Sau vi pht, hin tng quan st c
l:
A. Cc cht lng b tch thnh hai lp, c hai lp u khng mu.
B. Cc cht lng b tch thnh hai lp, lp trn khng mu, lp
pha di c mu tm en.
C. Cc cht lng b tch thnh hai lp, lp trn c mu tm en, lp
pha di khng mu.
D. Cc cht lng ha tan vo nhau thnh mt hn hp ng nht.
227. Cho 15,8g KMnO
4
tc dng vi dung dch HCl m c. Th tch kh
clo thu c iu kin tiu chun l:
A. 5,6 lit. B. 0,56 lit.
C. 0,28 lit. D. 2,8 lit.
228. Hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr. Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch
AgNO
3
d th to ra kt ta c khi lng bng khi lng ca AgNO
3

78
tham gia phn ng. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca NaCl trong hn
hp u l:
A. 27,88% B. 15,2%
C. 13,4% D. 24,5%
229. Cho 200 g dung dch HX (X: F, Cl, Br, I) nng 14,6%. trung
ha dung dch trn cn 250ml dung dch NaOH 3,2M. Dung dch axit trn
l:
A. HF
B. HCl
C. HBr
D. HI
230. Ha tan hon ton 7,8g hn hp Mg v Al vo dung dch HCl d.
Sau phn ng thy khi lng dung dch tng thm 7,0g. S mol axit HCl
tham gia phn ng trn l:
A. 0,8mol.
B. 0,08mol.
C. 0,04mol.
D. 0,4mol.
231. Ha tan hon ton 20g hn hp Mg v Fe vo dung dch axit HCl d
thy c 11,2 lt kh thot ra ktc v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X th
thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 55,5g.
B. 91,0g.
C. 90,0g.
D. 71,0g.
232. Ha tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp gm mt mui cacbonat ca mt
kim loi ha tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca mt kim loi ha tr II trong
axit HCl d thi to thnh 4,48 lit kh ktc v dung dch X. C cn dung
dch X th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
79
A. 38,0g.
B. 26,0g.
C. 2,60g.
D. 3,8g.
233. Chn cu tr li sai khi xt n CaOCl
2
:
A. L cht bt trng, lun bc mi clo.
B. L mui kp ca axit hipoclor v axit clohic.
C. L cht st trng, ty trng vi si.
D. L mui hn tp ca axit hipoclor v axit clohic.
234. Trong s cc phn ng ha hc sau, phn ng no sai?
A. Cl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
(bt) CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O
B. 2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
C. 3Cl
2
+ 6KOH KClO
3
+ 5KCl + 3H
2
O
D. 3Cl
2
+ 6KOH KClO
3
+ 5KCl + 3H
2
O
235. Phn ng ha hc no sau y chng t HI c tnh kh mnh hn cc
halozenua khc?
A. 8HI + H
2
SO
4
4I
2
+ H
2
S + 4H
2
O
B. 4HI + 2FeCl
3
2FeCl
2
+ 2I
2
+ 4HCl
C. 2HI H
2
+ I
2
D. c A, B, C.
236. Phn ng ha hc no sau y chng t HCl c tnh kh?
A. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
B. HCl + Mg MgCl
2
+ H
2
C. 4HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
D. HCl + NH
3
NH
4
Cl
237. Clo v axit clohic tc dng vi kim loi no th cng to ra mt hp
cht?
A. Fe B. Cu
80
t
o
, MnO
2
t
o
C. Ag D. Zn
238. Ha tan clo vo nc thu c nc clo c mu vng nht. Khi
mt phn clo tc dng vi nc. Vy nc clo bao gm nhng cht no?
A. Cl
2
, HCl, HClO, H
2
O.
B. HCl, HClO, H
2
O.
C. Cl
2
, HCl, HClO.
D. Cl
2
, H
2
O, HCl.
239. Trong s cc phn ng ha hc sau, phn ng no sai?
A. 4HCl + PbO
2
PbCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
B. 9HCl + Fe
3
O
4
3FeCl
3
+ 4H
2
O
C. 2HCl + ZnO ZnCl
2
+ H
2
O
D. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
240. Ghp ni cc thnh phn ct A v B sao cho hp l.
A B
1. NaCl A. l phn bn cho cy trng chc
ht, cng cy.
2. CaOCl
2
B. l mt trong s cc nguyn liu
sn xut dim
3. KClO
3
C. l clorua vi.
4. NaCl, NaClO v H
2
O D. l cht bo qun thc phm nh
tht, c, trng.
5. KCl E. dng ty trng vi si.
F. l vi ti xt.
241. Cho cc cht sau: NaCl, AgBr, Br
2
, Cl
2
, HCl, I
2
, HF. Hy chn trong
s cc cht trn:
A. Mt cht lng nhit phng:
B. Mt cht c th n mn thy tinh:
C. Mt cht c th tan trong nc to ra hai axit:
81
D. Mt cht b phn hy bi nh sng mt tri:
E. Mt cht kh khng mu, to khi trong khng kh m:
242. Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai halogen hai chu k
lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO
3
d th thu c 57,34g kt ta. Cng thc
ca mi mui l:
A. NaCl v NaBr.
B. NaBr v NaI
C. NaF v NaCl
D. Khng xc nh c.
243. Mt bnh cu ng y kh HCl, c y bng mt nt cao su cm
ng thy tinh vut nhn xuyn qua. Nhng ming bnh cu vo mt chu
thy tinh ng dung dich nc vi trong c thm vi git phenolphtalein
khng mu. Hy d on hin tng quan st c trong th nghim trn?
B. Nc trong chu thy tinh phun mnh vo bnh cu.
C. Mu hng ca dung dch trong bnh cu bin mt.
D. B v C ng.
195. B 196. A 197. A 198. D 199. A
200. D 201. B 202. C 203. B 204. E
205. C 206. B 207. C 208. D 210. D
211. C 212. B 213. A 214. B 215. A
217. D 218. B 219. C 220. C 221. B
222. D 223. A 224. A 225. A 226. C
227. A 228. A 229. B 230. A 231. A
232. B 233. B 234. C 235. B 236. C
237. D 238. A 239. B 242. B 243. D
209. Phng trnh phn ng ho hc:
A. AgNO
3
+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO
3
B. AgNO
3
+ HCl AgCl + HNO
3
C. 2AgNO
3
+ MgCl
2
2AgCl + Mg(NO
3
)
2
216.
82
(1) H
2
SO
4
c; (2) Cl
2
kh
(3) Cl
2
m; (4) H
2
O
240. 1 d; 2 c; 3 b; 4 e; 5 a;
241. Cho cc cht sau: NaCl, AgBr, Br
2
, Cl
2
, HCl, I
2
, HF. Hy chn trong
s cc cht trn:
A. Mt cht lng nhit phng: Br
2
B. Mt cht c th n mn thy tinh: HF
C. Mt cht c th tan trong nc to ra hai axit: Cl
2
D. Mt cht b phn hy bi nh sng mt tri: AgBr
E. Mt cht kh khng mu, to khi trong khng kh m: HCl
242. Hng dn:
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng, ta c:
1mol NaX, NaY chuyn thnh AgX v AgY th khi lng tng 108 - 23
= 85
xmol 25,5
x =
25, 5
85
= 0,3 M
(X,Y)
=
31,84
0, 3
- 23 = 83,1, kt hp iu kin X, Y
hai chu k lin tip th ch c th l Br v I. Cng thc cc mui l NaBr
v NaI.
Chng 5. Nhm oxi - lu hunh
A. tm tt l thuyt
I. Tnh cht ca oxi v lu hunh
1. Cu hnh electron
Nguyn t oxi c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
, c 2 electron c
thn.
Nguyn t S c cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
, c hai electron c
thn. Nguyn t S c phn lp 3d trng, khi b kch thch c th 1
electron t phn lp 3p sang 3d khi c 4 electron c thn:
83

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
3d
1
Hoc thm 1 electron na t phn lp 3s sang 3d, lc ny S
*
c 6 electron
c thn.

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3p
3
3d
2
2. Tnh cht vt l
Oxi l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hi nng hn khng
kh. Oxi t tan trong nc, oxi ha lng khi b nn p sut cao v nhit
thp. Oxi lng l mt cht lng mu xanh nht, si -183
oC
.
Lu hunh l cht rn mu vng, nhit nng chy tng i
thp (113
oC
). Lu hunh khng tan trong nc, nhng tan c trong cc
dung mi hu c. Khi b un nng lu hunh thnh do, mu hi nu, sau
nu tip tc un nng mnh s to ra hi lu hunh c mu nu sm.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Cc nguyn t oxi v lu hunh l cc phi kim c tnh oxi ho
mnh. Nguyn t oxi c m in ln th hai, ch sau flo. Oxi c th oxi
ho hu ht cc kim loi tr vng v bch kim v mt s phi kim, trong
cc phn ng s oxi ho ca oxi gim t 0 xung -2.
Nguyn t lu hunh tc dng vi nhiu kim loi v mt s phi
kim. Trong cc phn ng s oxi ho ca lu hunh bin i t 0 xung -2
(hp cht vi kim loi v hiro) v t 0 ln +4 hay +6 (hp cht vi oxi,
axit, mui).
II. Tnh cht cc hp cht ca oxi, lu hunh
1. Nc (H
2
O) l hp cht quan trng nht ca oxi, c vai tr v cng
quan trng i vi ton b s sng trn tri t. Nc c lin kt cng ho
tr phn cc, l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht. Gia cc phn t nc c cc
lin kt hiro, loi lin kt ny c nng lng lin kt nh hn nhiu so
84
vi lin kt cng ho tr nhng c nh hng quan trng n cc tnh cht
vt l ca nc nh nhit nng chy, nhit si cao. Loi ngi ang
ng trc nguy c cn kit ngun nc sch, do cc hot ng sn xut
thi cc cht c hi lm nhim ngun nc cc sng ngi, ao h, bin
v i dng.
2. Hiro peoxit (nc oxi gi, H
2
O
2
) va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh
kh.
Cht ny c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip lm cht ty trng, bo v
mi trng, kh trng trong y t
3. Hp cht quan trng nht ca S l axit sunfuric H
2
SO
4
trong lu hunh
c s oxi ho +6. Axit sunfuric H
2
SO
4
l mt trong nhng ho cht c bn,
ng dng rng ri trong sn xut phn bn ho hc, cht ty ra, sn, cht
do, luyn kim, phm nhum, dc phm, ho du
Tnh cht axit
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+ CuO CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
H
2
SO
4 long
+ Fe FeSO
4
+ H
2
H
2
SO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Tnh cht oxi ho mnh ca H
2
SO
4
c, nng.
2H
2
SO
4 c
+ Cu CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
4H
2
SO
4 c
+ 3Mg 3MgSO
4
+ S + 4H
2
O
H
2
SO
4 c
l mt cht rt ho nc, c th lm kh c nhiu cht kh
m.
Oleum l dung dch H
2
SO
4
hp th SO
3
, c cng thc: H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
n c
th nhn gi tr nguyn hoc thp phn.
4. Lu hunh cn c cc hp cht nh H
2
S, c trong thnh phn mt s
sui nc khong nng nh M Lm - Tuyn Quang, SO
2
v axit H
2
SO
3
cc mui sunfua, sunfit, sunfat.
Dung dch H
2
S trong nc gi l axit sunfu hiric. y l mt axit yu,
hai nc.
85
t
o
B. bi
244. Hy chn cu tr li ng trong s cc cu sau:
A. Oxi chim phn th tch ln nht trong kh quyn.
B. Oxi chim phn khi lng ln nht trong v Tri t.
C. Oxi tan nhiu trong nc.
D. Oxi l cht kh nh hn khng kh.
245. Ngi ta iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim bng cch no sau
y?
A. Chng ct phn on khng kh lng.
B. in phn nc.
C. in phn dung dch NaOH.
D. Nhit phn KClO
3
vi xc tc MnO
2
.
246. Trong s cc cu sau y, cu no khng ng?
A. Lu hunh l mt cht rn mu vng.
B. Lu hunh khng tan trong nc.
C. Lu hunh nng chy nhit tng i thp.
D. Lu hunh khng tan trong dung mi hu c.
247. Phn ng ho hc no sau y c s dng trong phng th nghim
iu ch kh SO
2
?
A. 4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
B. S + O
2
SO
2
C. Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
D. 2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
248. Cc nguyn t nhm VIA c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ging
nhau, c th vit dng tng qut l:
A. ns
2
np
3
. B. ns
2
np
4
.
C. ns
2
np
5
. D. Phng n khc,
86
249. Mt hn hp kh O
2
v CO
2
c t khi so vi hiro l 19. Khi lng
mol trung bnh (gam) ca hn hp kh trn v t l % theo th tch ca O
2
l:
A. 40 v 40
B. 38 v 40
C. 38 v 50
D. 36 v 50
250. C hai ng nghim ng mi ng 2ml dung dch HCl 1M v 2ml
H
2
SO
4
1M. Cho Zn d tc dng vi hai axit trn, lng kh hiro thu c
trong hai trng hp tng ng l V
1
v V
2
ml (ktc). So snh V
1
v V
2
c:
A. V
1
> V
2

B. V
1
= V
2

C. V
1
< V
2

D. Khng xc nh c.
trong nhng cu di y:
A. Ozon (O
3
) c tnh oxi ho mnh hn oxi (O
2
)
- S
B. C nhng cht va l cht kh va l cht oxi ho
- S
C. H
2
O
2
c tnh oxi ho mnh hn H
2
O

- S
D. Axit H
2
SO
4
c c th lm kh kh NH
3
m

- S
E.Oleum c cng thc H
2
SO
4
nSO
3

- S
252. Khi lng (gam) ca 44,8 lit kh oxi iu kin tiu chun l:
A. 68 B. 32
C. 75 D. 64
253. Kh oxi thu c khi nhit phn cc cht: HgO, KClO
3
, KMnO
4
,
KNO
3
. Khi nhit phn 10 g mi cht trn, th tch kh oxi thu c iu
kin tiu chun ln nht l:
87
A. KNO
3
B. KMnO
4
C. HgO
D. KClO
3
254. Kh no sau y khng chy trong oxi khng kh?
A. CO
B. CH
4
C. CO
2
D. H
2
255. Cho cc oxit ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k 3 sau: Na
2
O, MgO,
Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
, P
2
O
5
, SO
3
, Cl
2
O
7
trong :
A. c hai oxit baz, hai oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.
B. c ba oxit baz, hai oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.
C. c mt oxit baz, hai oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.
D. c hai oxit baz, mt oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.
256. C bao nhiu mol FeS
2
tc dng vi oxi thu c 64g kh SO
2
theo phng trnh phn ng:
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
A. 0,4
B. 1,2
C. 0,5
D. 0,8
257. Mt lt nc iu kin tiu chun ho tan ti a 2,3 lit kh hiro
sunfua. Nng phn trm (%) ca H
2
S trong dung dch thu c l xp
x:
A. 0,23%
B. 2,30%
C. 0,35%
D. 3,50%
258.S hnh thnh ozon (O
3
) l do nguyn nhn no ?
88
A. Tia t ngoi ca mt tri chuyn ho cc phn t oxi.
B. S phng in (st) trong kh quyn.
C. S oxi ho mt s hp cht hu c trn mt t.
D. A, B, C u ng.
259. T nm 2003, nh bo qun bng nc ozon, mn Bc H - Lao Cai
c th chuyn ch vo th trng thnh ph H Ch Minh, nh b
con nng dn c thu nhp cao hn. Nguyn nhn no sau y lm cho
nc ozon c th bo qun hoa qu ti lu ngy:
A. Ozon l mt kh c.
B. Ozon c v d tan trong nc hn oxi.
C. Ozon c tnh cht oxi ho mnh, kh nng st trng cao v d tan
trong nc hn oxi.
D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.
260. Lp ozon tng bnh lu ca kh quyn l tm l chn tia t ngoi
ca mt tri, bo v s sng trn tri t. Hin tng suy gim tng ozon
ang l mt vn mi trng ton cu. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny
l do:
A. S thay i ca kh hu.
B. Cht thi CFC do con ngi gy ra.
C. Cc hp cht hu c.
261. Oxi c th thu c t s nhit phn cht no trong s cc cht sau?
A. CaCO
3
B. KClO
3
C. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
D. NaHCO
3
262. Cho hn hp kh gm 0,8g oxi v 0,8g hiro tc dng vi nhau, khi
lng nc thu c l:
A. 1,6g
B. 0,9g
89
C. 1,2g
D. 1,4g
263. Trong cng nghip, t kh SO
2
v oxi, phn ng ho hc to thnh
SO
3
xy ra iu kin no sau y?
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3

A. Nhit phng.
B. un nng n 500
0
C.
C. un nng n 500
0
C v c mt cht xc tc V
2
O
5
.
D. Nhit phng v c mt cht xc tc V
2
O
5
.
264. Axit sunfuric c c s dng lm kh cc cht kh m. Loi kh
no sau y c th c lm kh nh axit sunfuric?
A. Kh cacbonnic
B. Kh oxi
C. Kh amoniac
D. a, b ng
265. Cho dy bin ho sau:
X Y Z T Na
2
SO
4
X, Y, Z, T c th l cc cht no sau y?
A. FeS
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
, H
2
SO
4
B. S, SO
2
, SO
3
, NaHSO
4
C. FeS, SO
2
, SO
3
, NaHSO
4
D. Tt c u ng
266. Trong phng th nghim, c th iu ch SO
3
nh mt dng c nh
hnh v sau, in y v tr ch ho cht cn thit, hon thnh phn ng
ho hc cho th nghim. Bit rng pha trn dung dch H
2
SO
3
bo ho lun
tn ti lp kh SO
2
cng vi oxi khng kh. Mt on dy may xo c
nhng vo dung dch Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, sau c ni vi mt ngun in lm
dy may xo nng , khi Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
b nhit phn to ra Fe
2
O
3
, cht xc
tc cho phn ng to thnh SO
3
.
90
(+) (-)
d
Cht a l. Cht b l...
Hn hp c trc phn ng l
Hn hp d sau phn ng l.
Phng trnh phn ng:
267. Cho hn hp gm Fe v FeS tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c

2,24 lit hn hp kh iu kin tiu chun. Hn hp kh ny c t khi so
vi hiro l 9. Thnh phn % theo s mol ca hn hp Fe v FeS ban u
l:
A. 40 v 60. B. 50 v 50.
C. 35 v 65. D. 45 v 55.
268. Hp th hon ton 1,12 lit kh SO
2
(ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch
NaOH 1M. C cn dung dch p sut v nhit thp th thu c:
A. Hn hp hai mui NaHSO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
.
B. Hn hp hai cht NaOH, Na
2
SO
3
.
C. Hn hp hai mui NaHSO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
v NaOH d.
D. Cc phng n trn u sai.
269. SO
2
va c tnh cht oxi ha va c tnh kh, bi v trong phn t :
A. S c mc oxi ha trung gian.
B. S c mc oxi ha cao nht.
C. S c mc oxi ha thp nht.
D. S c cp electron cha lin kt.
91
a
b
c
270. Phn ng ha hc no sau y l sai?
A. 2H
2
S + O
2
2S + 2H
2
O, thiu oxi.
B. 2H
2
S + 3O
2
2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O, tha oxi.
C. H
2
S + 2NaCl Na
2
S + 2HCl
D. H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
271. Cho hn hp FeS v FeCO
3
tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c
v un nng, ngi ta thu c mt hn hp kh A. Hn hp A gm:
A. H
2
S v CO
2
.
B. H
2
S v SO
2
.
C. SO
2
v CO
2
.
D. CO v CO
2
272. Dung dch KI khng mu. Nu lu ngy, dung dch trn c mu
vng hi nu. Nguyn nhn no sau y l ph hp?
A. Hp cht KI km bn, b phn hy to thnh iot t do.
B. Do tc dng chm ca oxi khng kh vi KI to thnh iot t do.
C. Iot tc dng vi KI to thnh KI
3
l qu trnh thun, nghch.
D. B v C ng.
273. Mt cc thy tinh chu nhit, dung tch 20ml, ng khong 5gam
ng saccaroz. Thm vo cc khong 10ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, dng
a thy tinh trn u hn hp. Hy chn phng n ng trong s cc
miu t hin tng xy ra trong th nghim:
A. ng saccaroz chuyn t mu trng sang mu en.
B. C kh thot ra lm tng th tch ca khi cht rn mu en.
C. Sau 30 pht, khi cht rn xp mu en trn ra ngoi ming
cc.
D. A, B, C u ng.
92
274. Cc kh sinh ra trong th nghim phn ng ca saccaroz vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
c bao gm:
A. H
2
S v CO
2
.
B. H
2
S v SO
2
.
C. SO
3
v CO
2
.
D. SO
2
v CO
2
275. Cho V lit kh SO
2
(ktc) tc dng ht vi dung dch brom d. Thm
dung dch BaCl
2
d vo hn hp trn th thu c 2,33g kt ta. V nhn
gi tr no trong s cc phng n sau?
A. 0,112 lit
B. 0,224 lit
C. 1,120 lit
D. 2,24 lit.
276. Thm t t dung dch BaCl
2
vo 300ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
1M cho
n khi khi lng kt ta bt u khng i th dng li, ht 50ml. Nng
mol/l ca dung dch BaCl
2
l:
A. 6,0M.
B. 0,6M.
C. 0,06M.
D. 0,006M
277. Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt kh SO
2
(ktc) vo bnh ng 300ml dung
dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch p sut thp th thu c m gam
cht rn. Gi tr ca m l bao nhiu gam?
A. 1,15
B. 11,5
C. 15,1
D. 1,51
278. Cng thc ho hc no sau y khng phi l ca thch cao?
A. CaSO
4
.
93
B. CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
C. CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
.
D. 2CaSO
4
. H
2
O
279. Ch dng mt thuc th no sau y phn bit cc l ng ring
bit SO
2
v CO
2
?
A. Dung dch brom trong nc.
B. Dung dch NaOH.
C. Dung dch Ba(OH)
2
D. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
280. Sau khi ozon ho 100ml kh oxi, a nhit v trng thi trc
phn ng th p sut gim 5% so vi p sut ban u. Thnh phn % ca
ozon trong hn hp sau phn ng l:
A. 5% B.10%
C.15% D.20%
281. C cc dung dch ng ring bit: NH
4
Cl, NaOH, NaCl, H
2
SO
4
,
Na
2
SO
4
, Ba(OH)
2
. Ch c dng thm mt dung dch th dng dung dch
no sau y c th nhn bit c cc dung dch trn?
A. Dung dch phenolphtalein
B. Dung dch qu tm
C. Dung dch AgNO
3
D. Dung dch BaCl
2
282. Cho 11,3 gam hn hp Mg v Zn tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M
d th thu c 6,72 lit kh (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c sau phn
ng thu c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 40,1g B. 41,1g
C. 41,2g D. 14,2g
283. Cho m gam mt hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
tc dng ht vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
2M d th thu c 2,24 lit hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi i
vi hiro l 27. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,16 gam. B. 11,6 gam.
C. 6,11 gam. D. 61,1 gam.
94
284. Mt loi oleum c cng thc H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
. Ly 3,38 g oleum ni trn
pha thnh 100ml dung dch A. trung ho 50ml dung dch A cn dng
va 200ml dung dch NaOH 2M. Gi tr ca n l:
A. 1. B. 2.
C. 3. D. 4.
285. Sc mt dng kh H
2
S vo dung dch CuSO
4
thy xut hin kt ta
en. iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
A. Axit H
2
SO
4
yu hn axit H
2
S.
B. Xy ra phn ng oxi ho - kh.
C. CuS khng tan trong axit H
2
SO
4
.
286. thu c cht rn t hn hp phn ng ca Na
2
SO
4
v BaCl
2
ngi ta dng phng php no sau y?
A. Chng ct. B. Lc.
C. Chit. D. Chng ct phn on.
287. pha long dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, ngi ta dng cch no sau y?
A. Rt t t dung dch H
2
SO
4
c vo nc.
B. Rt t t nc vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
c.
C. Rt t t dung dch H
2
SO
4
c vo nc, khuy u.
D. A, B, C u ng.
288. Nh mt git dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M ln mt mu giy trng. Hin
tng s quan st c l:
B. Ch giy c git axit H
2
SO
4
s chuyn thnh mu en.
C. Khi h nng, ch giy c git axit H
2
SO
4
s chuyn thnh mu
en.
D. Phng n khc.
289. Ly a thu tinh chm vo hn hp gm H
2
SO
4
c v tinh th
KMnO
4
ri qut vo bc n cn th n s chy. l mt trong nhng
95
th nghim Ho Hc vui, ly la khng cn dim. iu khng nh no sau
y l ng? Phn ng chy xy ra l do:
A. phn ng ho hc gia H
2
SO
4
c v tinh th KMnO
4
.
B. hn hp H
2
SO
4
c v tinh th KMnO
4
ch khi mo cho phn
ng chy gia oxi khng kh v etanol.
C. phn ng ho hc gia hn hp H
2
SO
4
c v tinh th KMnO
4
vi etanol.
D. cha xc nh c nguyn nhn.
290. So snh hai hp cht l H
2
S v H
2
O. Mc d khi lng phn t H
2
S
(34 vC) ln hn nhiu so vi 18 vC khi lng phn t ca H
2
O,
nhng iu kin thng nc l cht lng cn H
2
S li l cht kh. L do
no khin cho nhit si ca nc cao hn nhiu so vi H
2
S?
A. V lin kt hiro gia cc phn t H
2
O bn.
B. V khi lng mol phn t ca chng khc nhau.
C. V oxi c m in cao hn lu hunh.
C. hng dn tr li v p s
244. B 245. D 246. D 247. B 248. B 249. C
250. C 251. 252. D 253. D 254. C 255. D
256. C 257. C 258. D 259. C 260. B 261. B
262. B 263. C 264. D 265. D 266. 267. B
268. B 269. A 270. C 271. C 272. D 273. D
274. C 275. B 276. A 277. B 278. C 279. A
280. B 281. B 282. A 283. B 284. C 285. C
286. B 287. C 288. C 289. B 290. A
251. A. Ozon(O
3
) c tnh oxi ho mnh hn oxi(O
2
)
96
B. C nhng cht va l cht kh va l cht oxi ho

C. H
2
O
2
c tnh oxi ho mnh hn H
2
O

D. Axit H
2
SO
4
c c th lm kh kh NH
3
m

S
E.Oleum c cng thc H
2
SO
4
nSO
3

266.
(+) (-)
d
Cht a l: dung dch H
2
SO
3
bo ho. Cht b l: Cht xc tc Fe
2
O
3
.
Hn hp c trc phn ng l: SO
2
v O
2
, N
2
, CO
2
, hi nc.
Hn hp d sau phn ng l: SO
2
, SO
3
v O
2
, N
2
, CO
2
, hi nc.
Phng trnh phn ng:
2SO
2
+ O
2

2 5
o
V O t
2SO
3
97
a
b
c
Chng 6. Nhm nit - photpho
A. tm tt l thuyt
I. Nhm nit - photpho
Nhm VA ca bng tun hon c cc nguyn t: nit, photpho,
asen, antimoan (stibi) v bitmut.
Hai nguyn t nit v photpho l nhng nguyn t ph bin v c
nhiu ng dng nht trong nhm.
1. Cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm VA
Nguyn t K hiu
ho hc
in
tch ht
nhn
Bn
knh
nguyn
t nm
S lp
electron
Cu
hnh
electron
lp
ngoi
cng
m
in
Nit N 7+ 0,07 2 2s
2
2p
3
3,07
Photpho P 15+ 0,11 3 3s
2
3p
3
2,2
Asen As 33+ 0,121 4 4s
2
4p
3
2,1
Antimoan Sb 51+ 0,141 5 5s
2
5p
3
1,8
Bitmut Bi 83+ 0,146 6 6s
2
6p
3
1,7
2. Tnh cht chung ca cc nguyn t nhm VA
a. Tnh cht ca cc n cht
Trong iu kin bnh thng v nhit v p sut, nit l cht kh, cc
n cht cn li l cht rn.
- Cc nguyn t trong nhm c s oxi ho cao nht l +5 v thp nht l
-3.
- Nhn chung cc n cht trong nhm VA c tnh phi kim, tnh cht
ny gim dn t N n Bi.
b. Tnh cht ca cc hp cht
98
- Hirua ca cc nguyn t trong nhm VA (NH
3
, PH
3
, AsH
3
, SbH
3
,
BiH
3
) l cc cht kh. Dung dch ca nhng cht ny trong nc c
tnh baz.
- Cc hiroxit nh HNO
3
, H
3
PO
4
, H
3
AsO
4
l cc axit, tnh cht axit
gim dn theo chiu t N n As.
II. Nit
Nit l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc. Kh
quyn cha khong 78% kh nit v th tch. Lin kt ba rt bn vng gia
hai nguyn t nit lm cho nit hu nh tr v mt ho hc nhit
thng. Phn ln nit c dng sn xut amoniac. Mt phn nh kh
nit c np vo bng n, hoc dng lm mi trng tr cho mt s
phn ng ho hc.
Nit tc dng vi oxi nhit rt cao (3000
0
C) hay c tia la
in:
N
2
+ O
2
2NO
Nit tc dng vi hiro, nhit cao v c xc tc:
N
2
+ 3H
2

0
, Fe t C

2NH
3
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta sn xut nit t khng kh bng cch
ho lng khng kh, ri chng ct phn on.
Trong phng th nghim, khi cn mt lng nh kh nit c th
iu ch bng cch un nng dung dch NH
4
NO
2
bo ho.
NH
4
NO
2

