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I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
PHM VN TH
MT S TNH CHT CA A THC
I XNG V NG DNG
TRONG I S
LUN VN THC S TON HC
Chuyn ngnh : PHNG PHP TON S CP
M s : 60. 46. 40.
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. NGUYN VN MINH
THI NGUYN 2012
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
Mc lc
M u 3
1 Khi nim c bn v a thc i xng 5
1.1 a thc i xng hai bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1 Cc khi nim c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2 Tng ly tha v cng thc Waring . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.3 Cc nh l v a thc i xng hai bin . . . . . . 9
1.2 a thc i xng ba bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.1 Cc khi nim c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.2 Tng ly tha v tng nghch o . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.3 Qu o ca n thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.4 Cc nh l ca a thc i xng ba bin . . . . . . 16
1.2.5 a thc phn i xng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 ng dng tnh cht ca a thc i xng gii mt s
bi ton i s 21
2.1 Mt s bi tp tnh ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Phng trnh i xng v phng trnh hi quy . . . . . . . 27
2.4 Gii h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1 H phng trnh i xng hai n v ng dng . . . . 33
2.4.2 H phng trnh i xng ba n . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh i xng . . . . . 42
2.6 Chng minh cc ng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.7 Chng minh bt ng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 a thc i xng n bin v ng dng 58
3.1 Cc khi nim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2 Biu din cc tng ly tha qua cc a thc i xng c s 60
3.3 Cc nh l ca a thc i xng nhiu bin . . . . . . . . 63
1
3.4 a thc phn i xng nhiu bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5 Phng trnh v h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.6 Chng minh ng thc. Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t . 72
Kt lun 79
Ti liu tham kho 80
2
M u
Cc bi ton i s lun chim mt v tr quan trng i vi ton ph
thng, cng l lnh vc m cc nh nghin cu sng to ra rt y
v hon thin. Tnh i xng trong i s l mt trong nhng phn quan
trng ca i s s cp, cng l bi ton quen thuc trong cc ti liu lin
quan n i s s cp, cc k thi hc sinh gii quc gia v quc t.
Trong qu trnh gii nhiu bi ton i s hoc dng trc tip hoc
dng gin tip mi nhn ra l bi ton lin quan n a thc i xng,
nu gii mi bi ton ny mt cch n l s gp khng t kh khn v
tnh hiu qu khng cao khi gii cc bi ton cng loi. Vic nm bt c
y khi nim v cc tnh cht c bn ca a thc i xng, thng qua
p dng gii mt s bi ton lin quan n a thc i xng l vn
c nhiu ngi quan tm.
Lun vn ny gii thiu cc khi nim, tnh cht ca a thc i xng
v cc ng dng c bn gii cc bi ton i s thng gp trong chng
trnh ton s cp. Lun vn "Mt s tnh cht ca a thc i xng v
ng dng trong i s" gm c phn m u, ba chng ni dung, kt
lun v ti liu tham kho.
Chng 1. Cc khi nin c bn v a thc i xng.
Trong chng ny tc gi trnh by cc khi nim, tnh cht ca a thc
i xng hai bin, ba bin. Mt ng gp nh c ngha trong chng
ny l H qu 1.1 ca cng thc Newton. Cng thc ny thng c s
dng trong cc bi ton tnh gi tr biu thc.
Chng 2. ng dng tnh cht ca a thc i xng gii mt s bi
ton i s.
Chng ny tc gi trnh by cc ng dng ca a thc i xng bng
cc v d minh ha c th. Cc ng dng ny rt ph bin trong cc ti
liu v i s trong chng trnh ton ph thng.
3
Chng 3. a thc i xng n bin v ng dng.
Chng ny tc gi trnh by cc kin thc ca a thc i xng n bin
v mt s ng dng ph bin thng gp.
Lun vn nghin cu mt phn rt nh ca i s v thu c mt s
kt qu nht nh. Tuy nhin, lun vn chc chn cn nhiu thiu xt, nn
rt mong c s gp ca cc thy c, cc bn ng nghip v c gi
quan tm n ni dung lun vn lun vn ca tc gi c hon thin
hn.
Lun vn c hon thnh ti trng i hc Khoa hc - i hc Thi
Nguyn di s hng dn ca TS. Nguyn Vn Minh. Tc gi xin by t
lng bit n su sc ti s quan tm ca thy, ti cc thy c trong Ban
Gim hiu, Phng o to v Khoa Ton - Tin trng i hc Khoa hc.
ng thi tc gi xin cm n ti S GD - T tnh Yn Bi, Ban Gim
hiu, cc bn ng nghip ti trng THPT Hong Vn Th huyn Lc
Yn - Yn Bi v gia nh to iu kin cho tc gi hc tp v hon
thnh bn lun vn ny.
Thi Nguyn, ngy 10 thng 06 nm 2012.
Tc gi
Phm Vn Th
4
Chng 1
Khi nim c bn v a thc i
xng
1.1 a thc i xng hai bin
1.1.1 Cc khi nim c bn
nh ngha 1.1 (Theo [2]). Mt n thc f(x,y) ca cc bin c lp x,
y (trng hp chung nht c th l cc s phc) c hiu l hm s c
dng
f(x, y) = a
kl
x
k
y
l
,
trong a
kl
= 0 l mt s (hng s), k, l l nhng s nguyn khng m.
S a
kl
c gi l h s, cn k+l c gi l bc ca n thc f(x,y) v
c k hiu l
deg[f(x, y)] = deg[ax
k
y
l
] = k + l.
Cc s k, l tng ng c gi l bc ca n thc i vi cc bin x, y.
Nh vy, bc ca n thc hai bin bng tng cc bc ca cc n thc
theo tng bin.
Chng hn: 3x
4
y
2
v x
2
y l cc n thc theo x, y vi bc tng ng
bng 6 v 3.
nh ngha 1.2 (Theo [2]). Hai n thc ca cc bin x, y c gi l
ng dng (tng t), nu chng ch c h s khc nhau. Nh vy, hai n
thc c gi l ng dng, nu chng c dng: Ax
k
y
l
, Bx
k
y
l
(A = B).
nh ngha 1.3 (Theo [2]). Gi s Ax
k
y
l
v Bx
m
y
n
l hai n thc ca
cc bin x, y. Ta ni rng n thc Ax
k
y
l
tri hn n thc Bx
m
y
n
theo
th t ca cc bin x, y, nu k > m, hoc k = m v l > n.
5
Chng hn: n thc 3x
4
y
2
tri hn n thc 3x
2
y
7
, cn n thc x
4
y
5
tri hn n thc x
4
y
3
.
nh ngha 1.4 (Theo [2]). Mt hm s P(x,y) c gi l mt a thc
theo cc bin s x, y, nu n c th biu din c di dng tng ca hu
hn cc n thc. Nh vy, a thc P(x,y) theo cc bin s x, y l hm s
c dng
P(x, y) =
k+l<m
a
kl
x
k
y
l
.
Bc ln nht ca cc n thc trong a thc c gi l bc ca a thc.
nh ngha 1.5 (Theo [2]). a thc P(x,y) c gi l i xng ca hai
bin x, y, nu n khng thay i khi i ch ca x v y, ngha l
P(x, y) = P(y, x)
Chng hn:
P(x, y) = x
3
xy + y
3
, Q(x, y) = x
2
y + xy
2
l cc a thc i xng ca cc bin x, y.
nh ngha 1.6 (Theo [2]). Cc a thc
1
= x + y,
2
= xy.
c gi l cc a thc i xng c s ca cc bin x, y.
nh ngha 1.7 (Theo [2]). a thc i xng P(x,y) c gi l thun
nht bc m, nu:
P(tx, ty) = t
m
P(x, y), t = 0
1.1.2 Tng ly tha v cng thc Waring
nh ngha 1.8 (Theo [2]). Cc a thc s
k
= x
k
+ y
k
(k = 1, 2, ...) c
gi l tng ly tha bc k ca cc bin x, y.
nh l 1.1 (Theo [2]). Mi tng ly tha s
m
= x
m
+y
m
c th biu din
c di dng mt a thc bc m ca
1
v
2
Chng minh. Ta c
1
s
k1
= (x+y)(x
k1
+y
k1
) = x
k
+y
k
+xy(x
k2
+y
k2
) = s
k
+
2
s
k2
.
6
Nh vy
s
k
=
1
s
k1
2
s
k2
. (1.1)
Cng thc (1.1) c gi l cng thc Newton, n cho php tnh s
k
theo
s
k1
v s
k2
.
Vi m=1, m=2, nh l 1.1 ng v
s
1
= x + y =
1
,
s
2
= x
2
+ y
2
= (x + y)
2
2xy =
2
1
2
2
.
Gi s nh l ng cho m < k. Khi s
k1
v s
k2
ln lt l cc a
thc bc k-1, k-2 ca
1
v
2
. Theo cng thc (1.1) ta suy ra s
k
l a
thc bc k ca
1
v
2
. Theo nguyn l quy np ta c iu phi chng
minh.
H qu 1.1. Vi m > n, ta c
s
m+n
= s
m
.s
n
n
2
.s
mn
. (1.2)
Tht vy,
s
m+n
= x
m+n
+ y
m+n
= (x
m
+ y
m
)(x
n
+ y
n
) x
n
y
n
(x
mn
+ y
mn
) =
s
m
.s
n
n
2
.s
mn
S dng cng thc (1.1) v cc biu thc ca s
1
, s
2
chng minh trn,
ta nhn c cc biu thc sau
s
1
= x + y =
1
,
s
2
=
2
1
2
2
,
s
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
,
s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
,
s
5
=
5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
.
Vic tnh cc tng ly tha s
k
theo cng thc lp (1.1) khng c thun
tin v phi bit trc cc tng s
k
v s
k1
. i khi ta cn c biu thc s
k
ch ph thuc vo
1
v
2
. Cng thc tng ng c tm ra nm 1779
bi nh ton hc ngi Anh E.Waring.
nh l 1.2 (Cng thc Waring (Theo [2])). Tng ly tha s
k
c biu
din qua cc a thc i xng c s
1
v
2
theo cng thc
1
k
s
k
=
[k/2]
m=0
(1)
m
(k m1)!
m! (k 2m)!

k2m
1

m
2
, (1.3)
trong [k/2] k hiu l phn nguyn ca k/2.
7
Chng minh. Ta chng minh cng thc (1.3) bng phng php quy np.
Vi k=1, k=2 cng thc tng ng c dng
s
1
=
1
,
1
2
s
2
=
1
2
2
1

2
.
Nh vy, vi k=1, k=2 cng thc (1.3) ng. Gi s cng thc Waring
ng cho s
1
, s
2
, ...., s
k1
. chng minh cng thc ng cho s
k
ta s
dng cng thc (1.1). Ta c
1
k
s
k
=
1
k
[
1
s
k1
2
s
k2
] =
=
k 1
k

1
.
m=0
(1)
m
(k m2)!
m! (k 2m1)!

k2m1
1

m
2

k 1
k

2
.
n
(1)
n
(k n 3)!
n! (k 2n 2)!

k2n2
1

n
2
=
=
1
k
m
(1)
m
(k m2)! (k 1)
m! (k 2m1)!

k2m
1

m
2

1
k
n
(1)
n
(k n 3)! (k 2)
n! (k 2n 2)!

k2n2
1

n+1
2
Trong tng th hai thay n+1 bi m. Khi hai tng c th kt hp thnh
mt nh sau:
1
k
s
k
=
1
k
(1)
m
(k m2)! (k 1)
m! (k 2m1)!

k2m
1

m
2

1
k
m
(1)
m1
(k m2)! (k 2)
(m1)! (k 2m)!

k2m
1

m
2
=
1
k
m
(1)
m
(k m2)!
_
k 1
m! (k 2m1)!
+
k 2
(m1)! (k 2m)!
_
k2m
1

m
2
.
S dng cng thc
1
(m1)!
=
m
m!
,
1
(k 2m1)!
=
k 2m
(k 2m)!
,
ta c
(k 1)(k 2m)
m!(k 2m)!
+
(k 2)m
m!(k 2m)!
=
k(k m1)
m!(k 2m)!
.
Cui cng, v
(k m1).(k m2)! = (k m1)!
nn ta c cng thc cn phi chng minh:
8
1
k
s
k
=
[k/2]
m=0
(1)
m
(k m1)!
m! (k 2m)!

k2m
1

m
2
,
Cng thc Waring cho biu thc ca s
n
= x
n
+ y
n
theo
1
= x + y,
2
= xy sau y
s
1
=
1
;
s
2
=
2
1
2
2
;
s
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
;
s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
;
s
5
=
5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
;
s
6
=
6
1
6
4
1
2
+ 9
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
;
s
7
=
7
1
7
5
1
2
+ 14
3
1
2
2
7
1
3
2
;
s
8
=
8
1
8
6
1
2
+ 20
4
1
2
2
16
2
1
3
2
+ 2
4
2
;
s
9
=
9
1
9
7
1
2
+ 27
5
1
2
2
30
2
1
3
2
+ 9
1
4
2
;
s
10
=
10
1
10
8
1
2
+ 35
6
1
2
2
50
4
1
3
2
+ 25
2
1
4
2
2
5
2
;
.......................................................................
1.1.3 Cc nh l v a thc i xng hai bin
nh l 1.3 (Theo [2]). Mi a thc i xng P(x,y) ca cc bin x, y u
c th biu din c di dng a thc p(
1
,
2
) theo cc bin
1
= x+y
v
2
= xy, ngha l
P(x, y) = p(
1
,
2
) (1.4)
Chng minh. Trc ht ta xt trng hp n thc, trong ly tha ca
x v y cng bc, ngha l n thc dng ax
k
y
k
. Hin nhin l
ax
k
y
k
= a(xy)
k
= a
k
2
.
Tip theo, xt n thc dng bx
k
y
l
(k = l). V a thc l i xng, nn c
s hng dng bx
l
y
k
. xc nh, ta gi s k < l v xt tng hai n thc
trn
b(x
k
y
l
+ x
l
y
k
) = bx
k
y
k
(x
lk
+ y
lk
) = b
k
2
s
lk
.
Theo cng thc Waring s
lk
l mt a thc ca cc bin
1
,
2
, nn nh
thc ni trn l mt a thc ca
1
,
2
.
V mi a thc i xng l tng ca cc s hng dng ax
k
y
k
v
b(x
k
y
l
+ x
l
y
k
), nn mi a thc i xng u biu din c dng a
thc theo cc bin
1
v
2
.
9
nh l 1.4 (Tnh duy nht (Theo [2])). Nu cc a thc (
1
,
2
) v
(
1
,
2
) khi thay
1
= x + y,
2
= xy cho ta cng mt a thc i xng
P(x,y), th chng phi trng nhau, ngha l (
1
,
2
) (
1
,
2
) .
Chng minh. t (
1
,
2
) = (
1
,
2
) (
1
,
2
). Khi theo gi thit
ta c:
(x + y, xy) = (x + y, xy) (x + y, xy) = P(x, y) P(x, y) = 0.
Ta s chng t rng (
1
,
2
) 0. D thy rng, sau khi m ngoc th
biu thc
f (x, y) := (x + y)
k
(xy)
l
l mt a thc ca cc bin x, y v c s hng tri nht theo th t cc
bin x, y l x
k+l
y
l
.
Gi s (
1
,
2
) c dng
(
1
,
2
) =
k,l
A
kl
k
1
l
2
.
tm s hng tri nht, ta chn trong (
1
,
2
) cc s hng c k+l l
ln nht. Tip theo, trong cc s hng ni trn, chn ra cc s hng vi
gi tr ln nht ca l. V d, nu
(
1
,
2
) = 3
4
1
2
4
2
1
3
2
+
1
4
2
6
1
2
2
+ 11
3
2
7
1
+ 5
2
+ 8
th s hng c chn s l
1
4
2
.
Nh vy, gi s chn c n thc A
m
1

