ANHIT

I. Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn 1. Cng thc tng qut : R(CHO)m, m 1. - R c th l H hoc gc hirocacbon v c bit c hp cht OHC CHO trong m = 2,R khng c. Anehit no, mch thng mt ln anehit c CTPT: CnH2n+1 - CHO vi n 0. 2. Cu to phn t ng phn c th do: + Mch C khc nhau. + V tr cc nhm chc. + ng phn vi xeton v ru cha no. V d: Anehit C3H7 - CHO c cc ng phn

3. Cch gi tn a) Tn thng dng: Gi theo tn axit hu c tng ng. V d. H - CHO : anehit fomic. CH3 - CHO : anehit axetic. b) Danh php quc t: Thm ui al vo tn hirocacbon no tng ng (v s C). V d. H - CHO : metanal CH3 - CHO : etanal. CH2 = CH - CH2 - CHO : butenal. II. Tnh cht vt l Nhit si ca anehit thp hn ca ru tng ng v gia phn t anehit khng c lin kt H tan trong nc gim dn khi tng s nguyn t C trong phn t. III. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Phn ng oxi ho a) Phn ng trng gng: Tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3. b) Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 v nc feling:

Cc phn ng ny l cc phn ng c trng nhn bit anehit. c) Vi oxi khng kh c mui Mn2+ xc tc: 2. Phn ng cng a) Cng hp H2: Phn ng kh anehit thnh ru bc nht. b) Cng hp HX:

3. Phn ng trng hp anehit: C nhiu dng.

* To polime:

4. Phn ng trng ngng : Gia anehit fomic v phenol to thnh polime phenolfomanehit. 5. Nu gc R cha no, anehit d dng tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp. V d (Phn ng cng y tri vi quy tc Maccpnhicp). IV. iu ch Tch H2 khi ru bc nht. Oxi ho m du ru bc nht. Hp nc vo axetilen c anehit axetic. Thu phn dn xut th 2 ln halogen: V. Gii thiu mt s anehit 1. Fomanehit HCHO L cht kh, c mi xc, tan nhiu trong nc. Dung dch 37 - 40% gi l fomon dng nhiu trong y hc. iu ch: Trc tip t CH4.

2. Anehit axetic CH3 - CHO L cht lng, tan nhiu trong nc, nhit si = 52,4oC, b oxi ho thnh axit acrilic, b kh thnh ru anlylic. iu ch bng cch tch nc khi glixerin.

I. Cu to

XETON

Trong R, R' l nhng gc hirocacbon c th ging hoc khc nhau.

V d. II. Tnh cht vt l Axeton l cht lng, cc xeton khc l cht rn, thng c mi thm, tan v hn trong nc, cc xeton khc c tan gim dn khi mch C tng, dng lm dung mi III. Tnh cht ho hc: Kh nng phn ng km anehit 1. Kh b oxi ho. Khng c phn ng trng gng v khng c phn ng vi Cu(OH)2. Khi oxi ho mnh th t mch cacbon.

2. Phn ng cng

 Kh bng H2 thnh ru bc 2. IV. iu ch Oxi ho ru bc 2. Tch H2 khi ru bc 2:

Thy phn dn xut th 2 ln halogen: Cng nc vo ng ng ca axetilen

BI TP V ANHIT XETON

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

s' CH 4 + Cl2 CH 3Cl + HCl

t CH 3Cl + NaOH loang CH 3OH + NaCl
o

t CH 3OH + CuO HCHO + Cu + H 2O

t HCHO + 4 Ag NH OH ( NH 4 ) 2 CO3 + 4 Ag + 6 NH 3 + 2H 2O ( ) 3 2
o

Mn HCHO + O2 HCOOH

2+

HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H 2O

t 2 HCOONa HCHO + Na2CO3
xt 2 HCHO CH 2 CHO |
o

8.

OH
9. 10.
2 6 HCHO C6 H12O6

Ca ( OH )

Cc oxit nito CH 4 + O2 HCHO + H 2O 600o C

11. 12.

C2 H 5 Cl + 2 Na + Cl C2 H 5 C4 H10 + 2 NaCl
Cracking C4 H10 CH 4 + C3 H 6 600o C

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

lm lanh nhanh 2CH 4 C2 H 2 + 3 H 2 1500o C

HgSO4 C2 H 2 + H 2O CH 3CHO 60 80o C

1 Mn 2+ CH 3CHO + O2 CH 3COOH 2

CH 3COOH + NaOH CH 3COONa + H 2O

vi ti CH 3COONa + NaOH CH 4 + Na2CO3 to

CH 3CHO + 2Cu ( OH ) 2 + NaOH CH 3COONa + Cu 2O + 3H 2O

Pd C2 H 2 + H 2 C2 H 4 1 PdCl2 / CuCl2 C2 H 4 + O2 CH 3CHO 500o C 2

21.

C3 H 7 CH SO3 Na + NaOH C3 H 7CHO + H 2O + Na2 SO3

|

OH
22.
Ni C3 H 7 CHO + H 2 C3 H 7CH 2OH

23. 5C3 H 7 CH 2OH + 4 KMnO4 + 6 H 2 SO4 5C3 H 7COOH + 4 MnSO4 + 2 K 2 SO4 + 11H 2O 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

C3 H 7COOH + NaOH C3 H 7COONa + H 2O

Vi ti C3 H 7COONa + NaOH C3 H 8 + Na2CO3 to

Cracking C3 H 8 C2 H 4 + CH 4
H C2 H 4 + H 2O C2 H 5OH 280o C men giam C2 H 5OH + O2 CH 3COOH + H 2O
+

2CH 3COOH + Ca ( CH 3COO ) 2 Ca + H 2

o

30.

t CH 3 C CH 3 + CaCO3 ( CH 3COO ) 2 Ca P

OH
| |

31.

xt CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 + H 2O P

OH