0
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cc hp cht quan trng ca nit gm NH
3
, HNO
3
cc mui amoni
v cc mui nitrat.
Trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, amoniac l cht kh khng
mu, mi khai, nh hn khng kh, d b ho lng khi nn hoc lm lnh.
99
Kh NH
3
tan nhiu trong nc, mt th tch nc 25
0
C ho tan c 700
th tch amoniac.
Amoniac c tnh cht baz:
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl
Amoniac l mt cht kh:
4NH
3
+ 3O
2

o
t
2N
2
+ 6H
2
O
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

,
o
Pt t
4NO + 6H
2
O
2NH
3
+ 3CuO
o
t
3Cu + N
2
+ 3H
2
O
Amoniac l mt trong nhng ho cht c bn, phn ch yu (80%)
lng amoniac dng sn xut phn bn ho hc, phn cn li c s
dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc.
Sn xut NH
3
trong cng nghip i t nit khng kh v hiro thu
c t s nhit phn kh t nhin (metan). Trong phng th nghim, NH
3
c iu ch t vic nung nng hn hp rn NH
4
Cl v CaO.
Axit nitric HNO
3
I. Tnh cht vt l
Axit nitric l cht lng khng mu, c khi lng ring l 1,5g/cm
3
, si
86
0
C v ho rn -41
0
C. Axit nitric tan rt d dng trong nc. Trong
phng th nghim, thng dng HNO
3
c c nng 68%, khi lng
ring l 1,42g/cm
3
.
II.Tnh cht ho hc
Axit nitric l axit rt mnh, trong dung dch n in li gn nh hon
ton thnh ion:
HNO
3
H
+
+ NO
3
-
1. Tc dng vi cht ch th mu: Axit ntic long i mu qu xanh
thnh .
100
2. Tc dng vi kim loi: Dung dch HNO
3
long oxi ho c nhiu
kim loi nhit thng. Tu thuc vo mc kh ca kim
loi m HNO
3
c th b kh thnh NO, N
2
O, N
2
hoc NH
3
. V d:
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
3. Dung dch HNO
3
c khng bn, nhit cao hoc khi c nh
sng, mt phn axit HNO
3
b phn hu to thnh NO
2
, O
2
v nc.
4HNO
3
c 4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O
4. Dung dch HNO
3
c c th oxi ho hu ht kim loi ( tr Pt, Au)
nhit thng, hoc Fe, Al, Cr nhit cao, trong N
+5
chuyn thnh N
+4
(NO
2
). Dung dch HNO
3
c, ngui lm th ng
ho mt s kim loi nh Al, Fe, Cr...Ngoi ra Dung dch HNO
3
c
cn oxi ho c mt s phi kim nh C, S v nhiu hp cht v c
v hu c khc.
101
B. bi
291. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t nhm VA c
biu din tng qut l:
A. ns
2
np
3
B. ns
2
np
4
C. (n -1)d
10
ns
2
np
3
D. ns
2
np
5
292. Trong s cc nhn nh sau v cc nguyn t nhm VA, nhn nh
no sai? T nit n bitmut:
A. tnh phi kim gim dn.
B. m in gim dn.
C. nhit si ca cc n cht tng dn.
D. tnh axit ca cc hiroxit tng dn.
293. Ngi ta sn xut kh nit trong cng nghip bng cch no sau y?
A. Chng ct phn on khng kh lng.
B. Nhit phn dung dch NH
4
NO
2
bo ho.
C. Dng photpho t chy ht oxi khng kh.
D. Cho khng kh i qua bt ng nung nng.
294. Phn ng ca NH
3
vi Cl
2
to ra khi trng, cht ny c cng thc
ho hc l:
A. HCl.
B. N
2
.
C. NH
4
Cl.
D. NH
3
.
295. Vt liu gm siu dn nhit cao (nhit ca nit lng) c ngha
to ln trong ngnh cng nghip nng lng. Bi khi vic truyn ti
in di xa hu nh khng b tn tht nng lng. L do no sau y l ph
hp?
102
A. Nit lng c gi thnh r hn nhiu so vi heli lng.
B. Hin tng siu dn l hin tng in tr bng khng.
C. Nguyn liu sn xut nit lng l khng kh, hu nh v tn.
D. A, B, C u ng.
296. iu ch HNO
3
trong phng th nghim, cc ho cht cn s dng
l:
A. Dung dch NaNO
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
c.
B. NaNO
3
tinh th v dung dch H
2
SO
4
c.
C. Dung dch NaNO
3
v dung dch HCl c.
D. NaNO
3
tinh th v dung dch HCl c.
297. tch ring NH
3
ra khi hn hp gm N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
trong cng
nghip, ngi ta s dng phng php no sau y?
A. Cho hn hp i qua dung dch nc vi trong.
B. Cho hn hp i qua CuO nung nng.
C. Cho hn hp i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c.
D. Nn v lm lnh hn hp, NH
3
ho lng.
298. Nh t t dung dch NH
3
vo dung dch CuSO
4
cho ti d. Hin
tng quan st c l:
A. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht.
B. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht, lng kt ta tng dn.
C. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht, lng kt ta tng dn n
khng i. Sau lng kt ta gim dn cho ti khi tan ht thnh dung
dch mu xanh m.
D. xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht, lng kt ta tng n khng
i.
299. Cho hn hp gm N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
c t khi so vi hiro l 8. Dn
hn hp i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, d th th tch kh cn li mt na.
Thnh phn phn trm (%) theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ln
lt l:
A. 25% N
2
, 25% H
2
v 50% NH
3
.
B. 25% NH
3
, 25% H
2
v 50% N
2
.
103
C. 25% N
2
, 25% NH
3
v 50% H
2
.
D. Kt qu khc.
300. Khi nhit phn mui KNO
3
thu c cc cht sau:
A. KNO
2
, N
2
v O
2
.
B. KNO
2
v O
2
.
C. KNO
2
v NO
2
.
D. KNO
2
, N
2
v CO
2
.
301. Khi nhit phn Cu(NO
3
)
2
s thu c cc ho cht sau:
A. CuO, NO
2
v O
2
.
B. Cu, NO
2
v O
2
.
C. CuO v NO
2
.
D. Cu v NO
2
.
302. Khi nhit phn, hoc a mui AgNO
3
ra ngoi nh sng s to thnh
cc ho cht sau:
A. Ag
2
O, NO
2
v O
2
.
B. Ag, NO
2
v O
2
.
C. Ag
2
O v NO
2
.
D. Ag v NO
2
.
303. Thuc n en l hn hp ca cc cht no sau y?
A. KNO
3
v S.
B. KNO
3
, C v S.
C. KClO
3
, C v S.
D. KClO
3
v C.
304. V sao cn phi s dng phn bn trong nng nghip? Phn bn dng
A. b sung cc nguyn t dinh dng cho t.

B. lm cho t ti xp.
C. gi m cho t.
D. b p cc nguyn t dinh dng v vi lng b cy trng
ly i.
104
305. Amoniac c kh nng phn ng vi nhiu cht, bi v:
A. nguyn t N trong amoniac c mt i electron t do.
B. nguyn t N trong amoniac mc oxi ho -3, c tnh kh
mnh.
C. amoniac l mt baz.
D. A, B, C ng.
306. Phn ng ho hc no sau y chng t amoniac l mt cht kh
mnh?
A. NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl
B. 2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
C. 2NH
3
+ 3CuO
o
t
N
2
+ 3Cu + 3H
2
O
D. NH
3
+ H
2
O

NH
4
+
+ OH
-
307. Dung dch HNO
3
c, khng mu, ngoi nh sng lu ngy s
chuyn thnh:
A. mu en sm.
B. mu nu.
C. mu vng.
D. mu trng sa.
308. Kh nit (N
2
) tng i tr v mt ho hc nhit thng l do
nguyn nhn no sau y?
A. Phn t N
2
c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.
B. Phn t N
2
c lin kt ion.
C. Phn t N
2
c lin kt ba rt bn vng.
D. Nit c m in ln nht trong nhm VA.
309. tch Al
2
O
3
nhanh ra khi hn hp vi CuO m khng lm thay
i khi lng ca n, c th dng dung dch no sau y?
A. Dung dch amoniac.
B. Dung dch natri hiroxit.
105
C. Dung dch axit clohiric.
D. Dung dch axit sunfuric long.
310. Dung dch no sau y khng ho tan c ng kim loi (Cu)?
A. Dung dch FeCl
3
.
B. Dung dch HCl.
C. Dung dch hn hp NaNO
3
v HCl.
D. Dung dch axit HNO
3
.
311. So snh hai hp cht NO
2
v SO
2
. V sao cht th nht c th ime
ho to thnh N
2
O
4
trong khi cht th hai khng c tnh cht ?
A. V nit c m in cao hn lu hunh.
B. V nguyn t N trong NO
2
cn mt electron c thn.
C. V nguyn t N trong NO
2
cn mt cp electron cha lin kt.
312. Cho 1,32g (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, un nng
thu c mt sn phm khi. Hp th hon ton lng kh trn vo dung
dch cha 3,92g H
3
PO
4
. Mui thu c l:
A. NH
4
H
2
PO
4
.
B. (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
C. (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
D. NH
4
H
2
PO
4
v (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
313. Khi lm th nghim vi photpho trng, cn c ch no sau y?
A. Cm P trng bng tay c eo gng.
B. Dng cp gp nhanh mu P trng ra khi l v ngm ngay vo
chu ng y nc khi cha dng n.
C. Trnh cho P trng tip xc vi nc.
D. C th P trng ngoi khng kh.
106
314. Sau khi lm th nghim vi P trng, cc dng c tip xc vi ho
cht ny cn c ngm trong dung dch no kh c?
A. Dung dch axit HCl.
B. Dung dch kim NaOH.
C. Dung dch mui CuSO
4
.
D. Dung dch mui Na
2
CO
3
.
315. Cng thc ho hc ca supephotphat kp l:
A. Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
B. Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
C. CaHPO
4
.
D. Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v CaSO
4
.
316. em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau mt thi gian dng li, lm
ngui, ri cn thy khi lng gim 0,54g. Vy khi lng mui
Cu(NO
3
)
2
b nhit phn l:
A. 0,5g.
B. 0,49g.
C. 9,4g
D. 0,94g
317. nhn bit ion PO
4
3-
thng dng thuc th AgNO
3
, bi v:
A. To ra kh c mu nu.
B. To ra dung dch c mu vng.
C. To ra kt ta c mu vng.
D. To ra kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh.
318. nhn bit ion NO
3
-
ngi ta thng dng Cu v dung dch H
2
SO
4
long v un nng, bi v:
A. To ra kh c mu nu.
B. To ra dung dch c mu vng.
C. To ra kt ta c mu vng.
D. To ra kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh.
319. Khoanh trn ch ci nu nhn nh ng v ch S nu sai trong
cc cu sau y:
107
A. Trong phn ng oxi ho - kh th amoniac ch ng vai tr l cht kh.

S
B. Mui nitrat trong nc c tnh oxi ho mnh. S
C. Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan trong nc S
D. Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit c tnh oxi ho mnh. S
E. Mui nitrat trong mi trng kim c th oxi ho Al, Zn v gii phng
kh amoniac khi b un nng. S
320. Nc cng toan l hn hp mt th tch axit HNO
3
c vi ba th
tch axit HCl c, c tnh cht oxi ho rt mnh. N c th ho tan oc
mi kim loi, k c vng v bch kim. Nguyn nhn to nn tnh cht oxi
ho mnh ca nc cng toan l:
A. do tnh cht oxi ho mnh ca ion NO
3
-
.
B. do tnh cht axit mnh ca HNO
3
v HCl.
C. do to ra clo nguyn t c tnh cht oxi ho mnh.
D. do mt nguyn nhn khc.
321. Cho 11,0g hn hp hai kim loi Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO
3
long
d, thu c 6,72lit kh NO (ktc) duy nht. Khi lng (g) ca Al v Fe
trong hn hp u l:
A. 5,4 v 5,6. B. 5,6 v 5,4.
C. 4,4 v 6,6. D. 4,6 v 6,4.
322. Trong cng nghip sn xut axit nitric, nguyn liu l hn hp khng
kh d trn amoniac. Trc phn ng, hn hp cn c lm kh, lm
sch bi v cc tp cht :
A. tng hiu sut ca phn ng. B. trnh ng c xc tc (Pt -
Rh).
C. tng nng cht phn ng. D. v mt l do khc.
323. Phn ng ho hc no sau y xy ra trong thp tip xc ca nh
my sn xut axit nitric?
A. 4NH
3
+ 5O
2

900 ,
o
C Pt Rh
4NO + 6H
2
O
108
B. 4NH
3
+ 3O
2
2N
2
+ 6H
2
O
C. 2NO + O
2
2NO
2
D. 4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3
324. Photpho c la chn sn xut dim an ton thay cho photpho
trng v l do no sau y?
A. Photpho khng c hi i vi con ngi.
B. Photpho khng d gy ho hon nh photpho trng.
C. Photpho trng l ho cht c, hi.
D. A, B, C u ng.
325. Phn ng ho hc no sau y khng ng?
A. 2KNO
3

o
t
2KNO
2
+ O
2
B. 2Cu(NO
3
)
2
o
t
2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
C. 4AgNO
3
o
t
2Ag
2
O + 4NO
2
+ O
2
D. 4Fe(NO
3
)
3
o
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 12NO
2
+ 3O
2
326. Cng thc ho hc ca amophot, mt loi phn bn phc hp l:
A. Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
. B. NH
4
H
2
PO
4
v Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
C. NH
4
H
2
PO
4
v (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
. D. (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
v
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
327. Nhn nh no sau y v axit HNO
3
l sai?
A. Trong tt c cc phn ng axit - baz, HNO
3
u l axit mnh.
B. Axit HNO
3
c th tc dng vi hu ht kim loi tr Au v Pt.
C. Axit HNO
3
c th tc dng vi mt s phi kim nh C, S.
D. Axit HNO
3
c th tc dng vi nhiu hp cht hu c.
328. Khi axit HNO
3
c tc dng vi kim loi gii phng kh NO
2
. Nhng
khi axit HNO
3
long tc dng vi kim loi gii phng kh NO. iu kt
lun no sau y l khng ng?
A. Axit HNO
3
c c tnh cht oxi ho mnh hn axit HNO
3
long.
B. Yu t tc phn ng ho hc to nn s khc bit gia hai
trng hp.
C. Axit HNO
3
c c tnh cht oxi ho yu hn axit HNO
3
long.
109
D. Axit HNO
3
c tc dng vi kim loi, sn phm NO
2
thot ra
nhanh nht.
329. Ho tan m gam Fe vo dung dch HNO
3
long th thu c 0,448 lit
kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,12 gam.
B. 11,2 gam.
C. 0,56 gam.
D. 5,6 gam.
330. Ho tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO
3
rt long th thu
c hn hp gm 0,015mol kh N
2
O v 0,01mol kh NO. Gi tr ca m
l:
A. 13,5 gam.
B. 1,35 gam.
C. 8,10 gam.
D. 10,80 gam.
331. in phn dung dch hn hp 0,1 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
v 0,06 mol HCl vi
dng in mt chiu c cng 1,34 A trong 2 gi, cc in cc tr.
Khi lng kim loi thot ra katot (gam) v th tch kh ktc thot ra
anot (lit) b qua s ho tan ca clo trong nc v coi hiu sut in phn
l 100% nhn nhng gi tr no sau y:
A. 3,2 gam v 0,896 lit.
B. 0,32 gam v 0,896 lit.
C. 6,4 gam v 8,96 lit.
D. 6,4 gam v 0,896 lit.
c. hng dn tr li v p s
291. A 292. D 293. A 294. C 295. D 296. B
297. D 298. C 299. A 300. B 301.A 302. B
303. B 304. D 305. D 306. C 307. B 308. C
110
309. A 310. B 311. B 312. A 313. B 314. C
315. B 316. C 317. C 318. D 319. 320. C
321. A 322. B 323. A 324. D 325. C 326. C
327. A 328. C 329. A 330. B 331. A
319. Hng dn:
A. Amoniac ch ng vai tr l cht kh.
S
B. Mui nitrat trong nc c tnh oxi ho mnh.
S
C. Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan trong nc
D. Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit c tnh oxi ho mnh.
E. Mui nitrat trong mi trng kim c th oxi ho Al, Zn v gii
phng kh amoniac khi b un nng.
321. Hng dn:
Al + 4HNO
3 long
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Fe + 4HNO
3 long
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
n =
6, 72
22, 4
= 0,3 (mol). p dng phng php bo ton electron, ta c:
S mol electron nhn: 0,3 x 3 = 0,9 (mol) = s mol electron nhng.
s mol Al v Fe =
0, 9
3
= 0,3;
t x v y ln lt l s mol Al v Fe trong hn hp, theo bi ta c:
x + y = 0,3 (I)
27x + 56y = 11 (II) gii h ta c x = 0,2 v y = 0,1
Khi lng Al = 0,2 x 27 = 5,4 (g). Khi lng Fe = 0,1 x 56 = 5,6 (g).
p s: A
330. Hng dn: 0,015mol mol N
2
O v 0,01 mol NO
8Al + 30HNO
3 rt long
8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O + H
2
O
Al + 4HNO
3 rt long
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
111
S mol electron nhn: (0,015 x 8) + (0,01 x 3) = 0,15 (mol) = s mol
electron nhng.
s mol Al =
0,15
3
= 0,05;
Khi lng Al = 0,05 x 27 = 1,35 (g). p
s: B
331. Hng dn: p dng phng php bo ton electron ta c:
ne =
It
F
=
1, 34.2
26, 8
= 0,1 (mol)
Qu trnh katot Qu trnh anot
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2Cl
-
- 2e Cl
2
0,05 0,1 0,05 0.06 0,06 0,03 (mol)
Khi lng ng thot ra l H
2
O - 2e
1
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
0,05 x 64 = 3,2 (gam). 0,1 - 0,06 = 0,04 0,01
Th tch kh thot ra anot = (0,03 + 0,01) x 22,4 = 0,896 (lit). p s:
A.
Chng 7. Nhm cacbon - silic
A. tm tt l thuyt
Cacbon - silic thuc nhm IVA ca bng h thng tun hon.
Trong nhm c cc nguyn t cacbon C, silic Si, gemani Ge, thic Sn v
ch PB. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 4 electron lp ngoi cng.
Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh cht ca cc nguyn t bin
i nh sau: cacbon C v silic Si l cc phi kim r rt, thic Sn v ch Pb
l cc kim loi, gemani Ge l nguyn t trung gian.
Ta ch tm hiu hai nguyn t c nhiu ng dng nht l cacbon C, silic Si.
I. Cacbon v hp cht ca cacbon
I.1. Trng thi t nhin:
112
Trong t nhin C chim khong 0,023% khi lng v Tri t.
Hp cht v c l cc mui cacbonat c khi lng khong 10
16
tn. Ngoi
ra C cn c trong cc m than , than nu, than bn, du m, kh t
nhin. Trong c th sng, trung bnh c 18% cacbon.
I.2. Cc dng th hnh v tnh cht vt l
Cacbon c mt s dng th hnh, c cu to tinh th khc nhau, do
c nhng tnh cht vt l khc nhau.
Kim cng: Trong tinh th kim cng, cacbon c lin kt cng
ho tr vi 4 nguyn t cacbon xung quanh, to thnh t din u. Khong
cch gia cc nguyn t C l bng nhau, bng 0,154 nm. S ng nht v
bn vng ca lin kt ny khin cho kim cng rt cng, l vt liu cng
nht trong t nhin. Kim cng c mu sc rt p, cho nn t ngn xa l
trang sc rt qu gi. Trong cng nghip, kim cng c s dng
ch to mi khoan, dao ct knh, thit b lase. Ngy nay, loi ngi sn
xut c kim cng nhn to, tuy nhin chng khng p nh kim cng
t nhin. Khi lng ca kim cng c o bng cara, mt cara bng 0,2
gam.
Than ch: Tinh th than ch (graphit) c cu trc nhiu lp. Trong
mi lp, mt nguyn t C lin kt vi 3 nguyn t C khc bng cc lin
kt cng ho tr, c khong cch bng nhau (0,1415 nm). Cc lin kt gia
cc nguyn t C trong cng lp rt bn vng. Lc lin kt gia cc lp l
rt yu, khong cch ln (0,335 nm). cc lp d trt ln nhau, do than
ch rt mm, c th lm rut bt ch. Than ch dn in tt, nn c s
dng rng ri lm in cc tr trong in phn, sn xut pin.
113

Kim cng Than ch Fuleren C
60
Fuleren: Mt dng th hnh ca cacbon C
60
, C
70
mi c pht
hin vo nm 1985. Phn t C
60
c cu trc hnh cu rng, gm 32 mt (20
hnh su cnh v 12 hnh 5 cnh) vi 60 nh l 60 nguyn t cacbon.
Khong cch gia cc nguyn t u nh nhau, c tnh i xng cao nht
so vi cc phn t bit. ng knh ca hnh cu ln hn 1,0 nm
t mt phn t hoc mt nguyn t bt k vo . iu ch Fuleren bng
cch lm bay hi graphit trong chn khng di tc dng ca tia lase, hay
trong kh quyn heli bng h quang in. Ngi ta d on fuleren v cc
dn xut ca n s c nhiu ng dng c sc trong vt liu mi, ho hc,
y hc, siu dn. Cng trnh pht minh ra fuleren c tng gii thng
Noben nm 1996.
Cacbon v nh hnh: Than , than bn, than g, m hng. Tnh
cht ca cacbon v nh hnh tu thuc vo nguyn liu v phng php
iu ch chng. Than g v than xng c cu trc xp, c kh nng hp
ph mnh cc cht kh v cht tan trong dung dch. Than hot tnh c
iu ch t than g hay go da l nguyn liu sn xut mt n phng c,
cht hp ph, lc nc...
I.3. Tnh cht ho hc
nhit thp tt c cc dng th hnh ca cacbon u hu nh
tr. Nhng nhit cao, chng tc dng c vi nhiu cht.
Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cacbon l tnh kh.
114
Tc dng vi oxi: C + O
2

300
o
C
CO
2
(1)
iu kin thiu oxi sinh ra CO
2C + O
2

300
o
C >
2CO (2)
Tc dng vi nhiu oxit kim loi nh: CuO, Fe
2
O
3
... nhit
cao.
C + 2CuO
o
t
2Cu + CO
2
(3)
C + CO
2
o
t
2CO (4)
Tc dng vi hi nc nhit cao:
C + H
2
O
o
t
CO + H
2
(5)
Cc phn ng ho hc (4) v (5) l c s chuyn ho nhin liu
rn thnh nhin liu kh.
Tc dng vi cc axit c tnh cht oxi ho mnh nh HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c, nng.
C + 4HNO
3

o
t
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O (6)
I.4. Mt s hp cht ca cacbon
Cacbon monoxit (CO) l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, rt
c, nng gn bng khng kh, t tan trong nC. nhit cao, cacbon
monoxit th hin tnh kh mnh.
2CO + O
2
2CO
2
phn ng to nhiu nhit.
3CO + Fe
2
O
3
o
t
2Fe + 3CO
2
Cacbon ioxit (CO
2
) l kh khng mu, nng hn khng kh,
dCO
2/kk
= 1,52. Nc kh l cacbon ioxit rn. Cacbon ioxit l mt
oxit axit v c tnh oxi ho yu.
Tc dng vi dung dch kim;
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3
115
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Tc dng vi kim loi:
CO
2
+ 2Mg 2MgO + C
Mui cacbonat v mui hirocacbonat: Na
2
CO
3
, CaCO
3
, NaHCO
3
,
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
nhit cao ch c mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim l khng b phn
hu. Cc mui hirocacbonat km bn hn.
2NaHCO
3

80 100
o
C
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O

+ CO
2
Ngoi qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh, trong nc bin, i dng c
mt cn bng ho hc gip iu tit lng CO
2
trong kh quyn:
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Tuy nhin, do con ngi pht trin cng nghip, s dng ngy
cng nhiu nng lng ho thch, cho nn lng CO
2
ang tng
dn, lm cho nhit Tri t m dn ln. Trong 100 nm qua,
nhit tng trung bnh 0,3
oC
.
II. Silic v cc hp cht ca silic
1. Silic l mt trong nhng nguyn t ph bin nht trong v Tri t
(ng hng th hai sau nguyn t oxi)
Silic c hai dng th hnh, dng v nh hnh v dng tinh th. Dng
tinh th c cu trc tng t kim cng, gin v cng, c nh kim dn
in v dn nhit km.
Silic l nguyn t t hot ng ho hc.
Si + F
2
SiF
4
Si + O
2

o
t
SiO
2
Si + 2NaOH + H
2
O
o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2
iu ch Si trong phng th nghim:
116
2Mg + SiO
2

o
t
Si + 2MgO
iu ch Si trong cng nghip:
2C + SiO
2

o
t
Si + 2CO
2. Hp cht ca silic
a. Silic ioxit (SiO
2
)
SiO
2
l cht rn khng tan trong nc, kh nng chy (1610
0
), c tn
gi l thch anh. Ct trng l nhng ht thch anh nh.
SiO
2
l oxit axit. nhit cao, SiO
2
tc dng vi oxit baz, kim,
cacbonat kim loi kim to ra silicat:
SiO
2
+ CaO
o
t
CaSiO
3
(canxi silicat)
SiO
2
+ 2NaOH
o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
SiO
2
+ K
2
CO
3

o
t
K
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
SiO
2
c tnh cht ho hc c trng l tan c trong dung dch axit
flohiric HF:
SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ H
2
O
V vy ngi ta dng axit flohiric khc hnh trn thu tinh.
SiO
2
c dng rng ri trong xy dng, sn xut thu tinh, mi...
b. Axit silicic v mui silicat
Axit silicic c cng thc ho hc l H
2
SiO
3
, l axit yu, t tan trong nc.
iu ch axit silicic bng cch cho axit clohiric tc dng vi dung dch
silicat, c dung dch H
2
SiO
3
di dng keo:
2HCl + Na
2
SiO
3
H
2
SiO
3
+ 2NaCl
Mui ca axit silicic c tn l silicat. Natri v kali silicat trng b ngoi
ging thu tinh, nhng tan c trong nc, v vy chng c tn l thu
tinh tan. Dung dch ca chng tan trong nc gi l thu tinh lng.
117
Thu tinh tan dng ch to xi mng v btng chu axit, dng lm lp
bo v g khng chy, sn xut silicagen. Silicagen l mt polime v c
c cng thc (SiO
2
)
n
l mt cht chng m rt tt, dng trong bo qun
phim nh, bng a hnh, thc phm cao cp ...
118
B. bi
332. Khi nim no sau y l khc loi?
A. ng v. B. Th hnh.
C. Cng thc phn t. D. n cht.
333. Cho s biu din chu trnh ca cacbon trong t nhin:
Quan st s v cho bit nhn nh no
sau y l ng nht? Lng CO
2
trong
khng kh c iu tit bi:
A. cy xanh.
B. cn bng ho hc gia CO
2
, CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
trong nc bin.
C. hn ch s dng cc nhin liu ho
thch theo cng c quc t.
D. c A, B v C u ng.
334. Hiu ng nh knh l hin tng Tri t ang m dn ln, do cc
bc x c bc sng di trong vng hng ngoi b gi li, m khng bc
x ra ngoi v tr. Cht kh no sau y l nguyn nhn gy ra hiu ng
nh knh?
A. H
2
. B. N
2
.
C. CO
2
. D. O
2
.
335. Hu qu ca vic Tri t ang m dn ln l hin tng bng tan
hai cc. Cc ni bng xa kia, nay ch cn l cc chm bng
Xem nh:
Hy la chn nhng nh hng c th xy ra khi Tri t m ln, trong s
cc d bo sau:
A. Nhiu vng t thp ven bin s b nhn chm trong nc bin.
B. Kh hu Tri t thay i.
C. C nhiu trn bo ln nh bo Katrina.
D. A, B, C u ng.
119
336. Kim cng v than ch l cc dng th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon.
Kim cng cng nht trong t nhin, trong khi than ch mm n mc c
th dng sn xut li bt ch 6B, dng k mt. iu gii thch no
sau y l ng?
A. Kim cng c cu trc tinh th dng t din u, than ch c
cu trc lp, trong khong cch gia cc lp kh ln.
B. Kim cng c lin kt cng ho tr bn, than ch th khng.
C. t chy kim cng hay than ch nhit cao u to thnh
kh cacboniC.
337. Cacbon v nh hnh c iu ch t than g hay go da c tn l
than hot tnh. Tnh cht no sau y ca than hot tnh gip cho con
ngi ch to cc thit b phng c, lc nc?
A. t chy than sinh ra kh cacbonic.
B. Hp ph cc cht kh, cht tan trong nc.
C. Kh cc cht kh c, cc cht tan trong nc.
D. Tt c cc phng n A, B, C.
338. Khi xt v kh cacbon ioxit, iu khng nh no sau y l sai?
A. Cht kh khng mu, khng mi, nng hn khng kh.
B. Cht kh ch yu gy ra hiu ng nh knh.
C. Cht kh khng c, nhng khng duy tr s sng.
D. Cht kh dng cha chy, nht l cc m chy kim loi.
339. Cht kh cacbon monoxit c trong thnh phn loi kh no sau y?
A. Khng kh.
B. Kh t nhin.
C. Kh m du.
D. Kh l cao.
340. Ma ng, khi mt in li quc gia, nhiu gia nh phi s dng
ng c iezen pht in, phc v nhu cu thp sng, chy tivi...Ti sao
khng nn chy ng c iezen trong phng ng kn cc ca? Bi v
120
A. tiu th nhiu kh O
2
sinh ra kh CO
2
l mt kh c.
B. tiu th nhiu kh O
2
, sinh ra kh CO l mt kh c.
C. nhiu hirocacbon cha chy ht l nhng kh c.
D. sinh ra kh SO
2
.
341. Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau, phn ng no sai?
A. 3CO + Fe
2
O
3