n
2
. Khi , nu thay
1
= x+y,
2
= xy, th s hng tri nht ca s l Ax
m+n
y
n
. Tht vy,
gi s B
k
1
l
2
l n thc ty khc vi Ax
m+n
y
n
. Khi theo cch chn
c hoc m+n > l+l, hoc m+n = k+l, nhng n > l. Trong c hai trng
hp th Ax
m+n
y
n
tri hn Bx
k+l
y
l
.
Vy chng t rng Ax
m+n
y
n
l n thc tri nht ca (x + y, xy), nn
(x + y, xy) = 0, x, y nu (
1
,
2
) = 0. Vy, ta c (
1
,
2
) 0.
V d 1.1. Biu din a thc sau theo cc a thc i xng c s
f (x, y) = x
5
+3x
3
y
2
x
3
y
3
+2xy
4
7x
2
y
2
+y
5
+3x
2
y
3
5xy
3
5x
3
y+2x
4
y
= x
3
y
3
7x
2
y
2
+
_
x
5
+ y
5
_
+ 3
_
x
3
y
2
+ x
2
y
3
_
+ 2
_
xy
4
+ x
4
y
_
5
_
xy
3
+ x
3
y
_
=
= x
3
y
3
7x
2
y
2
+
_
x
5
+ y
5
_
+3x
2
y
2
(x + y)+2xy
_
y
3
+ x
3
_
5xy
_
y
2
+ x
2
_
=
3
2
7
2
2
+ s
5
+ 3
2
2
1
+ 2
2
s
3
5
2
s
2
=
=
3
2
7
2
2
+(
5
1
5
3
1
2
+5
1
2
2
)+3
1
2
2
+2
2
(
3
1
3
1
2
)5
2
(
2
1
2
2
)
=
5
1
3
3
1
2
5
2
1
2
+ 2
1
2
2

3
2
+ 3
2
2
.
10
1.2 a thc i xng ba bin
1.2.1 Cc khi nim c bn
nh ngha 1.9 (Theo [2]). Mt n thc (x, y, z) ca cc bin x, y, z
c hiu l hm s c dng
(x, y, z) = a
klm
x
k
y
l
z
m
,
trong k, l, m N c gi l bc ca cc bin x, y, z;
s a
klm
R
= R\ {0} c gi l h s ca n thc, cn s k+l+m gi

l bc ca n thc (x, y, z).
nh ngha 1.10 (Theo [2]). Mt hm s P(x,y,z) ca cc bin x, y, z
c gi l mt a thc, nu n c th c biu din dng tng hu hn
cc n thc:
P(x, y, z) =
k+l+mn
a
klm
x
k
y
l
z
m
.
Bc ln nht ca cc n thc trong a thc c gi l bc ca a thc.
nh ngha 1.11 (Theo [2]). a thc P(x,y,z) c gi l i xng ca
cc bin x, y, z, nu n khng thay i vi mi hon v ca x, y, z, ngha
l
P(x, y, z) = P(x, z, y) = P(y, x, z) = P(y, z, x) = P(z, y, x) = P(z, x, y).
Chng hn cc a thc di y l nhng a thc i xng theo cc
bin x, y, z
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
2x
2
y
2
2x
2
z
2
2y
2
z
2
;
(x + y)(x + z)(y + z);
(x y)
2
(y z)
2
(z x)
2
.
nh ngha 1.12 (Theo [2]). a thc i xng P(x,y) c gi l thun
nht bc m, nu:
P(tx, ty, tz) = t
m
P(x, y, z), t = 0
1
= x + y + z,
2
= xy + yz + zx,
3
= xyz,
c gi l cc a thc i xng c s ca cc bin x, y, z.
11
1.2.2 Tng ly tha v tng nghch o
nh ngha 1.14 (Theo [2]). Cc a thc s
k
= x
k
+y
k
+z
k
, (k = 0, 1, ...),
c gi l tng ly tha bc k ca cc bin x, y, z.
nh l 1.5 (Cng thc Newton (Theo [2])). Vi mi k Z, ta c h
thc
s
k
=
1
s
k1
2
s
k2
+
3
s
k3
(1.5)
Chng minh. Tht vy, ta c
1
s
k1
2
s
k2
+
3
s
k3
=
= (x + y + z)(x
k1
+ y
k1
+ z
k1
)
(xy + xz + yz)(x
k2
+ y
k2
+ z
k2
) + xyz(x
k3
+ y
k3
+ z
k3
) =
= (x
k
+ y
k
+ z
k
+ xy
k1
+ x
k1
y + xz
k1
+ x
k1
z + yz
k1
+ y
k1
z)
(x
k1
y + xy
k1
+ x
k1
z + xz
k1
+ y
k1
z + yz
k1
+
+xyz
k2
+ xy
k2
z + x
k2
yz) + (x
k2
yz + xy
k2
z + xyz
k2
) =
= x
k
+ y
k
+ z
k
= s
k
.
nh l 1.6 (Theo [2]). Mi tng ly tha s
k
= x
k
+ y
k
+ z
k
u c th
biu din c di dng mt a thc bc n theo cc bin
1
,
2
,
3
.
Chng minh. Ta chng minh nh l bng phng php quy np. Ta c
s
0
= 3, s
1
= x + y + z =
1
s
2
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= (x + y + z)
2
2(xy + yz + zx) =
2
1
2
2
.
Nh vy, nh l ng vi n = 0, n = 1, n = 2. Gi s nh l ng vi
n = k 1, n = k 2, n = k 3(k > 3). Khi , theo cng thc Newton,
nh l cng ng vi n = k.
Cng thc (1.5) cho php biu din cc tng ly tha s
k
theo cc a
thc i xng c s
1
,
2
,
3
, nu bit trc cng thc biu din ca
s
k1
, s
k2
. nh l sau cho ta cng thc biu din trc tip s
k
theo cc a
thc i xng c s
1
,
2
,
3
.
12
k
c biu
din qua cc a thc i xng c s theo cng thc
1
k
s
k
=
l+2m+3n=k
(1)
klmn
(l + m + n 1)!
l!m!n!

l
1
m
2

n
3
. (1.6)
Cng thc (1.6) c chng minh bng phng php quy np vi s tr
gip ca cng thc (1.5). Nh cng thc Waring chng ta c th tm c
cc cng thc sau
Biu thc ca s
n
= x
n
+ y
n
+ z
n
tnh theo
1
,
2
,
3
.
s
0
= 3;
s
1
=
1
;
s
2
=
2
1
2
2
;
s
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
;
s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
+ 4
1
3
;
s
5
=
5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
+ 5
2
1
3
5
2
3
;
s
6
=
6
1
6
4
1
2
+ 9
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
+ 6
3
1
3
12
1
3
+ 3
2
3
;
s
7
=
7
1
7
5
1
2
+ 14
3
1
2
2
7
1
3
2
+ 7
4
1
3
21
2
1
3
+ 7
1
2
3
+ 7
2
2
3
;
s
8
=
8
1
8
6
1
2
+ 20
4
1
2
2
16
2
1
3
2
+ 2
4
2
+ 8
5
1
3
32
3
1
3
+
+12
2
1
2
3
+ 24
1
2
2
3
8
2
2
3
;
s
9
=
9
1
9
7
1
2
+ 27
5
1
2
2
30
2
1
3
2
+ 9
1
4
2
+ 9
6
1
45
4
1
3
+ 54
2
1
2
2
3
+ 18
3
1
2
3
9
3
2
3
27
1
2
3
+ 3
3
3
;
s
10
=
10
1
10
8
1
2
+ 35
6
1
2
2
50
4
1
3
2
+ 25
2
1
4
2
2
5
2
+ 10
7
1
60
5
1
3
+ 100
3
1
2
2
3
+ 25
4
1
2
3
40
1
3
2
3
60
2
1
2
3
+ 10
1
3
3
+ 15
2
2
2
3
;
.......................................................................
nh ngha 1.15 (Theo [2]). Cc biu thc
s
k
= x
k
+ y
k
+ z
k
=
1
x
k
+
1
y
k
+
1
z
k
, (k = 1, 2, ...)
c gi l tng nghch o ca cc bin x, y, z.
Do cng thc (1.5) ng vi k Z, nn nu trong cng thc thay
k bi 3 k, ta c
s
k
=

2
3
s
1k

1
3
s
2k
+
1
3
s
3k
(1.7)
S dng cng thc (1.7) c th tm c cc biu thc ca cc tng nghch
o theo cc a thc i xng c s. Chng hn:
13
s
1
=

2
3
s
0
3
s
1
+
1
3
s
2
=

2
3
.3

1
3
.
1
+
1
3
(
2
1
2
2
) =

2
3
;
s
2
=

2
3
s
1
3
s
0
+
1
3
s
1
=

2
3
.
3
.3 +
1
1
=

2
2
2
1
2
3
;
s
3
=

2
3
s
2
3
s
1
+
1
3
s
0
=

2
3
.
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
.
3
+
1
3
.3 =
=

3
2
3
1
3
+ 3
2
3
3
3
;
s
4
=

2
3
s
3
3
s
2
+
1
3
s
1
=
=

2
3
.
3
2
3
1
3
+ 3
2
3
3
3
3
.
2
2
2
1
2
3
+
1
3
.
3
=
=

4
2
4
1
2
2
3
+ 4
2
2
3
+ 2
2
1
2
3
4
3
1.2.3 Qu o ca n thc
nh ngha 1.16 (Theo [2]). a thc i xng vi s cc s hng ti
thiu, mt trong cc s hng ca n l n thc x
k
y
l
z
m
c gi l qu
o ca n thc x
k
y
l
z
m
v c k hiu l O(x
k
y
l
z
m
).
R rng l tm qu o ca n thc x
k
y
l
z
m
cn phi b sung vo n
thc tt c cc hon v ca x, y, z. Vi k = l = m, ta c:
O(x
k
y
l
z
m
) = x
k
y
l
z
m
+ x
k
y
m
z
l
+ x
l
y
k
z
m
+ x
l
y
m
z
k
+ x
m
y
k
z
l
+ x
m
y
l
z
k
.
V d 1.2 (Theo [5]). Ta c
O(x
5
y
2
z) = x
5
y
2
z + x
5
yz
2
+ x
2
y
5
z + x
2
yz
5
+ xy
5
z
2
+ xy
2
z
5
;
O(x
3
y) = O(x
3
yz
0
) = x
3
y + xy
3
+ x
3
z + xz
3
+ y
3
z + yz
3
.
Nu trong n thc x
k
y
l
z
m
c hai s m no bng nhau, chng hn
k = l = m, th
O(x
k
y
k
z
m
) = x
k
y
k
z
m
+ x
k
y
m
z
k
+ x
m
y
k
z
k
Chng hn: O(xyz
5
) = xyz
5
+ xy
5
z + x
5
yz,
O(xy) = xy + yz + zx,
O(x
3
y
3
) = x
3
y
3
+ x
3
z
3
+ y
3
z
3
.
Cc trng hp ring ca qu o:
14
O(x) = O(xy
0
z
0
) = x + y + z =
1
,
O(xy) = O(xyz
0
) = xy + yz + zx =
2
,
O(xyz) = xyz =
3
, O(x
k
) = O(x
k
y
0
z
0
) = x
k
+ y
k
+ z
k
= s
k
, k N.
nh l 1.8 (Theo [2]). Qu o ca mi n thc biu din c di
dng a thc theo cc n thc i xng c s.
Chng minh. Trc ht ta c O(x
k
) = s
k
, nn theo nh l (1.6), O(x
k
)
biu din c theo cc a thc i xng c s.
Trng hp qu o c dng O(x
k
y
l
). Ta c cng thc
O(x
k
y
l
) = O(x
k
)O(x
l
) O(x
k+l
)(k = l). (1.8)
Tht vy, ta c
O(x
k
)O(x
l
)O(x
k+l
) = (x
k
+y
k
+z
k
)(x
l
+y
l
+z
l
)(x
k+l
+y
k+l
+z
k+l
) =
= (x
k+l
+ y
k+l
+ z
k+l
) + (x
k
y
l
+ x
l
y
k
+ x
k
z
l
+ x
l
z
k
+ y
k
z
l
+ y
l
z
k
)
(x
k+l
+ y
k+l
+ z
k+l
) =
= x
k
y
l
+ x
l
y
k
+ x
k
z
l
+ x
l
z
k
+ y
k
z
l
+ y
l
z
k
= O(x
k
y
l
).
Nu k = l th cng thc (1.8) c thay bi cng thc sau:
O(x
k
y
k
) =
1
2
[(O(x
k
))
2
O(x
2k
)]. (1.9)
T (1.8) v (1.9), suy ra cc qu o O(x
k
y
l
) biu din c di dng
a thc theo cc bin
1
,
2
,
3
.
Cui cng, nu n thc x
k
y
l
z
m
ph thuc vo c ba bin x, y, z, ngha
l k = l = m = 0, th n thc x
k
y
l
z
m
s chia ht cho ly tha vi s m
no ca xyz. V vy trong a thc O(x
k
y
l
z
m
) c th a ly tha vi
s m no ca xyz =
3
ra ngoi ngoc, khi trong ngoc ch l qu
o ph thuc vo s bin t hn ba. Do , qu o O(x
k
y
l
z
m
) biu din
c di dng a thc ca
1
,
2
,
3
.
Bng cch trn ta d dng nhn c cc cng thc sau:
15
Qu o O(x
k
y
l
) biu din dng a thc theo
1
,
2
,
3
.
O(xy) =
2
;
O(x
2
y) =
1
2
3
3
;
O(x
3
y) =
2
1
2
2
2
2

