BI TP : GII PHNG TRNH-H PHNG TRNH( S DNG O HM)

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh

2 2 + 32 = 2 x + 3 x +1 + x + 1
x

Gii:
Ta c f ( x) = 2 x + 3 x + x tng trn R, nn phng trnh tng ng
f (2 x ) = f ( x + 1) 2 x = x + 1
Hm s g ( x) = 2 x ( x + 1) xc nh trn R

g / ( x) = 2 x ln 2 1 g / ( x) 0 x log 2 (log 2 e )
Vy phng trnh c nhiu nht 2 nghim trn ( ; log 2 (log 2 e) ) v (log 2 (log 2 e) ; + )
Th trc tip tm c hai nghim l x = 0 ; x = 1

Bi 2: Gii phng trnh

log 5 x 2 x 1 + x + 3 4 x 1 = 5 x2 x1 + x+34 x1 1 1

Gii :
iu kin x 1 .t t = x 2 x 1 + x + 3 4 x 1 1 0 (chng minh)
phng trnh tng ng log 5 (t + 1) = 5 t 1
5 t = y + 1
5 t = t + 1
5t = y + 1
t=0
y
t

5 5 y = y t (*)
5 = t + 1
y=t
x 2 x 1 + x + 3 4 x 1 1 = 0
2 x5

Bi 3: Gii phng trnh

x=

13 4
2 x 4 x 2 + 24 x 4
2

Gii :
x 4 4 x 3 2 x 2 + 12 x 2 = 0
Xt hm s y = x 4 4 x 3 2 x 2 + 12 x 2 y / = 4 x 3 12 x 2 4 x + 12

Lp bng bin thin, suy ra hm s c trc i xng x =1

Do t x = X + 1 , ta c phng trnh
x = 1 4 11
X 4 8X 2 + 5 = 0
x = 1 4 + 11

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh

(1 + cos x) 2 + 4 cos x = 3.4 cos x

Gii :
t cos x = y

(1 + y ) 2 + 4

t f ( y ) =

1 y 1

) = 3.4 y

3.4 y
6. ln 4.4 y
/

f
(
y
)
=
1
2
2 + 4y
2 + 4y

f / ( y ) = 0 16. ln 4.4 y = 2 + 4 y

y l phng trnh bc hai theo 4 y , nn c khng qu 2 nghim. Vy theo nh l Roolle

phng trnh f ( y ) = 0 c khng qu 3 nghim.
1
, y = 1 l 3 nghim ca phng trnh f ( y ) = 0
2

2
Suy ra phng trnh c nghim x = k 2 , x = + k , x =
+ k 2
3
2

Ta c y = 0 , y =

Bi 5: Gii phng trnh

log 2008

4x 2 + 2
= x 6 3x 2 1
6
2
x + x +1

Gii :
6

4x 2 + 2
2008 x + x +1
=
x 6 + x 2 + 1 = 4 x 2 + 2 v hm s f ( x) = x.2008 x tng trn R
6
2
2 +2
4
x
x + x +1
2008
Gii phng trnh x 6 3 x 2 1 = 0 u 3 3u 1 u 0 phng trnh ch c nghim trong (0,2)

1
t u = 2 cos t 0 < t <
cos 3t =
2
2

Suy ra phng trnh c nghim x = 2 cos

Bi 6: Gii phng trnh

5
cos x.
2

sin x

5
= sin x.
2

cos x

Gii :
Cosx = 0 v sinx = 0 khng l nghim . Xt x
sin x

5

2

sin x

k
2

cos x

5

2
=
cos x

5

2
Xt hm s f (t ) =
t

Suy ra sin x = cos x x =

t < 1 , t 0 . Hm s f (t ) nghch bin

+ k

Bi 7: Gii phng trnh

( x + 2) 2 + log 2

Gii :
k 2 x + 3 > 0

x 2 + 4x + 5
2x + 3

= 2 2x + 3

( x + 2) 2 + 1 + log 2 ( x + 2) 2 + 1 = 2 2 x + 3 + log 2 2 2 x + 3
t f (t ) = t + log 2 t (t > 0)

Tng t

Phng trnh c nghim x = 1

Bi 8: Gii phng trnh
sin 1975 x cos1975 x =

1
sin

2007

1
cos

2007

Gii :
sin 1975 x

= cos1975 x

2007

1
2007

sin
x
cos
x
sin x = 1 ; cos x = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh

t hm s f (t ) = t 1975

t (1 ; 0) (0 ; 1)
t
2007
Ta c f / (t ) = 1975t 1974 + 2008 > 0 nn hm s tng trn mi khong
t
t (1 ; 0) : f (t ) ch nhn gi tr dng
t (0 ; 1) : f (t ) ch nhn gi tr m
2007