o
t
3CO
2
+ 2Fe
B. CO + Cl
2
COCl
2
C. 3CO + Al
2
O
3

o
t
2Al + 3CO
2
D. 2CO + O
2

o
t
2CO
2
342. Hp th hon ton 2,24 lit CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch nc vi trong
c cha 0,075 mol Ca(OH)
2
. Sn phm thu c sau phn ng gm:
A. Ch c CaCO
3
.
B. Ch c Ca(HCO
3
)
2
C. C CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
D. Khng c c hai cht CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
343. Mt cc thu tinh ng khong 20ml nc ct. Cho mt mu giy
qu tm vo cc nc, mu tm khng thay i. Sc kh cacbon ioxit vo
cc nc, mu giy chuyn sang mu hng. un nng cc nc, sau mt
thi gian mu qu li chuyn thnh mu tm. Gii thch no sau y l
ng?
A. Nc ct c pH = 7.
B. Dung dch axit H
2
CO
3
c pH < 7.
C. Axit H
2
CO
3
khng bn, khi un nng phn hu thnh CO
2
v
nc.
D. A, B, C u ng.
344. Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 16 lit cha hn hp CO, CO
2
v O
2
d.
Th tch O
2
nhiu gp i th tch CO. Bt tia la in t chy hon
ton hn hp, th tch kh trong bnh gim 2 lt (cc th tch kh trong bnh
121
c o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Thnh phn % theo th tch
ca CO, CO
2
v O
2
trong hn hp ban u l gi tr no sau y:
A. 25%, 50% v 25%. B. 15%, 30% v 55%.
C. 20%, 40% v 40%. D. 25%, 25% v 50%.
345. Cho 24,4g hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch
BaCl
2
. Sau phn ng thu c 39,4g kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung
dch thu c m(g) mui clorua. Vy m c gi tr l:
A. 2,66g B. 22,6g C. 26,6g D. 6,26g
346. Cng thc phn t CaCO
3
tng ng vi thnh phn ho hc chnh
ca loi no sau y:
A. . B. vi.
C. mi. D. t ong.
347. Tn gi cht no sau y cha CaCO
3
trong thnh phn ho hc?
A. lmit. B. Ccnalit.
C. Pirit. D. Xierit.
348. Xt cc mui cacbonat, nhn nh no sau y l ng?
A. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u tan trong nc.
B. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u b nhit phn to ra oxit kim loi
v cacbon ioxit.
C. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u b nhit phn, tr mui cacbonat
ca kim loi kim.
D. Tt c cc mui cacbonat u khng tan trong nc.
349. Cho cc ion v cht sau:
1. HCO
3
-
2. K
2
CO
3
3. H
2
O 4. Cu(OH)
2
5. HPO
4
-
6. Al
2
O
3
7. NH
4
Cl 8. HSO
3
-
Theo Bronsted, cht, ion lng tnh l:
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 4, 5, 6
122
C. 1, 3, 5, 6, 8
D. 2, 4, 6, 7
350. Hin tng xy ra khi trn dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vi dung dch FeCl
3
l:
A. Xut hin kt ta mu nu.
B. C cc bt kh thot ra khi dung dch.
C. Xut hin kt ta mu lc nht.
D. A v B ng.
351. Cht no di y gp phn nhiu nht vo s hnh thnh ma axit?
A. Cacbon ioxit.
B. Lu hunh ioxit.
C. Ozon.
D. Dn xut clo ca hirocacbon.
352. Xt cc cp cht no sau y:
1. CH
3
COOH + CaCO
3
2. C
17
H
35
COONa + H
2
SO
4
3. CO
2
+ dd NaCl 4. C
17
H
35
COONa + Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Cp khng xy ra phn ng ho hc l cp no trong s sau:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
353. B tng ct thp l loi vt liu xy dng rt quan trng, c ng dng
rt rng ri. L do no khin cho vic ng dng b tng ct thp tr nn
ph bin trong cng nghip xy dng ?
A. Thp v b tng c h s gin n nhit bng nhau.
B. B tng ct thp l loi vt liu xy dng rt bn.
C. B tng ct thp l loi vt liu xy dng rt t tin.
D. A, B u ng.
354. Cht no sau y khng phi l nguyn liu ca cng nghip sn xut
xi mng ?
A. t st. B. vi.
C. Ct. D. Thch cao.
355. Thu tinh l cht rn c cu trc v nh hnh. Tnh cht no sau y
khng phi l ca thu tinh?
A. Trong sut.
123
B. Khng c im nng chy c nh.
C. Cho nh sng mt tri i qua, nhng gi li bc x hng ngoi.
D. Thu tinh rn, do.
356. Cng nghip silicat l ngnh cng nghip ch bin cc hp cht ca
silic. Ngnh sn xut no sau y khng thuc v cng nghip silicat?
A. Sn xut gm (gch, ngi, snh, s).
B. Sn xut xi mng.
C. Sn xut thu tinh.
D. Sn xut thu tinh hu c.
357. Boxit nhm c thnh phn ch yu l Al
2
O
3
ln cc tp cht l SiO
2
v Fe
2
O
3
. lm sch Al
2
O
3
trong cng nghip c th s dng cc ho
cht no sau y:
A. Dung dch NaOH c v kh CO
2
.
B. Dung dch NaOH c v axit HCl.
C. Dung dch NaOH c v axit H
2
SO
4
.
D. Dung dch NaOH c v axit CH
3
COOH.
358. Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau, phn ng no sai?
A. SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O
B. SiO
2
+ 4HCl SiCl
4
+ 2H
2
O
C. SiO
2
+ 2C
o
t
Si + 2CO
D. SiO
2
+ 2Mg
o
t
2MgO + Si
359. Cho cc oxit: SiO
2
, CaO, Fe
2
O
3
, CuO, Al
2
O
3
. phn bit tng oxit
trn, ch c dng mt thuc th trong s cc cht sau:
A. Dung dch NaOH.
B. H
2
O.
C. Dung dch HCl.
D. Cc phng n trn u sai.
360. Ngi ta thng dng ct (SiO
2
) lm khun c kim loi. lm
sch hon ton nhng ht ct bm trn b mt vt dng lm bng kim loi
c th dng dung dch no sau y?
A. Dung dch HCl.
124
B. Dung dch HF.
C. Dung dch NaOH long.
D. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
.
332. A 333. D 334. C 335. D 336. A 337. B
338. D 339. D 340. B 341. C 342. C 343. D
344. D 345. C 346. B 347. A 348. C 349. C
350. D 351. B 352. C 353. D 354. C 355. D
356. D 357. A 358. B 359. C 360. B
344. Hng dn:
Phng trnh ho hc: 2CO + O
2
2CO
2
2V V 2V th tch hn hp gim V = 2 lt.
Th tch CO chy ht = 2V= 2 x 2 = 4 (lit) VO
2
= 2VCO = 4 x 2 = 8
(lit).
VCO
2
= 16 - 4 - 8 = 4 (lt).
p n: D.
345. Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Vit cc phng trnh ho hc, t n s tnh khi lng ca
tng mui sau tnh tng khi lng.
Na
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
2NaCl + BaCO
3
K
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
2KCl + BaCO
3
t s mol Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
ln lt l x v y
) mol ( ,
,
n
BaCO
2 0
197
4 39
3

Theo u bi ta c h phng trnh:
125
'
'
+
+
1 0
1 0
2 0
4 24 138 106
, y
, x
, y x
, y x
mol , n n
CO Na NaCl
2 0 2
3 2

=> mNaCl = 0,2 x 58,5 = 11,7(g)
mol , n n
CO K KCl
2 0 2
3 2

=>
m
KCl
= 0,2 x 74,5 = 14,9 (g)
=> m = 11,7 + 14,9 = 26,6 (g)
Cch gii 2:
)` mol ( , n n
BaCO BaCl
2 0
3 2

p dng nh lut bo ton khi
lng:
2
BaCl hh
m m +
= mkt
ta
+ m
=> m = 24,4 + 0,2 x 208 - 39,4 = 26,6 (g)
=> p n (C) ng.
Bi 350. Khi cho dung dch FeCl
3
tc dng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
xy ra
phn ng ho hc:
2FeCl
3
+ 3Na
2
CO
3
+ 3H
2
O 2Fe(OH)
3
(r) + 3CO
2
(k) +
6NaCl
Cht kt ta l Fe(OH)
3
(r) c mu nu .
Cht kh bay ra khi dung dch l CO
2
.
359. Ly mi oxit mt t cho vo nm ng nghim c nh s t 1 - 5.
Thm vo mi ng nghim 1ml dung dch HCl. Hin tng quan st c
nh sau:
Cht rn khng tan trong axit HCl l SiO
2
.
126
Cht rn tan v to nhit mnh l CaO.
Cht rn tan v to thnh dung dch khng mu l Al
2
O
3
.
Cht rn tan v to thnh dung dch mu xanh l CuO.
Cht rn tan v to thnh dung dch mu vng chanh l Fe
2
O
3
.
Phn 3 - Ho hc hu c
Chng 8. i cng v ho hc hu c
A. tm tt l thuyt
I. Khi nim v ho hc hu c v cht hu c.
Ho hc hu c l ngnh khoa hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp
cht ca cacbon tr cc hp cht n gin nh cacbon monoxit, cacbon
ioxit, cc mui cacbonat, cc hp cht xianua.
c im ca cc hp cht hu c:
- S lng cc nguyn t thng xuyn to thnh cc hp cht hu
c khng nhiu. Nht thit phi c cacbon, thng c hiro, hay
gp oxi v nit, sau n cc halogen, lu hunh, photpho...
- Lin kt ho hc ch yu trong hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ho
tr.
- Cc hp cht hu c thng d bay hi, km bn nhit, d chy
hn cchp cht v c.
- Cc phn ng trong ho hc hu c thng din ra chm v khng
hon ton theo mt hng nht nh.
- S lng cc hp cht hu c khong 10 triu cht, so vi cc cht
v c ch c khong 100.000 cht.
Phn loi hp cht hu c v tnh cht mt s cht tiu biu
- C hai loi ln l hirocacbon v cc dn xut ca hirocacbon
(hay cc hp cht hu c cha nhm chc).
127
- Hirocacbon c chia thnh ba loi l hirocacbon no, ch c lin
kt n, hirocacbon khng no, c c lin kt n v cc lin kt
i, ba v cc hirocacbon thm, trong phn t c vng benzen.
Thnh phn nguyn t v cng thc phn t
- Thnh phn nguyn t ca cc hp cht hu c c biu din bng
cc cng thc khc nhau:
+ Cng thc tng qut cho bit thnh phn nh tnh cc nguyn
t. V d: CxHyOz cho bit cht hu c cho cha ba nguyn t
C, H v O
+ Cng thc n gin nht c xc nh bng thc nghim, cho
bit t l v s lng cc nguyn t trong phn t. V d: CH
2
O
+ Cng thc phn t cho bit s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn
t trong phn t, tc l bit gi tr ca n. V d: (CH
2
O)
n
khi n = 2
ta c C
2
H
4
O
2
. xc nh c cng thc phn t cn bit thnh
phn cc nguyn t v khi lng mol phn t ca n.
- Phn tch nh tnh v nh lng cc nguyn t
+ Phn tch nh tnh l nhn ra cc nguyn t c trong cht hu c.
Nguyn tc ca phn tch nh tnh l chuyn cc nguyn t trong
cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin v d nhn bit da trn
cc tnh cht c trng ca chng. V d tm C v H ngi ta
nung cht hu c hn hp vi bt CuO (cht oxi ho) trong dng
kh nit. Sau nhn ra H
2
O trong sn phm bng cht ht nc
mnh nh H
2
SO
4
c, CO
2
bng nc vi trong.
+ Phn tch nh lng l chuyn cc nguyn t trong cht hu c
thnh cc cht v c n gin, da vo phng php khi lng
hay phng php th tch nh lng chng.
- Xc nh khi lng mol phn t
128
+ Cc cht kh hoc d bay hi thng c xc nh khi lng
mol phn t (M) theo biu thc lin h gia M vi t khi hi d so vi
mt kh quen thuc no nh H
2
hay khng kh... MA = 29.dA
/KK
Hoc MA = 2.dA
/H2
+ Cc cht kh, hoc khng bay hi thng c xc nh khi
lng mol phn t (M) bng phng php nghim lnh hay nghim si.
Khi ta p dng cng thc:
M = K.
m
t
trong K l hng s nghim lnh (si), m l khi
lng cht tan trong 1000 gam dung mi. t l gim nhit ng
c, hay tng nhit si. Phng php nghim lnh c dng ph
bin hn phng php nghim si.
- Lp cng thc phn t
Theo s phn ng:
CxHyOzNt xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O +
2
t
N
2
ta c th vit
2
44
CO
x
m
=
2
9
H O
y
m
=
2
14
N
t
m
=
M
a
trong a l khi lng cht hu c b oxi
ho.
x =
2
44
CO
M
m
a
; y =
2
9
H O
M
m
a
; t =
2
14
N
M
m
a
z c suy ra t x, y. t v M.
II. Cu to phn t hp cht hu c
1. Cng thc cu to
Cng thc cu to y (khai trin)
V d: cng thc cu to ca propan:
129

C C
H
H
C
H
H
H H
H
H
Cng thc cu to thu gn: CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
3
2. Thuyt cu to ho hc
- Trong phn t cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau theo
ng ho tr v theo mt th t nht nh. Th t lin kt c
gi l cu to ho hc. S thay i th t t lin kt s to ra
cht mi.
- Trong phn t cht hu c, ccbon c ho tr 4. Nhng nguyn t
cacbon c th kt hp khng nhng vi cc nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t khc m cn kt hp trc tip vi nhau to thnh nhng
mch cacbon khc nhau (mch thng, nhnh hoc vng).
- Tnh cht ca cc cht ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht
v s lng cc nguyn t)v cu to ho hc (th t lin kt ca
cc nguyn t).
3. ng ng v ng phn
- ng ng l hin tng cc cht c tnh cht ho hc tng t
nhau nhng khc nhau mt s nhm -CH
2
v thnh phn phn t.
V d: metan CH
4
, etan C
2
H
6
, propan C
3
H
8
l cc cht ng ng
ca nhau.
- ng phn l hin tng cc cht c cng thc phn t nh nhau
nhng khc nhau v cu to ho hC.
4. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c
Lin kt cng ho tr l loi lin kt thng gp nht trong cc hp cht
hu c. Cc cht hu c c th c cc lin kt n, lin kt i hay lin
kt ba.
Lin kt n c to thnh bng mt cp electron. Lin kt c
mt electron ln nht nm trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t gi l
lin kt (s xen ph trc). Lin kt c mt mt electron ln nht
nm hai pha ca mt phng lin kt gi l lin kt .
130
Lin kt i bao gm mt lin kt v mt lin kt .
Lin kt ba bao gm mt lin kt v hai lin kt .
Lin kt hiro l loi lin kt yu, to nn gia nguyn t hiro linh ng
v nguyn t c m in cao. Tuy nhin, loi lin kt ny c nh hng
ln n tan trong nc, n nhit si, nhit nng chy ca nhiu
cht.
5. Trung gian phn ng ho hc hu c
Gc hirocacbon l tiu phn trung gian phn ng theo c ch gc
t do, khi phn ct d li mt nguyn t hiro ra khi hirocacbon. Gc
hirocacbon khng bn, bn tng i ca gc quy nh sn phm no
l chnh, sn phm no l ph. Th t gim dn bn ca cc gc
hirocacbon nh sau:

C
.
R
R
H
C
.
R
R
R
C
.
H
R
H
C
.
H
H
H
>
>
>
Cacbocation l ion dng c in tch dng ti nguyn t
cacbon. Cacbocation l tiu phn trung gian phn ng, ni chung khng
bn. Tuy nhin, bn tng i ca cacbocation quy nh hng u tin
ca phn ng. Th t gim dn bn ca cc cacbocation nh sau:
C
+
R
R
H
C
+
R
R
R
C
+
H
R
H
C
+
H
H
H
>
> >
B. bi
361. Chn khi nim ng nht v ho hc Hu c. Ho hc Hu c l
ngnh khoa hc nghin cu:
A. cc hp cht ca cacbon.
B. cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr CO, CO
2
.
131
C. cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr CO, CO
2
, mui cacbonat, cc
xianua.
D. cc hp cht ch c trong c th sng.
362. Cho hn hp hai cht l etanol (ts = 78,3
oC
) v axit axetic (ts = 118
oC
).
tch ring tng cht, ngi ta s dng phng php no sau y:
A. Chit.
B. Chng ct thng.
C. Lc v kt tinh li.
D. Chng ct p sut thp.
363. xc nh thnh phn % ca nit trong hp cht hu c ngi ta
dn lin tc mt dng kh CO
2
tinh khit i qua thit b nung cha hn hp
nh (vi miligam) cht hu c vi CuO. Sau nung hn hp v dn sn
phm oxi ho ln lt i qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c v bnh ng dung dch
NaOH c, d. Kh cn li l nit (N
2
) c o th tch chnh xc, t
tnh c % ca nit. iu khng nh no sau y l sai?
A. Bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c c mc ch gi hi nc trong sn
phm.
B. Bnh ng NaOH

c, d c mc ch gi cacbonic trong sn
phm.
C. Thit b ny khng th nh lng c nguyn t cacbon.
D. Thit b ny khng th nh lng c nguyn t hiro.
364. Cc cng thc cu to sau biu din bao nhiu cht ng phn?
C C H
Cl
H
Cl
H
H
C C H
H
Cl
Cl
H
H
C C Cl
H
H
Cl
H
H
C C H
H
H
Cl
Cl
H
C C H
H
H
Cl
H
Cl
C C H
Cl
H
Cl
H
H
a.
b.
c.
d. e.
f.

A. Mt cht. B. Hai cht ng phn.
C. Ba cht ng phn. D. Bn cht ng phn.
132
365. C 6 ng phn X, Y, Z, T, G, H c cng thc phn t l C
4
H
8
.
Trong 4 cht u X, Y, Z, T lm mt mu dung dch brom ngay c
trong bng ti. Khi tc dng vi hiro, c xc tc niken, un nng th ba
cht u X, Y, Z cho mt sn phm duy nht. Hai cht X v Y l ng
phn hnh hc ca nhau, nhit si ca X nh hn ca Y. Nhit si
ca G nh hn ca H. iu khng nh no sau y v cu to ho hc ca
X, Y, Z, T, G, H l ng?
A. X, Y, Z, T l cc anken, trong X, Y, Z c mch cacbon
thng, T l anken c mch cacbon phn nhnh.
B. X l trans- but-2-en, Y l cis - but-2-en.
C. G l xiclobutan, H l metyl xiclopropan.
D. A, B, C u ng.
366. Thuc tnh no sau y khng phi l ca cc hp cht hu c?
A. Khng bn nhit cao.
B. Kh nng phn ng ho hc chm, theo nhiu hng khc nhau.
C. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c thng l lin kt ion.
D. D bay hi v d chy hn hp cht v c.
367. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ng phn trong ho hc hu c l:
A. v trong hp cht hu c cacbon lun c ho tr 4.
B. cacbon khng nhng lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc
m cn lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch (thng, nhnh hoc vng).
C. s thay i trt t lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t.
D. v mt l do khc.
368. Cho cng thc xc nh khi lng mol phn t: M = 22,4 x D.
Trong M l khi lng mol phn t ca hp cht hu c. D l khi
lng ring (gam/lit) ca cht hu c iu kin tiu chun. Cng thc
trn c th p dng cho cc cht hu c no sau y:
133
A. C
4
H
10
, C
5
H
12
, C
6
H
6
.
B. CH
3
COOH, CH
3
COONa, C
6
H
5
OH.
C. C
6
H
14
, C
8
H
18
, C
2
H
5
ONA.
D. Poli vinylclorua, poli etilen, etyl axetat.
369. Hn hp X gm mt hirocacbon trong iu kin thng th kh v
hiro. T khi ca X so vi hiro bng 6,7. Cho hn hp i qua Ni nung
nng, sau khi hirocacbon phn ng ht thu c hn hp Y c t khi
vi hiro bng 16,75. Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon l:
A. C
3
H
4
. B. C
3
H
6
C. C
4
H
8
D. C
4
H
6
.
370. Lin kt i gia hai nguyn t cacbon l do cc lin kt no sau y
to nn?
A. Hai lin kt .
B. Hai lin kt .
C. Mt lin kt v mt lin kt .
D. Phng n khc.
371. Lin kt ba gia hai nguyn t cacbon l do cc lin kt no sau y
to nn?
A. Hai lin kt v mt lin kt .
B. Hai lin kt v mt lin kt .
C. Mt lin kt , mt lin kt v mt lin kt cho nhn.
D. Phng n khc.
372. Theo thuyt cu to ho hc, trong phn t cc cht hu c, cc
nguyn t lin kt ho hc vi nhau theo cch no sau y:
A. ng ho tr.
B. mt th t nht nh.
134
C. ng s oxi ho.
D. ng ho tr v theo mt th t nht nh.
373. Nguyn tc chung ca php phn tch nh tnh cc hp cht hu c
l:
A. Chuyn ho cc nguyn t C, H, N thnh cc cht v c n
gin, d nhn bit.
B. t chy cht hu c tm cacbon di dng mui en.
C. t chy cht hu c tm nit do c mi kht tc chy.
D. t chy cht hu c tm hiro di dng hi nc.
374. xc nh khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht kh bay hi, hoc
khng bay hi, ngi ta s dng phng php no sau y?
A. Phng php nghim lnh.
B. Phng php nghim si.
C. Da vo t khi vi hiro hay khng kh.
D. A v B ng.
375. Cho cc cht: CaC
2
, CO
2
, HCHO, CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
5
OH, NaCN,
CaCO
3
. S cht hu c trong s cc cht cho l:
A. 1. B. 2.
C. 3. D. 4.
376. tch actemisin, mt cht c trong cy thanh hao hoa vng ch
thuc chng st rt, ngi ta lm nh sau: ngm l v thn cy thanh hao
hoa vng bm nh trong n-hexan. Tch phn cht lng, un v ngng
t thu hi n-hexan. Phn cn li l cht lng st c cho qua ct sc k
v cho cc dung mi thch hp chy qua thu tng thnh phn ca tinh
du. K thut no sau y khng c s dng?
A. Chng ct. B. Chng ct li cun hi nc.
C. Chit xut. D. Kt tinh li.
135
377. Du m l mt hn hp nhiu hirocacbon. c cc sn phm nh
xng, du ho, mazut... trong nh my lc du s dng phng php
tch no?
A. Chng ct thng.
B. Chng ct phn on.
C. Chng ct p sut thp.
D. Chng ct li cun hi nc.
378. t chy hon ton 1,50 g ca mi cht hu c X, Y, Z u thu c
0,90g H
2
O v 2,20g CO
2
. iu khng nh no sau y l ng nht?
A. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng phn ca nhau.
B. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng ng ca nhau.
C. Ba cht X, Y, Z c cng cng thc n gin nht.
D. Cha d kin.
379. Cc obital trng hay na bo ho p AO c nh hng nh th no
trong khng gian so vi mt phng lin kt to nn ng phn hnh
hc ca phn t?
A. Gc vung. B. Gc nhn.
C. Gc bt. D. Gc t.
380. Xt bn ca cc gc ankyl, th t gim dn bn ca cc gc
trong trng hp no l ng?

C
.
R
R
H
C
.
R
R
R
C
.
H
R
H
C
.
H
H
H
>
> >
A.

C
.
H
R
H
C
.
R
R
R
C
.
H
R
R
C
.
H
H
H
>
> >
B.

136
C
.
H
H
H
C
.
R
R
R
C
.
H
R
R
C
.
H
R
H
>
> >
C.

C
.
H
H
R
C
.
H
H
H
C
.
H
R
R
C
.
R
R
R
>
> >
D.
381. Cho n-butan tc dng vi clo c nh sng khuch tn thu c hai
dn xut monoclo ca butan. Sn phm chnh ca phn ng clo ho butan
theo t l mol 1: 1 l:

C
H
Cl
H
C C
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
A.

C
H
H
H
C C
H
Cl
C
H
H
H
H
H
B.

C
H
H
H
C C
H
H
C
H
Cl
H
H
H
C.
D. B v C u l cng thc cu to ca 2- clo-butan, sn phm
chnh.
382. Liopen, cht mu trong qu c chua chn (C
40
H
56
) ch cha lin kt
i v lin kt n trong phn t. Khi hiro ho hon ton liopen cho
hirocacbon no (C
40
H
82
). Hy xc nh s ni i trong phn t liopen:
A. 10 B. 11.
C. 12. D. 13.
383. Xt bn ca cc cacbocation, th t gim dn bn no sau y
l ng?
137

C
+
R
R
H
C
+
R
R
R
C
+
H
R
H
C
+
H
H
H
>
> >
A.

C
+
H
R
H
C
+
R
R
R
C
+
R
R
H
C
+
H
H
H
>
> >
B.
-
C
+
H
H
H
C
+
R
R
R
C
+
R
R
R
C
+
H
H
R
>
> >
C.