1
3
;
O(x
2
y
2
) =
2
2
2
1
3
;
O(x
4
y) =
3
1
2
3
1
2
2

2
1
3
+ 5
2
3
;
O(x
3
y
2
) =
1
2
2
2
2
1
3
;
O(x
5
y) =
4
1
2
4
2
1
2
2

3
3
+ 7
1
3
+ 2
3
2
3
2
3
;
O(x
4
y
2
) =
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
1
3
+ 4
1
3
3
2
3
;
O(x
3
y
3
) =
3
2
+ 3
2
3
3
1
3
;
.......................................................................
S dng cc cng thc biu din ca tng nghch o theo cc a thc c
s, d dng tm c cc qu o O(x
k
y
k
). Tht vy, ta c
s
k
=
1
x
k
+
1
y
k
+
1
z
k
=
y
k
z
k
+ x
k
z
k
+ x
k
y
k
x
k
y
k
z
k
=
O(x
k
y
k
)
k
3
.
Suy ra
O(x
k
y
k
) =
k
3
s
k
;
O(x
2
y
2
) =
2
3
s
2
=
2
2
2
1
3
;
O(x
3
y
3
) =
3
3
s
3
=
3
2
3
1
3
+ 3
2
3
;
O(x
4
y
4
) =
4
3
s
4
=
4
2
4
1
2
2
3
+ 4
2
2
3
+ 2
2
1
2
3
;
1.2.4 Cc nh l ca a thc i xng ba bin
nh l 1.9 (Theo [2]). Mi a thc i xng ba bin x, y, z u c th
biu din di dng a thc theo cc bin
1
= x+y+z,
2
= xy+yz+zx,
3
= xyz.
Chng minh. Gi s f(x, y, z) l a thc i xng v ax
k
y
l
z
m
l mt
trong cc s hng ca f(x, y, z). Do tnh i xng, cng vi s hng trn,
f(x, y, z) cha qu o O(x
k
y
l
z
m
) vi tha s chung l a. Nh vy ta c
f(x, y, z) = a.O(x
k
y
l
z
m
) + f
1
(x, y, z), (1.10)
trong f
1
(x, y, z) l a thc i xng no vi t s hng hn. i vi
f
1
(x, y, z) ta li c cng thc tng t nh cng thc (1.9). Theo mt s
hu hn bc ni trn, ta c th phn tch a thc f(x, y, z) thnh tng
cc qu o. Theo nh l (1.8), mi qu o li l mt a thc theo cc
a thc i xng c s, do mi a thc i xng c th biu din c
dng a thc theo cc a thc i xng c s.
16
nh l 1.10 (nh l duy nht (Theo [2])). Nu cc a thc (
1
,
2
,
3
)
v (
1
,
2
,
3
) khi
1
= x + y + z,
2
= xy + yz + zx,
3
= xyz cho ta
cng mt a thc i xng P(x,y,z), th chng phi trng nhau, ngha l
(
1
,
2
,
3
) (
1
,
2
,
3
) .
Chng minh. thun tin ta t
t
1
=
1
, t
2
=
2
, t
3
=
3
; x
1
= x, x
2
= y, x
3
= z.
(t
1
, t
2
, t
3
) = (t
1
, t
2
, t
3
) (t
1
, t
2
, t
3
).
Theo gi thit ta c
(
1
,
2
,
3
) = P(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) P(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = 0.
1
= x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
,
2
= x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
3
+ x
2
x
3
,
3
= x
1
x
2
x
3
Ta chng minh l a thc khng, ngha l ng nht bng khng. t
Q(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (x
1
+x
2
+x
3
, x
1
x
2
+x
1
x
3
+x
2
x
3
, x
1
x
2
x
3
) = (
1
,
2
,
3
).
R rng Q(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) l a thc i xng. Ta vit li (t
1
, t
2
, t
3
) dng
(t
1
, t
2
, t
3
) =
0
(t
1
, t
2
) +
1
(t
1
, t
2
)t
3
+
2
(t
1
, t
2
)t
2
3
+ ... +
m
(t
1
, t
2
)t
m
3
v k hiu
1
,
2
l nhng a thc i xng c s ca cc bin x
1
, x
2
. D
thy rng
k
(x
1
, x
2
, 0) =
k
(x
1
, x
2
) (k=1, 2),
3
(x
1
, x
2
, 0) =
3
(x
1
, x
2
) = 0.
Theo iu kin ca bi ton ta c
Q(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) =
0
(
1
,
2
)+
1
(
1
,
2
)
3
+
2
(
1
,
2
)
2
3
+...+
m
(
1
,
2
)
m
3
=
0, x
1
, x
2
, x
3
.
Khi th
R(x
1
, x
2
) := Q(x
1
, x
2
, 0) =
0
(
1
,
2
) = 0, x
1
, x
2
.
V R(x
1
, x
2
) l a thc i xng hai bin, nn theo nh l tnh duy nht
ca a thc i xng hai bin (1.4) suy ra
0
ng nht bng khng. Nh
vy ta c
Q(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) =
3
[
1
(
1
,
2
) +
2
(
1
,
2
)
3
+ ... +
m
(
1
,
2
)
m1
3
] = 0,
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
.
v
3
= 0, nn a thc
Q(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) =
1
(
1
,
2
) +
2
(
1
,
2
)
3
+ ... +
m
(
1
,
2
)
m1
3
= 0,
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
.
17
Lp lun tng t nh trn suy ra
1
ng nht bng khng. Tng t c
2
,
3
, ...,
m
l nhng a thc khng. Vy l a thc khng.
biu din mt a thc i xng qua cc a thc i xng c s, mt
cch tng qut, ta tin hnh theo cc bc nh trong chng minh nh l
(1.9). Tuy nhin, trong trng hp a thc l thun nht, ta c th dng
phng php " h s bt nh". C s ca phng php ny l mnh
sau.
Mnh 1.1 (Theo [2]). Cho f
m
(x, y, z) l mt a thc i xng thun
nht bc m. Khi f
m
(x, y, z) c biu din qua cc a thc i xng c
s theo cng thc
f
m
(x, y, z) =
i+2j+3k=m
a
ijk
i
1
j
2
k
3
, (i, j, k N).
Mnh 1.1 c suy ra t cc nh l ca a thc i xng vi
1
,
2
,
3
ln lt c bc l 1, 2, 3 i vi cc bin x, y, z. Di y l mt
s trng hp ring ca mnh .
f
1
(x, y, z) = a
1
1
;
f
2
(x, y, z) = a
1
2
1
+ a
2
2
;
f
3
(x, y, z) = a
1
3
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
3
3
;
f
4
(x, y, z) = a
1
4
1
+ a
2
2
1
2
+ a
3
2
2
+ a
4
3
;
f
5
(x, y, z) = a
1
5
1
+ a
2
3
1
2
+ a
3
2
2
+ a
4
2
1
3
+ a
5
3
;
trong , a
i
(i = 1, 2, ...) l cc hng s c xc nh duy nht (theo nh
l 1.10) v tm cc h s ny, ta cho x, y, z nhn cc gi tr c th thch
hp no .
V d 1.3. Biu din a thc sau y theo cc a thc i xng c s
f(x, y, z) = x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
2x
2
y
2
2x
2
z
2
2y
2
z
2
.
Li gii. Ta c
f(x, y, z) = O(x
4
) 2O(x
2
y
2
) =
= (
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
+ 4
1
3
) 2(
2
2
2
1
3
) =
4
1
4
2
1
2
.
V d 1.4. Biu din a thc sau y theo cc a thc i xng c s
f(x, y, z) = (x y)
2
(y z)
2
(z x)
2
.
Li gii. Do f(x, y, z) l a thc thun nht bc 6, nn theo mnh (1.1)
ta c
18
f(x, y, z) = a
1
6
1
+ a
2
4
1
2
+ a
3
2
1
2
2
+ a
4
3
2
+ a
5
3
1
3
+ a
6
2
3
+ a
7
3
.
Nhn xt rng, f(x, y, z) c bc cao nht i vi tng bin l 4, nn
a
1
= a
2
= 0. tm cc h s cn li, ta cho (x,y,z) ln lt cc gi tr
(0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1), ta tm c a
3
= 1,
a
4
= 4, a
5
= 4, a
6
= 27, a
7
= 18. Vy ta c kt qu
f(x, y, z) =
2
1
2
2
4
3
2
4
3
1
3
27
2
3
+ 18
1
3
.
1.2.5 a thc phn i xng
nh ngha 1.17 (Theo [2]). a thc phn i xng l a thc thay i
du khi thay i v tr ca hai bin bt k.
V d: Cc a thc x y v x
4
y
2
y
4
x
2
+x
4
y y
4
x +x
3
y
2
x
2
y
3
, l
cc a thc phn i xng hai bin, cn a thc (x y)(x z)(y z) l
a thc phn i xng ba bin n gin.
nh l 1.11 (nh l Benzout (Theo [2])). Gi s f(t) l a thc bc
n 1 . Khi s d trong php chia ca a thc cho t a bng f(a). a
thc f(t) chia ht cho t a khi v ch khi f(a) = 0 .
Chng minh. Tht vy, thc hin php chia a thc f(t) cho ta, ta c
f(t) = g(t)(t a) + r(t).
V t a c bc bng 1, nn a thc d r(t) c bc bng khng, ngha l
r(t)=r l hng s. Trong ng thc trn cho t = a, ta c r = f(a). T
suy ra f(t) chia ht cho t a khi v ch khi f(a) = 0.
nh l 1.12 (Theo [2]). Mi a thc phn i xng hai bin f(x, y) u
c dng:
f(x, y) = (x y)g(x, y), (1.11)
trong g(x, y) l a thc i xng theo cc bin x, y.
Chng minh. Ta thy rng f(x, y) l a thc phn i xng th
f(x, x) = 0, v theo nh ngha ta c
f(x, y) = f(y, x).
Trong ng thc trn t y = x, th f(x, x) = f(x, x), suy ra f(x, x) = 0.
Ta k hiu F
y
(x) = f(x, y) l a thc ch theo bin x (coi y l tham s).
Theo nhn xt trn, ta c F
y
(y) = 0. Theo nh l Bezout, a thc F
y
(x)
chia ht cho x y, do f(x, y) chia ht cho x y, ngha l c
19
f(x, y) = (x y)g(x, y),
trong g(x, y) l a thc no . Trong cng thc (1.11) i ch ca x
v y ta c
f(y, x) = (y x)g(y, x),
V theo gi thit f(x, y) = f(y, x) v cng v x y = (y x) , nn ta
c:
f(x, y) = (x y)g(y, x), (1.12)
T (1.11) v (1.12), suy ra g(x, y) l a thc i xng theo cc bin x,y.
nh l 1.13 (Theo [2]). Mi a thc phn i xng ba bin f(x, y, z)
u c dng
f(x, y, z) = (x y)(x z)(y z)g(x, y, z),
trong g(x, y, z) l a thc i xng theo cc bin x, y, z.
nh l (1.13) c chng minh tng t nh l (1.12). Trong a thc
phn i xng, cc a thc x y v T = (x y)(x z)(y z) ng vai
tr rt quan trng v c gi l cc a thc phn i xng n gin nht
tng ng i vi a thc phn i xng hai bin v ba bin.
i vi a thc phn i xng thun nht, ta c kt qu sau.
Mnh 1.2 (Theo [2]). Cho f
m
(x, y, z) l mt a thc i xng thun
nht bc m. Khi
f
3
(x, y, z) = aT(x, y, z),
f
4
(x, y, z) = aT(x, y, z)
1
,
f
5
(x, y, z) = T(x, y, z)(a
2
1
+ b
2
),
f
6
(x, y, z) = T(x, y, z)(a
3
1
+b
1
2
+c
3
), trong a, b, c l cc
hng s.
nh ngha 1.18 (Theo [2]). Bnh phng ca a thc phn i xng n
gin nht gi l bit thc.
Nh vy, trong trng hp hai bin, bit thc ca cc bin x, y l
(x, y) = (x y)
2
cn trong trng hp ba bin, th bit thc ca cc bin x, y, z l
(x, y) = T
2
= (x y)
2
(x z)
2
(y z)
2
.
D thy rng : (x, y) =
2
1
4
2
. Theo v d (1.3), ta c
(x, y, z) = 4
3
1
3
+
2
1
2
2
+ 18
1
3
4
3
2
27
2
3
, (1.13)
trong
1
,
2
,
3
l cc a thc i xng c s.
20
Chng 2
ng dng tnh cht ca a thc i
xng gii mt s bi ton i s
2.1 Mt s bi tp tnh ton
Bi 2.1. Cho x +
1
x
= a. Tnh M = x
13
+
1
x
13
.
( thi HSG lp 8, tnh Thi Nguyn nm 1997 - 1998).
Li gii. S dng cng thc Waring ta tnh s
13
= x
13
+
1
x
13
theo
1
=
x +
1
x
= a;
2
= x.
1
x
= 1 c:
M = s
13
= 13.
6
m=0
(1)
m
(13 m1)!
m! (13 2m)!