Nn f (sin x) = f (cos x) sin x = cos x x =

+ k

Bi 9: Gii phng trnh

sin . sin x cos . cos 2 2 x = 2 sin x. sin 3x + cos 4 2 x cos 4 x

2

Gii :

cos . cos 2
2

x cos . cos 2 2 x = 2 cos 2 x cos 2 2 x + cos 4 2 x cos 4 x

cos 4 2 x 2 cos 2 2 x + cos . cos 2 2 x = cos 4 x 2 cos 2 x + cos . cos 2 x

2

Xt hm s f (t ) = t 2 2t + cos .t
0 t 1 . f (t ) gim
2
k
f (cos 2 2 x) = f (cos 2 x) cos 2 2 x = cos 2 x x =
3

Bi 10: Gii phng trnh

2x

34 x + 93

Gii :
t t = x 2 34 x + 376 (t 87)
2 t .t 3 log 2 (2 t .t 3 ) = 35.2 283 = 2 256.256 3 log 2 (256 t .256 3 )
Hm s f (t ) = 2 t .t 3 log 2 (2 t .t 3 ) ng bin trn [1; + )
t = 256 x 2 34 x + 376 = 256 x = 30 ; x = 4

Bi 11: Gii phng trnh

1

2

Gii :

( x 2 34 x + 376) 3 x 2 34 x + 376 + 3 log 2 + ( x 2 34 x + 376) = 35

2 sin 2 x

1
= cos 2 x + log 4 (4 cos 3 2 x cos 6 x 1)
2

t y = cos 2 x

1
( < y 1)
3

1
= y + log 4 (3 y 1)
2
t t = log 2 (3 y 1) 2 t = 3 y 1
2 y 1 +

(t 1)

2 y = 2 y + t 1
2 y + y = 2t + t
t
2
=
3
y

Ta c h

Xt hm s g (u ) = 2 u + u , hm s ng bin trn R
2 t = 3t 1 f (t ) = 2 t 3t + 1 = 0
Xt hm s f (t ) = 2 t 3t + 1 , s dng nh l Roll cm phng trnh c khng qu 3 nghim
Phng trnh c nghim t = 1 t = 3( L) , suy ra phng trnh c nghim x = k

Bi 12: Gii phng trnh

64 x 8.343 x 1 = 8 + 12.4 x .7 x 1

Gii :
t a = 2 ; b = 4 x ; c = 2.7 x 1
(a b) 2 + (b c) 2 + (c a) 2
a 3 + b 3 + c 3 3abc = 0 (a + b + c)
= 0 a+b+c = 0
2

x
x 1
2 4 + 2.7 = 0
2
Xt hm s f ( x) = 2 4 x + 2.7 x 1 f / ( x) = 4 x . ln 4 + .7 x . ln 7
7
/
Phng trnh f ( x) = 0 c nghim duy nht nn theo nh l Lagrange phng trnh f ( x) = 0

khng c qu 2 nghim phn bit

Phng trnh c nghim x = 1 ; x = 2
Bi 13: Gii phng trnh
log 2

2+ 3

( x 2 2 x 2) = log 2+ 3 ( x 2 2 x 3)

Gii :
iu kin x < 1 v 3 < x
log 8+ 4 3 ( x 2 2 x 2) = log 7 + 4 3 ( x 2 2 x 3)

t a = 7 + 4 3 v t = x 2 2 x 3
log a +1 (t + 1) = log a t

t y = log a t
y

a 1

+
= 1 y = 1 l nghim duy nht
a + 1 a + 1

Phng trnh c nghim x = 1 11 + 4 3

Bi 14: Gii h phng trnh

log 5 x = log 3

log 5 y = log 3
log z = log
3
5

(
(
(

)
z + 4)
x + 4)
y +4

Gii :
H phng trnh khng i qua php hon v vng quanh x = y = z
T ta c log 5 x = log 3 x + 4 , t t = log 5 x

t
5
1
+ 4 = 1

3
3

t
5
1

Phng trnh c ng 1 ngim t = 2 do hm s f (t ) = + 4 = 1 nghch bin

3
3
H phng trnh c 1 nghim x = y = z = 25

Bi 15: Gii h phng trnh

1 x 2

3
2

2 x 2 y = xy

2
2
2
2
(
)
x
y
2
x
2
x
y
1
4
x=0
+

Gii :
T phng trnh (2) x( xy + 2) = 1 y =
1 x 2
x2

1 2x
x2

1 2 x

1 x2
1 2x
2
(1) 2
=2 x +
+
2
2x
2x 2
t
1
xt hm s f (t ) = 2 t + f / (t ) = 2 t ln 2 + > 0
2
2
2
1 x
1 2x

=
2
2x
2x 2
3
H phng trnh c 1 nghim x = 2 , y =
4

Bi 16: Gii h phng trnh

2 2

x2 +1
e y x = 2

y +1
3 log 3 ( x + 2 y + 6) = 2 log 2 ( x + y + 2) + 1

Gii :
k x + 2 y + 6 > 0 v x + y + 2 > 0
(1) ln( x 2 + 1) + x 2 + 1 = ln( y 2 + 1) + y 2 + 1
Hm s f (t ) = ln t + t t > 1 ng bin trn (0 ; + )
x2 +1 = y2 +1 x = y
.Nu x = y (2) log 3 (6 x) = 1 x = 3 ; y = 3