C
+
H
R
H
C
+
H
H
H
C
+
R
R
R
C
+
R
R
R
>
> >
D.
384. phn tch nh tnh v nh lng cc nguyn t cacbon v hiro
trong phn t cc hp cht hu c, ngi ta dng cht oxi ho l CuO, m
khng dng oxi khng kh l v:
A. khng kh c nhiu tp cht lm gim chnh xc ca php
phn tch.
B. khng kh cha cacbonic v hi nc lm gim chnh xc
ca php phn tch.
C. sn phm oxi ho hon ton cht hu c l ton b cacbon
chuyn thnh cacbonic v ton b hiro chuyn thnh nc.
D. B v C ng.
361. C 362. B 363. D 364. B 365. D 366. C
367. C 368. A 369. A 370. C 371. B 372. D
373. A 374. D 375. C 376. B 377. B 378. C
379. A 380. A 381. D 382. D 383. A 384. D
369. Hng dn:
138
S phn ng: CnH
2n +2 - 2m
+ mH
2
CnH
2n + 2
iu kin 1 <n < 5.
a ma a mol
Gi a, b l s mol ca hirocacbon v ca hiro trong hn hp X. Khi
lng hn hp l: MX = (a + b) 1 M = (a + b - ma) 2 M
a b ma
a b
+
+
=
1
2
M
M
=
1
2
d
d
=
6, 7
16, 75
= 0,4.
Xt hn hp c tng s mol bng 1, ta c a + b = 1, thay vo phng trnh
trn c
ma = 1 - 0,4 = 0,6 (I) a =
0, 6
m
Ma + 2(1 - a) = 13,4 (II) thay (I) vo (II) ta c:
M = 19m + 2, kt hp iu kin hirocacbon th kh c M< 58, gi tr
ph hp khi m = 2 v cng thc hirocacbon l C
3
H
4
.
p n A.
139
Chng 9. hirocacbon
A. tm tt l thuyt
Cc hirocacbon l nhng hp cht hu c gm hai nguyn t l
cacbon v hiro. Cc hirocacbon l ngun nhin liu quan trng (90%)
v l nguyn liu ca cng nghip ho hc (10%).
Dy ng ng ankan
Cng thc tng qut: CnH
2n + 2
trong n 1.
c im cu to: Ch gm cc lin kt n. Cc nguyn t cacbon
trng thi lai ho sp
3
. Gc lin kt l 109
0
28.
V d: C
2
H
6
l ng ng ca CH
4
, (u ch cha lin kt n, thnh
phn phn t C
2
H
6
hn CH
4
mt nhm CH
2
) nh vy C
2
H
6
cng c nhng
phn ng tng t CH
4
: c phn ng chy, phn ng th clo.
C
2
H
6
+ 7/2 O
2

o
t
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
CH
3
CH
3
+ Cl
2

as
CH
3
CH
2
Cl + HCl
Phn ng c trng ca ankan l phn ng th.
Khi t chy hon ton ankan, s mol nc thu c ln hn s mol
cacbonic.
CnH
2n +2
+
3 1
2
n +
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
Dy ng ng xicloankan
Xiclopropan Xiclobutan
Xiclopentan Xiclohexan
Do sc cng vng nn cc xicloankan khng bn (tr xiclopentan v
xiclohexan).
2n
, iu kin n 3
c im chung ca hirocacbon no l ch bao gm cc lin kt n.
Xiclopropan c th cng m vng vi hiro hoc brom nguyn cht
(khng lm mt mu nc brom).
140
Dy ng ng anken
2n
, iu kin n 2
c im cu to: Phn t c mt lin kt i, trong c mt lin kt
v mt lin kt . Nguyn t C tham gia lin kt ba trng thi lai ho
sp
2
.
ng phn: T C
3
H
6
bt u c ng phn. Ngoi cc ng phn
mch cacbon cn cc ng phn v tr ca lin kt i, ng phn hnh hc
(cis - trans)
Tn gi
thng
Tn h
thng
c im
cu to
ng phn
C
2
H
4
Etilen Eten 1 lin kt
i
C
3
H
6
Propilen Propen 1 lin kt
i
Xiclopropan
C
4
H
8
Butilen Buten 1 lin kt
i
Xiclobutan,
Metyl-
xiclopropan
But-1-en
Cis-but-2-en
Trans-but-2-en
2-metyl-but-1-en
Tnh cht ho hc ca anken: Tham gia phn ng cng (H
2
, Br
2
) d
dng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom, ngay c trong bng ti.
Quy tc Macconhicop: Khi cng hp cht khng i xng (HX) phn
mang in tch m s kt hp vi phn mang in tch dng ca cacbon
lin kt i v phn mang in tch dng s kt hp vi phn mang in
tch m ca cacbon lin kt i.
V d:
141
+ - + -
CH
3
CH=CH
2
+ HBr CH
3
-CHBr-CH
3
sn phm chnh.
Anken tham gia phn ng trng hp:
nCH
2
=CH
2

, ,
o
t xt p
(-CH
2
-CH
2
-)
n
polietilen (PE), n l h s
trng hp.
Trng hp l qu trnh cng lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging nhau
hay tng t nhau thnh phn t ln hay cao phn t.
Phn ng oxi ho:
CnH
2n
+
3
2
n
O
2

o
t
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta oxi ho nh etilen (nh cht xc tc
PdCl
2
/CuCl
2
) sn xut anehit axetic.
Sc kh etilen qua ng nghim ng dung dch thuc tm long,
dung dch thuc tim mt mu:
3C
2
H
4
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4H
2
O 3CH
2
(OH)CH
2
(OH) + 2MnO
2
+ 2KOH
Dy ng ng ankin
2n - 2
, iu kin n 2
c im cu to: Phn t c mt lin kt ba, trong c mt lin kt
v hai lin kt . Nguyn t C tham gia lin kt ba trng thi lai ho
sp.
Ankin tham gia phn ng cng, trng hp v cc ank-1-in tham gia
phn ng th.
Dy ng ng ankaien
2n - 2
, iu kin n 3
c im cu to: Phn t c hai lin kt i, trong mi lin kt i c
mt lin kt v mt lin kt . Nguyn t C tham gia lin kt i trng
thi lai ho sp
2
.
Ankaien tham gia phn ng cng, c bit d trng hp to thnh cao
su nhn to.
Dy ng ng aren
2n - 6
, iu kin n 6
142
c im cu to:Vng benzen rt bn vng v c 3 lin kt n xen
k 3 lin kt i.
Benzen,
CH
3
Toluen
Benzen v dy ng ng cn gi l cc hirocacbon thm. Tnh thm
th hin cc tnh cht: d th hn hirocacbon no, kh cng hn
hirocacbon khng no v bn vi cc tc nhn oxi ho.
V d: Benzen khng lm mt mu nc brom v dung dch thuc tm.
Benzen ch phn ng vi brom nguyn cht, xc bt st v un nng.
+ Br
2
Fe, t
0
Br
+ HBr
Quy tc th vo nhn benzen
Khi vng benzen c sn nhm th loi 1 (ankyl, halogen, NH
2
,
OH), nhm th tip theo c u tin vo cc v tr octo v para (2, 4,
6).
Khi vng benzen c sn nhm th loi 2 (COOH, gc R cha lin
kt i, NO
2
), nhm th tip theo c u tin vo cc v tr meta (3,
5).
hng dn gii bi tp xc nh cng thc phn t
Bc 1: Gi cng thc phn t dng tng qut
+ Gi thit cho sn phm chy gm (CO
2
, H
2
O, N
2
)
hp cht
phi cha C, H, N v c th c O. t cng thc phn t l: CxHyOzNt
(x, y, t nguyn dng; z nguyn, c th bng 0)
xc nh xem c O hay khng phi tnh khi lng cc nguyn
t ri ly khi lng hp cht tr i khi lng cc nguyn t c khi
lng 0; mO = 0
khng c oxi, mO > 0
c oxi.
Bc 2: Xc nh x, y, z, t. Gi cht hu c cn tm l A.
143
Dng 1: Bit khi lng cc nguyn t (mC, mH, mO, mN), khi lng
mol phn t (MA), mA
.
nA = mA / MA
x =
A
C
n
m
. 12
y =
A
H
n
m
. 1
z =
A
O
n
m
. 16
t =
A
N
n
m
. 14
Dng 2: Bit thnh phn phn trm khi lng cc nguyn t (%C, %H,
%O, %N), mA, khi lng phn t (MA).Tnh khi lng X: mX = %X .
mA
C khi lng cc nguyn t ri tnh theo dng 1.
Dng 3: Bit khi lng sn phm chy
2
CO
m
,
2
H O
m
; mA, MA,
2
N
V
Tnh khi lng tng nguyn t:
mC

=
44
2
CO
m
.

12 (g) mH

=

18
2
O H
m
. 2 (g).
mN =
4 , 22
2
N
V
. 28 (g) mO

=

mA

- mC

- mH - mN (g). Lm tip nh
dng 1.
Dng 4: Bit mA, MA khi lng sn phm chy mt cch gin tip nh
sau:
+ Dn hn hp sn phm ln lt qua hai bnh: bnh 1 ng dung
dch H
2
SO
4
m c, bnh 2 ng dung dch kim, c d ( NaOH, KOH,
Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
): H
2
O b gi li bnh 1, CO
2
b gi li bnh 2, N
2
thot ra khi hai bnh.
2
CO
m
= khi lng bnh 1 tng.
2
H O
m
= khi lng bnh 2 tng. (hoc c th tnh khi lng CO
2
theo khi lng kt ta khi bnh 2 ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
d).
+ Dn hn hp sn phm qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
Ba(OH)
2
d: c H
2
O v CO
2
u b gi li, N
2
ra khi

hai bnh:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
144
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O

2
CO
n
= n
kt ta

2
CO
m
m
bnh tng
= 2
CO
m
+
2
H O
m

2
H O
m
Dng 5: Cho t l th tch cc cht trong phn ng chy. Ch : khi th
tch cc kh o cng iu kin v nhit v p sut th t l v th tch
cng chnh l t l v s mol.
Bc 3: Kim tra li kt qu tnh ton v kt lun cng thc phn t .
Cc bi ton ho hc dng lm cu hi trc nghim khch quan thng
l n gin v mt tnh ton, c nhng cch gii nhanh, i hi tr thng
minh, suy lun sc bn v rn kh nng phn ng nhanh ca ngi hc.
B. bi
385. Chn nh ngha ng v hirocacbon no? Hirocacbon no l:
A. nhng hp cht hu c gm hai nguyn t cacbon v hiro.
B. nhng hirocacbon khng tham gia phn ng cng.
C. nhng hirocacbon tham gia phn ng th.
D. nhng hirocacbon ch gm cc lin kt n trong phn t.
386. So snh kh nng phn ng ca tng cp cht, khoanh trn ch nu
nhn nh ng hoc ch S nu sai trong cc cu sau y:
A. Metan d phn ng vi brom c chiu sng hn toluen. S
B, Toluen d phn ng vi HNO
3
c (c H
2
SO
4
c) hn benzen
S
C. Benzen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn anilin.
S
D. Etilen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn vinyl clorua
S
145
387. Propen phn ng vi nc brom c ho tan mt lng nh NaI to
ra nm sn phm. Gii thch no sau y l ng?
A. Phn ng din ra theo c ch th gc t do.
B. Phn ng din ra theo c ch th electrophin.
C. Phn ng din ra theo c ch cng ion, hai giai on.
D. Phn ng din ra theo c ch cng gc t do.
388. Hai cht A v B c cng cng thc C
5
H
12
tc dng vi clo theo t l
mol 1:1 th A to ra mt dn xut duy nht cn B th cho bn dn xut.
Cng thc cu to ca A v B ln lt l:
A.
H
3
C C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
.
H
3
C
H
C
CH
3
H
2
C CH
3
B.
H
3
C
H
C
CH
3
H
2
C CH
3

H
3
C C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
C.
H
3
C C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

H
3
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
C CH
3
D.
H
3
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
C CH
3

H
3
C
H
C
CH
3
H
2
C CH
3
389. Trong mt bnh kn dung tch V lit c cha mt hn hp A gm hai
kh l metan v axetilen. Hn hp A c t khi so vi hiro l 10,5. Nung
nng A nhit cao metan b nhit phn mt phn (theo phng
trnh ho hc: 2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+3H
2
) th thu c hn hp kh B. iu nhn
nh no sau y l ng?
A. Thnh phn % theo V ca C
2
H
2
trong hn hp B khng thay i
mi thi im phn ng.
B. Trong hn hp A, thnh phn % ca metan l 50%.
146
C. p sut ca hn hp kh sau phn ng ln hn p sut ban u.
D. A, B, C u ng.
390. Cho hn hp cc ankan sau: pentan (tos 36
oC
), hexan (tos 69
oC
),
heptan (tos 98
oC
), octan (tos 126
oC
), nonan (tos 151
oC
). C th tch ring
tng cht trn bng cch no sau y:
A. Chng ct li cun hi nc.
B. Chng ct phn on.
C. Chng ct p sut thp.
D. Chng ct thng.
391. Sn phm chnh ca s cng hp hiroclorua vo propen l
A. CH
3
CHClCH
3
.
B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Cl.
C. CH
2
ClCH
2
CH
3
.
D. ClCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
392. c im cu to ca phn t etilen l:
A. tt c cc nguyn t u nm trn mt mt phng, cc obitan
nguyn t C lai ho sp
2
, gc lai ho 120
0
.
.
B. c lin kt i gia hai nguyn t C, trong c mt lin kt
bn v mt lin kt km bn.
C. lin kt c to thnh bi s xen ph trc sp
2
- sp
2
, lin kt
hnh thnh nh s xen ph bn p - p.
D. c A, B, C ng.
393. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam mt anken A th kh trong nhng iu
kin bnh thng, c t khi so vi hiro l 28 thu c 8,96 lit kh
cacbonic(ktc). Cng thc cu to ca A l:
A. CH
2
=CH-CH
2
CH
3
B. CH
2
=C(CH
3
)CH
3
C. CH
3
CH=CHCH
3
D. c A, B, C ng .
147
394. Xicloankan c phn ng cng m vng trong s cc cht sau l:
A. xiclopropan. B. xiclobutan.
C. xiclopentan. D. C A, B .
395. Etilen ln cc tp cht SO
2
, CO
2
, hi nc. Loi b tp cht bng
cch sau:
A. Dn hn hp qua dung dch brom d.
B. Dn hn hp qua dung dch natri clorua d,
C. Dn hn hp ln lt qua bnh cha dung dch NaOH d v
bnh cha dung dch H
2
SO
4
c.
D. Dn hn hp ln lt qua bnh cha dung dch brom d v
bnh cha dung dch H
2
SO
4
c.
396. Sn phm chnh ca phn ng trng hp buta-1,3-ien l:
A.
-CH
2
-- CH-
CH CH
2
n

B.
-CH
2
-CH=CH-CH
2
-
n

C.
-CH
2
-CH-CH-CH
2
-
n

D. Phng n khc
397. C bn cht etilen, propin, buta-1,3-ien, benzen. Xt kh nng lm
mt mu dung dch brom ca bn cht trn, iu khng nh no l ng?
A. C bn cht u c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom.
B. C ba cht c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom.
C. C hai cht c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom.
D. Ch c mt cht c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom.
398. Hy chn mt dy cc cht trong s cc dy cht sau iu ch hp
cht nitrobenzen:
A. C
6
H
6
, ddHNO
3
c B. C
6
H
6
, ddHNO
3
c, ddH
2
SO
4
c
C. C
7
H
8
, ddHNO
3
c D. C
7
H
8
, ddHNO
3
c, ddH
2
SO
4
c
399. Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca dy ng ng ankan l:
A. Tham gia phn ng oxi ho hon ton (chy) to ra cacbonic v
nc.
148
B. Tham gia phn ng th theo c ch gc t do.
C. Tham gia phn ng crackinh.
D. Tham gia phn ng oxi ho khng hon ton.
400. Dng dung dch brom (trong nc) lm thuc th, c th phn bit
cp cht no sau y:
A. metan v etan.
B. toluen v stiren.
C. etilen v propilen.
D. etilen v stiren.
401. Cc cht no sau y u lm mt mu dung dch brom trong nc ?
A. CH CH, CH
2
= CH
2
, CH
4
, C
6
H
5
CH = CH
2
.
B. CH CH, CH
2
= CH
2
, CH
4
, C
6
H
5
CH
3
.
C. CH CH, CH
2
= CH
2
, CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
, C
6
H
5
CH = CH
2
.
D. CH CH, CH
2
= CH
2
, CH
3
CH
3
, C
6
H
5
CH = CH
2
.
402. Ch s octan l mt ch s cht lng ca xng, c trng cho kh
nng chng kch n sm. Ngi ta quy c iso octan c ch s octan l
100, cn n-heptan c ch s octan l 0. Xng 92 c ngha l loi c kh
nng chng kch n tng ng hn hp 92% iso octan v 8% n-heptan.
Trc y, tng ch s octan ngi ta thm ph gia tetra etyl ch
(Pb(C
2
H
5
)
4
), tuy nhin ph gia ny lm nhim mi trng, nay b cm s
dng. Hy cho bit hin nay ngi ta s dng cht ph gia no lm
tng ch s octan?
A. Metyl tert butyl ete. B. Metyl tert etyl ete.
C. Toluen. D. Xylen.
403. Hirocacbon X c t khi hi so vi hiro l 46. X khng lm mt
mu dung dch KMnO
4
nhit thp, nhng khi un nng, lm mt mu
dung dch thuc tm v to ra sn phm Y c cng thc phn t l
C
7
H
5
O
2
K. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch axit sunfuric long th to thnh
149
sn phm Z c cng thc phn t l C
7
H
5
O
2
H. Cng thc cu to ca X,
Y, Z ln lt l:
A.
CH
3
COOK COOH
;
;
B.
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
;
;
OK HO
OH
HO
C.
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
;
;
OK
OH
OH
OH
D.
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
;
;
OH OH KO HO
404. Cho s phn ng:
n-hexan xiclohexan + hiro
Bit nhit to thnh ca n-hexan, xiclohexan v hiro ln lt l 167kJ,
103kJ v 435,5 kJ/mol. Nhn nh no v phn ng ng vng n-hexan l
ng?
A. H > 0.
B. H < 0.
C. Nhit tng cn bng ho hc chuyn sang chiu thun.
D. Tt c cc nhn nh trn u sai.
150
405. Trong phng th nghim c th iu ch mt lng nh kh metan
theo cch no sau y?
A. Nung axetat natri khan vi hn hp vi ti xt.
B. Phn hu ym kh cc hp cht hu c.
C. Tng hp t C v H.
D. Crackinh n-hexan.
406. C hai ng nghim, mi ng cha 1ml dung dch brom trong nc c
mu vng nht. Thm vo ng th nht 1ml n-hexan v ng th hai 1ml
hex-1-en. Lc u c hai ng nghim, sau yn hai ng nghim trong
vi pht. Hin tng quan st c l:
A. c s tch lp cc cht lng c hai ng nghim.
B. mu vng nht vn khng i ng nghim th nht.
C. ng nghim th hai c hai lp cht lng u khng mu.
D. A, B, C ng.
407. iu ch etilen trong phng th nghim t C
2
H
5
OH, xc tc H
2
SO
4
c nhit trn 170
0
C thng ln cc oxit nh SO
2
, CO
2
. Chn mt
trong s cc cht sau lm sch etilen:
A. Dung dch brom d.
B. Dung dch natri hiroxit d.
C. Dung dch natri cacbonat d.
D. Dung dch kali pemanganat long d.
408. Ch no sau y cn tun theo iu ch etilen trong phng th
nghim t C
2
H
5
OH, xc tc H
2
SO
4
c nhit trn 170
0
C?
A. Dng mt lng nh ct hoc bt vo ng nghim cha
C
2
H
5
OH, xc tc H
2
SO
4
c trnh hn hp si qu mnh, tro ra ngoi
ng nghim.
B. Khng thu ngay lng kh thot ra ban u, ch thu kh khi dung
dch phn ng chuyn sang mu en.
C. Khi dng th nghim phi tho ng dn kh trc khi tt n cn
trnh nc trn vo ng nghim gy v, nguy him.
151
D. A, B, C u ng.
409. t chy hon ton m (g) hn hp X gm CH
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu
c 4,4g CO
2
v 2,52g H
2
O, m c gi tr no trong s cc phng n
sau?
A. 1,48g B. 2,48 g
C. 14,8g D. 24,7 g
410. tch ring tng kh tinh khit ra khi hn hp gm propan,
propen, propin ngi ta s dng nhng phn ng ho hc c trng no
sau y?
A. Phn ng th nguyn t H ca ankin-1.
B. Phn ng cng nc c xc tc axit ca anken.
C. Phn ng tch nc ca ancol ti to anken.
D. A, B, C ng.
411. iu kin cht hu c tham gia phn ng trng hp l:
A. hirocacbon khng no.
B. c lin kt kp trong phn t.
C. hirocacbon khng no, mch h.
D. hirocacbon.
412. Hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon m khi t chy thu c CO
2
v
H
2
O c s mol bng nhau. Hn hp gm cc hirocacbon no sau y?
A. Hai ankan.
B. Hai xicloankan.
C. Hai anken.
D. B, C ng.
413. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp hai anken l ng ng lin tip (ktc) li qua
dung dch brom d. Khi lng bnh brom tng thm 2,0 gam. Cng thc
phn t ca hai anken l:
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
.
C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
. D. Phng n khc.
414. t chy hon ton 10cm
3
mt hirocacbon bng 80cm
3
oxi. Ngng
t hi nc, sn phm chim th tch 65cm
3
, trong th tch kh oxi d l
152
25cm
3
. Cc th tch u o iu kin tiu chun. Cng thc phn t ca
hirocacbon cho l:
A. C
4
H
6
. B. C
4
H
8
.
C. C
4
H
10
. D. C
5
H
12
.
385. D 386. 387. C 388. A 389. D 390. B
391. A 392. D 393. D 394. D 395. C 396. B
397. B 398. B 399. B 400. B 401. C 402. A
403. A 404. B 405. A 406. D 407. B 408. D
409. A 410. D 411. B 412. D 413. B 414. A
386. So snh kh nng phn ng ca tng cp cht, khoanh trn ch nu
nhn nh ng hoc ch S nu sai trong cc cu sau y:
A. Metan d phn ng vi brom c chiu sng hn toluen. S
B, Toluen d phn ng vi HNO
3
c (c H
2
SO
4
c) hn benzen

C. Benzen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn anilin.
S
D. Etilen d phn ng vi dung dch nc brom hn vinyl clorua
S
389. Hng dn:
Phng trnh ho hc: 2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
Gi s c xlt CH
4
phn ng s to thnh
2
x
lt C
2
H
2
v
3
2
x
lt hiro.
Khi , th tch ca C
2
H
2
l V +
2
x
, th tch ca hn hp = 2V - x +
2
x

+
3
2
x
= 2(V +
2
x
).
153
Thnh phn % theo th tch ca C
2
H
2
=
2
2( )
2
x
v
x
v
+
+
x100% = 50%, khng
ph thuc vo gi tr ca x, cho nn thnh phn ca axetilen khng thay
i mi thi im ca phn ng.
M
= 10,5 x 2 = 21, p dng phng php ng cho ta c: MC
2
H
2
=
26, hiu ca ng cho th nht l 26 -21 = 5; MCH
4
= 16,

hiu ca
ng cho th hai l 21 - 16 = 5.
t l mol hay th tch ca metan bng ca axetilen = 50%.
Sau phn ng, s mol hn hp kh tng ln, trong khi th tch
khng thay i do p sut ca h tng.
p s:
D
409. Hng dn: Cch gii 1:
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
C
3
H
6
+ 4,5O
2
3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
C
4
H
10
+ 6,5O
2
4CO
2
+ 5H
2
O
t
4 3 6 4 10
CH C H C H
n x;n y;n z
Ta c h phng trnh
x + 3y + 47 = 0,1 (I)
2x + 3y + 5z = 0,14 (II)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
16x + 42y + 58z = 4,4 + 2,52 - (2x + 4,5y + 6,5z) x 32
=> 80x + 186y + 266z = 6,92 (3)
Gii h phng trnh ta c nghim l
x 0,03
y 0,01
z 0,01
'
154
=>
4
3 6
4 10
CH
C H
C H
m 0,03x16 0,48(g)
m 0,01x42 0,42(g)
m 0,01x58 0,58(g)
m 0,48 0,42 0,58 1,48g

> + +
Cch gii 2:
X C H
4,4 2,52
m m m x12 x2 1,2 0,28 1,48(g)
44 18
+ + +
Vy p n A.
414. Hng dn:
CxHy +
( )
4
y
x +
O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
V
( )
4
y
x +
V xV
10cm
3
55cm
3
40cm
3

( )
4
y
x +
= 5,5 (I) v x = 4 (II).
y = 6. p n A.
155
Chng 10. cc dn xut ca hirocacbon
A tm tt l thuyt
I. Ru - phenol - amin
1. Ru
nh ngha: Ru l nhng hp cht hu c c mt hay nhiu
nhm hiroxi (OH) lin kt vi nhng nguyn t cacbon no ca
gc hirocacbon. Ru c mt nhm OH trong phn t gi l ru
n chc hay monoancol. Ru c nhiu nhm OH trong phn t
gi l ru a chc hay poliancol.
Tnh cht vt l: Ru l cc cht lng nhit thng, t
CH
3
OH n C
12
H
25
OH, t C
13
tr ln l cc cht rn. Ru c nhit
si cao hn hn cc hirocacbon c cng phn t khi, v gia
cc phn t ru c lin kt hiro lin phn t.
Tnh cht ho hc
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
C
2
H
5
OH C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
2C
2
H
5
OH C
2
H
5
OC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
5
OH + CH
3
COOH
H
2
SO
4
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+
H
2
O
Ring ancol a chc c cc nhm OH lin k c phn ng ho tan
Cu(OH)
2
trong mi trng kim, to thnh dung dch mu xanh
lam.
2. Phenol
Nhng hp cht hu c c nhm OH lin kt vi nguyn t
cacbon trong nhn benzen gi l phenol.
156
>170
0
C, H
2
SO
4

c
<140
0
C, H
2
SO
4

c
Phenol n gin nht l C
6
H
5
OH. Sau y l mt s v d v phenol:
OH
CH
3
OH
CH
3
OH
Phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol
Do nh hng ca nhn benzen, nhm OH tr nn phn cc hn so vi
ru, phenol c tnh axit yu. Phenol tc dng vi Na, NaOH, dung dch
brom.
3. Amin
Amin l cc hp cht hu c khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t
hiro ca NH
3
bng cc gc hirocacbon.
V d: CH
3
NH
2
metyl amin, C
6
H
5
NH
2
phenyl amin (anilin).
Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca amin l tnh baz. Tnh cht baz
c c l do nguyn t nit trong amin cn mt cp electron dng ring
cho nn amin c th nhn proton.
V d: CH
3
NH
2
+ H
+
CH
3
NH
3
+
Tnh baz ca amin ph thuc vo gc hirocacbon. Nu gc y
electron lm cho tnh baz ca amin mnh hn NH
3
. Nu gc ht electron
lm cho tnh baz ca amin yu hn NH
3
.
V d: Tnh baz ca metyl amin > amoniac > anilin.
Amin quan trng, c nhiu ng dng nht l anilin. Anilin c th
tc dng vi axit HCl, dung dch brom.
II. Anehit - axit cacboxylic - este
1. anehit
Anehit l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm chc
CHO.
Mt s anehit tiu biu nh: HCHO anehit fomic, CH
3
CHO anehit
axetic.
Anehit c th tc dng vi oxi, c xc tc to thnh axit cacboxylic
tng ng, tc dng vi AgNO
3
\NH
3
(trng gng), hay tc dng vi
hiro to thnh ru tng ng.
157
V d: CH
3
CHO + 2Ag(NH
3
)
2
OH 2Ag + CH
3
COONH
4
+
+ 3NH
3
+ H
2
O
Anehit fomic c phn ng trng ngng vi phenol to thnh nha
phenolfomanehit. Tu theo mi trng axit hay baz v t l mol m to
thnh polime c cu trc mch thng hay mng khng gian.
2. Axit cacboxylic
Axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c c nhm chc -COOH
(cacboxyl).
Do m in ln ca oxi nn lm phn cc mnh lin kt OH
trong nhm cacboxyl, do trong cc phn ng axit cacboxylic cho
proton.
Trong dy ng ng ca axit fomic HCOOH, theo chiu tng ca
khi lng mol, tnh cht axit gim dn. Axit cacboxylic c nhit si
cao hn nhiu so vi ancol tng ng. V d: ancol etylic c nhit si
l 78,3
oC
, trong khi axit axetic c nhit si l 118
oC
. Nguyn nhn ca
s tng t bin nhit si l do bn ca cc lin kt hiro gia cc
phn t axit ln hn gia cc phn t ancol.
Axit cacboxylic c th tc dng vi baz, oxit baz, kim loi trc
hiro, mui v vi ancol (ho este).
3. Este
Este ca axit cacboxylic l sn phm ca s thay th nhm OH ca axit
bng nhm -OR. R v R l cc gc hirocacbon.
Este c nhit si thp hn axit tng ng, v trong phn t
khng con hiro linh ng nn khng hnh thnh lin kt hiro.
Este khng tan trong nc v nh hn nc, l nhng cht lng d
bay hi, a s c mi thm.
Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca cc este l phn ng thu phn
(trong mi trng kim gi l phn ng x phng ho).
Este ca glixerol vi axit bo (C
17
H
35
COOH, C
17
H
33
COOH,..) gi
l cht bo (lipit) mt loi thc phm ca con ngi. trnh bnh x
va ng mch, cc nh khoa hc khuyn co nn t s dng m ng vt,
thay vo s dng cc du thc vt nh du lc, du vng, du nnh...
III. Cacbo hirat(Gluxit)
158
Cc cht tiu biu: C
6
H
12
O
6
gi l glucoz, trong dung dch tn ti
ba dng cu to l dng mch h, gm mt nhm chc anehit (CHO)
v nm nhm chc hiroxit (OH), hai dng mch vng l - glucoz v
- glucoz.
CHO
OH H
H HO
OH H
OH H
CH
2
OH

O
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH H
OH
CH
2
OH

O
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH H
OH
CH
2
OH
Cng thc Fis ca D-Glucoz - glucoz - glucoz.
Glucoz c tnh cht ca anehit: phn ng trng gng, c tnh cht ca
ru a chc, ho tan c Cu(OH)
2
thnh dung dch mu xanh lam
nhit phng, nhng khi un nng th oxi ho tip thnh Cu
2
O c mu
gch. Phn ng ho hc ny c dng phn bit glixerol vi
glucoz. Ngoi ra glucoz cn c tnh cht ring l ln men to thnh
ru etylic.
C
6
H
12
O
6
C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2