132m
1

m
2
=
=
13
1
13
11
1

2
+ 65
9
1
2
2
156
7
1
3
2
+ 182
5
1
4
2
91
3
1
5
2
+ 13
1
6
2
=
= a
13
13a
11
+ 65a
9
156a
7
+ 182a
5
91a
3
+ 13a.
Bi 2.2. Tm hai ch s tn cng ca phn nguyn s (
29 +
21)
2010
.
Li gii. t
a = (
29 +
21)
2
= 50 + 2
609,
b = (
29
21)
2
= 50 2
609,
s
n
= a
n
+ b
n
.
Ta c s
1
=
1
= 100,
2
= ab = 64. Theo cng thc Newton th
s
n+2
=
1
s
n+1
2
s
n
hay
s
n+2
= 100s
n+1
64s
n
21
Do s
1
= 100 nn s
n+2
chia ht cho 100, vi n l 3,5,7,... (n l s l). Suy
ra s
1005
= (
29 +
21)
2010
+ (
29
21)
2010
chia ht cho 100.
Do 0 < (
29
21)
2010
< 1, nn 2 ch s tn cng ca phn nguyn ca
s (
29 +
21)
2010
l 99.
Bi 2.3. Cho dy s U
n
= (
3 +
5
2
)
n
+ (
3
5
2
)
n
2 (n = 1, 2, 3, ..., n)
1. Tnh 5 s hng u ca dy.
2. Lp cng thc tnh U
n+2
theo U
n+1
v U
n
.
Li gii. t a = (
3 +
5
2
); b = (
3
5
2
); s
n
= a
n
+ b
n
.
Ta c s
1
=
1
= a + b = 3;
2
= a.b = 1; s
2
=
2
1
2
2
.
p dng cng thc Newtn s
n+2
=
1
s
n+1
2
s
n
. Ta c
s
3
=
1
s
2
2
s
1
= 3.7 1.3 = 18
s
4
=
1
s
3
2
s
2
= 3.18 1.17 = 37
s
5
=
1
s
4
2
s
3
= 3.37 1.18 = 93
M U
n
= s
n
2 nn U
1
= 1; U
2
= 5; U
3
= 16; U
4
= 35; U
5
= 91. Do
s
n
= U
n
+2 nn bng cch thay vo cng thc Newtn s
n+2
=
1
s
n+1
2
s
n
ta c
U
n+2
+ 2 = 3(U
n+1
+ 2) 1.(U
n
+ 2)
hay
U
n+2
= 3U
n+1
U
n
+ 2
Bi 2.4. Cho cc s thc dng a, b tha mn: a
100
+b
100
= a
101
+b
101
=
a
102
+ b
102
. Tnh a
2008
+ b
2008
.
Li gii. t s
1
=
1
= a + b = 3;
2
= a.b; s
n
= a
n
+ b
n
. S dng cng
thc Newtn ta c s
102
=
1
.s
101

2
.s
100
m s
102
= s
101
= s
100
nn
2
= 1 hay a +b ab 1 = 0 (a 1)(b 1) = 0 a = b = 1 do
s
2008
= a
2008
+ b
2008
= 2.
Bi 2.5. Cho x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh x
2
2x 2 = 0. Tnh
x
7
1
+ x
7
2
.
Li gii. t s
n
= x
n
1
+x
n
2
, ta c s
1
=
1
= 2;
2
= 2; s
2
=
2
1
2
2
= 8,
nn theo cng thc Newtn s
n+2
=
1
s
n+1
2
s
n
ta c s
3
= 20; s
4
= 56
T h qu ca cng thc Newtn s
m+n
= s
m
s
n

n
2
s
mn
vi m > n c
s
7
= s
4
s
3
3
2
s
1
= 56.20 (2)
3
.2 = 1136.
Bi 2.6 (Vit Nam, 1975 (Theo [2])). Khng gii phng trnh x
3
x+1 =
0, hy tnh tng cc ly tha bc tm ca cc nghim.
22
Li gii. Gi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
l cc nghim ca phng trnh cho. Theo cng
thc Vite, ta c
1
= x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 0,
2
= x
1
x
2
+ x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
3
=
1,
3
= x
1
x
2
x
3
= 1. S dng cng thc Waring, ta c
x
8
1
+x
8
2
+x
8
3
= s
8
= s
8
=
8
1
8
6
1
2
+ 20
4
1
2
2
16
2
1
3
2
+ 2
4
2
+ 8
5
1
32
3
1
3
+ 12
2
1
2
3
+ 24
1
2
2
3
8
2
2
3
= 10.
Bi 2.7. Tm a thc bc 7 c h s nguyn nhn x =
7
_
3
5
+
7
_
5
3
lm
nghim.
Li gii. t a =
7
_
3
5
; b =
7
_
5
3
.
t s
n
= a
n
+ b
n
, ta c s
1
=
1
= a + b = x,
2
= ab = 1.
Theo cng thc Waring c
s
7
=
7
1
7
5
1
2
+ 14
3
1
2
2
7
1
3
2
3
5
+
5
3
= x
7
7x
5
+ 14x
3
7x
15x
7
105x
5
+ 210x
3
105x 34 = 0.
Vy a thc bc 7 cn tm l 15x
7
105x
5
+ 210x
3
105x 34.
Bi 2.8. Cho x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca phng trnh x
2
6x + 1 = 0.Chng
minh rng s
n
= x
n
1
+ x
n
2
, n N l s nguyn khng chia ht cho 5.
Li gii.
Ta chng minh s
n
Z bng phng php quy np.
Vi n=0 c s
0
= 2 Z
Vi n=1 c s
1
= 6 Z
Gi s s
k
, s
k+1
Z, (k N) ta cn chng minh s
k+2
Z.
Tht vy, do s
1
=
1
= 6,
2
= 1 m s
k+2
=
1
s
k+1
2
s
k
hay s
k+2
= 6s
k+1
s
k
. Vy s
k+2
Z.
T kt qu s
k+2
= 6s
k+1
s
k
m
s
k+1
= 6s
k
s
k1
nn
s
k+2
= 6(6s
k
s
k1
) s
k
= 35s
k
5s
k1
s
k1
,
do s
k+2
chia ht cho 5 khi v ch khi s
k1
chia ht cho 5 m s
0
= 2;
s
1
= 6; s
2
= 34 khng chia ht cho 5 nn s
n
khng chia ht cho 5.
23
2.2 Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
Lun vn trnh by hai phng php phn tch a thc i xng thnh
nhn t. Phng php th nht ta biu din a thc cho theo cc a
thc i xng c s
1
,
2
. Phng php th hai l phng php h s bt
nh.
Cc Bi tp trong mc ny c trch dn t [5].
Bi 2.9. Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
f(x, y) = 2x
4
+ 7x
3
y + 9x
2
y
2
+ 7xy
3
+ 2y
4
Li gii.Ta c
f(x, y) = 2(x
4
+ y
4
) + 7xy(x
2
+ y
2
) + 9x
2
y
2
= 2s
4
+ 7
1
s
2
+ 9
2
2
Thay s
2
=
2
1
2
2
, s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
vo biu thc trn ta c
f(x, y) = 2
4
1

2
1
2
2
a thc trn c bc hai i vi
2
v c cc nghim l:
2
= 2
2
1
,
2
=
2
1
,
do
f(x, y) = (2
2
1

2
)(
2
1

2
) = (x
2
xy + y
2
)(2x
2
+ 3xy + y
2
).
f(x, y) = 3x
4
8x
3
y + 14x
2
y
2
8xy
3
+ 3y
4
.
Li gii. Ta c
f(x, y) = 3(x
4
+ y
4
) 8xy(x
2
+ y
2
) + 14x
2
y
2
= 3s
4
8
2
s
2
+ 14
2
2
Thay s
2
=
2
1
2
2
, s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
vo biu thc trn ta c
f(x, y) = 3
4
1
20
2
1
2
+ 36
2
2
y l mt a thc bc hai theo
2
v khng c nghim (nghim thc). V
vy ta khng th phn tch a thc thnh tch hai nh thc theo
2
, ta vn
dng phng php h s bt nh th biu din a thc cho dng
f(x, y) = 3x
4
8x
3
y + 14x
2
y
2
8xy
3
+ 3y
4
= (Ax
2
+ Bxy + Cy
2
)(Cx
2
+ Bxy + Ay
2
) (2.1)
ng thc (2.1) tha mn vi mi x, y, nn ta s tm cc h s A, B, C
bng phng php h s bt nh nh sau:
Vi x=y=1, ta c
24
4 = (A + B + C)
2
suy ra
A + B + C = 2
Nhn xt rng cc h s A, B, C c xc nh chnh xc n du ca
chng, v nu thay i du ca tt c cc s ny thnh ngc li th ng
thc (2.1) khng thay i. V vy, khng lm mt tnh tng qut, ta c
A + B + C = 2
Tip theo, vi x = 1, y = 1, ta c
36 = (A B + C)
2
suy ra A + B + C = 6.
Tip theo, vi x = 0, y = 1 , ta c AC = 3
Vy xc nh cc h s A, B, C ta gii cc h phng trnh
_
A + B + C = 2
A B + C = 6
AC = 3
v
_
A + B + C = 2
A B + C = 6
AC = 3
H phng trnh th nht cho ta nghim A = 1, B = 2, C = 3. H th
hai v nghim (nghim thc). Vy ta c kt qu
f(x, y) = 3x
4
8x
3
y + 14x
2
y
2
8xy
3
+ 3y
4
=
= (x
2
2xy + 3y
2
)(3x
2
2xy + y
2
).
Tip sau y, ta t
1
,
2
,
3
l cc a thc i xng c s ca b ba
s x, y, z hoc a, b, c. Chng hn, vi b ba s x, y, z ta c
1
= x+y +z,
2
= xy + xz + yz,
3
= xyz.
f(x, y, z) = (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) + xyz
Li gii. Ta c
f(x, y, z) = (
1
z)(
1
x)(
1
y) +
3
=
=
3
1

2
1
(x + y + z) +
1
(xy + yz + zx)
3
+
3
=
=
3
1

3
1
+
1
3
+
3
=
1
2
=
= (x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx).
25
f(a, b, c) = (a + b + c)
3
(b + c a)
3
(c + a b)
3
(a + b c)
3
Li gii. Ta c
f(a, b, c) =
3
1
(
1
2a)
3
(
1
2b)
3
(
1
2c)
3
=
= 2
3
1
+ 6
2
1
(a + b + c) 12
1
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 8(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) =
= 2
3
1
+ 6
3
1
12
1
s
2
+ 8s
3
=
= 2
3
1
+ 6
3
1
12
1
(
2
1
2
2
) + 8(
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
) =
= 24
3
= 24abc
Vy
f(a, b, c) = (a+b +c)
3
(b +c a)
3
(c +ab)
3
(a+b c)
3
= 24abc.
f(x, y, z) = 2x
2
y
2
+ 2y
2
z
2
+ 2z
2
x
2
x
4
y
4
z
4
.
Li gii. Ta c
f(x, y, z) = 2O(x
2
y
2
)s
4
= 2(
2
2
2
1
3
)(
4
1
4
2
1
2
+2
2
2
+4
1
3
) =
=
4
1
+ 4
2
1
2
8
1
3
=
1
(
3
1
+ 4
1
2
8
3
)
Ta thy, a thc trn l a thc bc bn i vi
1
v chia ht cho
1
. Hn
na, a thc cho l hm chn i vi x, y, z nn khi ta thay x bi -x
( hoc y bi -y, hoc z bi -z) th a thc khng thay i, nhng x+y+z tr
thnh -x+y+z (hoc x-y+z hoc x+y-z), do a thc cng chia ht cho
-x+y+z , x-y+z , x+y-z. Cng v a thc cho bc bn, nn ta c:
f(x, y, z) = (x + y + z)(x + y + z)(x y + z)(x + y z).P
trong P l hng s no .
Hng s P c xc nh bng phng php h s bt nh, bng cch cho
x = y = z = 1, ta c 3 = 3P hay P=1.
Vy ta c kt qu:
f(x, y, z) = (x + y + z)(x + y + z)(x y + z)(x + y z).
26
2.3 Phng trnh i xng v phng trnh hi quy
a thc i xng l cng c hu hiu gii cc phng trnh i s
bc cao, c bit l phng trnh h s i xng v phng trnh hi quy.
nh ngha 2.1 (Theo [2]). a thc
f(z) = a
0
z
n
+ a
1
z
n1
+ ... + a
n
; (a
0
= 0)
c gi l a thc i xng, nu cc h s cch u hai u bng nhau,
ngha l
a
0
= a
n
, a
1
= a
n1
, a
2
= a
n2
, ...
Phng trnh ca a thc i xng c gi l phng trnh i xng.
Chng hn, cc a thc sau y l a thc h s i xng :
9z
6
18z
5
73z
4
+ 164z
3
73z
2
18z + 9,
z
8
+ 4z
6
10z
4
+ 4z
2
+ 1,
10z
6
+ z
5
47z
4
47z
3
+ z
2
+ 10z.
nh l 2.1 (Theo [2]). a thc f(z) bc n l a thc i xng khi v ch
khi
z
n
f(
1
z
) = f(z), z = 0. (2.2)
Chng minh. Gi s f(z) c dng
f(z) = a
0
z
n
+ a
1
z
n1
+ ... + a
n
. (2.3)
Vi z = 0, trong (2.3) thay z bi
1
z
, ta c
z
n
f(
1
z
) = a
n
z
n
+ a
n1
z
n1
+ ... + a
1
z + a
0
. (2.4)
So snh (2.3) v (2.4) ta thy h thc (2.2) xy ra khi v ch khi
a
0
= a
n
, a
1
= a
n1
, a
2
= a
n2
, ...
ngha l f(z) l a thc i xng. nh l c chng minh.
a
0
z
2n
+a
1
z
2n1
+... +a
n1
z
n+1
+a
n
z
n
+a
n1
z
n1
+... +
n1
a
1
z +
n
a
0
,
a
0
z
2n+1
+ a
1
z
2n
+ ... + a
n1
z
n+2
+ a
n
z
n+1
+ a
n
z
n
+
2
a
n1
z
n1
+ ... +
2n1
a
1
z +
2n+1
a
0
,
27
trong a
0
= 0 v = 0 c gi l cc a thc hi quy. Phng trnh
ca a thc hi quy c gi l phng trnh hi quy.
Khi = 1 th a thc hi quy tr thnh a thc h s i xng. V d,
phng trnh
2x
5
+ 6x
4
2x
3
+ 4x
2
48x 64 = 0
l phng trnh hi quy = 2, cn phng trnh
4x
6
+ 5x
5
3x
4
+ 10x
3
9x
2
+ 45x + 108 = 0
l phng trnh hi quy = 3.
nh l 2.2 (Theo [2]). Mi a thc hi quy bc chn 2k
f(z) =
a
0
z
2k
+a
1
z
2k1
+... +a
k1
z
k+1
+a
k
z
k
+a
k1
z
k1
+... +
k1
a
1
z +
k
a
0
,
u biu din c dng f(z) = z
k
h(), trong = z +

z
, h() l
mt a thc no theo bin v c bc k.
Mi a thc hi quy bc l f(z) u c dng f(z) = (z + )g(z), trong
g(z) l a thc hi quy bc chn.
Chng minh. Trc ht xt a thc h s i xng f(z) c bc 2k. Vi
z = 0 ta bin i f(z) nh sau:
f(z) = z
k
[a
0
(z
k
+