.Nu x = y
(2) 3 log 3 ( x + 2) = 2 log 2 ( x + 1) = 6u
u
u
x + 2 = 3 2u
1 8
+ =1

3u
x + 1 = 2
9 9

1 8
Hm s g (u ) = + nghch bin trn R, suy ra u = 1 l nghim duy nht
9 9
3
H phng trnh c 2 nghim x = 2 , y = v x = 7 ; y = 7
4

Bi 17: Gii h phng trnh

1

8 y2 +
2 x 2 +1 4
2 = 3( 2 y x )

2
3
7

2 ( x+ y ) +
x+ y =

2
2

Gii :
k x ; y 0
2 x 2 +1 + 3 x = 2 ( 4 y )2 +1 + 3 4 y

2
2 ( x + y ) +1 + 3 x + y = 7

Hm s f ( x) = 2 x

2 +1

+ 3 x ng bin trn [0 ; )

f ( x) = f (4 y )
x = 5
x = 4 y

1
x + y = 1
y =
f ( x + y ) = f (1)

Bi 18: Gii h phng trnh

cos x = log 2 (8 cos z cos 2 x 5)

cos y = log 2 (8 cos x cos 2 y 5)

cos z = log (8 cos y cos 2 z 5)
2

Gii :
8Z = 2 X + 2 X 2 + 4

8 X = 2 Y + 2Y 2 + 4
8Y = 2 Z + 2 Z 2 + 4

1 t
1
2 + 2t 2 + 4 ng bin trn
8
2
1
X = Y = Z = 2 X + 2X 2 + 4
8
X =Y = Z =1
Gii bng th
X = Y = Z = 2 (l )
H phng trnh c 2 nghim x = k 2 , y = l 2

Hm s f (t ) =

;1

; z = m2

Bi 19: Gii h phng trnh

log 2 (1 + 3 cos x) = log 3 (sin y ) + 2

log 2 (1 + 3 sin y ) = log 3 (cos x) + 2

Gii :
k cos x ; sin y 0
log 2 (1 + 3 cos x) + log 3 (cos x) = log 2 (1 + 3 sin y ) = log 3 (sin y )
3
2
Hm s f (t ) = log 2 (1 + 3t ) + log 3 t f / (t ) =
+
> 0 ng bin trn t > 0
(1 + 3t ) ln 2 t ln 3
sin y = cos x
Thay vo phng trnh (1) log 2 (1 + 3 cos x) = log 3 (cos x) + 2

Lp BBT hm s g (v) = log 2 (1 + 3v) log 3 v vi v = cos x (0 , 1] phng trnh ch c 2 nghim

cos x = 1 , cos x =

1
3

Bi 20: Gii h phng trnh

3
4
x y y = 28
2
2
3
x y + 2 xy + y = 18 2

Gii:
H tng ng

y x3 y 3 = 28
(1)

y ( x + y ) 2 = 18 2 (2)

x> y>0

3
3 4 8

34 8
(2) x =
y y 3 = 28 (3)
y , thay vo (1) c: y

3
3 4 8

t t = y > 0 , (3) tr thnh: t 2

t 2 t 6 = 28 t 9 3 4 8 t 3
t

+ 28t = 0

Xt hm f (t ) = t 9 3 4 8 t 3 + 28t ta c:

f '(t ) = 9t 8 + 9t 2 3 4 8 t 3 + 28 > 0, t > 0

Chng t hm s f(t) ng bin trn khong (0;+) phng trnh f(t) = 0 nu c nghim
trn Khong (0;+) th nghim l nghim duy nht. T suy ra h phng trnh cho nu
c nghim (x0, y0) th nghim l nghim duy nht ca h.
Nu chn x = 2y th t (1) ta c: y 4 = 4 y = 2 x = 2 2 . R rng cp s (2 2; 2)
tha (2).
Vy h c nghim duy nht (2 2; 2) .
Bi 21: Tm s nghim ca nm trong khong (0 ; 2 ) ca phng trnh
2

e 2 cos x (8 sin 6 x 12 sin 4 x + 10 sin 2 x) = e +

Gii :

5
2

t t = sin 2 x = y

0 t 1

5
2
2 (1 t )
3
(8t 12t 2 + 10t )
Xt hm s f ( x) = e
f / ( x) = e 2 (1t ) (24t 2 24t + 10) 2(8t 3 12t 2 + 10t ) = 2.e 2 (1t ) .g (t )
Vi g (t ) = 8t 3 24t 2 + 22t 5 g / (t ) = 2(12t 2 24t + 11)
e 2 (1t ) (8t 3 x 12t 2 x + 10t ) = e +

Lp bng bin thin, suy ra phng trnh g (t ) = 0 c nghim duy nht t = u , 0 < u < 1
3
t

1-

g'
g

-5

6
0

f'
1

_
6

Lp bng bin thin hm s f (t ) , suy ra phng trnh f (t ) = 0 c nghim duy nht

t =v ,0<v<u

Suy ra phng trnh sin x = v c 4 nghim phn bit x (0, 2 )

3
6