- ng phn ca glucoz l fructoz, tn gi ny bt ngun t loi ng
ny c nhiu trong hoa qu, mt ong. Fructoz c v ngt hn glucoz,
trong phn t khng c nhm chc anehit nn khng c phn ng trng
gng. Trong mi trng kim, fructoz chuyn ho thnh glucoz.
- Saccaroz (C
12
H
22
O
11
) l cht kt tinh khng mu v ngt, c nhiu trong
thn cy ma, c ci ng. Saccaroz tan trong nc, nht l nc nng.
Saccaroz tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
to thnh canxi saccarat tan trong nc,
sc kh CO
2
vo thu c saccaroz. Tnh cht ny c s dng trong
vic tinh ch ng saccaroz.
- Tinh bt (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
vi n t 1200 - 6000 mt xch l cc - glucoz.
Tinh bt c nhiu trong go, m, ng, khoai, sn. Tinh bt khng tan trong
nc lnhtrong nc nng chuyn thnh dng keo, h tinh bt, y l mt
qu trnh bt thun nghch. Thuc th ca h tinh bt l dung dch iot, c
159
mu xanh thm, khi un nng, mu xanh bin mt, ngui li xut hin.
Thu phn tinh bt, xc tc axit thu c glucoz.
- Xenluloz (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
vi n ln hn nhiu so vi tinh bt, mt xch l
cc - glucoz. Xenluloz c th tan trong nc Svyde (Cu(NH
3
)
4
(OH)
2
)
dng ch to t visco. Xenluloz c th tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c xc tc l H
2
SO
4
c to ra xenluloz trinitrat, mt este, dng lm
thuc sng khng khi.
IV. Aminoaxit - Protit
Aminoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t cha
ng thi nhm amino (-NH
2
) v nhm cacboxyl (-COOH).
Aminoaxit l nhng cht kt tinh khng mu, nhit nng chy
cao, d tan trong nc do hnh thnh hp cht ion lng cc. Tnh cht
ho hc ca chng l tnh lng tnh.
Aminoaxit l nhng nguyn liu to nn cc cht protit (m)
trong c th sinh vt. Aminoaxit tham gia phn ng trng ngng to ra cc
polipeptit. Cc polipeptit kt hp vi nhau to ra cc loi protit.
Protit l loi hp cht phc tp nht trong t nhin. Thu phn
protit, thu c cc aminoaxit. Phn ng ny l c s cho cc qu trnh
ch bin tng, nc mm, x du ...
Protit b ng t khi un nng, v d anbumin trong lng trng
trng. Khi t protit c mi kht nh mi tc chy.
Phn ng mu: Protit, chng hn anbumin tc dng vi dung dch
axit HNO
3
to ra sn phm mu vng, tc dng vi CuSO
4
trong mi
trng kim to dung dch mu xanh tm.
V. Polime
Polime l nhng hp cht hu c c phn t lng rt ln, gm
nhiu mt xch ging nhau to thnh. V d: (-CH
2
-CH
2
-)
n
polietilen (PE)
n c th ln n hng ngn. C hai loi polime l polime t nhin: tinh
bt, xenluloz, protit, cao su t nhin v polime nhn to: cht do, cao su
tng hp v t tng hp.
160
1. Cu trc ca polime
Ba dng cu trc l thng, nhnh v mng khng gian.
Dng thng: xenluloz, amiloz...
Dng nhnh: amilozpectin...
Dng khng gian: phenolfomanehit...
2. Tnh cht vt l
Polime l cc cht rn, khng tan trong nc, khng bay hi v khng c
nhit nng chy c nh.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
Phn ng ha hc c trng l thy phn.
4. Cc phng php tng hp polime:
- Phn ng trng hp: phn ng cng lin tip ca nhiu phn t
nh ging nhau hay tng t nhau, c cha lin kt kp trong phn t
thnh polime. V d phn ng trng hp butaien-1,3 to thnh cao su
BuNa.
Trng hp cc monome khng ging nhau gi l ng trng hp.
- Phn ng trng ngng: l qu trnh kt hp lin tip nhiu phn
t nh thnh polime, ng thi tch ra cc phn t nh nh nc...
161
B. bi
415. Ancol 3-metyl- buta-2-ol c cng thc cu to no sau y?
CH
3
H
C
CH
3
H
2
C
H
2
C OH
A.
CH
3
H
C
CH
3
H
C CH
3
OH
B.
CH
3
C
CH
3
H
C CH
3
OH
C.
CH
3
CH
3
H
C
CH
3
C CH
3
OH
D.
CH
3
416. Trong dy ng ng ca ancol etylic, khi s nguyn t cacbon tng
t hai n bn, tnh tan trong nc ca ancol gim nhanh. L do no sau
y l ph hp?
A. Lin kt hiro gia ancol v nc yu.
B. Gc hirocacbon cng ln cng k nc.
C. Gc hirocacbon cng ln cng lm gim linh ng ca
hiro trong nhm OH.
D. B, C ng.
417. Xp theo th t phn cc tng dn ca lin kt OH trong phn t
ca cc cht sau: C
2
H
5
OH (1), CH
3
COOH (2), CH
2
=CHCOOH (3), C
6
H-
5
OH (4) , CH
3
C
6
H
4
OH (5) , C
6
H
5
CH
2
OH (6) l:
A. (1) < (6) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3).
B. (6) < (1) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3).
C. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4) < (5) < (6).
D. (1) < (3) < (2) < (4) < (5) < (6).
162
418. nh hng ca nhm OH n nhn benzen v ngc li c chng
minh bi:
A. Phn ng ca phenol vi dung dch NaOH v nc brom.
B. Phn ng ca phenol vi nc brom v dung dch NaOH.
C. Phn ng ca phenol vi Na v nc brom.
D. Phn ng ca phenol vi dung dch NaOH v anehit fomic.
419. Cc ru bc 1, 2, 3 c phn bit bi nhm OH lin kt vi
nguyn t C c:
A. S th t trong mch l 1, 2, 3.
B. S orbitan p tham gia lai ho l 1, 2, 3.
C. S nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi l 1, 2, 3.
D. A, B, C u sai.
420. Xc nh tn IUPAC ca cc axit cacboxylic theo bng s liu sau:
STT S nguyn t
C
S nguyn t H S nguyn t
O
Tn gi
1 2 2 4
2 2 4 2
3 1 2 2
421. Tnh cht baz ca metylamin mnh hn ca anilin v:
A. Khi lng mol ca metylamin nh hn.
B. Nhm metyl lm tng mt e ca nguyn t N.
C. Nhm phenyl lm gim mt e ca nguyn t N.
D. B v C ng.
422. Axit fomic c phn ng trng gng v trong phn t:
A. c nhm chc anehit CHO.
B. c nhm chc cacboxyl COOH .
C. c nhm cabonyl C=O.
D. l do khc.
423. Cc amin c sp xp theo chiu tng ca tnh baz l dy:
A. C
6
H
5
NH
2
, CH
3
NH
2
, (CH
3
)
2
NH
2
.
B. CH
3
NH
2
, (CH
3
)
2
NH
2
, C
6
H
5
NH
2
.
C. C
6
H
5
NH
2
, (CH
3
)
2
NH
2
, CH
3
NH
2
.
163
D. CH
3
NH
2
, C
6
H
5
NH
2
, (CH
3
)
2
NH
2
.
424. Chn li gii thch ng cho hin tng phenol t tan trong nc
lnh, nhng tan tt trong nc c ho tan mt lng nh NaOH?
A. Phenol to lin kt hiro vi nc.
B. Phenol to lin kt hiro vi nc to kh nng ho tan trong
nc, nhng gc phenyl k nc lm gim tan trong nc ca phenol.
C. Phenol to lin kt hiro vi nc to kh nng ho tan trong
nc, nhng gc phenyl k nc lm gim tan trong nc lnh ca
phenol. Khi nc c NaOH xy ra phn ng vi phenol to ra phenolat
natri tan tt trong nc.
D. Mt l do khc.
425. Cho dy cc axit: phenic, picric, p-nitrophenol, t tri sang phi tnh
cht axit:
A. tng
B. gim
C. khng thay i
D. va tng va gim
426. C mt hn hp gm ba cht l benzen, phenol v anilin, chn th t
thao tc ng bng phng php ho hc tch ring tng cht.
A. Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch NaOH.
B. Cho hn hp tc dng vi axit, chit tch ring benzen.
C. Chit tch ring phenolat natri ri ti to phenol bng axit HCl.
D. Phn cn li cho tc dng vi NaOH ri chit tch ring anilin.
Th t cc thao tc l :..........
427. un nng dung dch fomalin vi phenol (d) c axit lm xc tc thu
c polime c cu trc no sau y?
A. Mng li khng gian.
B. Mch thng.
C. Dng phn nhnh.
D. C ba phng n trn u sai.
428.Tnh cht axit ca dy ng ng ca axit fomic bin i theo chiu
tng ca khi lng mol phn t l:
164
A. tng
B. gim
C. khng thay i
D. va gim va tng
429. Cho mt dy cc axit: acrylic, propionic, butanoic. T tri sang phi
tnh cht axit ca chng bin i theo chiu:
A. tng
B. gim
C. khng thay i
D. va gim va tng
430. Glixerol phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
to dung dch mu xanh lam, cn
etanol khng phn ng v:
A. linh ng ca hiro trong nhm OH ca glixerol cao hn.
B. nh hng qua li ca cc nhm OH.
C. y l phn ng c trng ca ru a chc vi cc nhm OH
lin k.
D. C A, B, C u ng.
431. Khi lm khan ru etylic c ln mt t nc c th s dng cch no
sau y:
A. Cho CaO mi nung vo ru.
B. Cho CuSO
4
khan vo ru.
C. Ly mt lng nh ru cho tc dng vi Na, ri trn vi ru
cn lm khan v chng ct.
D. C A, B, C u ng.
432. S bin i tnh cht axit ca dy CH
3
COOH, CH
2
ClCOOH,
CHCl
2
COOH l:
A. tng.
B. gim.
C. khng thay i.
D. va gim va tng.
165
433. S bin i nhit si ca cc cht theo dy: CH
3
CHO, CH
3
COOH,
C
2
H
5
OH l:
A. tng. B. gim.
C. khng thay i. D. va tng va gim.
434. Cho 1,24g hn hp hai ru n chc tc dng va vi Na thy
thot ra 336 ml H
2
(ktc) v m (g) mui natri. Khi lng mui natri thu
c l:
A. 1,93 g B. 2,93 g
C. 1,9g D. 1,47g
435. Cho 3,38g hn hp Y gm CH
3
OH, CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng
va vi Na thy thot ra 672 ml kh( ktc) v dung dch. C cn dung
dch thu c hn hp rn Y
1
. Khi lng Y
1
l:
A. 3,61g B. 4,7g
C. 4,76g D. 4,04g
436. Chia hn hp gm hai anehit no n chc thnh hai phn bng
nhau:
- t chy hon ton phn th nht thu c 0,54g H
2
O.
- Phn th hai cng H
2
(Ni, t
0
) thu c hn hp X.
Nu t chy hon ton X th th tch kh CO
2
thu c( ktc) l:
A. 0,112 lt B. 0,672 lt
C. 1,68 lt D. 2,24 lt
437. Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm hai ru M v N ta c
hn hp Y gm cc olefin. Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76g
CO
2
. Vy khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi lng nc v cacbonic
to ra l:
A. 2,94g B. 2,48g
C. 1,76g D. 2,76g
438. Trong cng nghip, sn xut gng soi v rut phch nc, ngi
ta s dng phn ng ho hc no sau y?
166
A. Axetilen tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
.
B. Anehit fomic tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
.
C. Dung dch glucoz tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
.
D. Dung dch saccaroz tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
.
439. Phng php no iu ch ru etylic di y ch dng trong phng
th nghim?
A. Cho hn hp kh etilen v hi nc i qua thp cha H
3
PO
4.
.
B. Cho etilen tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, nng.
C. Ln men ng glucoz.
D. Thu phn dn xut halogen trong mi trng kim.
440. Pht biu no sau y l ng?
A. Amin l hp cht m phn t c nit trong thnh phn.
B. Amin l hp cht c mt hay nhiu nhm NH
2
trong phn t.
C. Amin l hp cht hu c c to ra khi thay th nguyn t H
trong phn t NH
3
bng cc gc hirocacbon.
D. A v B.
441. Cho cc cht sau y:
1. CH
3
CH COOH
NH
2
2. OH CH
2
COOH
3. CH
2
O v C
6
H
5
OH
4. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
v p - C
6
H
4
(COOH)
2
167
Gng soi Phch nc
5. (CH
2
)
6
(NH
2
)
2
v (CH
2
)
4
(COOH)
2
Cc trng hp no sau y c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng ngng?
A. 1, 2 B. 3, 5 C. 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
442. Khi thu phn C
4
H
6
O
2
trong mi trng axit ta thu c hn hp hai
cht u c phn ng trng gng. Vy cng thc cu to ca C
4
H
6
O
2
l
mt trong cc cng thc no sau y?
A. CH
3
C O CH = CH
2
O
B. H C O CH
2
CH = CH
2
O
C. H C O CH = CH CH
3
O
D. CH
2
= CH C O CH
3
O
443. t chy hon ton mt ete X n chc ta thu c kh CO
2
v hi
H
2
O theo t l mol
2
2
H O
CO
n
n

= 5 : 4. Ete X c to ra t:
A. Ru etylic
B. Ru metylic v n propylic
C. Ru metylic v iso propylic
D. A, B, C u ng
444. Thu phn cc hp cht sau trong mi trng kim:
1. CH
3
CH Cl 2. CH
3
COO CH = CH
2
Cl
3. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH = CH
2
4. CH
3
CH
2
CH Cl
168
OH
5. CH
3
COOCH
3
Sn phm to ra c phn ng trng gng l:
A. 2 B. 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 4 D. 3, 5
445. un nng 0,1 mol X vi lng va dung dch NaOH thu c
13,4g mui ca axit hu c a chc B v 9,2g ru n chc C. Cho ru
C bay hi 127
0
C v 600 mmHg s chim th tch 8,32 lt.
Cng thc phn t ca cht X l:
COOCH
3
A. CH COOCH
3
COOCH
3

B. CH
2
COOCH
3

CH
2
COOCH
3
C. COO C
2
H
5
COO C
2
H
5
D. COOC
3
H
5
COOC
3
H
5
446. Cho 4,2g este n chc no E tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH ta thu
c 4,76g mui natri. Vy cng thc cu to ca E c th l:
A CH
3
COOCH
3
B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
C. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
D. HCOOC
2
H
5
447. Cht no sau y c tnh baz mnh nht?
A. NH
3
B. C
6
H
5
NH
2
C. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
D. CH
3
CH NH
2
CH
3
169
448. C bn cht lng ng trong bn l b mt nhn: toluen, ru etylic,
dung dch phenol, dung dch axit fomic. nhn bit bn cht c th
dng thuc th no sau y?
A. Dng qu tm, nc brom, natri hiroxit.
B. Natri cacbonat, nc brom, natri kim loi
C. Qu tm, nc brom v dung dch kali cacbonat.
D. C A, B, C u ng.
449. Khi t chy ln lt cc ng ng ca mt loi ru ta nhn thy
s mol CO
2
v s mol H
2
O do phn ng chy to ra c khc nhau nhng t
s
2
2
CO
O H
n
n
l nh nhau. Cc ru thuc dy ng ng no?
A. Ru no n chc.
B. Ru khng no ( c 1 lin kt i), n chc.
C. Ru khng no ( c mt lin kt ba), n chc.
D. Ru khng no ( 2 lin kt i), n chc.
450. C bao nhiu ng phn ca ankin C
6
H
10
to kt ta vi dung dch
AgNO
3
trong ammoniac?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
451. Glucoz khng c phn ng vi cht no sau y?
A. (CH
3
CO)
2
O.
B. H
2
O.
C. Cu(OH)
2
.
D. Dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
.
452. Cho 3,0 gam mt anehit tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong
ammoniac, thu c 43,2 gam bc kim loi. Cng thc cu to ca anehit
l:
A. HOC CHO
B. CH
2
= CH CHO
C. H CHO
D. CH
3
CH
2
CHO
170
453. Cho hn hp HCHO v H
2
i qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng. Dn
ton b hn hp thu c sau phn ng vo bnh nc lnh ngng t
hi cht lng v ho tan cc cht c th tan c, thy khi lng bnh
tng 11,8g. Ly dung dch trong bnh cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thu c 21,6g bc kim loi. Khi lng CH
3
OH to ra trong
phn ng hp hiro ca HCHO l:
A. 8,3g B. 9,3 g
C. 10,3g D. 1,03g
454. Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCOOH v 0,2 mol HCHO tc dng ht
vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
th khi lng Ag thu c l:
A. 108g . B. 10,8g.
C. 216g. D. 21,6g.
455. Cho cc hp cht hu c: phenyl metyl ete (anisol), toluen, anilin,
phenol. Trong s cc cht cho, nhng cht c th lm mt mu dung
dch brom l:
A. Toluen, anilin, phenol.
B. Phenyl metyl ete, anilin, phenol.
C. Phenyl metyl ete, toluen, anilin, phenol.
D. Phenyl metyl ete, toluen, phenol.
456. C bn cht: axit axetic, glixerol, ru etylic, glucoz. Ch dng
thm mt cht no sau y nhn bit?
A. Qu tm. B. CaCO
3
.
C. CuO. D. Cu(OH)
2
trong mi trng kim.
457. Mt aminoaxit no X tn ti trong t nhin (ch cha mt nhm - NH
2
v mt nhm - COOH). Cho 0,89g X phn ng va vi HCl to ra
1,255g mui. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. H
2
N CH
2
COOH.
B. CH
3
CH COOH.
NH
2
C. H
2
N CH
2
CH
2
COOH.
D. B, C u ng.
171
458. Chia hn hp X gm hai axit (Y l axit no n chc, Z l axit khng
no n chc cha mt lin kt i). S nguyn t trong Y, Z bng nhau.
Chia X thnh ba phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 tc dng ht vi 100ml dung dch NaOH 2M. trung
ha lng NaOH d cn 150ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M.
- Phn 2: Phn ng va vi 6,4g Br
2
- Phn 3: t chy hon ton thu c 3,36 lt CO
2
(ktc).
a. S mol ca Y, Z trong X l:
A. 0,01 v 0,04. B. 0,02 v 0,03.
C. 0,03 v 0,02. D. 0,04 v 0,01.
b. Cng thc phn t ca Y v ca Z l:
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
v C
2
H
2
O
2
B. C
3
H
6
O
2
v C
3
H
4
O
2
C. C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
4
H
6
O
2
D. C
4
H
6
O
4
v C
4
H
4
O
4
459. Cho X l mt aminoaxit. Khi cho 0,01mol X tc dng vi HCl th
dng ht 80ml dung dch HCl 0,125M v thu c 1,835g mui khan. Cn
khi cho 0,01mol X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th cn dng 25g dung
dch NaOH 3,2%. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
C
3
H
6
NH
2
COOH
A.
B.
C
2
H
5
NH
2
COOH
C - H
2
NC
3
H
5
(COOH)
2
D - (H
2
N)
2
C
3
H
5
COOH
460. C bn dung dch long khng mu ng trong bn ng nghim
ring bit, khng dn nhn: anbumin, glixerol, CH
3
COOH, NaOH. Chn
mt trong cc thuc th sau phn bit bn cht trn?
A. Qu tm. B. Phenolphtalein.
C. HNO
3
c. D. CuSO
4
.
hng dn tr li v p s
415. B 416. D 417. A 418. B 419. C 420.
172
421. D 422. A 423. A 424. C 425. D 426. A-C-
B-D
427. B 428. B 429. B 430. D 431. D 432. A
433. D 434. C 435. B 436. B 437. B 438. C
439. D 440. C 441. D 442. C 443. D 444. C
445. C 446. B 447. D 448. B 449. B 450. D
451. B 452. C 453. C 454. A 455. B 456. D
457. B 458.a. A 458.b. B 459. C 460. D
420. Xc nh tn IUPAC ca cc axit cacboxylic theo bng s liu sau:
STT S nguyn t
C
S nguyn t H S nguyn t
O
Tn gi
1 2 2 4 Axit etainoic
2 2 4 2 Axit etanoic
3 1 2 2 Axit metanoic
434. Cch gii 1:
t cng thc ca hai ru l R - OH (x mol), R
1
- OH (y
mol)
Phng trnh ho hc:
R - OH + Na R - ONa + H
2
x x 0,5x
R
1
- OH + Na R
1
- ONa + H
2
y y 0,5y
(R + 17) x + (R
1
+ 17)y = 1,24 (I)
0,5x + 0,5y = 0,015
<=> x + y = 0,03 (II)
=> Rx + R
1
y = 1,24 - 17 x 0,03 = 0,73
Khi lng mui natri:
173
m = (R + 39)x + (R
1
+ 39)y
= Rx + R
1
y + 39(x+y) = 0,73 + 39 x 0,03 = 1,9 (g) p n C.
Cch gii 2:

+ +
2
H O H
2
n 0,015mol n 0,03(mol)
1
R OH Na R ONa H
2
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m = 1,24 + 0,03. (23 - 1) = 1,9 (g)
Vy p n (C) ng
435. Cch gii 1:
CH
3
OH + Na CH
3
ONa + H
2
CH
3
COOH + Na CH
3
COONa + H
2
C
6
H
5
OH + Na C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
Ta c
2
H
0,672
n 0,03(mol)
22,4

2
Na H Na
n 2n 0,06(mol) m 0,06x23 1,38g
p n B.
Cch gii 2:

2
H H
n 2n 0,03(mol)
. V ba cht trong hn hp Y u c mt
nguyn t H linh ng
2
2 0, 06( )
Na
mol
H
n n

.
Theo phng trnh, p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
1
Y
m 3,38 (23 1)x0,06 4,7(g) +
174
+
1
Y
m 3,38 1,38 0,03x2 4,7g
p n B.
436. Cch gii 1:
t cng thc tng qut ca hai anehit l C
nH2nO
(x mol)
C
mHmO
(y mol)
Phn 1: CnH
2nO
+ O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
x nx nx nx + my = 0,03
CmH
2mO
+ O
2
mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
y my my
Phn 2: CnH
2nO
+ H
2

0
Ni
t
CnH
2n+2
O
x x
CmH
2mO
+ H
2

0
Ni
t
CmH
2m+2
O
y y
CnH
2n+2
O + O
2
nCO
2
+ (n+1) H
2
O
x nx
CmH
2m+2
O + O
2
mCO
2
+ (m+1) H
2
O
y my
=>
2
CO
n nx my 0,3 +
2
CO
V 0,3x22,4 0,672
lt ( ktc) p n B.
*Cch gii 2:
Phn 1: hn hp l anehit no n chc

2 2
CO H O
n n 0,03(mol)
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng:
1
C(P ) C(A)
n n 0,03(mol)
175
=>

2 2
CO (P ) C(A)
n n 0,03(mol)

2
CO
V 0,672lt
( ktc) p n B.
437. Cch gii 1: Khi tch nc t ru olefin. Vy hai ru M, N
phi l ru no n chc. t cng thc tng qut hai ru l CnH
2n+1
OH
(x mol)
CmH
2m+1
OH (y mol)
Phng trnh ho hc:
CnH
2n+1
OH
2 4
0
H SO
n 2n 2
170 C
C H H O +
(1)
x x
CmH
2m+1
OH
2 4
0
H SO
170 C
CmH
2m
+ H
2
O (2)
y y
CnH
2n+1
OH + O
2
nCO
2
+ (n+1) H
2
O (3)
y my
Y: CnH
2n
v CmH
2m
CnH
2n
+ O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O (4)
x nx
CmH
2m
+ O
2
mCO
2
+ mH
2
O (5)
y my
Theo phng trnh (4), (5) ta c:
nx + my =
1,76
0,04mol
44

Theo phng trnh (4), (5). S mol CO
2
= nx + my = 0,04
=>
2
CO
m 0,04x44 1,76
(g)
S mol H
2
O = nx + my = 0,04 =>
2
H O
m 0,04x18 0,72
(g)
m = 2,48(g)
p n B.
Cch gii 2:
2
H O
X Y
2 2
C(X) C(Y ) CO (doX) CO (doY )
n n n n 0,04
(mol)
176
M khi
2
O
Y
+
s mol CO
2
=
2
H O
n
= 0,04 mol
+
+
2 2
CO H O
m 1,76 (0,04x18) 2,48(g)
p n B.
458. Cch gii 1:
t cng thc ca hai axit: CnH
2n+1
- COOH (CxH
2xO2
)
CnH
2n-1
- COOH (CxH
2x-2
O
2
)
Phn 1: CnH
2n+1
- COOH + NaOH CnH
2n+1
- COONa + H
2
O
CnH
2n-1
- COOH + NaOH CnH
2n-1
- COONa + H
2
O
2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
nNaOH
ban u
= 0,2 mol
nNaOH
d
= 2 x 0,075 = 0,15 mol
nNaOH
phn ng (1)(2)
= 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05
Theo phng trnh:
nX = nNaOH = 0,05 (mol)
Phn 2: X tc dng vi dung dch Br
2
:
CnH
2n-1
- COOH + Br
2
CnH
2n-1
COOHBr
2
0,04 mol 0,04 mol
nA = 0,05 - 0,04 = 0,01 (mol)
a. p n A ng.
Phn 3: CxH
2xO2
= O
2
xCO
2
+ xH
2
O
0,01 0,01
CxH
2x-2
O
2
+ O
2
xCO
2
+ (x-1)H
2
O
0,04 0,04x

2
CO
n
= 0,01x + 0,04x = 0,05x = 0,15 x = 3
177
Vy CTPT ca hai axit l C
3
H
6
O
2
C
3
H
4
O
2
b. p n B.
Cch gii 2:
a. Da vo cu to hai axit. V hai axit u n chc:
nX

= nNaOH = 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05 mol
B c mt lin kt i nB =
2
Br
6,4
n 0,04
160
(mol)
nA

= 0,05 - 0,04 = 0,01 mol
b. V A v B u c cng s nguyn t C.
CxHyO
2
+ O
2
xCO
2
+ H
2
O
2
Cl 3 6 2
X 3 4 2
n C H O
0,15
x 3 CTPTA,B
n 0,05 C H O

'
p n B
459. Cch gii 1:
t CTTQ ca X l: (H
2
N)
x
- R - (COOH)
y
PTP: (H
2
N)
x
- R - (COOH)
y
+ xHCl (ClH
3
N)
x
- R(COOH)
y
(1)
0,01mol 0,01mol
(H
2
N)
x
- R - (COOH)
y
+ yNaOH (H
2
N)
x
- R - (COONa)
y
+ H
2
O
(2)
n
HCl
= 0,01mol ; nNaOH =
3,2x25
0,02(mol)
40x100
Theo phng trnh (1):

0,01
x 1
0,01

mt nhm NH
2
(2) y =
0,02
2
0,01
2 nhm COOH
178
Mmui =
1,835
183,5
0,01

MR = 1835 - (45 x 2) - 36,5 - 16
MR = 41 C
3
H
5
Vy cng thc X: H
2
NC
3
H
5
(COOH)
2