k
z
k
) + a
1
(z
k1
+

k1
z
k1
) + ... + a
k1
(z +

z
) + a
k
].
t = z +

z
, s
k
= z
k
+

k
z
k
. Ta s chng t rng s
k
l a thc bc k
theo . Tht vy, nu t x = z, y =

z
th ta c = x + y =
1
, =
xy =
2
, s
k
= x
k
+y
k
. Do theo nh l 1.1, cc tng ly tha s
k
l cc
a thc bc k theo cc bin
1
,
2
, hay l theo cc bin v , ngha l
ch theo bin .
Li xt a thc i xng bc l 2k+1:
f(z) = a
0
z
2k+1
+a
1
z
2k
+... +a
k1
z
k+2
+a
k
z
k+1
+a
k
z
k
+
2
a
k1
z
k1
+
... +
2k1
a
1
z +
2k+1
a
0
,
Vi z = 0 ta bin i f(z) nh sau:
f(z) = a
0
(z
2k+1
+
2k+1
) + a
1
z(z
2k1
+
2k1
) + ... + a
k
z
k
(z + k).
28
S dng hng ng thc
z
2m+1
+
2m+1
= (z + )(z
2m
z
2m1
+ ... + z
2
2m2
z
2m1
+
2m
),
ta c
a
0
(z
2k+1
+
2k+1
) = a
0
(z +)(z
2k
z
2m1
+... +z
2
2k2
z
2k1
+
2k
),
a
1
z(z
2k1
+
2k1
) = a
1
(z + )(z
2k1
z
2m2
+ ... z
2
2k3
+ z
2k2
,
..............................................................
a
k
z
k
(z + ) = a
k
(z + )z
k
.
Cng tng v cc ng thc trn v a ra ngoi du ngoc nhn t chung
z + , ta c
f(z) = (z + )g(z),
trong g(z) l tng ca cc a thc
a
0
(z
2k
z
2m1
+ ... + z
2
2k2
z
2k1
+
2k
),
a
1
(z
2k1
z
2m2
+ ... z
2
2k3
+ z
2k2
,
..................................................
a
k
z
k
.
D dng thy g(z) l a thc hi quy bc 2k. nh l c chng minh.
Bi 2.14 (Theo [5]). Gii phng trnh
9z
6
18z
5
73z
4
+ 164z
3
73z
2
18z + 9 = 0.
Li gii. Phng trnh cho l phng trnh i xng bc 6. V z = 0
khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh
cho z
3
v bin i phng trnh ny v dng
9(z
3
+
1
z
3
) 18(z
2
+
1
z
2
) 73(z +
1
z
) + 164 = 0
S dng cc cng thc
z +
1
z
= , z
2
+
1
z
2
=
2
2, z
3
+
1
z
3
=
3
3
ta a c phng trnh trn v dng
9
3
18
2
100 + 200 = 0.
Nghim ca phng trnh ny l
= 2, =
10
3
, =
10
3
.
29
Do , tm nghim ca phng trnh cho, ta c cc phng trnh
z +
1
z
= 2, z +
1
z
=
10
3
, z +
1
z
=
10
3
.
T cc phng trnh trn ta tm c cc gi tr ca x l nghim ca
phng trnh l:
z = 1, z =
1
3
, z = 3.
2x
11
+ 7x
1
0 + 15x
9
+ 14x
8
16x
7
22x
6
22x
5
16x
4
+ 14x
3
+
+15x
2
+ 7x + 2 = 0.
Li gii. y l phng trnh i xng bc l. Theo nh l 2.2, phng
trnh cho tng ng vi phng trnh
(x+1)(2x
10
+5x
9
+10x
8
+4x
7
20x
6
2x
5
20x
4
+4x
3
+10x
2
+5x+2) = 0
Nh vy, phng trnh cho c phn r thnh hai phng trnh
x + 1 = 0
2x
10
+ 5x
9
+ 10x
8
+ 4x
7
20x
6
2x
5
20x
4
+ 4x
3
+ 10x
2
+ 5x + 2 = 0
Phng trnh th nht c nghim x=-1.
Phng trnh th hai l phng trnh i xng bc 10. V x = 0 khng phi
l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v ca phng trnh cho x
5
v
bin i phng trnh ny v dng
2(x
5
+
1
x
5
) + 5(x
4
+
1
x
4
) + 10(x
3
+
1
x
3
) + 4(x
2
+
1
x
2
) 20(x +
1
x
) 2 = 0
S dng cc cng thc
x +
1
x
= , x
2
+
1
x
2
=
2
2, x
3
+
1
x
3
=
3
3,x
4
+
1
x
4
=
4
4
2
+ 2,
x
5
+
1
x
5
=
5
5
3
+ 5,
ta a c phng trnh trn v dng
2
5
+ 5
4
16
2
40 = 0 (2 + 5)(
3
8) = 0.
Nghim ca phng trnh ny l
= 0, =
5
2
, = 2.
30
Do , tm nghim ca phng trnh cho, ta c cc phng trnh
x +
1
x
= 0, x +
1
x
=
5
2
, x +
1
x
= 2.
T cc phng trnh trn ta tm c cc gi tr ca x l nghim ca
phng trnh cho l:
x = 1, x =
1
2
, x = 2.
2x
8
9x
7
+ 20x
6
33x
5
+ 46x
4
66x
3
+ 80x
2
72x + 32 = 0.
Li gii. y l phng trnh bc 8 truy hi vi = 2 v c th vit li
phng trnh dng
2x
8
9x
7
+ 20x
6
33x
5
+ 46x
4
33.2x
3
+ 20.2
2
x
2
9.2
3
x + 2.2
4
= 0.
R rng x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho. Chia hai v
ca phng trnh cho x
4
v bin i v dng
2(x
4
+
16
x
4
) 9(x
3
+
8
x
3
) + 20(x
2
+
4
x
2
) 33(x +
2
x
) + 46 = 0.
t = x +

x
= x +
2
x
. Khi
x
2
+
4
x
2
=
2
4, x
3
+
8
x
3
=
3
6, x
4
+
16
x
4
=
4
8
2
+ 8.
Nn phng trnh cui c dng
2
4
9
3
+ 4
2
+ 21 18 = 0.
Phng trnh ny c cc nghim l
= 1, = 2, = 3, =
3
2
, .
Nh vy phng trnh cho tng ng vi t hp cc phng trnh:
x +
2
x
= 1, x +
2
x
= 2, x +
2
x
= 3, x +
2
x
=
3
2
, .
Gii cc phng trnh trn ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x = 1, x = 2.
31
Bi 2.17 (IMO, 1982, Hungari ngh (Theo [2])). Hy xc nh tt c
cc tham s a sao cho phng trnh
16x
4
ax
3
+ (2a + 17)x
2
ax + 16 = 0.
c bn nghim thc lp thnh mt cp s nhn.
Li gii. D thy rng x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh
cho. Vi x = 0, phng trnh cho tng ng vi
16(x
2
+
1
x
2
) a(x +
1
x
) + 2a + 17 = 0.
t t = x +
1
x
. Khi |t| 2 v phng trnh trn tr thnh
16t
2
at + 2a 15 = 0.
Trc ht ta tm iu kin cn ca tham s a. Gi s phng trnh
cho c 4 nghim thc lp thnh mt cp s nhn. Khi phng trnh
cui cng phi c hai nghim t
1
, t
2
, trong t
1
cho hai nghim x
1
,
1
x
1
,
cn nghim t
2
cho hai nghim x
2
,
1
x
2
. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s
|x
1
| 1, |x
2
| 1. Khi c cp s nhn x
1
, x
2
,
1
x
2
,
1
x
1
. Theo tnh cht
ca cp s nhn ta c
x
1
x
2
= x
2
2
x
1
= x
3
2
x
1
+
1
x
1
= x
3
2
+
1
x
3
2
t
1
= t
3
2
3t
2
.
Mt khc, theo nh l Vite ta c
t
1
+ t
2
=
a
16
, t
1
t
2
=
2a 15
16
.
T ta tm c a=170. Vi a=170 phng trnh cho tr thnh
16x
4
170x
3
+ 357x
2
170x + 16 = 0.
Phng trnh ny c bn nghim thc lp thnh mt cp s nhn l :
8, 2,
1
2
,
1
8
.
Vy gi tr ca tham s a l a=170.
32
2.4 Gii h phng trnh
2.4.1 H phng trnh i xng hai n v ng dng
Bi 2.18 (Theo [5]). Gii h phng trnh
_
_
_
x
5
+ y
5
x
3
+ y
3
=
31
7
x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 3
Li gii. Vi iu kin x, y = 0. t x + y =
1
, xy =
2
. Ta c
x
2
+ y
2
= s
2
=
2
1
2
2
, x
3
+ y
3
= s
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
,
x
5
+ y
5
= s
5
=
5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
Do ta c h
_
7(
5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
) = 23(
3
1
3
1
2
),
2
1

2
= 3.
T h phng trnh ny, thc hin php th v gii phng trnh ta tm
c
_

1
= 1
2
= 2
hoc
_
1
=
6
2
=
15
7
Khi x, y l cc nghim ca cc h phng trnh
_
x + y = 1
xy = 2
hoc
_
_
x + y =
6
7
xy =
15
7
Gii cc h phng trnh ny ta c cc nghim ca h cho l
_
x
1
= 2,
y
1
= 1,
;
_
x
2
= 1,
y
2
= 2,
_
x
3
= 2,
y
3
= 1,
;
_
x
4
= 1,
y
4
= 2.
_
x + y = a
x
4
+ y
4
= a
4
Li gii. t x + y =
1
, xy =
2
.
Ta c
33
x
4
+ y
4
= s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
Do ta c h
_

1
= a,
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
= a
4
.
T h phng trnh ny, thc hin php th v gii phng trnh ta tm
c
_

1
= a
2
= 0;
hoc
_

1
= a
2
= 2a
2
.
Khi x, y l cc nghim ca cc h phng trnh
_
x + y = a
xy = 0
hoc
_
x + y = a
xy = 2a
2
Gii cc h phng trnh ny ta c cc nghim ca h cho l
_
x
1
= a,
y
1
= 0,
;
_
x
2
= 0,
y
2
= a.
_
_
x
a
+
y
b
= 1
a
x
+
b
y
= 4
Li gii. Phng trnh cho khng phi l l h i xng, tuy nhin bng
cch t
x
a
= u,
y
b
= v ta c h i xng
_
u + v = 1
1
u
+
1
v
= 4
t u + v =
1
, uv =
2
, ta c h phng trnh
_

1
= 1
2
= 4

_

1
= 1
2
=
1
4
T ta c h phng trnh
_
u + v = 1
u.v =
1
4
_
u =
1
2
v =
1
2
_
x =
a
2
y =
b
2
34
_
x
5
y
5
= 3093
x y = 3
Li gii. Phng trnh cho khng phi l l h i xng, tuy nhin bng
cch t y = z ta c h i xng
_
x
5
+ z
5
= 3093
x + z = 3
t x + z =
1
, xz =
2
, ta c h phng trnh
_

5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
= 3093
1
= 3

_

1
= 3
2
= 10
hoc
_

1
= 3
2
= 19
T ta c x, y l nghim ca cc h phng trnh
_
x + z = 3
xz = 10
hoc
_
x + z = 3
xz = 19
Gii cc h phng trnh trn ta c
_
x
1
= 5
z
1
= 2
;
_
x
2
= 2
z
2
= 5.
T ta c nghim ca h phng trnh cho l
_
x
1
= 5
y
1
= 2
;
_
x
2
= 2
y
2
= 5.
_
4
_
y
3
1 +
x = 3
x
2
+ y
3
= 82.
Li gii. t
x = u,
4
_
y
3
1 = v ta c h phng trnh
_
u + v = 3
u
4
+ (v
4
+ 1) = 82
Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c
_
u
1
= 3
v
1
= 0
;
_
u
2
= 0
v
2
= 3.
T ta c nghim ca h phng trnh cho l
35
_
x
1
= 9
y
1
= 1
;
_
x
2
= 0
y
2
=
3
83.
5
_
1
2
+ x +
5
_
1
2
x = 1
Li gii. t
5
_
1
2
+ x = u,
5
_
1
2
x = v. Khi ta c h
_
u + v = 1
u
5
+ v
5
= 1
Gii h phng trnh trn, tm c
_
u
1
= 1,
v
1
= 0;
_
u
2
= 0
v
2
= 1.
T kt qu trn v u
5
=
1
2
+ x tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh
cho l x
1
=
1
2
, x
2
=
1
2
.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x
1
=
1
2
, x
2
=
1
2
.
x +
2
17 x
2
+ x
2
17 x
2
= 9
Li gii. t
2
17 x
2
= y. Khi ta c h
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 17
x + y + xy = 9
Gii h phng trnh trn,tm c
_
x
1
= 1,
y
1
= 4;
_
x
2
= 4
y
2
= 1.
T kt qu trn ta tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x
1
= 1, x
2
= 4.
1
= 1, x
2
= 4.
x.
19 x
x + 1
.(x +
19 x
x + 1
) = 84.
Li gii. t
19 x
x + 1
= y th 19 x = xy + y. Khi ta c h
_
x + y + xy = 19
xy(x + y) = 84
36
_
x
1
= 3,
y
1
= 4;
_
x
2
= 4
y
2
= 3.
_
x
3
= 6 +
29,
y
3
= 6
29;
_
x
4
= 6
29
y
4
= 6 +
29.
x
1
= 3, x
2
= 4, x
3
= 6 +
29, x
4
= 6
29.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x
1
= 3, x
2
= 4, x
3
= 6 +
29, x
4
= 6
29.
x +
x
x
2
1
=
35
12
.
Li gii. Vi iu kin |x| > 1,t
1
x
= u,
x
2
1
x
= v . Khi ta c h
_
u
2
+ v
2
= 1
1
u
+
1
v
=
35
12
_
_
u
1
=
4
5
,
y
1
=
3
5
;
_
_
u
2
=
3
5
v
2
=
4
5
.
x
1
=
3
5
, x
2
=
4
5
.
1
=
3
5
, x
2
=
4
5
.
2.4.2 H phng trnh i xng ba n
Gi s P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,z) l cc a thc i xng. Xt h
phng trnh
_
P(x, y, z) = 0
Q(x, y, z) = 0
R(x, y, z) = 0
(2.5)
Bng cch t
x + y + z =
1
, xy + yz + zx =
2
, xyz =
3
,.
37
trn c s cc nh l 1.9, 1.10 ta a h 2.5 v dng
_
p(
1
,
2
,
3
) = 0
q(
1
,
2
,
3
) = 0
r(
1
,
2
,
3
) = 0
(2.6)
H phng trnh (2.6) thng n gin hn h (2.5) v c th d dng
tm c nghim
1
,
2
,
3
. Sau khi tm c cc gi tr ca
1
,
2
,
3
, cn
phi tm cc gi tr ca cc n s x, y, z. iu ny d dng thc hin c
nh nh l sau y
nh l 2.3 (Theo [2]). Gi s
1
,
2
,
3
l cc s thc no . Khi
phng trnh bc ba
u
3
1
u
2
+
2
u
3
= 0 (2.7)
v h phng trnh
_
x + y + z =
1
,
xy + xz + yz =
2
,
xyz =
3
.
(2.8)
lin h vi nhau nh sau: nu u
1
, u
2
, u
3
l cc nghim ca phng trnh
(2.7), th h (2.8) c cc nghim
_
x
1
= u
1
,
y
1
= u
2
,
z
1
= u
3
;
_
x
2
= u
1
,
y
2
= u
3
,
z
2
= u
2
;
_
x
3
= u
2
,
y
3
= u
1
,
z
3
= u
3
;
_
x
4
= u
2
,
y
4
= u
3
,
z
4
= u
1
;
_
x
5
= u
3
,
y
5
= u
1
,
z
5
= u
2
;
_
x
6
= u
3
,
y
6
= u
2
,
z
6
= u
1
.
v ngoi ra khng cn cc nghim no khc. Ngc li, nu x=a, y=b, z=c
l nghim ca h (2.8) th cc s a, b, c l nghim ca phng trnh (2.7).
Chng minh. Gi s u
1
, u
2
, u
3
l cc nghim ca phng trnh (2.7). Khi
ta c ng nht thc
u
3
1
u
2
+
2
u
3
= (u u
1
)(u u
2
)(u u
3
).
T ta c cc h thc Vite:
_
u
1
+ u
2
+ u
3
=
1
,
u
1
u
2
+ u
1
u
3
+ u
2
u
3
=
2
,
u
1
u
2
u
3
=
3
.
Suy ra u
1
, u
2
, u
3
l nghim ca h (2.8). Ngoi ra cn nm nghim na
nhn c bng cch hon v cc gi tr ca cc n s. Vn h (2.8)
khng cn nghim no khc c chng t nh sau
Gi s x=a, y=b, z=c l nghim ca h (2.8), ngha l
38
_
a + b + c =
1
,
ab + bc + ca =
2
,
abc =
3
.
Khi ta c
u
3
1
u
2
+
2
u
3
= u
3
(a + b + c)u
2
+ (ab + bc + ca)u abc =
(u a)(u b)(u c).
iu chng t rng cc s a, b, c l nghim ca phng trnh bc ba
(2.7). nh l c chng minh.
1
,
2
,
3
l cc s thc cho. cc s
x, y, z xc nh bi h phng trnh (2.8) l cc s thc, iu kin cn v
l
= 4
3
1
3
+
2
1
2
2
+ 18
1
3
4
3
2
27
3
0. (2.9)
Ngoi ra, cc s x, y, z l khng m th
1
0,
2
0,
3
0.
Chng minh. Gi s x, y, z l nghim ca h (2.8). Khi theo nh l
(2.3) x, y, z l cc nghim ca phng trnh (2.7). Phng trnh (2.7) c
nghim thc khi v ch khi bit thc ca n khng m, ngha l (2.9) c
tha mn. Ngoi ra, nu cc s x, y, z khng m, th hin nhin
i
0
(i=1,2,3). Ngc li, nu
i
0 (i=1,2,3) v (2.9) c tha mn, th
phng trnh (2.7) khng th c nghim m. Tht vy, trong (2.7) thay
u=-v ta c phng trnh
v
3
+
1
v
2
+
2
v +
3
= 0 (2.10)
V
i
0 (i=1,2,3), nn phng trnh (2.10) khng th c nghim dng,
do phng trnh (2.7) khng th c nghim m. T suy ra x, y, z l
cc s khng m. nh l c chng minh.
_
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
=
73
8
,
xy + yz + zx = x + y + z,
xyz = 1.
Li gii. t x + y + z =
1
, xy + yz + zx =
2
, xyz =
3
. H phng
trnh cho tr thnh
39
_
_
s
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
=
73
8
,
2
=
1
,
3
= 1.
Gii h phng trnh ny ta tm c
1
=
2
=
7
2
,
3
= 1. Theo nh l
(2.3), ta c x, y, z l nghim ca phng trnh
u
3
7
2
u
2
+
7
2
u 1 = 0 (u 1)(u
2
5
2
u + 1) = 0
Nghim ca phng trnh ny l u
1
= 1, u
2
= 2, u
3
=
1
2
. T suy ra
nghim ca h cho l cc b (x, y, z):
(1, 2,
1
2
), (2, 1,
1
2
), (2,
1
2
, 1), (1,
1
2
, 2), (
1
2
, 1, 2), (
1
2
, 2, 1).
_
_
x + y + z =
13
3
,
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
=
13
3
,
xyz = 1.
1
, xy + yz + zx =
2
, xyz =
3
. H phng
trnh cho tr thnh
_
1
=
13
3
,
3
=
13
3
,
3
= 1.
1
=
2
=
13
3
,
3
= 1. Theo nh l
(2.3), ta c x, y, z l nghim ca phng trnh
u
3
13
3
u
2
+
13
3
u 1 = 0 (u 1)(u
2
10
3
u + 1) = 0
Nghim ca phng trnh ny l u
1
= 1, u
2
= 3, u
3
=
1
3
. T suy ra
nghim ca h cho l cc b (x, y, z):
(1, 3,
1
3
), (3, 1,
1
3
), (3,
1
3
, 1), (1,
1
3
, 3), (
1
3
, 1, 3), (
1
3
, 3, 1).
40
_
x + y + z = a,
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= b
2
,
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= a
3
.
trong a, b l cc s thc cho trc.
1
, xy + yz + zx =
2
, xyz =
3
. H phng
trnh cho tr thnh
_

1
= a,
2
1
2
2
= b
2
,
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
= a
3
.
_
1
= a,
2
=
1
2
(a
2
b
2
),
3
=
1
2
a(a
2
b
2
).
Theo nh l (2.3), ta c x, y, z l nghim ca phng trnh
u
3
au
2
+
1
2
(a
2
b
2
)u
1
2
a(a
2
b
2
) = 0
(u a)[u
2
+
1
2
(a
2
b
2
)] = 0
T phng trnh trn, ta c
a) Nu |a| > |b|, th phng trnh trn ch c mt nghim thc u=a, do
h cho khng c nghim thc. Trong phm vi s phc, th phng trnh c
cc nghim u
1
= a, u
2
= i
_
a
2
b
2
2
, u
3
= i
_
a
2
b
2
2
, trong i l n v
o. Khi h cho c nghim (x,y,z) l b s (a, i
_
a
2
b
2
2
, i
_
a
2
b
2
2
)
v tt c cc hon v ca n.
b) Nu |a| |b| , th phng trnh trn c ba nghim thc u
1
= a, u
2
=
_
b
2
a
2
2
, u
3
=
_
b
2
a
2
2
. Khi h phng trnh cho c nghim
(x,y,z) l b s (a,
_
b
2
a
2
2
,
_
b
2
a
2
2
)v tt c cc hon v ca n.
41
2.5 Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh i
xng
Bi 2.30 (Theo [2]). Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1 = 3xy
Li gii. t
1
= x + y,
2
= xy. Phng trnh tr thnh
3
1
3
1
2
+ 1 = 3
2
(
1
+ 1)(
2
1

1
+ 1 3
2
) = 0.
Trng hp 1:
1
+ 1 = 0, ta c x + y + 1 = 0, phng trnh c v s
nghim nguyn (x Z, y = 1 x).
Trng hp 2:
2
1
1
+1 3
2
= 0. Ta vit phng trnh ny di dng
2
1

1
+ 1 = 3
2
T vic t
1
= x + y,
2
= xy, th iu kin tn ti hai s x, y l
1
4
2
. S dng iu kin ny ta c
2
1

1
+ 1
3
4
2
1

2
1
4
1
+ 4 0
(
1
2)
2
0
1
= 2
2
= 1.
Trong trng hp ny ta c h
_
x + y = 2,
xy = 1.
H ny lun c nghim nguyn duy nht l x = y = 1. Nh vy, nghim
ca phng trnh cho l
_
x = 1,
y = 1;
_
x Z,
y = 1 x.
Bi 2.31. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
x + y = x
2
xy + y
2
Li gii. t
1
= x + y,
2
= xy. Phng trnh tr thnh
1
= s
2
2
2

1
=
2
1
3
2

2
1

1
= 3
2
.
T vic t
1
= x + y,
2
= xy, th iu kin tn ti hai s x, y l
1
4
2
. S dng iu kin ny ta c
42
2
1

1

3
4
2
1

2
1
4
1
0 0
1
4
Mt khc, t phng trnh
2
1

1
= 3
2
.
(2
1
1)
2
= 12
2
+ 1
thy 12
2
+ 1 l s chnh phng, nn t chn c
+)
1
=
2
= 0, phng trnh c nghim nguyn: x = y = 0.
+)
1
= 1,
2
= 0, phng trnh c cc nghim nguyn l
_
x = 1,
y = 0;
_
x = 0,
y = 1.
+)
1
= 2, 12
2
+ 1 = 9, phng trnh khng c nghim nguyn.
+)
1
= 3,
2
_
x = 1,
y = 2;
_
x = 2,
y = 1.
+)
1
= 4,
2
_
x = 2,
y = 2;
Vy phng trnh cho c cc nghim nguyn l:
_
x = 0,
y = 0;
_
x = 0,
y = 1.
;
_
x = 1,
y = 0.
;
_
x = 1,
y = 2.
;
_
x = 2,
y = 1.
;
_
x = 2,
y = 2.
Bi 2.32 (Theo [1]). Tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca h phng trnh
_
x + y = z,
x
3
+ y
3
= z
2
.
Li gii.t
1
= x + y,
2
= xy. H phng trnh tr thnh
_

1
= z,
s
3
= z
2
.

_

1
= z,
3
1
3
1
2
= z
2
.
Th phng trnh th nht vo phng trnh th hai, ta c
3
1
3
1
2
=
2
1

1
(
2
1

1
3
2
) = 0
Trng hp 1:
1
= 0 z = 0 x = y, r rng khng tha mn, do
nghim cn tm nguyn dng.
Trng hp 2:
43
2
1

1
3
2
= 0
Tng t bi tp 2.30, d dng tm c cc nghim nguyn dng ca h
l
_
x = 2,
y = 1,
z = 3;
_
x = 1,
y = 2,
z = 3
;
_
x = 2,
y = 2
z = 2.
2.6 Chng minh cc ng thc
Bi 2.33. Cho x + y = 1, x
3
+ y
3
= a, x
5
+ y
5
= b. Chng minh rng
5a(a + 1) = 9b + 1
Li gii. t
1
= x + y = 1,
2
= xy. Ta c:
x
3
+ y
3
= a
3
1
3
1
2
= a
2
=
1 a
3
V
x
5
+ y
5
= s
5
=
5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
nn
b = 1 5.
1 a
3
+ 5.
(1 a)
2
9
hay
5a(a + 1) = 9b + 1
Bi 2.34 (Theo [5]). Chng minh ng nht thc
(x + y)
3
+ 3xy(1 x y) 1 = (x + y 1)(x
2
+ y
2
xy + x + y + 1).
Li gii. Theo cng thc Waring, ta c
(x + y)
3
+ 3xy(1 x y) 1 =
3
1
+ 3
2
(1
1
) 1 =
=
3
1
+ 3
2
3
1
2
1.
Mt khc, cng c
(x + y 1)(x
2
+ y
2
xy + x + y + 1) = (
1
1)(
2
1
3
2
+
1
+ 1) =
=
3
1
3
1
2
+
2
1
+
1
2
1
+ 3
2
1
1 =
=
3
1
+ 3
2
3
1
2
1.
T hai h thc trn, ta c iu phi chng minh.
44
(x + y)
7
x
7
y
7
= 7xy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
2
.
Li gii. Theo cng thc Waring, ta c
(x + y)
7
x
7
y
7
=
7
1
s
7
=
7
1
(
7
1
7
5
1
2
+ 14
3
1
2
2
7
1
3
2
) =
= 7
5
1
2
14
3
1
2
2
+ 7
1
3
2
= 7
1
2
(
4
1
2
2
1
2
+
2
2
) =
= 7
1
2
(
2
1

2
)
2
= 7xy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
2
.
(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) xyz = (x + y)(y + z)(z + x).
Li gii. S dng cc cng thc qu o, khai trin v phi, ta c
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) = x
2
y + x
2
z + y
2
x + y
2
z + z
2
x + z
2
y + 2xyz =
= O(x
2
y) + 2
3
= (
1
2
3
3
) + 2
3
=
1
3
=
= (x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) xyz.
Bi 2.37 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng, nu
x + y + z = xy + yz + zx = 0.
th
3(x
3
y
3
+ y
3
z
3
+ z
3
x
3
) = (x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
2
.
Li gii. S dng cc cng thc qu o, khai trin v phi vi lu iu
kin ca bi l
1
= 0,
2
= 0, ta c
3(x
3
y
3
+ y
3
z
3
+ z
3
x
3
) = 3O(x
3
y
3
) = 3(
3
2
+ 3
2
3
3
1
3
) = 9
2
3
.
Tng t vi v tri, ta c
(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
2
= s
2
3
= (
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
)
2
= 9
2
3
.
T cc khai trin trn, suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi 2.38 (Theo [2]). Chng minh rng, nu cc s thc x, y, z, a, b, c
tha mn cc h thc
_
x + y + z = a + b + c,
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
.
th vi mi s t nhin n:
45
x
n
+ y
n
+ z
n
= a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
.
Li gii. K hiu
1
,
2
,
3
l cc a thc i xng c s theo cc bin x,
y, z; cn
1
,
2
,
3
l cc a thc i xng c s theo cc bin a, b, c. S
dng cc cng thc Waring, theo gi thit ta c
1
=
1
,
2
1
2
2
=
2
1
2
2
,
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
,
Suy ra
1
=
1
,
2
=
2
,
3
=
3
,
Khi vi mi a thc (t
1
, t
2
, t
3
) ta c
(t
1
, t
2
, t
3
) = (
1
,
2
,
3
).
Gi s f(x,y,z) l mt a thc i xng v theo nh l duy nht f(x, y, z) =
(
1
,
2
,
3
), f(a, b, c) = (
1
,
2
,
3
). T suy ra f(x, y, z) = f(a, b, c).
Trong trng hp ring ta c
x
n
+ y
n
+ z
n
= a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
.
Bi 2.39 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng nu a + b + c = 0, th cc ng
sau y ng
1. a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc;
2. a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0;
3. a
2
(b+c)
2
+b
2
(c+a)
2
+c
2
(a+b)
2
+(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)(ab+bc+ca) = 0;
4. a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= 2(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) =
1
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
;
5.
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
=
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3
.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2
= abc.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2
;
6.
a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
7
=
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2
=
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
2
.
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3
;
7.
a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
7
.
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3
= (
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
)
2
,
8. (
a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
7
)
2
= (
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
)
2
.
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
2
Li gii. K hiu
1
,
2
,
3
v s
k
tng ng l cc a thc i xng c s
v tng ly tha ca cc bin a, b, c. Theo cng thc Waring ta c
46
Cng thc tnh s
k
= x
k
+ y
k
+ z
k
, theo
2