Cch gii 2:
S mol X = nHCl = 0,01mol X c 1 nhm NH
2
nX

= nNaOH X c 2 nhm COOH
Vy trong bn phng n trn ch c C tha mn
Vy p n C .
179
Phn 4 - ho hc kim loi
Chng 11. i cng v kim loi
A. tm tt l thuyt
1. V tr kim loi trong bng tun hon v cu to kim loi
a. V tr: Hn 80% cc nguyn t ha hc bit l cc kim loi.
V tr cc kim loi chim phn ln pha bn tri ca bng h thng tun
hon. Cc kim loi bao gm cc nguyn t h s, tr hiro. Cc nguyn t
h d, h f. Nguyn t p ca nhm IIIA (tr bo).
b. Cu to ca kim loi: trng thi rn v nng chy, cc kim loi
tn ti dng tinh th. C ba dng tinh th chnh l lp phng tm din,
lp phng tm khi v lc phong. Dng km c kht nht l dng lp
phng tm khi, v d cc kim loi kim.
2. Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi
Kim loi c tnh do, dn in dn nhit tt, c nh kim. Cc tnh
cht vt l chung ca kim loi l do cu trc tinh th kim loi quyt nh.
3. Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi
Tnh cht ha hc chung l tnh kh. Cc kim loi nhng electron
trong cc phn ng vi phi kim, dung dch axit, dung dch mui ca kim
loi km hot ng hn. V d:
Mg + Cl
2
MgCl
2
3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
2Al + Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
Fe + CuSO
4
Cu + FeSO
4
4. Dy in th ca cc kim loi
Cc kim loi c mc hot ng ha
hc khc nhau.Qu trnh ha hc xy ra trong
pin in ha Zn - Cu
Cc m Cc
dng
180
Zn - 2e Zn
2+
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Trong pin, nng lng ha hc bin thnh in nng.
Ngi ta khng xc nh c gi tr tuyt di ca th in cc ca kim
loi. V vy ngi ta s dng in cc so snh, l in cc hiro chun.
in cc hiro chun gm mt bn platin hp th kh hiro p sut
1atm, nng H
+
l 1M. Ngi ta quy c th in cc ca hiro chun
bng 0.
Th in cc chun ca kim loi: Th in cc ca kim loi nhng trong
dung dch ion kim loi c nng 1M c gi l th in cc chun
ca kim loi .
Khi ni mt in cc km nhng trong dung dch Zn
2+
1M vi in cc
hiro chun, kim von k ch 0,76V. Tng t nh vy ngi ta xc nh
th in cc chun ca cc kim loi khc v lp thnh dy in th ca cc
kim loi.
ngha ca dy th in cc ca kim loi.
- Xc nh c hiu th chun ca pin in c to ra bi hai
in cc bt k. V d: hiu th chun ca pin Zn - Cu = 0,34 - (-0,76) =
1,1V.
- Mt kim loi hot ng c th y c kim loi yu hn ra khi
dung dch mui ca n.
- Kim loi c th in cc chun cng m cng d y kh hiro ra
khi axit. Cc kim loi c th in cc chun dng khng y c hiro
ra khi axit.
5. Hp kim
Hp kim l vt liu gm mt kim loi v mt hay nhiu nguyn t ha hc
khc. Trng hp hp kim ca thy ngn gi l hn hng.
Cu to ha hc: Lin kt ha hc ca hp kim l lin kt kim loi hn
tp:
- Hn tp kiu thay th, cc ion khc nhau nhng c bn knh gn
nh nhau thay th v tr cho nhau; V d hp kim Cu - Ni, Cu - Al...
181
- Hn tp kiu xm nhp, cc ion kim loi hay phi kim b hn c
th xm nhp vo cc ch trng gia cc ion trong kim loi. V d: Thp
Fe - C
- Tinh th kiu hp cht kim loi. V d MgZn
2
, CuAl
2
...
Hp kim c cc tnh cht c trng ca kim loi. dn in, dn nhit
km hn kimloi tinh khit. Hp kim thng cng v km do hn cc
kim loi thnh phn. Trong thc t hp kim c s dng ph bin hn
kim loi.
6. n mn v chng n mn kim loi
S ph hy b mt ca kim loi v hp kim bi cc cht mi
trng xung quanh c gi l s n mn kim loi. Da vo c ch ca
qu trnh n mn ngi ta phn bit n mn ha hc v n mn in ha
hc.
7. iu ch kim loi
C cc phng php nhit luyn (dng cht kh kh oxit kim
loi), phng php thy luyn v phng php in phn.
B. bi
461. Nhng kim loi no sau y c th c iu ch t oxit, bng
phng php nhit luyn nh cht kh CO?
A. Fe, Al, Cu. B. Zn, Mg, Fe.
C. Fe, Mn, Ni. D. Ni, Cu, Ca.
462. Km tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, thm vo vi git dung
dch CuSO
4
. La chn hin tng bn cht trong s cc hin tng sau:
A. n mn kim loi. B. n mn in ho hc.
C. Hiro thot ra mnh hn. D. Mu xanh bin mt.
463. Ho tan 25g CuSO
4
.5H
2
O vo nc ct c 500ml dung dch A.
nh gi gn ng pH v nng M ca dung dch A thu c l:
A. = 7 v 0,1M B. > 7 v 0,01M
182
C. < 7 v 0,2M D.> 8 v 0,02M
464. Cho dn dn bt st vo 50ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,2M, khuy nh
cho ti khi dung dch mt mu xanh. Lng mt st dng l:
A. 5,6g B. 0,056g
C. 0,56g D. Phng n khc
465. Trng hp no sau y l n mn in ho?
A. Thp trong khng kh m.
B. Km trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long.
C. Km b ph hu trong kh clo.
D. Natri chy trong khng kh.
466. S bin i tnh cht kim loi ca cc nguyn t trong dy Al - Fe -
Ca - Ba l:
A. tng. B. gim.
C. khng thay i . D. va gim va tng.
467. dn in ca kim loi ph thuc vo cc yu t no sau y?
A. Bn cht kim loi. B. Pha b mt hay pha th tch.
C. Nhit mi trng. D. A, B, C ng.
468. Khi nhit tng, dn in ca cc kim loi thay i theo chiu:
A. tng. B. gim.
469. Cho cc dy kim loi sau, dy no c sp xp theo chiu tng ca
tnh kh ?
A. al, Fe, Zn, Mg. B. Ag, Cu, Mg, Al.
C. Na, Mg, Al, Fe. D. Ag, Cu, Al, Mg.
470. Hin tng hp kim dn in v dn nhit km kim loi nguyn cht
v lin kt ho hc trong hp kim l:
A. lin kt kim loi.
B. lin kt ion.
C. lin kt cng ho tr lm gim mt electron t do.
D. lin kt kim loi v lin kt cng ho tr.
183
471. Cho a gam Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
long th thu c
0,896 lt hn hp kh X, gm N
2
O v NO ktc, t khi ca X so vi
hiro bng 18,5. Tm gi tr ca a?
A. 1,98 gam. B. 1,89 gam.
C. 18,9 gam. D. 19,8 gam.
472. Trong s cc phng php iu ch kim loi sau, phng php no
c s dng sn xut gang?
A. in phn dung dch mui ca st.
B. in phn mui nng chy ca st.
C. Dng phn ng nhit nhm.
D. Dng cht kh l CO kh oxit st trong l cao.
473. Dy kim loi no sau y c xp theo chiu tnh dn in tng?
A. Cu, Ag, Au, Ti.
B. Fe, Mg, Au, Hg.
C. Fe, Al, Cu, Ag .
D. Ca, Mg, Al, Fe.
474. Cc kim loi trng thi lng v rn u c kh nng dn in v l
do no sau y?
A. v chng c cu to tinh th.
B. trong tinh th kim loi c cc electron, lin kt yu vi ht nhn,
chuyn ng t do trong ton mng.
C. v kim loi c bn knh nguyn t ln.
D. mt l do khc.
475. Cp nguyn t ho hc no sau y c tnh cht ho hc ging nhau
nht?
A. Ca, Be. B. Fe, Co. C. Ag , Ni. D. B, Al.
476. So snh dn in ca hai dy dn bng ng tinh khit, c khi
lng bng nhau. Dy th nht ch c mt si. Dy th hai gm mt b
hng trm si nh. dn in ca hai dy dn l:
A. bng nhau.
184
B. dy th hai dn in tt hn dy th nht.
C. dy th hai dn in km hn dy th nht.
D. khng so snh c.
477. Ha tan hon ton 10,0g hn hp hai kim loi trong dung dch HCl
d thy to ra 2,24l kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c
m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,71g B. 17,1g
C. 3,42g D. 34,2g.
478. Ti sao khi in phn cc dung dch KNO
3
v dung dch KOH vi
cc in cc tr, sn phm thu c li ging nhau? Cch gii thch no
sau y l ng?
A. Cc ion K
+
, NO
3
-
, OH
-
ch ng vai tr cc cht dn in.
B. Trng hp in phn dung dch KNO
3
thc cht l in phn
H
2
O.
C. Trng hp in phn dung dch KOH, cc m H
2
O nhn e,
cc dng nhm OH
-
nhng e.
D. B v C ng.
479. Khi in phn dung dch mui bc nitrat trong 10 pht thu c
1,08 gam bc cc m. Cng dng in l:
A. 1,6A B. 1,8A
C. 16A D. 18A.
480. Ct st Newdheli, n c tui trn 1500 nm.
Ti sao ct st khng b n mn? iu l gii no sau
y l ng? Ct st bn l do:
A. c ch to bi mt loi hp kim bn ca st.
B. c ch to bi st tinh khit.
C. c bao ph bi mt lp oxit bn vng.
D. Cha c li gii thch tho ng.
481. Hp kim ca magie v st c dng bo v mt trong ca cc
thp chng ct v crackinh du m. Vai tr ca magie trong hp kim ny
l:
185
Ct st
Newdehli
A. anot hy sinh bo v kim loi.
B. tng tui th ca thp chng ct v crackinh du m.
C. tng bn ca hp kim so vi st nguyn cht.
D. A, B, C u ng.
482. Nhng kim loi no c th iu ch bng phng php nhit luyn?
A. Kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Na, K, Ca
B. Kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh nh Zn, Fe, Sn
C. Cc kim loi nh Al, Zn, Fe
D. Cc kim loi nh Hg, Ag, Cu
483. Khi nung 23,2 gam mt mui sunfua ca kim loi ho tr II trong
khng kh ri lm lnh sn phm th thu c mt cht lng v mt cht
kh. Lng sn phm kh ny lm mt mu 25,4 gam iot. Kim loi cho
l:
A. Hg B. Ag
C. Cu D. Fe
484. Dung dch FeCl
3
c pH l:
A. < 7
B. = 7
C. > 7
D. 7
485. Kim loi no sau y c phn ng vi dung dch CuSO
4
?
A. Mg, Al, Ag.
B. Fe, Mg, Na.
C. Ba, Zn, Hg.
D. Na, Hg, Ni.
186
hng dn tr li v p s
461. C 462. B 463. C 464. C 465. A 466. D
467. D 468. B 469. D 470. D 471. A 472. B
473. C 474. A 475. B 476. B 477. B 478. D
479. A 480. B 481. D 482. B 483. A 484. A
485. B
477. Cch gii 1:
K hiu hai kim loi A, B ha tr n,m. Khi lng nguyn t l A,
B l M
1
. M
2
, s mol l x, y.
Phng trnh ho hc:
2A + 2nHCl 2ACl
n
+ nH
2
2B + 2mHCl 2BClm + mH
2
M
1
x + M
2
y = 10
=
1 0
4 22
24 2
,
,
,
=> nx + my = 0,2
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
2
H HCl B A BCl ACl
m m m m m m
m n
+ +
+
Thay s vo ta c:
m = 10 + (nx + my) 36,5 - 0,1 x 2
= 10 x 0,2 x 36,5 - 0,2 = 17,1 (g)
Cch gii 2:
Theo phng trnh in li
2 0
4 22
24 2
2 ,
,
,
x n n
H Cl

+
=> mmui

= mhKl

+
Cl
m
= 10 + 0,2 + 35,5 = 17,1 (g)
=> p n B.
187
Chng 12. Cc kim loi kim, kim th v nhm
A. tm tt l thuyt
1. Kim loi kim
a. V tr cc kim loi kim trong bng tun hon
Cc kim loi kim thuc nhm IA trong bng tun hon, gm cc
nguyn t: liti (Li), natri (Na), kali (K), rubii (Rb), xesi (Cs) v franxi
(Fr).
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng: ns
1
trong n l s th t ca
lp electron ngoi cng. Electron lp ngoi cng ca cc kim loi kim
lin kt yu vi ht nhn, do tnh cht c trng ca kim loi kim l
tnh kh mnh. M - 1e M
+
Nng lng ion ho: kim loi kim c nng lng ion ho nh nht
so vi cc kim loi khc. Theo chiu t Li n Cs nng lng ion ho
gim dn. Ring Fr l mt nguyn t phng x.
S oxi ho: nng lng ion ho th nht nh hn rt nhiu so vi
nng lng ion ho th hai. V d i vi Na, I
1
= 500kj/mol trong khi I
2
=
4600kj/mol. Do , kim loi kim lun lun c s oxi ho l +1 trong mi
hp cht.
b. Tnh cht vt l
Tt c cc kim loi kim u c mng tinh th lp phng tm
khi: mi nguyn t trong tm ca hnh lp phng ch lin kt vi 8
nguyn t khc trn nh ca hnh lp phng (s phi tr 8). l mt
cu trc tng i rng. Mt khc, so vi cc nguyn t cng chu k, cc
kim loi kim c bn knh nguyn t ln nht, cho nn lc ht gia cc
nguyn t ln cn yu. Do nhng c im trn m cc kim loi kim c:
- Khi lng ring nh.
188
- Nhit nng chy < 200
0
C, nhit si thp.
- cng thp, c th dng dao ct d dng
- dn in cao.
c. Tnh cht ho hc
Cc kim loi kim c tnh kh mnh, tnh kh tng dn t Li n
Cs.
- Phn ng vi oxi: Li cho ngn la mu son, Na cho ngn la
mu vng, K cho ngn la mu tm nht.
- Phn ng vi nc: cc kim loi kim tc dng mnh vi nc
nhit thng, to ra kim v gii phng kh hiro.
- Tc dng vi axit: Cc kim loi kim phn ng mnh lit vi
axit. Ch nn lm th nghim vi axit HCl c, nng > 20%. Nu axit
c nng nh hn, phn ng qu mnh lit, gy n rt nguy him.
Khng nn lm th nghim cho kim loi kim tc dng vi HNO
3
hay
H
2
SO
4
c v rt nguy him.
d. iu ch kim loi kim
Phng php in phn mui hoc hiroxit nng chy.
V d: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl
2

e. Mt s hp cht quan trng
Cc kim: NaOH (xt n da), KOH (potat n da) l nhng ho cht
c bn.
Cc mui: NaCl. NaHCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
(xoa), KCl. Tt c cc mui
ca kim loi kim u tan trong nc.
2. Kim loi kim th
a. V tr trong bng tun hon
Cc kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA, gm: beri (Be), magie
(Mg), canxi (Ca), strontri (Sr), bari (Ba). Cu hnh electron lp ngoi
cng: ns
2
trong n l s th t ca lp electron ngoi cng. Electron lp
ngoi cng ca cc kim loi kim th lin kt yu vi ht nhn, do tnh
cht c trng ca kim loi kim l tnh kh mnh.
189
in phn nng chy
M - 2e M
2+
cation M
2+
c cu hnh bn vng ca kh him ng
trc .
Nng lng ion ho: kim loi kim th c nng lng ion ho nh
so vi cc kim loi khc, nhng ln hn kim loi kim tng ng. Theo
chiu t Be n Ba bn knh nguyn t tng dn v nng lng ion ho
gim dn.
S oxi ho: kim loi kim th lun c s oxi ho l +2 trong mi
hp cht.
b. Tnh cht vt l
- Khi lng ring tng i nh, l nhng kim loi nh hn nhm
(tr Be).
- Nhit nng chy, nhit si tuy cao hn kim loi kim. vn
tng i thp.
- cng tuy cao hn ca kim loi kim, nhng vn tng i thp,
(tr Be).
- S bin di tnh cht vt l khng u n nh cc kim loi kim v
cc kim loi kim th c kiu mng tinh th khc nhau. Tuy nhin, chng
c nhng tnh cht vt l chung trn v lin kt kim loi ca chng tng
i yu, bn knh nguyn t ln.
c. Tnh cht ho hc
- Phn ng vi hiro (tr Be v Mg)
Ca + H
2
CaH
2
Cc hirua tc dng vi nc to ra kim v gii phng kh hiro.
CaH
2
+ 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
- Phn ng vi halogen
M + X
2
MX
2
tr BeCl
2
c kin kt cng ho tr, cn li
cc mui khc u c lin kt ion.
- Phn ng vi nit
4Mg + 3N
2
2Mg
2
N
3
- Tc dng vi oxi, vi axit v nc (tr Be).
190
- Tc dng vi kh cacbonic
V d: 2Mg + CO
2
2MgO + C
d. iu ch kim loi kim th
Phng php in phn mui hoc hiroxit nng chy.
V d: MgCl
2
Mg + Cl
2

e. Mt s hp cht quan trng: CaCO
3
, CaSO
4
, CaO, Ca(OH)
2
...
3. Nhm
K hiu: Al. S th t 13.
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
Nhm chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm 3.
a. Tnh cht vt l
Nhm l kim loi mu trng nh bc, nh, d = 2,7. Nhm dn in
tt, gp ba ln st, bng hai phn ba ng nhng li nh bng mt phn ba
ng. V vy trong k thut in nhm dn thay th ng lm dy dn
in.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
Nhm c tnh kh mnh, c th tc dng vi nhiu phi kim, nhiu
oxit kim loi (nhit nhm), vi axit, vi kim v vi nc. Cc vt
bng nhm bn iu kin thng v nhm c lp mng oxit rt mng,
bn bo v. Khi nhm to hn hng vi thy ngn, tnh lin tc ca lp
oxit b ph v, nhm tc dng mnh vi oxi.
4Al + 3O
2
2Al
2
O
3
2Al + Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
c. Cc hp cht ca nhm: Al
2
O
3
, Al(OH)
3
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
...oxit v hiroxit
nhm c tnh cht lng tnh.
d. iu ch nhm:
in phn oxit nhm nng chy. Ngi ta s dng criolit Na
3
AlF
6
lm gim nhit nng chy ca oxit nhm, tng dn in v bo
v nhm khi b oxi ha.
191
in phn nng chy
t
o
cao
2Al
2
O
3
4Al + 3O
2
e. Hp kim ca nhm
+ uyara: 95% Al, 4% Cu, 1% Mn, Mg, Si. Hp kim c u im
nh v bn. uyara c dng rng ri trong cng nghip hng khng
+ Silumin: Al v Si (1 14%)
+ Electron: 10,5% Al, 83,3% Mg, phn cn li ca km (Zn)...
+ Almelec: 98,5% Al, Cu, Mg dy cp in cao th thay cho ng.
192
in phn nng chy
B. bi
486. Mt s hng s vt l quan trng ca cc kim loi kim c biu
din trong bng sau:
Nguyn
t
Nhit
nng chy
(toC)
Nhit
si (toC)
Khi lng
ring
(g/cm
3
)
cng ( cng
ca kim cng
bng 1,0)
Li 180 1330 0,53 0.6
Na 98 892 0.97 0,4
K 64 760 0,86 0,5
Rb 39 688 1,53 0,3
Cs 29 690 1,90 0,2
Hi ti sao cc kim loi kim c nhit nng chy, nhit si, cng
thp? cch gii thch no sau y l ng?
A. Do cu to mng tinh th lp phng tm khi, tng i rng.
B. Do cc kim loi kim c bn knh nguyn t ln nht trong chu
k, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc lin kt yu
C. Do cu to mng tinh th lp phng tm din, tng i rng.
D. A, B ng.
487. Hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim A, B nm k tip nhau. Ly 6,2g
X ho tan hon ton vo nc thu c 2,24lt hiro ( ktc). A, B l hai
kim loi:
A. Li, Na. B. Na, K.
C. K, Rb. D. Rb, Cs.
488. Dung dch A c cha nm ion: Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
v 0,1mol Cl
-
v
0,2mol
3
NO
. Thm dn V lt dung dch K

2
CO
3
1M vo dung dch A n
khi c lng kt ta ln nht. V c gi tr l:
A. 150ml B. 300ml
C. 200ml D. 250ml
489. Ghp i cc thnh phn ct A v B sao cho ph hp.
A B
1. Li
+
a. khi t cho ngn la mu vng.
2. Na
+
b. khi t cho ngn la mu tm.
3. K
+
c. khi t cho ngn la mu son.
193
4. Ba
2+
d. khi t cho ngn la mu da cam.
e. khi t cho ngn la mu xanh
nn chui.
490. X, Y, Z l cc hp cht v c ca mt kim loi, khi t nng nhit
cao cho ngn la mu vng. X tc dng vi Y thnh Z. Nung nng Y
nhit cao thu c Z, hi nc v kh E. Bit E l hp cht ca cacbon,
E tc dng vi X cho Y hoc Z.
X, Y, Z, E ln lt l nhng cht no sau y?
A. NaOH, Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, CO
2
.
B. NaOH, NaHCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, CO
2
.
C. NaOH, NaHCO
3
, CO
2
, Na
2
CO
3
.
D. NaOH, Na
2
CO
3
, CO
2
, NaHCO
3
.
491. Ha tan hon ton 10,0g hn hp hai mui XCO
3
v Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
bng
dung dch HCl ta thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh bay ra ktc. C
cn dung dch A th thu c m(g) mui khan. m c gi tr l:
A. 1,033g B. 10,33g
C. 9,265g D. 92,65g
492. Nhng mt thanh nhm nng 50g vo 400ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M.
Sau mt thi gian ly thanh nhm ra cn nng 51,38g. Khi lng Cu
thot ra l:
A. 0,64g B. 1,28g
C . 1,92g D. 2,56
493. Ha tan 5,94g hn hp hai mui clorua ca hai kim loi A, B (A v B
l hai kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh II) vo nc c 100ml dung dch
X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl
-
c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung dch
X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc b kt ta,
thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y c m (g) hn hp mui khan, m c gi
tr l:
A. 6,36g. B. 63,6g.
194
C. 9,12g. D. 91,2g.
494. Cho cc cht: CO
2
, CO, MgO, MgCO
3
. Hai cht c phn trm khi
lng oxi bng nhau l:
A. MgO v CO. B. CO
2
v MgCO
3
.
C. MgCO
3
v CO. D. khng c cp cht no.
495. Kim loi kim c th c iu ch trong cng nghip theo phng
php no sau y ?
A. Nhit luyn. B. Thu luyn.
C. in phn nng chy. D. in phn dung dch.
496. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no lun cho 2e trong cc phn ng ho
hc
A. Na S th t 11.
B. Mg S th t 12.
C. Al S th t 13.
D. Fe S th t 26.
497. Cc nguyn t ca nhm IA trong bng HTTH c s no chung?
C. S lp electron D. S electron lp ngoi
cng.
498. Cc nguyn t kim loi no c sp xp theo chiu tng ca tnh
kh ?
A. al, Fe, Zn, Mg. B. Ag, Cu, Mg, Al.
C. Na, Mg, Al, Fe. D. Ag, Cu, Al, Mg.
499. Cht no sau y c s dng kh tnh cng ca nc?
A. Na
2
CO
3
. B. Ca(OH)
2
.
C. Cht trao i ion. D. A, B, C ng.
500. Hiroxit no sau y c tnh lng tnh?
A. Al(OH)
3
. B. Zn(OH)
2
.
C. Be(OH)
2
. D. A, B, C ng.
501. Magie c th chy trong kh cacbon ioxit, to ra mt cht bt mu
en. Cng thc ho hc ca cht ny l:
A. C B. MgO
195
C. Mg(OH)
2
D. Mt cht khc.
502. Ho tan hon ton 4,68g hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A
v B k tip trong nhm IIA vo dd HCl thu c 1,12 lit CO
2
ktc. Xc
nh kim loi A v B l:
A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca.
C. Ca v Sr. D. Sr v Ba.
503. Cho 3,78g bt Al phn ng va vi dd mui XCl
3
to thnh dd Y.
Khi lng cht tan trong dd Y gim 4,06g so vi dd XCl
3
. xc nh cng
thc ca mui XCl
3
l cht no sau y?
A. FeCl
3
B. CrCl
3
C. BCl
3
D. Khng xc nh
c.
504. Nung 100g hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
cho n khi khi lng
hn hp khng i c 69g cht rn. xc nh phn trm khi lng ca
mi cht trong hn hp ln lt l:
A. 16% v 84%. B. 84% v 16%.
C. 26% v 74%. D. 74% v 26%.
505. Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi
ho tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl thy
thot ra 0,2mol kh. Khi c cn dd sau phn ng th thu c bao nhiu
gam mui khan?
A. 26,0 B. 28,0
C. 26,8 D. 28,6
506. Trong s cc phng php lm mm nc, phng php no ch kh
c cng tam thi?
A. Phng php ho hc. B. Phng php un si
nc.
C. Phng php ct nc. D. Phng php trao i ion.
507. Trong mt cc nc cng cha a mol Ca
2+
, b mol Mg
2+
, v c mol
HCO
3
-
. Nu ch dng nc vi trong, nng Ca(OH)
2
pM lm gim
cng ca cc th ngi ta thy khi thm V lt nc vi trong vo cc,
cng trong cc l nh nht. Biu thc tnh V theo a, b, p l:
196
A. V =
b a
p
+
B.
2b a
p
+
C.
2 b a
p
+
D.
2
b a
p
+
508. Mt dung dch cha 0,1mol Na
+
, 0,1 mol Ca
2+
, 0,1mol Cl
-
v 0,2 mol
HCO
3
-
. C cn dung dch p sut thp, nhit thp th thu c m gam
hn hp mui khan. Nu c cn dung dch p sut kh quyn, nhit
cao th thu c n gam hn hp mui khan. So snh m v n ta c:
A. m = n. B. m < n.
C. m > n. D. Khng xc nh.
509. S to thch nh trong cc hang ng vi l mt qu trnh ho
hc. Qu trnh ny ko di hng triu nm. Phn ng ho hc no sau y
biu din qu trnh ho hc ?
A. CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
B. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O.
C. Mg(HCO
3
)
2
MgCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O.
D. MgCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Mg(HCO
3
)
2
.
510. Cn thm bao nhiu gam nc vo 500g dung dch NaOH 12% c
dd NaOH 8% ?
A. 250 B. 200
C. 150 D. 100
511. sn xut magie t nc bin, ngi ta in phn mui MgCl
2
nng chy. Trong qu trnh sn xut magie, ngi ta s dng cc tnh
cht no ca cc hp cht magie?
A. tan trong nc rt nh ca Mg(OH)
2
.
B. Nhit nng chy tng i thp ca mui MgCl
2
(705
oC
).
C. Mg(OH)
2
tc dng d dng vi dung dch axit HCl.
D. A, B, C u ng.
512. Loi v khong cht no sau y khng cha canxi cacbonat?
A. vi. B. Thch cao.
197
C. hoa cng. D. phn.
513. Cht no sau y c s dng trong y hc, b bt khi xng b gy?
A. CaSO
4
.2H
2
O. B. MgSO
4
.7H
2
O.
C. CaSO
4
. D. 2CaSO
4
.H
2
O
514. Criolit Na
3
AlF
6
c thm vo Al
2
O
3
trong qu trnh in phn
Al
2
O
3
nng chy, sn xut nhm v l do no sau y?
A. Lm gim nhit nng chy ca Al
2
O
3
, cho php in phn
nhit thp nhm tit kim nng lng.
B. Lm tng dn in ca Al
2
O
3
nng chy.
C. To mt lp ngn cch bo v nhm nng chy khi b oxi
ho.
D. A, B, C ng.
515. ng dng no sau y khng phi l ca CaCO
3
?
A. Lm bt nh pha sn.
B. Lm cht n trong cng nghip cao su.
C. Lm vi qut tng.
D. Sn xut xi mng.
516. Hp kim no sau y khng phi l ca nhm?
A. Silumin. B. uyara.
C. Electron D. Inox.
517. Loi qung v qu no sau y c cha nhm oxit trong thnh
phn ho hc?
A. Boxit. B. Hng ngc.
C. Ngc bch. D. A, B, C ng.
518. Dung dch mui AlCl
3
trong nc c pH l:
A. = 7. B. < 7.
C. > 7. D. Khng xc nh.
519. Cho kh CO
2
tc dng vi dung dch cha amol Ca(OH)
2
. th no
sau y biu din mi quan h gia s mol Ca(HCO
3
)
2
vi s mol CO
2
?
198
CO
2
CO
2
CO
2
CO
2
a
A.
0 a 2a n
B.
0 a 2a n
C.
0 a 2a n
D. 0 a 2a n
520. Hin tng no xy ra khi cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch
NaAlO
2
?
B. Ban u c kt ta dng keo, sau kt ta tan.
C. Ban u c kt ta dng keo, lng kt ta tng dn n cc
i, sau kt ta tan dn.
D. C kt ta dng keo, kt ta khng tan.
199
486. C 487. B 488. A 489. 490. B 491. B
492. C 493. C 494. C 495. C 496. B 497. D
498. D 499. D 500. D 501. A 502. B 503. A
504. A 505. A 506. B 507. B 508. C 509. B
510. A 511. D 512. B 513. D 514. D 515. C
516. D 517. D 518. B 519. A 520. C
487. Hng dn:
t cng thc chung ca A v B l R
2R + 2H
2
O 2ROH + H
2
0,2mol 0,1mol
6, 2
M 31(g/ mol)
0, 2

A
B
M 23
M 39
l tha mn
p n B.
488. Cch gii 1:
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
Mg
2+
+
2
3
CO

MgCO
3
Ba
2+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3
Ca
2+
+
2
3
CO

CaCO
3
Gi x, y, z l s mol ca Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
trong dung dch A. V
dung dch trung ha in, ta c:
2x + 2y + 2z = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3
hay x + y + z = 0,15
2
3
CO
n x y z 0,15(mol)
+ +
2
3
3
CO
CO
n n 0,15(mol)

200
3
KCO
M
n
0,15
V 0,15lt=150ml
C 1

Cch gii 2:
Khi phn ng kt thc, cc kt ta tch khi dung dch, phn dung
dch cha Na
+
, Cl
-
v
3
NO
. trung ha in.
3
Na Cl NO
n n n 0,3(mol)
+
+
2 3
Na
ddNa CO
n
0,3
V 0,15(l) 150ml
2 Na
+
+

1
]
p n A .
491. Cch gii 1:
PTP:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl XCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
a a
Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl 2HCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3CO
2
(2)
b 3b
2
CO
0,672
n 0,03(mol)
22,4

t
( )
3 2 3
3
XCO Y CO
n a ; n b
( ) ( )
X 60 a 2Y 180 b 10
a 3b 0,03
+ + +
'
+
aX + 2bY + 60(a+3b) = 10
aX + 2bY = 10 - 1,8 = 8,2
M khi lng mui (m) =
2 3
XCl YCl
m m +
m = a(X + 71,5) + 2b(Y + 106,5) m = a(X + 71) + 2b(Y +
106,5)
= aX + 2bY + 35,5(2a + 3b) m = (aX + 2bY) + (71a + 213b)
=> m = 8,2 + 71(a + 3b) = 8,2 + 2,13 = 10,33 (g)
201
Cch gii 2: Vn dng phng php tng gim khi lng.
Theo phng trnh ta c: 1 mol mui
3
CO
chuyn thnh mui Cl

-
th c 1mol CO
2
bay ra, khi lng mui tng l 71- 60 =11g
Vy theo bi m mui tng: 11 x 0,03 = 0,33 (g)
mmui
clorua
= 10 + 0,33 = 10,33 (g).
p n: B
492. Cch gii 1:
2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu
x 1,5x
t s mol Al phn ng l x
Khi lng vt sau phn ng = mCu
gp
+ mAl
cn d
= 1,5x x 64 + (50 - 27x) = 51,38
x = 0,02 (mol)
=> khi lng Cu thot ra: 0,02 x 1,5 x 64 = 1,92g
Cch gii 2:
Theo phng trnh c 2mol Al 3mol Cu khi lng tng l: 3 x (64 -
54) = 138g
Vy khi lng tng: 51,38 - 50 = 1,38g 0,03mol Cu
mCu = 0,03 x 64 = 1,92 (g)
p n C.
493. Cch gii 1:
ACl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgCl + A(NO
3
)
2
BCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgCl + BC(NO
3
)
2
t
2 2
ACl BCl
n x ; n y
Theo u bi ta c:
(A + 71) x + (B + 71)y = 5,94
2x + 2y = 0,12 => x + y = 0,06
Khi lng mui khan gm A(NO
3
)
2
v B(NO
3
)
2
m = (A + 124)x + (B + 124) y
202
= Ax + By + 124(x+y) = 1,68 + 124 x 0,06 = 9,12 (g)
Cch gii 2: p dng phng php tng gim khi lng
C 1mol MCl
2
to ra 2mol AgCl th m tng 53g
Vy nAgCl = 0,12 mol
m
mui nitrat
= mKL

+ m = 5,94 + 3,18 = 9,12 (g)
p n C.
494. Cch gii 1: p dng cng thc, tnh phn trm khi lng ca oxi c
trong mi hp cht so snh.
CO
2
%O = x 100% = 72,7%
CO %O = x 100% = 57,1%
MgO %O = x 100% = 40%
MgCO
3
%O = x 100% = 57,1%
p n C.
Cch gii 2: Da vo c im nguyn t khi Mg gp hai ln nguyn t
khi ca C. Ta qui i khi lng mt Mg bng hai C. Ta c cc t l
sau:
CO
2
1C : 2O MgO 2C:1O
CO 1C :1O MgCO
3
3C:3O
Vy cp c % khi lng oxi bng nhau l MgCO
3
v CO.
p n C.
502. Hng dn:
t M l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hai kim loi A v B.
M CO
3
+ 2HCl M Cl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
0,05
mol 05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1
M CO
3
=
; 6 , 93
05 , 0
68 , 4
M = 93,6 - 60 = 33,6
Bin lun: A < 33,6 A l Mg = 24
B > 33,6 B l Ca = 40.
p n: B
203
503. Hng dn:
Gi A l nguyn t khi ca kim loi X.
Al + XCl
3
AlCl
3
+ X
14 , 0 14 , 0
27
78 , 3