3
khi c
1
= 0
a + b + c = s
1
=
1
= 0;
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= s
2
= 2
2
;
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= s
3
= 3
3
;
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= s
4
= 2
2
2
;
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
= s
5
= 5
2
3
;
a
6
+ b
6
+ c
6
= s
6
= 3
2
3
2
3
2
;
a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
= s
7
= 7
2
2
3
;
a
8
+ b
8
+ c
8
= s
8
= 2
4
2
8
2
2
3
;
a
9
+ b
9
+ c
9
= s
9
= 3
3
3
9
3
2
3
;
a
10
+ b
10
+ c
10
= s
10
= 2
5
2
+ 15
2
2
2
3
;
.........................................................
Li gii.
1. Theo cng thc trn, hin nhin ng.
2. Theo cng thc trn v kt qu bi 2.28, hin nhin ng.
3. a
2
(b + c)
2
+ b
2
(c + a)
2
+ c
2
(a + b)
2
+ (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(ab + bc + ca) =
= 2O(a
2
b
2
) + 2O(a
2
bc) + s
2
2
= 2
2
2
2.0 + (2
2
)
2
= 0;
4. T cng thc trn, ta c
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
= s
4
= 2
2
2
2(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) = 2.O(a
2
b
2
) = 2(
2
2
2
1
3
) = 2
2
2
1
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
=
1
2
s
2
2
=
1
2
(2
2
)
2
= 2
2
2
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
5.
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3
.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2
=
2
.
3
=
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
=
=
3
.
2
2
2
= abc.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2
;
6.
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2
= (
2
3
).(
2
) =
2
2
3
=
a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
7
=
=
2
2
2
2
.
3
=
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
2
.
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3
;
7.
a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
7
.
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3
=
2
2
3
.
3
= (
2
3
)
2
= (
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
)
2
,
8.(
a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
7
)
2
= (
2
2
3
)
2
= (
2
3
)
2
.
2
2
= (
a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
5
)
2
.
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
2
.
(a + b)
7
a
7
b
7
(a + b)
3
a
3
b
3
=
7
6
[(a + b)
4
+ a
4
+ b
4
].
47
Li gii. t x = a, y = b, z = a b. Khi
1
= a +b +(a b) = 0,
nn theo cng thc Waring ta c
(a + b)
7
a
7
b
7
(a + b)
3
a
3
b
3
=
z
7
x
7
y
7
z
3
x
3
y
3
=
s
7
s
3
=
7
2
2
3
3
3
=
7
3
2
2
.
Ta bin i v phi ca ng thc cn chng minh nh sau:
7
6
[(a + b)
4
+ a
4
+ b
4
] =
7
6
[(z)
4
+ a
4
+ b
4
] =
7
6
s
4
=
7
6
.2
2
2
=
7
3
.
2
2
.
Phng php trnh by trn thng c p dng khi trong bi ton
c cc hiu ab, bc, ca. Khi nu t x = ab, y = bc, z = ca
th
1
= x + y + z = 0. Trong trng hp ny cc cng thc Waring i
vi tng ly tha tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. Xt cc v d sau.
(b c)
3
+ (c a)
3
+ (a b)
3
3(b c)(c a)(a b) = 0.
Li gii.
t x = a b, y = b c, z = c a th
1
= x + y + z = 0 v ng thc
cn chng minh tr thnh
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz = s
3
3
3
= 3
3
3
3
= 0.
25[(b c)
7
+ (c a)
7
+ (a b)
7
].[(b c)
3
+ (c a)
3
+ (a b)
3
] =
21[(b c)
5
+ (c a)
5
+ (a b)
5
]
2
.
Li gii. t x = a b, y = b c, z = c a th
1
= x + y + z = 0 v
ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
25(x
7
+ y
7
+ z
7
).(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) = 21(x
5
+ y
5
+ z
5
)
2
hay
25s
7
.s
3
= 21s
2
5
S dng cc cng thc ca tng ly tha vi ch
1
= 0, ta c
25s
7
.s
3
= 25.7
2
2
3
.3
3
= 525(
2
3
)
2
; 21s
2
5
= 21(5
2
3
)
2
= 525(
2
3
)
2
48
Bi 2.43 (Theo [5]). Vi a + b + c = 2p, chng minh rng
1. a(p b)(p c) + b(p a)(p c) + c(p a)(p b)+
+2(p a)(p b)(p c) = abc.
2. (p a)
3
+ (p b)
3
+ (p c)
3
+ 3abc = p
3
Li gii
1. Khai trin v phi, s dng cng thc Waring vi ch
1
= a + b + c = 2p, ta c
p
2
(a + b + c) 2p(ab + ac + bc) + 3abc+
+2[p
3
p
2
(a + b + c) + p(ab + ac + bc) abc] =
= (
1
2
)
2
2
+ 3
3
+ 2(
3
1
8
+

1
2

2
3
) =
3
= abc.
2. Vit ng thc cn chng minh nh sau
(
a + b + c
2
)
3
+ (
a b + c
2
)
3
+ (
a + b c
2
)
3
+ 3abc = (
a + b + c
2
)
3
.
Theo kt qu ca bi 2.12, suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi 2.44 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng, nu xy + yz + zx = 1, th
x
1 x
2
+
y
1 y
2
+
z
1 z
2
=
4xyz
(1 x
2
)(1 y
2
)(1 z
2
)
.
Li gii. Bin i biu thc cho, ta nhn c biu thc sau
x(1 y
2
)(1 z
2
) + y(1 z
2
)(1 x
2
) + z(1 x
2
)(1 y
2
) = 4xyz.
S dng cc cng thc ca tng ly tha v qu o vi ch
2
= xy + yz + zx = 1 bin i v phi ng thc trn ta c
O(x) O(x
2
y) + O(x
2
y
2
z) =
1
(
1
3
3
) +
3
= 4xyz.
Bi 2.45 (Theo [2]). Chng minh rng, nu
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
=
1
a + b + c
,
th vi mi s l n, ta c
(
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
)
n
=
1
a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
=
1
(a + b + c)
n
.
Li gii. T gi thit ca bi ton, ta c
3
=
1
1
,
49
hay
3
= 0,
Theo kt qu ca bi 2.11 ta c ng thc
(a + b)(a + c)(b + c) = 0,
T ng thc trn, ta c
a = b, a = c, b = c.
Thay vo ng thc cn chng minh, ta thy ng thc
(
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
)
n
=
1
a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
=
1
(a + b + c)
n
.
lun ng vi mi s l n.
2.7 Chng minh bt ng thc
Vi hai s thc x, y, t x + y =
1
, xy =
2
. Khi ta c
(x + y)
2
0 (x + y)
2
4xy 0
2
1
4
2
0.
Mnh 2.1 (Theo [2]). Cho x, y R. t x +y =
1
, xy =
2
. Khi
1
4
2
. (2.11)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y.
Gi s cn chng minh bt ng thc f(x, y) 0 (vi mi x 0, y 0
hoc x + y = a, ty thuc vo bi ton), trong f(x, y) l a thc i
xng. Trc ht ta biu din f(x, y) theo
1
,
2
. Sau trong a thc va
nhn c thay
2
bi
1
bng cch t
2
=
1
4
(
2
1
z) vi z 0. Hoc
cng c th biu din
1
bi
2
bng cch vit
2
1
= z + 4
2
.
Bi 2.46 (Theo [2]). Chng minh rng, nu a,b v c l ba s thc tha
mn iu kin a + b c 0, th
a
2
+ b
2
c
2
2
, a
4
+ b
4
c
4
8
, a
8
+ b
8
c
8
128
Li gii. t a + b =
1
, ab =
2
.Ta c
50
s
2
= a
2
+ b
2
=
2
1
2
2
=
2
1
2.
1
4
(
2
1
z) =
1
2
2
1
+
1
2
z,
v z 0 v theo gi thit
1
c 0, nn s
2

1
2
c
2
, ngha l
a
2
+ b
2
c
2
2
Vn dng bt ng thc trn , ta c
a
4
+ b
4
= (a
2
)
2
+ (b
2
)
2
1
2
(
1
2
c
2
)
2
c
4
8
.
Tng t d dng chng minh
a
8
+ b
8
c
8
128
Mt cch tng qut, ta c bi ton
Nu a, b v c l ba s thc tha mn iu kin a +b c 0, th vi mi
n nguyn dng, ta c
a
2n
+ b
2n
1
2
2
n
1
.c
2
n
Lu : Cho c nhn cc gi tr thc khc nhau, ta nhn c cc bi
ton khc nhau. Chng hn cho c=1, ta c bi ton
Chng minh rng, nu a, b l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b 1,
th
a
2
+ b
2
1
2
, a
4
+ b
4
1
8
, a
8
+ b
8
1
128
Bi 2.47 (Theo [5]). Cho a, b R. Chng minh rng
1. 8(a
4
+ b
4
) (a + b)
4
,
2. a
6
+ b
6
a
5
b + ab
5
Li gii
1. Ta c
8(a
4
+ b
4
) (a + b)
4
= 8s
4
4
1
= 8(
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
)
4
1
=
= 7
4
1
32
2
1
.
1
4
(
2
1
z) + 16.
1
16
(
2
1
z)
2
= 6
2
1
z + z
2
0
2. Ta c
51
a
6
+ b
6
a
5
b + ab
5
= s
6
2
s
4
=
6
1
7
4
1
2
+ 13 1
2
2
2
4
3
2
=
=
6
1
7
4
1
.
1
4
(
2
1
z) + 13
2
1
.
1
16
(
2
1
z)
2
4.
1
64
(
2
1
z)
3
=
=
5
16
4
1
z +
5
8
2
1
z
2
+
1
16
z
3
0
Bi 2.48 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng vi mi a, b khng m c cc bt
ng thc
1.
_
a
2
b
+
_
b
2
a

a +
b,
2. (
a +
b)
8
64ab(a + b)
2
.
Li gii.
1. t
a = u,
b = v. Ta c bt ng thc
u
2
v
+
v
2
u
u + v hay u
3
+ v
3
uv(u + v)
T gi thit ca bi ton, ta c u 0, v 0 t cng c
1
0, z =
1
4
2
0
Do
u
3
+v
3
uv(u+v) =
3
1
3
1
2
=
3
1
4
1
2
=
1
(
2
1
4
2
) 0.
2. t
a = u,
b = v. Ta c bt ng thc (u +v)
8
64u
2
v
2
(u
2
+v
2
)
2
.
T gi thit ca bi ton, ta c u 0, v 0, do bt ng thc trn c
th vit thnh
(u + v)
4
8uv(u
2
+ v
2
)
Ta c:
(u + v)
4
8uv(u
2
+ v
2
) =
4
1
8
2
(
2
1
2
2
) =
4
1
8
2
1
2
+ 16
2
2
=
=
4
1
8
2
1
.
1
4
(
2
1
z) + 16.
1
16
(
2
1
z)
2
= z
2
0.
T ta c iu phi chng minh.
Vi cc b s thc (x, y, z) hay (a, b, c) v.v.. ta lun hiu
1
,
2
,
3
l cc
a thc i xng c s ca cc b . Chng hn vi b s thc (x, y, z)
ta c
1
= x + y + z,
2
= xy + xz + yz,
3
= xyz.
Mnh 2.2 (Theo [2]). Vi cc s thc x, y, z lun c :
a)
2
1
3
2
b)
2
2
3
1
3
. (2.12)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x=y=z.
52
Chng minh. Vi mi s thc x, y, z ta lun c bt ng thc
(x y)
2
+ (y z)
2
+ (z x)
2
0.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x=y=z. Khai trin v tri ca bt
ng trn v thu gn ta c s
2
2
0. Thay s
2
=
2
1
2
2
, ta c bt
ng thc th nht trong (2.12).
Theo bt ng thc th nht trong (2.12), ta c
(x + y + z)
2
3(xy + xz + yz).
Trong bt ng trn thay x = ab, y = ac, z = bc ta c
(ab + ac + bc)
2
3(a
2
bc + ab
2
c + abc
2
) = 3abc(a + b + c).
T suy ra bt ng thc th hai trong (2.12) vi cc s thc a, b, c.
Mnh 2.3 (Theo [2]). Vi cc s thc dng x, y, z lun c :
a)
1
2
9
3
b)
3
1
27
3
c)
3
2
27
2
3
. (2.13)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z.
Chng minh. V x, y, z l cc s thc dng nn
1
,
2
,
3
cng l cc s
dng. Nhn hai v tng ng ca cc bt ng thc trong (2.12) ta c
2
1
2
2
9
1
3
. Gin c hai v ta nhn c bt ng thc
1
2
9
3
.
T bt ng thc th nht trong (2.12), ta c
4
1
=
2
1
.
2
1

2
1
.3
2
= 3
1
(
1
2
) 3
1
.9
3
= 27
1
3
.
Gin c hai v bt ng thc trn, vi lu
1
dng, ta nhn c bt
ng thc
3
1
27
3
.
T bt ng thc th hai trong (2.12) v bt ng thc th nht trong
(2.13) ta c
3
2
=
2
.
2
2

2
.3
1
3
= 3
3
(
1
2
) 3
3
.9
3
= 27
2
3
.
Nhn xt. Cc bt ng trong (2.13) vn cn ng vi x, y, z l cc s
khng m.
T bt ng thc th nht v th hai trong (2.13), ta c cc bt ng
thc quen thuc
(x + y + z)(
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
) 9 v
(x + y + z)
3
27xyz hay
x + y + z
3