0,14
Ta c: (A + 35,5.3).0,14 (133,5.0,14) = 4,06
Gii ra A = 56. Kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl
3
.
p n: A
504.
Ch c NaHCO
3
b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO
3
.
2NaHCO
3

0
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2.84g gim: 44 + 18 = 62g
xg gim: 100 69 = 31g
Ta c:
g x
x
84
31
62 84 , 2

Vy NaHCO
3
chim 84% v Na
2
CO
3
chim 16%.
p n A.
505. Hng dn:
K hiu kim loi ho tr I l M, s mol l x kim loi, ho tr II l R, s mol
l y.
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
1mol(2M+60)g 2(M+35,5) tng (2M+71)-(2M+60) =
11gam
xmol 11gam
RCO
3
+ 2HCl RCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
1mol(R+60)g (R+71) tng (R+71)-(R+60) = 11g
ymol 11ygam
T (1) v (2): mhh = x + y =
2
CO
n
= 0,2
204
Theo (1), (2): (x + y)mol hn hp phn ng th khi lng hh
mui tng (11x + 11y)g = 11(x + y) = 11.0,2 = 2,2g.
Vy khi lng mui thu c bng khi lng mui ban u
cng vi khi tng tng thm.
mmui = 23,8 + 2,2 = 26g
p n: A
507. Hng dn:
Dung dch nc vi trong c s in li:
Ca(OH)
2
Ca
2+
+ 2OH
-
Vp mol 2Vp mol
Cc phn ng kh cng:
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
-
Mg(OH)
2
(r)
b mol 2b mol
Ca
2+
+ HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
CaCO
3
(r) + H
2
O
(a + Vp)mol (a + Vp)mol
Lng OH
-
dng cho c hai phn ng trn, cho nn:
2b + (a + Vp) = 2Vp 2b + a = Vp V =
2b a
p
+
.
p n: B
510. Hng dn:
O H
m
2
0 4
8
mdd
12%
12 8
g m
m
O H
O H
250
8
4
500
2
2

( y nc c nng NaOH bng 0).
p n: A
205
Chng 13. crom - st - ng
A. tm tt l thuyt
1. crom
K hiu: Cr; S th t 24; Nguyn t khi: 51,996
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
a.Tnh cht vt l
Crom l kim loi trng xm, nng (d =7,2) v b ngoi trng ging
thp. Nhit nng chy ca crom l 1875
0
C v si 2570
0
C. Khi to
hp kim vi st, crom lm cho thp cng v chu nhit hn. Thp khng g
crom - niken cha khong 15% crom.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
Do cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3d
5
4s
1
cho nn crom to ra
cc hp cht trong c s oxi ha t +1 n + 6.
206
Tc dng vi n cht: nhit thng crom ch tc dng vi
flo. Nhng nhit cao crom tc dng vi oxi, lu hunh, nit, phot
pho...
V d: 2Cr + 3Cl
2
2CrCl
3
Trong dy in ha, crom ng gia km v st, tuy nhin cng nh
nhm, crom c mt lp oxit mng bn vng bo v, nn rt bn, khng
phn ng vi nc v khng kh. Crom khng tc dng vi dung dch
long, ngui ca axit HCl, H
2
SO
4
. Khi un nng, mng oxit tan, crom tc
dng vi dung dch axit to ra mui crom II, khi khng c mt oxi.
Cr
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2CrCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Cr + 2HCl CrCl
2
+ H
2
nhit thng, crom b HNO
3
c v H
2
SO
4
c lm th ng ha
ging nh nhm.
iu ch crom: Dng phng php nhit nhm, ch cn un nng lc u,
sau phn ng ta nhit mnh.
Cr
2
O
3
+ 2Al 2Cr + Al
2
O
3
c. Mt s hp cht ca crom
Hp cht crom II:
+ oxit CrO l mt cht t chy, c dng bt mu en. Khi un
nng trn 100
0
C chuyn thnh Cr
2
O
3
. CrO l mt oxit baz. Hiroxit
Cr(OH)
2
l mt cht rn mu vng nu, khng tan trong nc. Khi un
nng trong khng kh, b oxi ha thnh Cr(OH)
3
. Cr(OH)
2
l mt baz.
4Cr(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
4Cr(OH)
3
+ Mui crom II a s dng hirat hay tan trong nc c mu
xanh da tri. Mui khan v mui ca axit yu c mu khc. Cr(CH
3
COO)
2
c mu . Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca mui crom II l tnh kh
mnh.
4CrCl
2
+ O
2
+ 4HCl 4CrCl
3
+ 2H
2
O
Trong phng th nghim, iu ch mui crom II, cho Zn tc
dng vi mui crom III trong mi trng axit. iu kin cn thit ca phn
ng l dng hiro lin tc thot ra, trnh oxi tip xc vi mui crom II.
207
t
0
t
0
Hp cht crom III
+ Cr
2
O
3
l mt cht bt mu lc thm. Cr
2
O
3
kh nng chy v
cng nh Al
2
O
3
. N c tnh cht lng tnh, nhng khng tan trong dung
dch long ca axit v kim. iu ch trong phng th nghim, nhit phn
amoni bicromat.
(NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7 Cr
2
O
3
+ N
2
+ 4H
2
O
Trong cng nghip:
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ S Cr
2
O
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ Cr(OH)
3
l mt cht kt ta keo, mu lc xm, khng tan trong
nc. Cht ny c tnh lng tnh nh Al(OH)
3
.
+ Mui crom III, kt tinh dng tinh th hirat, c mu. Trong mi
trng axit, mui crom III b km kh thnh mui crom II. Trong mi
trng kim n b oxi ha thnh mui crom VI.
Hp cht crom VI
+ CrO
3
l mt cht rn, tinh th mu . L mt oxit axit, CrO
3
rt
d tan trong nc to ra cc axit cromic (khi c nhiu nc) v axit
comic (khi c t nc).
CrO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
CrO
4
(axit cromic)
2CrO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
Cr
2
O
7
(axit icromic)
Cc axit ny ch tn ti dng dung dch.
+ Mui cromat v icromat: cc mui bn hn nhiu so vi cc
axit tng ng. Ion CrO
4
2-
mu vng, Cr
2
O
7
2-
c mu da cam. Hai loi
ion ny trong nc lun tn ti cn bng:
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ H
2
O

2CrO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
Nu thm H
+
vo mui cromat mu vng, th dung dch s chuyn sang
mu da cam. Nu thm OH
-
vo h cn bng, dung dch s chuyn sang
mu vng.
Cc mui cromat v icromat u l nhng cht oxi ha mnh, nht l
trong mi trng axit, sn phm l mui crom III.
2. St
K hiu Fe; S th t 26; Nguyn t khi: 55,847
208
t
0
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
a. Tnh cht vt l
St l kim loi mu trng bc, nng, (d = 7,87), nng chy 1539
0
C v si
2770
0
C. St c tnh do, d dt mng v ko si. St b nam chm ht v
c th tr thnh nam chm.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
St c hot ng ha hc loi trung bnh.
+ St tc dng vi phi kim: Khi un nng trong khng kh kh 150 -
200
0
C, st b oxi ha to mng mng ngn s oxi ha su hn. Tuy nhin,
trong khng kh m, st b g d dng theo phng trnh tng qut:
4Fe + 3O
2
+ nH
2
O 2Fe
2
O
3
.nH
2
O
t chy st trong oxi: 3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
. St tc dng vi cc phi kim
khc nh clo, lu hunh khi un nng.
+ St tc dng vi axit: Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
St b th ng ha trong HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c ngui.
+ St tc dng vi dung dch mui ca kim loi km hot ng.
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
+ St tc dng vi nc nhit cao, y l phn ng tm ra thnh
phn ha hc ca nc.
c. Hp cht ca st
Hp cht st II: FeO, Fe(OH)
2
, mui st II. Tnh cht baz ca oxit
v hiroxit v tnh kh.
Hp cht st III: Fe
2
O
3
, Fe(OH)
3
, cc mui st III. Oxit v hiroxit
c tnh baz. Hp cht st III c tnh oxi ha.
d. Hp kim ca st: Gang, thp. Ngnh sn xut gang, thp gi l luyn
kim en.
e. Cc loi qung st: manhetit: Fe
3
O
4
, hematit: Fe
2
O
3
, xierit: FeCO
3
.
3. ng
K hiu: Cu; S th t: 29; Nguyn t khi: 63,546
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1
a.Tnh cht vt l
209
ng l kim loi mu , nng (d = 8,96), nng chy 1083
0
C v
si 2877
0
C. ng tinh khit tng i mm d dt mng, ko si. ng
c dn in, dn nhit rt cao, ch thua bc. dn in gim nhanh
khi ng c ln tp cht.
b. Tnh cht ha hc
ng l kim loi km hot ng ha hc. ng c th tc dng vi
cc phi kim nh clo, brom, oxi khi un nng.
Cu + Cl
2
CuCl
2
ng khng tc dng vi dung dch HCl v H
2
SO
4
long. Tuy
nhin khi c mt kh oxi, xy ra phn ng:
2Cu + O
2
+ 4HCl 2CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
c. Hp cht ca ng
ng c cc s oxi ha +1 v +2, trong hp cht ng II bn hn.
+ CuO l cht bt mu en, khng tan trong nc. CuO l mt oxit
baz.
CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
+ Cu(OH)
2
l mt cht kt ta mu xanh nht. Cu(OH)
2
l mt
baz.
Cu(OH)
2
+ 2HCl CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
Khi un nng, ngay trong dung dch, Cu(OH)
2
b phn hy to ra CuO.
Cu(OH)
2 CuO + H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
tan d dng trong dung dch NH
3
to thnh dung dch mu xanh
thm gi l nc Svyde:
Cu(OH)
2
+ 4NH
3
Cu(NH
3
)
4
(OH)
2
Nc Svyde ha tan c xenluloz, khi thm nc hoc axit, xenluloz
tr li dng rn, dng lm t si nhn to.
+ Mui ng II dng hirat v tan trong nc u c mu xanh
d. Hp kim ca ng:
ng thau: Cu, Zn (10 -50%) bn v do dng trong ch to my.
ng thic: Cu, Sn (3 - 20%) t b n mn, cng hn ng, d c,
dng trong cng nghip ch to my
210
Contantan: Cu, Ni (40%) c in tr cao, lm dy in tr.
B. bi
521. L do no sau y l ng khi t tn nguyn t crom?
A. Hu ht cc hp cht ca crom u c mu.
B. Tn a phng ni pht minh ra crom.
C. Tn ca ngi c cng tm ra crom.
D. Mt l do khc.
522. Ha tan 9,14g hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung
dch HCl thu c 7,84 lt kh X (ktc) v 2,54g cht rn Y v dung dch
Z. C cn dung dch Z thu c m(g) mui, m c gi tr l:
A. 31,45g. B. 33,25g.
C. 3,99g. D. 35,58g.
523. Ha tan hon ton 17,4g hn hp ba kim loi Al, Fe, Mg trong dung
dch HCl thy thot ra 13,44 lt kh. Nu cho 8,7g hn hp tc dng dung
dch NaOH d thu c 3,36 lt kh ( ktc). Vy nu cho 34,8g hn hp
trn tc dng vi dung dch CuSO
4
d, lc ly ton b cht rn thu c
sau phn ng tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
nng, d th thu c V lt kh
NO
2
. Th tch kh NO
2
( ktc) thu c l:
A. 26,88 lt B. 53,70 lt
C. 13,44 lt D. 44,8 lt
524. Trn 5,4g Al vi 4,8g Fe
2
O
3
ri nung nng thc hin phn ng
nhit nhm. Sau phn ng ta thu c m(g) hn hp cht rn. Gi tr ca
m l:
A. 2,24(g) B. 4,08(g)
C. 10,2(g) D. 0,224(g)
525. Ho tan 4,59g Al bng dd HNO
3
long thu c hn hp kh NO v
N
2
O c t khi so vi H
2
bng 16,75. T l th tch kh
2
N O
NO
V
V
trong hn hp l:
A.
1
3
. B.
2
3
. C.
1
4
. D.
3
4
.
211
526. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,05 mol Ag v 0,03 mol Cu vo
dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh A gm NO v NO
2
c t l s mol
tng ng l 2 : 3. Th tch hn hp A ktc l:
A. 1,369 lt. B. 2,737 lt.
C. 2,224 lt. D. 3,3737lt.
527. Trn 0,54 g bt nhm vi bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng
nhit nhm thu c hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch
HNO
3
c hn hp kh gm NO v NO
2
c t l s mol tng ng l 1 :
3. Th tch (ktc) kh NO v NO
2
ln lt l:
A. 0,224 lt v 0,672 lt. B. 0,672 lt v 0,224
lt.
C. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. D. 6,72 lt v 2,24 lt.
528. C cc dung dch AlCl
3
, NaCl, MgCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
. Ch c dng thm
mt thuc th, th c th dng thm thuc th no sau y nhn bit
cc dung dch ?
A. Dung dch NaOH B. Dung dch AgNO
3
C. Dung dch BaCl
2
D. Dung dch qu tm.
529. Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dd CuSO
4
, sau mt thi gian ly
thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim
loi trn vo dd Pb(NO
3
)
2
, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Bit
rng s mol CuSO
4
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
tham gia hai trng hp nh nhau. Xc
nh M l kim loi :
A. Zn. B. Fe.
C. Mg. D. Ni.
530. Cho 3,78g bt Al phn ng va vi dd mui XCl
3
to thnh dd Y.
Khi lng cht tan trong dd Y gim 4,06g so vi dd XCl
3
. xc nh cng
thc ca mui XCl
3
l:
212
A. BCl
3
B. CrCl
3
C. FeCl
3
D. Khng xc nh.
531. Cht no sau y c gi l phn chua, dng nh trong nc?
A. K
2
SO
4
. Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O. B. Na
2
SO
4
.
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O.
C. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
. Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O. D. Li
2
SO
4
. Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O.
532. C nm ng nghim ng ring bit cc dung dch long FeCl
3
,
NH
4
Cl, Cu(NO
3
)
2,
FeSO
4
v AlCl
3
. Chn mt trong cc ho cht sau c
th phn bit tng cht trn:
A. NaOH. B. Qu tm.
C. BaCl
2
. D. AgNO
3
.
533. Mt ng nghim cha khong 1ml dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Thm t t
dung dch amoniac vo ng nghim cho n d. Cc hin tng xy ra
trong th nghim l:
A. Ban u c xut hin kt ta mu xanh nht.
B Khi lng kt ta tng dn, n cc i.
C. Kt ta b ho tan to ra dung dch mu xanh thm.
D. A, B, C ng.
534. Cho 1,58 gam hn hp A dng bt gm Mg v Fe tc dng vi
125ml dung dch CuCl
2
. Khuy u hn hp, lc ra kt ta thu c
dung dch B v 1,92 gam cht rn C.Thm vo B mt lng d dung dch
NaOH long, lc ra kt ta mi to thnh. Nung kt ta trong khng kh
nhit cao thu c 0,7 gam cht rn D gm hai oxit kim loi. S phn
ng ho hc xy ra trong th nghim trn l:
A. 4. B. 5.
C. 6. D. 7.
213
535. Gang v thp l nhng hp kim ca st, c rt nhiu ng dng trong
cng nghip v trong i sng. Gang v thp c nhng im khc bit no
sau y?
A. Hm lng cacbon trong gang cao hn trong thp.
B. Thp do v bn hn gang.
C. Gang gin v cng hn thp.
D. A, B, C ng.
536. Cho 2,52 gam mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long to
ra 6,84 gam mui sunfat. l kim loi no trong s sau:
A. Mg B. Fe
C. Ca D. Al
537. St tc dng vi nc nhit cao hn 570
oC
th to ra sn phm:
A. FeO v H
2
. B. Fe
2
O
3
v H
2
.
C. Fe
3
O
4
v H
2
. D. Fe(OH)
2
v H
2
.
538. Cho cc cht sau y tc dng vi nhau:
Cu + HNO
3 c
kh X
MnO
2
+ HClc

kh Y
Na
2
CO
3
+ FeCl
3
+ H
2
O kh Z
Cng thc phn t ca cc kh X, Y, Z ln lt l:
A. NO, Cl
2
, CO
2
. B. NO
2
, Cl
2
, CO
2
.
C. NO
2
, Cl
2
, CO. D. N
2
, Cl
2
, CO
2
.
539. Ho tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp mui khan FeSO
4
v Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Dung dch thu c phn ng hon ton vi 1,58 gam KMnO
4
trong mi
trng axit H
2
SO
4
. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca FeSO
4
v
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
ban u ln lt l:
A. 76% v 24%. B. 67% v 33%.
C. 24% v 76%. D. 33% v 67%.
540. C mt cc ng dung dch HCl, nhng mt bn ng mng vo cc.
Quan st bng mt thng ta khng thy c hin tng g xy ra. Tuy
214
nhin, nu lu ngy, dung dch dn chuyn sang mu xanh. Bn ng
c th b t ch tip xc vi b mt thong ca cc axit. iu gii thch
no sau y l hp l?
A. ng c tc dng vi axit HCl, nhng chm n mc mt
thng khng nhn thy.
B. ng tc dng vi axit HCl hay H
2
SO
4
long khi c mt kh
oxi.
C. Xy ra hin tng n mn in ho hc.
541. Cng thc ho hc no sau y l ca nc Svyde, dng ho tan
xenluloz, trong qu trnh sn xut t nhn to?
A. CuCl
2
. B. Cu(NH
3
)
4
(OH)
2
.
C. Cu(NO
3
)
2
. D. CuSO
4
.
542. Hp kim no sau y khng phi l ca ng?
A. ng thau. B. ng thic.
C. Contantan. D. Electron.
543. B mt t tinh th K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(lng bng ht u xanh) vo ng
nghim, thm khong 1ml nc ct. Lc ng nghim cho tinh th tan ht,
thu c dung dch X. Thm vi git dung dch KOH vo dung dch X thu
c dung dch Y. Mu sc ca dung dch X v Y ln lt l:
A. Mu da cam v mu vng chanh.
B. Mu vng chanh v mu da cam.
C. Mu nu v mu vng chanh.
D. Mu vng chanh v mu nu .
544. C mt loi oxit st dng luyn gang. Nu kh a gam oxit st ny
bng cacbon oxit nhit cao ngi ta thu c 0,84 gam st v 0,448
lt kh cacbonic(ktc). Cng thc ho hc ca loi oxit st ni trn l:
A. Fe
2
O
3
. B. Fe
3
O
4
C. FeO
215

Phn xng luyn gang t qung st Luyn, cn thp Gia sng
545. Mt loi qung cha st trong t nhin c loi b tp cht. Ho
tan qung ny trong dung dch axit nitric thy c kh mu nu bay ra, dung
dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch bari clorua thy c kt ta trng
(khng tan trong axit). Hy cho bit tn, thnh phn ho hc ca qung?
A. Xierit FeCO
3
. B. Manhetit Fe
3
O
4
.
C. Hematit Fe
2
O
3
. D. Pirit FeS
2
.
546. Cht lng Booco (l hn hp ng (II) sunfat v vi ti trong nc
theo mt t l nht nh, cht lng ny phi hi c tnh kim (v nu ng
(II) sunfat d s thm vo m thc vt gy hi ln cho cy). Booco l
mt cht dit nm cho cy rt c hiu qu nn c cc nh lm vn a
dng, hn na vic pha ch n cng rt n gin. pht hin ng (II)
sunfat d nhanh, c th dng phn ng ho hc no sau y?
A. Glixerol tc dng vi ng (II) sunfat trong mi trng kim.
B. St tc dng vi ng (II) sunfat.
C. Amoniac tc dng vi ng (II) sunfat.
D. Phn ng khc.
547. Hin tng thp, mt hp kim c nhiu ng dng nht ca st b n
mn trong khng kh m, c tc hi to ln cho nn kinh t. Thp b oxi ho
trong khng kh m c bn cht l qu trnh n mn in ho hc. Ngi
ta bo v thp bng cch:
A. Gn thm mt mu Zn hoc Mg vo thp.
B. M mt lp kim loi nh Zn, Sn, Cr ln b mt ca thp.
C. Bi mt lp du, m (parafin) ln b mt ca thp.
D. A, B. C ng.
216

Thp b n mn trong khng kh m
548. Trong nc ngm thng tn ti dng ion trong st (II)
hirocacbonat v st (II) sunfat. Hm lng st trong nc cao lm cho
nc c mi tanh, lu c mu vng gy nh hng xu ti sc kho ca
con ngi nn cn phi loi b. Ta c th dng cc phng php no sau
y loi b st ra khi nc sinh hot?
A. Dng gin phun ma hoc b trn cho nc mi ht t ging
khoan ln c tip xc nhiu vi khng kh ri lng, lc.
B. Sc clo vo b nc mi t ging khoan ln vi liu lng thch
hp.
C. Sc khng kh giu oxi vo nc mi ht t ging khoan ln.
D. A, B, C ng.
549. Nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng 4s
1
l nguyn t ca
nguyn t no sau y?
A. Cr. B. K.
C. Cu. D. A, B, C ng.
550. Mt cht bt mu lc X thc t khng tan trong dung dch long ca
axit v kim. Khi nu chy vi potat n da v c mt khng kh chuyn
thnh cht Y c mu vng v d tan trong nc, cht Y tc dng vi axit
to thnh cht Z c mu da cam. Cht Z b lu hunh kh thnh cht X
v oxi ho axit clohiric thnh clo. Cng thc phn t ca cc cht X, Y, Z
ln lt l:
A. Cr
2
O
3
, Na
2
CrO
4
, Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
. B. Cr
2
O
3
, K
2
CrO
4
,
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
C. Cr
2
O
3
, Na
2
Cr
2
O
7
, Na
2
CrO
4
. D. Cr
2
O
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
, K
2
CrO
4
.
551.
217

C nhng vt c ch to t st nh: cho, dao, dy thp gai. V sao
cho li gin, dao li sc v dy thp li do? L do no sau y l ng?

A. Gang v thp l nhng hp kim khc nhau ca Fe, C v mt s nguyn
t khc.
B. Gang gin v t l % ca cacbon cao ~ 2%.
C. Thp do v t l cacbon ~ 0,01%. Mt s tnh cht c bit ca thp do
cc nguyn t vi lng trong thp gy ra nh thp crom khng g,
D. A, B, C ng.
552. Contantan l hp kim ca ng vi 40% Ni. Vt liu ny c ng
dng rng ri trong cc dng c t nng bng in nh: bn l, dy may
so ca bp in Tnh cht no ca contantan lm cho n c ng dng
rng ri nh vy?
A. Contantan c in tr ln. B. Contantan c in tr nh.
C. Contantan c gi thnh r. D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.
553. Trong s cc cp kim loi sau y, cp no c tnh cht bn vng
trong khng kh, nc, nh c lp mng oxit rt mng, rt bn vng bo
v?
A. Fe v Al. B. Fe v Cr.
C. Al v Cr. D. Mn v Al.
554. Khi dng bng ng b oxi ho, bn c th dng ho cht no sau
y dng ca bn s sng p nh mi?
A. Dung dch NH
3
. B. Dung dch HCl.
C. Dung dch C
2
H
5
OH, un nng. D. Dung dch HNO
3
.
218
Dy thp gai Cho gang Dao
555. C mt cc thy tinh dung tch 100ml, dng khong 10ml dung dch
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
. Thm t t tng git dung dch NaOH vo cc thy tinh. Hin
tng quan st c l mu da cam ca dung dch chuyn sang mu vng.
Hi c hin tng g xy ra khi thm dung dch BaCl
2
vo dung dch c
mu vng trn?
A. Xut hin kt ta mu vng ca BaCrO
4
.
B. Khng c hin tng g xy ra.
C. Mu vng chuyn thnh mu da cam.
D. Mt phng n khc.
521. A 522. A 523. B 524. C 525. A 526. A
527. A 528. A 529. A 530. C 531. A 532. A
533. D 534. D 535. D 536. B 537. A 538. B
539. A 540. B 541. B 542. D 543. A 544. B
545. D 546. B 547. D 548. D 549. D 550.B
551. D 552. A 553. C 554. C 555. A
522. Cch gii 1:
PTP:
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl

3
+ 3H
2
Cht rn B l Cu
Dung dch C l MgCl
2
v AlCl
3
.
) mol ( ,
,
,
n
H
35 0
4 22
84 7
2

t: nMg = x
nAl

= y
219
'
+
+
'
+
+
6 6 27 24
7 0 3 2
54 2 14 9 27 24
35 0
2
3
, y x
, y x
, , y x
, y x
Gii h phng trnh:
'
2 0
05 0
, y
, x
Theo phng trnh:
) mol ( , n n
Mg MgCl
05 0
2

=>
) g ( , x , m
MgCl
75 4 95 05 0
2

) mol ( , n n
Al AlCl
2 0
3

=> m =
) g ( , , , m m
AlCl MgCl
45 31 7 26 75 4
3 2
+ +
Cch gii 2:
) g ( , , , , x , ) , , ( m m m
Cl
) Mg Al (
45 31 85 24 6 6 5 35 7 0 54 2 14 9 + + +

+
p n A.
523. Cch gii 1:
2Al + 6HCl AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
0,5x 0,5x
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
t s mol Al, Mg, Fe trong 17,4g hn hp l x, y, z
27x 24y 52z 17,4 x 0,2
1,5x y z 0,6 y 0,15
0,75x 0,15 z 0,15
+ +

+ +
' '

n hn hp trong 34,7 l nAl

= 0,4; nMg

= 0,3; nFe = 0,3
220
hn hp X tc dng CuSO
4
d
2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu
Mg + CuSO
4
MgSO
4
+ Cu
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ H
2
O
nCu
(4,5,6)
= 1,5x + y + z = 0,6 + 0,3 + 0,3 = 1,2 (mol)
(7):
2
N Cu
n 2N 2x1,2 2,4(mol)
2
NO
V 2,4x22,4 53,76lt
Cch gii 2:
Al, Mg, Fe nhng e H
+
+ 2e H
2

e H nhn e Cunhn
n n
+
H
+
, Cu
2+
nhn e Cu + 2e Cu 2
2
H
Cu
n n
+
2
Cu
Cu
n n
+
2
NO Cu
n 2n 2x1,2 2,4mol

2
NO
V 2,4x22,4 53,76lt
p s: B
524. Cch gii 1:
2Al + Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
S mol: 0,2 0,03
Phn ng: 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,06
Sau phn ng: 0 0,03 0,06
mhh sau phn ng = 0,14 x 27 + 0,03 . 102 + 0,06 x 56 = 10,2 (g)
Cch gii 2: Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: Tng khi lng cc
cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng sn phm:
mhh
sau
= mhh
trc
= 5,4 + 4,8 = 10,2(g)
p n C.
221
525. Hng dn:

hh M
= 16,75.2 = 33,5
O N
V
2
44 3,5
33,5
3
1
5 , 10
5 , 3
2

NO
O N
V
V
NO
V
30 10,5
p n: A.
526. Hng dn:
Tng s mol electron cho = (0,05 x 1) + (0,03 x2) = 0,11 (mol)
Tng s mol electron nhn = 3n + n =
9
0,11
22, 4 5
V
(mol)
V =
0,11 5 22, 4
1, 369
9

(lt) p n A.
527. Hng dn:
Tng s mol electron cho =
0, 54
3
27

= 0,06 (mol)
Tng s mol electron nhn = 3n + n =
6
0, 06
22, 4 4
V
(mol)
V =
0, 06 4 22, 4
0,896
6

(lt) p n A.
529. Hng dn:
Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, A l nguyn t khi ca kim
loi, x l s mol mui phn ng.
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu
Ag 1mol 64g gim (A 64)g
xmol
100
05 , 0 m
g
222
Rt ra:x =
64
100
05 , 0
A
m
(1)
M + Pb(NO
3
)
2
M(NO
3
)
2
+ Pb
Ag 1mol 207 tng (207 A)g
xmol tng
100
1 , 7 m
g
Rt ra:x =
A
m
207
100
1 , 7
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
64
100
05 , 0
A
m
=
A
m
207
100
1 , 7
(3)
T (3) gii ra A = 65. Vy kim loi M l km.
p n: A
530. Hng dn:
Gi A l nguyn t khi ca kim loi X.
Al + XCl
3
AlCl
3
+ X
14 , 0 14 , 0
27
78 , 3

0,14
Ta c: (A + 35,5.3).0,14 (133,5.0,14) = 4,06
3
.
p n C.
534. Hng dn:
1. Mg + CuCl
2
Cu + MgCl
2
2. Fe + CuCl
2
Cu + FeCl
2
3. MgCl
2
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
4. FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
223
5. Mg(OH)
2
MgO + H
2
O
6. 4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
7. 2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
p n: D.
224
Chng 14. Mt s phng php giI nhanh bi tp ha hc
1. Phng php bo ton
a. Bo ton in tch
- Nguyn tc: Tng in tch dng lun lun bng tng in tch
m v gi tr tuyt i. V th dung dch lun lun trung ho v in.
- Cc v d:
V d 1: Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt
dung dch ghi bng di y:
Ion Na
+
Ca
2+
NO
3
-
Cl
-
HCO
3
-
S mol 0,05 0,01 0,01 0,04 0,025
Hi kt qu ng hay sai? Ti sao?
Gii: Do in tch ca mt ion trong dd bng tch ca in tch v
s mol ca n, nn ta c:
Tng in tch dng l: (+1).0,05 + (+2).0,01 = + 0,07
Tng in tch m l: (-1).0,01 + (-1).0,04 + (-1).0,025 = - 0,075.
Gi tr tuyt i ca in tch dng khc in tch m. Vy kt
qu trn l sai.
V d 2: Dung dch A cha cc ion Na
+
: a mol; HCO
3
-
: b mol;
CO
3
2-
: c mol; SO
4
2-
: d mol. to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml
dd Ba(OH)
2
nng x mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b.
Gii: HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O
bmol b
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2-
BaCO
3
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
Dung dch sau phn ng ch c Na

+
: a mol. V bo ton in tch
nn cng phi c: a mol OH
-
. tc dng vi HCO
3
-
cn b mol OH
-
.
Vy s mol OH
-
do Ba(OH)
2
cung cp l (a + b) mol
225
Ta c:
( )
2
2
b a
n
OH Ba
+
v nng
2 , 0 1 , 0
2
b a
b a
x
+
mol/l
b) Bo ton khi lng
- Nguyn tc:
+ Trong mt phn ng ha hc tng khi lng ca cc sn
phm bng tng khi lng ca cc cht phn ng.
+ Khi c cn dd th khi lng hn hp mui thu c bng
tng khi lng ca cc cation kim loi v anion gc axit.
- Cc v d:
V d 1: Cho t t mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam
hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
un nng thu c 64g st, kh i ra
sau phn ng cho i qua dd Ca(OH)
2
d c 40g kt ta.
Tnh m.
Gii: Kh i ra sau phn ng gm CO
2
v CO d
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,4
4 , 0
100
40
ta c:
4 , 0
2

CO CO
n n
pu
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m + 28.0,4 = 64 + 44.0,4 m = 70,4g.
V d 2: Mt dd c cha 2 cation l Fe
2+
: 0,1mol v Al
3+
: 0,2mol
v 2anion l Cl
-
: x mol v SO
4
2-
: y mol. Tnh x v y, bit rng khi c cn
dd thu c 46,9 g cht rn khan.
Gii:
Do bo ton khi lng: 56.0,1 + 27.0,2 + 35,5x + 96y = 46,9
(1)
Do bo ton in tch: 2.0,1 + 3.0,2 = 1.x + 2.y
(2)
T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,2; y = 0,3.
226
V d 3: un 132,8 g hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c
140
0
C thu c 111,2g hn hp cc ete trong cc ete c s mol bng
nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete.
Gii: un hn hp 3 ru c
( )
6
2
1 3 3
+
ete.
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: mru = mete =
O H
m
2
O H
m
2
= mru - mete = 132,8 111,2 = 21,6 g.
Tng s mol cc ete = s mol H
2
O =
18
6 , 21
= 1,2
S mol mi ete =
2 , 0
6
2 , 1
mol.
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp gm mt mui cacbonat
ca kim loi ho tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd
HCl thu c 0,2mol kh CO
2
. Tnh khi lng mui mi to ra trong
dung dch.
Gii: t cng thc ca cc mui l M
2
CO
3
v RCO
3

M
2
CO
3
+ RCO
3
+ 4HCl 2MCl + RCl
2
+ 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,4 0,2 mol 0,2
Theo nh lut BTKL: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = mmui +
O H CO
m m
2 2
+
hay: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = mmui + 0,2.44 + 0,2.18
mmui = 26g
c. Bo ton electron
- Nguyn tc: Trong qu trnh phn ng th:
S e nhng = s e thu
hoc: s mol e nhng = s mol e thu
Khi gii khng cn vit phng trnh phn ng m ch cn tm
xem trong qu trnh phn ng c bao nhiu mol e do cht kh nhng ra
v bao nhiu mol e do cht oxi ho thu vo.
- Cc v d:
227
V d 1: Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng
(khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dd axit HCl d
c dd B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O
2
(ktc). Tnh V, bit cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton.
Gii:
32
30
>
S Fe
n n
nn Fe d v S ht.
Kh C l hn hp H
2
S v H
2
. t C thu c SO
2
v H
2
O. Kt qu
cui cng ca qu trnh phn ng l Fe v S nhng e, cn O
2
thu e.
Nhng e: Fe 2e Fe
2+

2 .
56
60
50
60
mol
S - 4e S
+4
(SO
2
)
4 .
32
30
32
20
mol
Thu e: Gi s mol O
2
l x mol.
O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2

2 mol 4x
Ta c:
4 .
32
30
2 .
56
60
4 + x
gii ra x = 1,47 mol.
928 , 32 47 , 1 . 4 , 22
2

O
V
lit
V d 2: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R
1
, R
2
c ho tr x, y khng
i (R
1
, R
2
khng tc dng vi nc v ng trc Cu trong dy hot
ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon ton vi dd
HNO
3
d thu c 1,12 l kh NO duy nht ktc.
Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton vi dd HNO
3
th thu c bao nhiu lt N
2
. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
Gii: Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim:
th nghim 1: R
1
v R
2
nhng e cho Cu
2+
chuyn thnh Cu
sau Cu li nhng e cho
5 +
N
thnh
2 +
N
(NO). S mol e do R
1
v R
2
nhng ra l:
228
5 +
N
+ 3e
2 +
N
0,15
05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1

th nghim 1: R
1
v R
2
trc tip nhng e cho
5 +
N
to ra N
2
.
Gi x l s mol N
2
, th s mol e thu vo l:
2
5 +
N
+ 10e
0
2
N
10x x mol
Ta c: 10x = 0,15 x = 0,015
2
N
V
= 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lit
V d 3: Cho 1,35 g hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dd
HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO vo 0,04 mol NO
2
. Tnh
khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch.
Gii: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al.
Nhng e: Cu 2e =
+ 2
Cu
x 2x x
Mg 2e =
+ 2
Mg
y 2y y
Al 3e =
+ 3
Al
z 3z z
Thu e:
5 +
N
+ 3e =
2 +
N
(NO)
0,03 0,01
5 +
N
+ 1e =
4 +
N
(NO
2
)
0,04 0,04
Ta c: 2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (1)
Nhng 0,07 cng chnh l s mol NO
3
-

Khi lng mui nitrat l: 1,35 + 62.0,07 = 5,69g.
229
2. Phng php i s
a. Cch gii: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. t n s cho cc i
lng cn tm. Tnh theo cc phng trnh phn ng v cc n s lp
ra phng trnh i s. Gii phng trnh i s (hoc h phng trnh) v
bin lun kt qu (nu cn).
b. V d:
(Trch thi vo HSP H Ni 1998) m gam bt st (A) ngoi
khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp (B) c khi lng 12
gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi dd HNO
3
thy sinh ra 2,24l kh NO duy nht ktc. Tnh m.
Gii: Trong khng kh st tc dng vi oxi to ra cc oxit
2Fe + O
2
2FeO
4Fe + 3O
2
2Fe
3
O
4
3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
2
O
3

Hn hp B tc dng vi dd HNO
3
:
Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O
3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 14H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
t s mol ca Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
ln lt l x, y, z, t ta c:
Theo khi lng hn hp B: 56x + 72y + 232z + 160t = 12 (1)
Theo s mol nguyn t Fe: x + y + 3z + 2t =
56
m
(2)
Theo s mol nguyn t O trong oxit: y + 4z + 3t =
16
12 m
(3)
Theo s mol NO: x +
1 , 0
4 , 22
24 , 2
3 3
+
z y
(4)
Nhn xt trc khi gii h phng trnh i s trn:
- C 5 n s nhng ch c 4 phng trnh. Nh vy khng s
phng trnh tm ra cc n s, do cn gii kt hp vi bin lun.
230
- u bi ch yu cu tnh khi lng st ban u, nh vy khng
cn phi i tm y cc n x, y, z, t. y c 2 phng trnh, nu bit gi
tr ca n ta d dng tnh c khi lng st ban u l phng trnh
(2) v (3).
+ Tm c gi tr ca (2), l s mol Fe. Nhn gi tr vi
nguyn t khi ca Fe l 56 ta c m.
+ Tm c gi tr ca (3), l s mol nguyn t O trong oxit.
Nhn gi tr vi nguyn t khi ca O l 16 ta c khi lng ca oxi
trong cc oxit st. Ly khi lng hn hp B tr i khi lng oxi ta c
khi lng st ban u, tc m.
- Thc hin cc php tnh trn:
+ Tm gi tr ca phng trnh (2):
Chia (1) cho 8 c: 7x + 9y + 29z + 20t = 1,5 (5)
Nhn (4) vi 3 c: 3x + y + z = 0,3 (6)
Cng (5) vi (6) c: 10x + 10y + 30z + 20t = 1,8 (7)
Chia (7) cho 10 c:x + y + 3z + 2t = 0,18
Vy: m = 56.0,18 = 10,08g
+ Tm gi tr ca phng trnh (3):
Nhn (5) vi 3 c: 21x + 27y + 87z + 60t = 4,5 (8)
Nhn (6) vi 7 c: 21x + 7y + 7z = 2,1 (9)
Ly (8) tr i (9) c: 20y + 80z + 60t = 2,4 (10)
Chia (10) cho 20 c: y + 4z + 3t = 0,12
m = 12 (0,12.16) = 10,08g
Qua vic gii bi ton trn bng phng php i s ta thy vic
gii h phng trnh i s nhiu khi rt phc tp, thng thng HS ch
lp c phng trnh i s m khng gii c h phng trnh .
V mt ha hc, ch dng li ch HS vit xong cc phng trnh
phn ng ha hc v t n tnh theo cc phng trnh phn ng
(da vo mi tng quan t l thun) cn li i hi HS nhiu v k nng
ton hc. Tnh cht ton hc ca bi ton ln t tnh cht ha hc, lm lu
m bn cht ha hc. Trn thc t, HS ch quen gii bng phng php
231
i s, khi gp mt bi ton l ch tm cch gii bng phng php i s,
mc d thng b tc. Ta hy gii bi ton trn bng nhng phng php
mang tnh c trng ca ha hc hn, l phng php bo ton khi
lng v phng php bo ton electron.
*) Phng php bo ton khi lng:
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: (k hiu khi lng l
m)
( ) O H NO NO Fe HNO B
m m m m m
pu 2 3 3 3
+ + +
(1)
Tnh cc gi tr cha bit ca (1):
+
( )
56
3 3
m
n n
Fe NO Fe

. Vy
( )
56
. 242
3 3
m
m
NO Fe

+ Mun tnh
3
HNO
m
cn tnh
3
HNO
n
. y s mol HNO
3
c
dng vo 2 vic l to ra NO v to ra mui:
3
HNO
n
to NO
= nNO =
1 , 0
4 , 22
24 , 2
3
HNO
n
to mui
= 3.nFe = 3.
56
m
3
HNO
n
p
= 0,1 +
56
3m
. Vy
3
HNO
m
p
=
,
_
+
56
3
1 , 0 . 63
m
+ Tnh
O H
n
2
: ta c
O H
n
2
=
2
1
3
HNO
n
p
=
2
1
,
_
+
56
3
1 , 0
m
Vy
,
_
+
56
3
1 , 0
2
1
. 18
2
m
m
O H
Thay cc gi tr tm c vo (1) c phng trnh bc nht, ch
cha n m:
12 +
,
_
+
56
3
1 , 0 . 63
m
= 242.
56
m
+ 30.0,1 +
,
_
+
56
3
1 , 0 .
2
1
. 18
m
Gii ra m = 10,08g
Nhn xt: Tuy hi di nhng cch ny d hiu, c tc dng khc
su nh lut bo ton khi lng v c u im l p dng cho mi qu
trnh oxi ho - kh hoc khng oxi ho - kh.
232
c. Phng php bo ton electron: S mol e do Fe nhng phi
bng s mol e do oxi thu v
5 +
N
ca HNO
3
thu:
Ta c:
3 .
4 , 22
24 , 2
4 .
32
12
3 .
56
+
m m
Gii ra m = 20,08g
Nhn xt: Cho kt qu rt nhanh, tnh ton rt nh nhng, khc su
bn cht nhng e v thu e ca cc qu trnh ha hc. Hn ch l ch p
dng c cho cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh.
3. Phng php trung bnh (khi lng mol trung bnh, s nguyn t
trung bnh)
a. Cch gii:
- Phng php trung bnh ch p dng cho bi ton hn hp cc
cht.
- Gi tr trung bnh dng bin lun tm ra nguyn t khi hoc
phn t khi hay s nguyn t trong phn t hp cht.
- Khi lng mol trung bnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp
(k hiu l M
M =
b. Cc v d:
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 4,68g hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai
kim loi A v B k tip trong nhm IIA vo dd HCl thu c 1,12 lit CO
2
ktc. Xc nh tn kim loi A v B.
Gii: t M l NTK trung bnh ca 2 kim loi A v B
M CO
3
+ 2HCl M Cl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
0,05
mol 05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1
M CO
3
=
; 6 , 93
05 , 0
68 , 4
M = 93,6 60 = 33,6
Bin lun: A < 33,6 A l Mg = 24
B > 33,6 B l Ca = 40.
233
Khi lng hn hp
S mol hn hp
V d 2: t chy hon ton a g hn hp hai ru no, n chc
lin tip trong dy ng ng thu c 3,584 lt CO
2
ktc v 3,96g H
2
O.
Tnh a v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru.
Gii: Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca
hai ru.
( ) O H n CO n O
n
OH H C
n n
2 2 2
1 2
1
2
3
+ + +
+
x mol
( )x n x n 1 +
16 , 0
4 , 22
584 , 3
2
x n n
CO (1)
( ) 22 , 0
18
96 , 3
. 1
2
+ x n n
O H
(2)
T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,06 v n = 2,67
Ta c: a = (14 n + 18).x = (14.2,67) + 18.0,06 = 3,32g
n = 2,67
OH H C
OH H C
7 3
5 2
V d 3: Hn hp 3 ru n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08
v khi lng l 3,387. xc nh CTPT ca A, B, C, bit rng B v C c
cng s nguyn t cacbon v s mol ru A bng
3
5
tng s mol ca
ru B v C.
Gii:
2 , 42
08 , 0
38 , 3
M
Nh vy phi c t nht mt ru c M < 42,2. Ch c CH
3
OH =
32
Ta c:
05 , 0
3 5
5 . 08 , 0
A
n
; mA = 32.0,05 = 1,67.
mB
+ C
= 3,38 1,6 = 1,78g; nB
+ C
=
03 , 0
3 5
3 . 08 , 0
+
3 , 59
03 , 0
78 , 1
, C B M
234
Gi
y
l s nguyn t H trung bnh trong phn t hai ru B v
C
Ta c: CxH
y
OH = 59,3 hay 12x +
y
+ 17 = 59,3
Rt ra: 12x +
y
= 42,3
Bin lun:
x 1 2 3 4
y
30,3 18,3 6,3 <0
Ch c nghim khi x = 3. B, C phi c mt ru c s nguyn t H
< 6,3 v mt ru c s nguyn t H > 6,3.
C 2 cp nghim: C
3
H
5
OH (CH
2
= CH CH
2
OH) v C
3
H
7
OH
C
3
H
3
OH (CH C CH
2
OH) v C
3
H
7
OH
V d 4: Cho 2,84g hn hp 2 ru n chc l ng ng lin
tip nhau tc dng vi mt lng Na va to ra 4,6g cht rn v V lt
kh H
2
ktc. Tnh V v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru.
Gii: t R l gc hirocacbon trung bnh v x l tng s mol
ca 2 ru.
R OH + Na R Ona +
2
1
H
2

xmol x
2
x
Ta c: ( R + 17).x = 2,84 hay R x + 17x = 2,84 (1)
( R + 39).x = 4,6 hay R x + 39x = 4,6
(2)
T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,08 v R = 18,5
Phi c mt gc R < 18,5 Duy nht ch c CH
3
= 15 v ru l
CH
3
OH. ng ng lin tip nn ru kia phi l C
2
H
5
OH.
V =
896 , 0 4 , 22 .
2
08 , 0
lt.
235
4. Phng php ghp n s
a. Cch gii: Mt s bi ton cho thiu d kin nn gii bng phng
php i s ta c s n nhiu hn s phng trnh v c dng v nh,
khng gii c.
Nu dng phng php ghp n s ta c th gii loi bi ton ny
mt cch d dng.
b. Cc v d:
V d 1: t chy hon ton ag hn hp hai ru no, n chc
c hn hp kh v hi. Cho hn hp kh v hi ny ln lt i qua bnh
1 ng H
2
SO
4
c v bnh 2 ng nc vi trong d, thy bnh 1 tng
1,98g v bnh 2 c 8g kt ta. Tnh a.
Gii: t CTPT ca cc ru l CnH
2n+1
-OH v CmH
2m+1
-OH.
Gi x, y l s mol cc ru.
CnH
2n+1
OH +
2
3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
x nx (n + 1)x
CmH
2m+1
OH +
2
3m
O
2
mCO
2
+ (m + 1)H
2
O
y my (m + 1)y
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,08
08 , 0
100
8
Ta lp c 2 phng trnh i s theo s mol CO

2
v s mol
H
2
O:
2
CO
n
= nx + my = 0,08 (1)
( ) ( ) 11 , 0
18
98 , 1
1 1
2
+ + + y m x n n
O H
(2)
y, vi 4 n s (n, m, x, y) m ch c 2 phng trnh nn c
dng vo nh.
Ta trin khai (2) ghp n s
236
T (2):
O H
n
2
= nx + x + my + y = (nx + my) + (x + y) =
0,11
Thay nx + my = 0,08, rt ra x + y = 0,11 0,08 = 0,03.
Tnh a: a = (14n + 18)x + (14m + 18)y
hay a = 14nx + 18x + 14my + 18y.
Ghp n s c a = 14(nx + my) + 18(x + y).
Thay cc gi tr bit c a = 14.0,08 + 18.0,03 = 1,66g
V d 2: un p gam hn hp 2 ru vi H
2
SO
4
c thu c V lt
(ktc) hn hp 2 anken. t chy hon ton hn hp anken thu c x
lt CO
2
(ktc) v y gam H
2
O.
Lp biu thc tnh x, y theo p, V.
Gii: un nng vi H
2
SO
4
c thu c hn hp 2 anken, suy ra
hn hp 2 ru phi thuc loi no, n chc.
CnH
2n+1
OH CnH
2n
+ H
2
O (1)
a mol a
CmH
2m+1
OH CmH
2m
+ H
2
O (2)
b mol b
CnH
2n
+
2
3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O (3)
a mol na na
CmH
2m
+
2
3m
O
2
mCO
2
+ mH
2
O (4)
b mol mb mb
Theo (1), (2): a + b =
4 , 22
V
(5). Theo (3), (4):
O H CO
n n
2 2

= na
+ mb (6)
Khi lng 2 ru l: (14n + 18)a + (14m + 18)b = p
hay 14(na + mb) + 18(a + b) = p (7)
Th (5) vo (7) c:
237
H
2
SO
4
140
0
C
na + mb =
14
4 , 22
. 18
V
p
y m
O H
2
14
4 , 22
. 18
V
p
.18
7
23 , 7 9 V p
y

x V
CO
2
14
4 , 22
. 18
V
p
.22,4
7
9 2 , 11 V p
x

5. Phng php tng gim khi lng

a. Cch gii: Khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc khi lng c
th tng hoc gim do cc cht khc nhau c khi lng mol khc nhau.
Da vo mi tng quan t l thun ca s tng gim ta tnh c lng
cht tham gia hay to thnh sau phn ng.
b. Cc v d
V d 1: Nhng thanh km vo dd cha 8,32g CdSO
4
. Sau khi kh
hon ton ion Cd
2+
khi lng thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi
khi lng thanh km ban u.
Gii: Gi khi lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng
tng thm l
100
35 , 2 a
gam.
Zn + CdSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cd
65g 1mol 112g tng 112 65 = 47g

04 , 0
208
32 , 8
mol
100
35 , 2 a
g
Ta c t l:
100
35 , 2
47
04 , 0
1
a
.
Gii ra a = 80g.
V d 2: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dd CuSO
4
, sau mt
thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng
thanh kim loi trn vo dd Pb(NO
3
)
2
, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng
238
7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO
4
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
tham gia 2 trng
hp nh nhau.
Gii: Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, A l NTK ca kim loi,
x l s mol mui phn ng.
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu
Ag 1mol 64g gim (A 64)g
xmol
100
05 , 0 m
g
Rt ra:x =
64
100
05 , 0
A
m
(1)
M + Pb(NO
3
)
2
M(NO
3
)
2
+ Pb
Ag 1mol 207 tng (207 A)g
xmol tng
100
1 , 7 m
g
Rt ra:x =
A
m
207
100
1 , 7
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
64
100
05 , 0
A
m
=
A
m
207
100
1 , 7
(3)
T (3) gii ra A = 65. Vy kim loi M l km.
V d 3: Cho 3,78g bt Al phn ng va vi dd mui XCl
3
to
thnh dd Y. Khi lng cht tan trong dd Y gim 4,06g so vi dd XCl
3
.
xc nh cng thc ca mui XCl
3
.
Gii: Gi A l NTK ca kim loi X.
Al + XCl
3
AlCl
3
+ X
14 , 0 14 , 0
27
78 , 3

0,14
Ta c: (A + 35,5.3).0,14 (133,5.0,14) = 4,06
3
.
239
V d 4: Nung 100g hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
cho n
khi khi lng hn hp khng i c 69g cht rn. xc nh phn trm
khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp.
Gii: Ch c NaHCO
3
b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO
3
.
2NaHCO
3

0
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2.84g gim: 44 + 18 = 62g
xg gim: 100 69 = 31g
Ta c:
g x
x
84
31
62 84 , 2

Vy NaHCO
3
chim 84% v Na
2
CO
3
chim 16%.
V d 5: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca
kim loi ho tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl
thy thot ra 0,2mol kh. Khi c cn dd sau phn ng th thu c bao
nhiu gam mui khan?
Gii: K hiu kim loi ho tr I l M, s mol l x kim loi, ho tr
II l R, s mol l y.
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
1mol(2M+60)g 2(M+35,5) tng (2M+71)-
(2M+60) = 11gam
xmol 11gam

RCO
3
+ 2HCl RCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
1mol(R+60)g (R+71) tng (R+71)-(R+60) = 11g
ymol 11ygam

T (1) v (2): mhh = x + y =
2
CO
n
= 0,2
Theo (1), (2): (x + y)mol hn hp phn ng th khi lng hh
mui tng (11x + 11y)g = 11(x + y) = 11.0,2 = 2,2g.
Vy khi lng mui thu c bng khi lng mui ban u
cng vi khi tng tng thm.
mmui = 23,8 + 2,2 = 26g.
240
6. Phng php ng cho
a. Cch gii:
- Phng php ng cho thng dng gii bi ton trn ln
cc cht vi nhau c th ng th hoc d th nhng hn hp cui cng
phi l ng th.
- Nu trn ln cc dung dch th phi l cc dung dch ca cng
mt cht (hoc cht khc, nhng do phn ng vi H
2
O li cho cng mt
cht. V d trn Na
2
O vi dd NaOH ta c cng mt cht l NaOH).
- Trn hai dung dch ca cht A vi nng khc nhau, ta thu
c mt dung dch cht A vi nng duy nht. Nh vy lng cht tan
trong phn c gim xung phi bng lng cht tan trong phn long
tng ln. S tng qut ca phng php ng cho nh sau:
D
1
x
1
x x
2

x
x x
x x
D
D
1
2
2
1
D
2
x
2
x
1
- x
x
1
, x
2
, x l khi lng cht ta quan tm vi x
1
> x > x
2

D
1
, D
2
l khi lng hay th tch cc cht (hay dung dch) em
trn ln.
b. Cc v d:
V d 1: Cn thm bao nhiu gam nc vo 500g dung dch NaOH
12% c dd NaOH 8% ?
Gii:
O H
m
2
0 4
mdd
12%
12 8
g m
m
O H
O H
250
8
4
500
2
2

( y x
1
= 0, v nc th nng NaOH bng 0).
V d 2: Cn trn H
2
v CO theo t l th tch nh th no c
hn hp kh c t khi so vi metan bng 1,5.
241
8
Gii:
hh M
= 1,5.16 = 24
2
H
V
2 4
24
11
2
22
4
2

CO
H
V
V
CO
V
28 22
V d 3: Ho tan 4,59g Al bng dd HNO
3
long thu c hn hp
kh NO v N
2
O c t khi so vi H
2
bng 16,75. Tnh t l th tch kh trong
hn hp.
Gii:
hh M
= 16,75.2 = 33,5
O N
V
2
44 3,5
33,5
3
1
5 , 10
5 , 3
2

NO
O N
V
V
NO
V
30 10,5
V d 4: Trn 2 th tch CH
4
vi 1 th tch hirocacbon X thu
c hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi H
2
bng 15. Xc nh CTPT ca
X.
Gii:
hh M
= 15.2 = 30
2V 16 MX - 30

30
1V MX 30 16
58
16 30
30
1
2

X
X
M
M
V
V
Vi 12x + y = 58 ch c nghim khi x = 4 v y = 10 C
4
H
10

V d 5: T 1 tn qung hematit (A) iu ch c 420kg st. T
1 tn qung manhetit (B) iu ch c 504kg st. Phi trn 2 qung trn
vi t l v khi lng l bao nhiu c 1 tn qung hn hp m t 1
tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480kg st ?
242
Gii:
mA 420 24
480
5
2
60
24

B
A
m
m
mB 504 60
Li ni u............................................................3
Phn 1- ho hc i cng....................................4
243
Chng 1 Cu to nguyn t - nh lut tun
hon ..................................................................4
v lin kt ho hc.............................................4
A. tm tt l thuyt..........................................4
B. BI.......................................................11
C. hng dn tr li, p s .........................22
Chng 2 Phn ng ho hc- Phn ng oxi ho
kh, in phn - tc phn ng v cn bng
ho hc............................................................26
A.Tm tt l thuyt........................................26
II. tc phn ng v cn bng ho hc.......27
B. bi........................................................28
C. hng dn tr li, p s..........................47
Chng 3 S in li - phn ng gia cc ion....55
trong dung dch pH........................................55
A. tm tt l thuyt........................................55
B. bi........................................................57
D. Hng dn tr li, p s..........................68
Phn 2 - trc nghim ho hc phi kim.................68
Chng 4 nhm halogen................................68
A. tm tt l thuyt........................................68
B. bi........................................................72
C. hng dn tr li, p s..........................82
Chng 5. Nhm oxi - lu hunh......................83
A. tm tt l thuyt.......................................83
B. bi........................................................86
C. hng dn tr li v p s......................96
Chng 6. Nhm nit - photpho.......................98
A. tm tt l thuyt........................................98
B. bi.....................................................102
c. hng dn tr li v p s.....................110
Chng 7. Nhm cacbon - silic.......................112
A. tm tt l thuyt......................................112
B. bi......................................................119
244
C. hng dn tr li v p s....................125
Phn 3 - Ho hc hu c....................................127
Chng 8. i cng v ho hc hu c........127
A. tm tt l thuyt......................................127
B. bi......................................................131
C. hng dn tr li v p s....................138
Chng 9. hirocacbon..................................140
A. tm tt l thuyt......................................140
B. bi......................................................145
C. hng dn tr li v p s...................153
Chng 10. cc dn xut ca hirocacbon.....156
A tm tt l thuyt.......................................156
B. bi......................................................162
hng dn tr li v p s.........................172
Phn 4 - ho hc kim loi..................................180
Chng 11. i cng v kim loi.................180
A. tm tt l thuyt......................................180
B. bi.....................................................182
hng dn tr li v p s.......................187
Chng 12. Cc kim loi kim, kim th v
nhm..............................................................188
A. tm tt l thuyt......................................188
B. bi.....................................................193
C. hng dn tr li v p s....................200
Chng 13. crom - st - ng.......................206
A. tm tt l thuyt......................................206
B. bi......................................................211
C. hng dn tr li v p s...................219
Chng 14. Mt s phng php giI nhanh bi
tp ha hc ......................................................225
1. Phng php bo ton...............................225
2. Phng php i s....................................230
3. Phng php trung bnh (khi lng mol trung
bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh).......................233
245
4. Phng php ghp n s............................236
5. Phng php tng gim khi lng............238
6. Phng php ng cho...........................241
246

555 Cau Hoi Trac Nghiem Hoa Hoc - Luyen Thi Dai Hoc

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Copyright:

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555 Cau Hoi Trac Nghiem Hoa Hoc - Luyen Thi Dai Hoc

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Li ni u

Kim tra, nh gi c vai tr, chc nng rt quan trng trong dy

Lin kt cng ho tr c cc khi

S khi: v tn nguyn t.l: . Cu hnh electron ca nguyn

Trong : - m l khi lng ca n cht thot ra in cc (gam).

l s mol electron trao i trong qu trnh in phn.

VNO = 0,09 x 22,4 = 2,106 lt

Phng trnh ion y ca phn ng l:

267. Cho hn hp gm Fe v FeS tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c

A. b sung cc nguyn t dinh dng cho t.

khng c oxi, mO > 0

Theo phng trnh (1):

. Thm dn V lt dung dch K

chuyn thnh mui Cl

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl

Dung dch sau phn ng ch c Na

Ta lp c 2 phng trnh i s theo s mol CO

5. Phng php tng gim khi lng

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