3
xyz.
53
Mnh 2.4 (Theo [2]). Vi mi s thc khng m x, y, z ta lun c cc
bt ng thc
a)
3
1
+ 9
3
4
1
2
b) 2
3
1
+ 9
3
7
1
2
. (2.14)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z.
Chng minh. Trc ht, vi mi x, y, z khng m, ta chng minh c bt
ng thc
x(x y)(x z) + y(y x)(y z) + z(z x)(z y) 0
Tht vy, do tnh cht i xng ca x, y, z nn khng lm mt tnh tng
qut ta gi s rng x y z. Khi bt ng thc cho c vit li
nh sau
(x y)[x(x z) y(y z)] + z(x z)(y z) 0
Bt ng thc ny ng.
Khai trin v tri bt ng trn ta c
x(x y)(x z) + y(y x)(y z) + z(z x)(z y) =
= (x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) + 3xyz (x
2
y + x
2
z + y
2
x + y
2
z + z
2
x + z
2
y) =
= s
3
+ 3
3
O(x
2
y) = (
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
) + 3
3
(
1
2
3
3
) =
=
3
1
4
1
2
+ 9
3
.
T ta c kt qu ca bt ng thc th nht trong cng thc (2.14).
T bt ng thc th nht trong (2.12) v (2.14), ta c
2
3
1
+ 9
3
= (
3
1
+ 9
3
) +
3
1
4
1
2
+ 3
1
2
= 7
1
2
.
Vy cc bt ng thc trong (2.14) c chng minh.
Bi 2.49 (Anh, 1999 (Theo [2])). Cho x, y, z l cc s khng m tha mn
iu kin x + y + z = 1. Chng minh rng
7(xy + yz + zx) 2 + 9xyz.
Li gii. V x+y +z = 1, nn ta c th vit bt ng thc cn chng minh
dng
7(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) 2 + 9xyz.
t
1
= x+y +z,
2
= xy +xz +yz,
3
= xyz, bt ng thc cn chng
minh tr thnh
7
1
2
2
3
1
+ 9
3
54
Theo 2.10 ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 2.50 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c ta c cc bt
ng thc sau
1. a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca,
2. a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
,
3. a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
abc(a + b + c),
4. (ab + bc + ca)
2
3abc(a + b + c),
5. a
2
+ b
2
+ 1 ab + a + b,
Li gii. t
1
= a + b + c,
2
= ab + bc + ca,
3
= abc. Ta c
1. Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
2
1
2
2

2
hay
2
1
3
2
.
Theo (2.12) ta c iu phi chng minh.
2
1
2
2

1
3
2
1
hay
2
1
3
2
.
Theo (2.12) ta c iu phi chng minh.
3.Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi O(a
2
b
2
)
1
3
hay
2
2
2
1
3

1
3
. Theo (2.12) ta c iu phi chng minh.
4.Theo (2.12) ta c iu phi chng minh.
5.Trong bt ng thc 1, cho c = 1, ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 2.51 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a, b, c ta c
cc bt ng thc sau
1. (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 9abc,
2. ab(a + b 2c) + bc(b + c 2a) + ac(a + c 2b) 0,
3. ab(a + b) + ac(a + c) + bc(b + c) 6abc,
4. 2(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) ab(a + b) + ac(a + c) + bc(b + c),
5.
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

x + y + z
3
,
Li gii. t
1
= a + b + c,
2
= ab + ac + bc,
3
= abc.Khi
1
(
2
1
2
2
) 9
3
hay
3
1
2
1
2
+ 9
3
.
Theo cng thc (2.12) trong mnh (2.2) v cng thc (2.13) trong mnh
(2.3) th
3
1
3
1
2
v
1
2
9
3
.
55
ab(
1
3c) + bc(
1
3a) + ac(
1
3b) 0

1
2
9
3
0.
Bt ng thc cui cng ng theo cng thc (2.13) trong mnh (2.3).Vy
bt ng thc cho c chng minh.
ab(
1
c) + bc(
1
a) + ac(
1
b) 6
3

1
2
3
3
6
3

1
2
9
3
.
2s
3
O(a
2
b) 2(
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
)
1
2
3
3
2
3
1
7
1
2
+ 9
3
0 2
3
1
+ 9
3
7
1
2
.
3s
3
s
1
s
2
3(
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
)
1
(
2
1
2
2
)
2
3
1
7
1
2
+ 9
3
0 2
3
1
+ 9
3
7
1
2
.
Bi 2.52 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng, nu a, b, c l di cc cnh ca
mt tam gic th ta c cc bt ng thc
1. 2(ab + bc + ca) > a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
,
2. (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(a + b + c) > 2(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
).
Li gii.
1. V a, b, c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic, nn ta c th t
x = a + b c, y = a b + c, z = a + b + c
trong x, y, z l cc s dng. Khi a, b, c c biu th theo x, y, z nh
sau:
a =
x + y
2
, b =
x + z
2
, c =
y + z
2
Thay vo bt ng thc cn chng minh ta c bt ng thc
56
2(
x + y
2
.
x + z
2
+
x + y
2
.
y + z
2
+
x + z
2
.
y + z
2
) >
> (
x + y
2
)
2
+ (
x + z
2
)
2
+ (
y + z
2
)
2
t
1
= x +y +z,
2
= xy +xz +yz,
3
= xyz, s
2
= x
2
+y
2
+z
2
l cc
a thc i xng c s v tng ly tha ca x, y ,z. Ta c
2(s
2
+ 3
2
) > 2s
2
+ 2
2
4
2
> 0
D thy bt ng thc cui cng l bt ng thc ng. Vy bt ng thc
cho c chng minh.
2. V a, b, c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic, nn ta c th t
x = a + b c, y = a b + c, z = a + b + c
trong x, y, z l cc s dng. Khi a, b, c c biu th theo x, y, z nh
sau:
a =
x + y
2
, b =
x + z
2
, c =
y + z
2
Thay vo bt ng thc cn chng minh ta c bt ng thc
[(
x + y
2
)
2
+ (
x + z
2
)
2
+ (
y + z
2
)
2
](x + y + z) >
> 2[(
x + y
2
)
3
+ (
x + z
2
)
3
+ (
y + z
2
)
3
].
t
1
= x + y + z,
2
= xy + xz + yz,
3
= xyz, s
2
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
O(x
2
y) = x
2
y + x
2
z + y
2
x + y
2
z + z
2
x + z
2
y l cc a thc i xng c
s, tng ly tha v cng thc qu o ca x, y, z. Ta c
2(s
2
+ 2
2
)
1
> 2s
3
+ 3O(x
2
y)
2(
2
1
2
2
+ 2
2
)
1
> 2(
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
) + 3(
1
2
3
3
)

1
2
+
3
> 0.
D thy bt ng thc cui cng l bt ng thc ng. Vy bt ng thc
cho c chng minh.
57
Chng 3
a thc i xng n bin v ng
dng
3.1 Cc khi nim
nh ngha 3.1 (Theo [2]). Gi s x = (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) R
n
.
a thc f(x) = f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) c hiu l hm s c dng
f(x) =
m
k=0
M
k
(x),
trong
M
k
(x) = M
k
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) =
j
1
+j
2
+...+j
n
=k
a
j
1
j
2
...j
n
x
j
1
1
x
j
2
2
...x
j
n
n
,
j
i
N, (i = 0, 1, 2, ..., n).
nh ngha 3.2 (Theo [2]). a thc f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) theo cc bin x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
c gi l i xng nu n khng thay i khi i ch gia hai bin bt
k.
nh ngha 3.3 (Theo [2]). a thc f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) theo cc bin x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
c gi l thun nht bc m, nu
f(tx
1
, tx
2
, ..., tx
n
) = t
m
f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
), t = 0.
nh ngha 3.4 (Theo [2]). K hiu
s
k
= x
k
1
+ x
k
2
+ ... + x
k
n
, k Z.
0
= 1,
1
=
n
i=1
x
i
,
2
=
n
i,j=1,i<j
x
i
x
j
,
3
=
n
i,j,l=1
i<j<l
x
i
x
j
x
l
, ...,
k
=
n
i
1
,i
2
,...,i
k
=1
i
1
<i
2
<...<i
k
x
i
1
x
i
2
...x
i
k
,
58
n
= x
1
x
2
.....x
n
.
Ta gi s
k
l cc tng ly tha, cn
r
(x)(r = 1, 2, 3, ..., n) l cc a thc
i xng s cp bc r.
Chng hn, vi n = 4, ta c
1
= x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
,
2
= x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
3
+ x
1
x
4
+ x
2
x
3
+ x
2
x
4
+ x
3
x
4
,
3
= x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
4
+ x
1
x
3
x
4
+ x
2
x
3
x
4
,
4
= x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
.
S cc s hng trong a thc i xng bc k:
k
bng
C
k
n
=
n!
k!(n k)!
.
nh ngha 3.5 (Theo [2]). a thc vi s hng ti thiu, mi s hng l
mt n thc c dng x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
c gi l qu o ca n thc (orbit)
v c k hiu l
O(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
)
Chng hn vi n = 4, ta c
O(x
2
1
x
3
2
) = x
2
1
x
3
2
+ x
2
1
x
3
3
+ x
2
1
x
3
4
+ x
2
2
x
3
1
+ x
2
2
x
3
3
+ x
2
2
x
3
4
+ x
2
3
x
3
1
+
+x
2
3
x
3
2
+ x
2
3
x
3
4
+ x
2
4
x
3
1
+ x
2
4
x
3
2
+ x
2
4
x
3
3
.
T nh ngha v qu o suy ra, nu cc s m k
1
, k
2
, ..., k
n
khc nhau th
s cc s hng ca qu o O(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
) bng n!. M rng cho trng
hp cc s m k
1
, k
2
, ..., k
n
khng nht thit phi khc nhau ta c khi
nim qu o ton phn.
nh ngha 3.6 (Theo [2]). a thc bng tng tt c cc hon v theo cc
bin x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
ca n thc x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
c gi l qu o ton phn
v c k hiu l
O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
)
Qu o ton phn ch khc qu o thng thng bi h s, c th l:
Nu trong cc s m k
1
, k
2
, ..., k
n
c m
1
s bng nhau, sau li c m
2
s
bng nhau,..., v cui cng cn li m
l
s bng nhau, th
O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
) = m
1
!m
2
!....m
l
!O
(
x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
) (3.1)
T cng thc (3.1) ta thy, nu cc s m k
1
, k
2
, ..., k
n
khc nhau, th qu
o ton phn trng vi qu o thng thng.
59
Cc cng thc di y cho php biu din cc qu o ton phn qua cc
tng ly tha
O
(x
k
1
x
l
2
) = (n 2)!(s
k
s
l
s
k+l
), (3.2)
(n 2)O
(x
k
1
x
l
2
x
m
3
) = O
(x
k
1
x
l
2
)s
m
O
(x
k+m
1
x
l
2
) O
(x
k
1
x
l+m
2
), (3.3)
......................
(n r)O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
.....x
k
r
r
x
k
r+1
r+1
) =
= O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
.....x
k
r
r
)s
k
r+1
(x
k
1
+k
r+1
1
x
k
2
2
.....x
k
r
r
)
O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
+k
r+1
2
.....x
k
r
r
)
..........................
O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
.....x
k
r
+k
r+1
r
). (3.4)
nh ngha 3.7 (Theo [2]). Xt hai n thc Ax
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
, Bx
l
1
1
x
l
2
2
...x
l
n
n
.
Ta ni n thc th nht tri hn n thc th hai, nu k
1
> l
1
; hoc
k
1
= l
1
v k
2
> l
2
; ...; hoc k
1
= l
1
, k
2
= l
2
, ..., k
s
= l
s
v k
s+1
> l
s+1
.
Chng hn, so snh hai a thc f = x
3
1
x
4
2
x
2
3
, g = x
3
1
x
4
2
x
5
4
ta vit
chng dng f = x
3
1
x
4
2
x
2
3
x
0
4
, g = x
3
1
x
4
2
x
0
3
x
5
4
. Theo nh ngha ta thy f tri
hn g.
3.2 Biu din cc tng ly tha qua cc a thc i
xng c s
nh l 3.1 (Cng thc truy hi Newton (Theo [2])). Cc tng ly tha
v cc a thc i xng c s lin h vi nhau theo cng thc
s
k
=
1
s
k1
2
s
k2
+
3
s
k3
... + (1)
k1
k
k
(3.5)
(trong cng thc (3.5) s hng (1)
i1
i
s
ni
= 0 khi i > n).
Chng minh. Xt a thc mt bin theo x
P (x) =
n
i=1
(x x
i
) = x
n
1
x
n1
+ ... + (1)
n1
n1
x + (1)
n
n
v cc a thc Q
i
(x) c xc nh theo cng thc
Q
i
(x) =
n
j=1,j=i
(x x
j
) =
P (x)
x x
i
(1 i n)
60
K hiu
k
(x) =
k
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
),
k
(x
0
i
) =
k
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
i1
, 0, x
i+1
, ..., x
n
).
R rng l
k
=
k
(x
0
i
) + x
i
k1
(x
0
i
), (3.6)
Q
i
(x) =
n1
k=0
(1)
k
k
(x
0
i
)x
n1k
(3.7)
T (3.6), suy ra
0
(x
0
i
) = 1,
1
(x
0
i
) =
1
x
i
,
2
(x
0
i
) =
2
(x) x
i
1
(x) + x
2
i
,
3
(x
0
i
) =
3
(x) x
i
2
(x) + x
2
i
1
(x) x
3
i
.
Bng phng php quy np ta c cng thc
k
_
x
0
i
_
=
k
j=0
(1)
j
x
j
i
kj
(x) (3.8)
(k=0, 1, ..., n-1).
Ta c cng thc
n
i=1
P (x)
x x
i
= P
(x) =
n1
k=0
(1)
k
(n k)
k
(x) x
nk1
. (3.9)
Mt khc
n
i=1
P(x)
xx
i
=
n
i=1
Q
i
(x) =
n
i=1
n1
k=0
(1)
k
k
_
x
0
i
_
x
nk1
=
=
n1
k=0
(1)
k
_
n
i=1
k
_
x
0
i
_
_
x
nk1
(3.10)
T (3.9) v (3.10), suy ra
n
i=1
k
_
x
0
i
_
= (n k)
k
(x) , (0 k n 1) . (3.11)
T (3.9) v (3.11), suy ra
n
i=1
k
j=0
(1)
j
x
j
i
k
_
x
0
j
_
= (n k)
k
(x) , (k n 1) ,
61
k
j=0
(1)
j
s
j
kj
(x) = (n k)
k
(x), (k n 1) . (3.12)
Ch rng s
0
= n, t (3.12) d dng suy ra (3.5). nh l 3.1 c chng
minh.
Nhn xt. Trn y trnh by mt chng minh ca nh l 3.1 tuy
cha c n gin nhng li cho mt s cng thc cn thit cho sau
ny. nh l trn c th c chng minh bng cch n gin sau. V
x
1
, x
2
, ...., x
n
l nghim ca a thc P(x), nn ta c cc ng thc sau
x
n
1

1
x
n1
1
+
2
x
n2
1
... + (1)
n
n
= 0
x
n
2

1
x
n1
2
+
2
x
n2
2
... + (1)
n
n
= 0
...............................................
x
n
n
1
x
n1
n
+
2
x
n2
n
... + (1)
n
n
= 0
Cng theo tng ct v vi v cc ng thc trn ta c cng thc (3.5).
S dng cng thc (3.5) d dng thu c cc cng thc sau y
s
1
= 1.
1
;
s
2
=
1
s
1
2
2
;
s
3
=
1
s
2
2
s
1
+ 3
3
;
s
4
=
1
s
3
2
s
2
+
3
s
1
4
4
;
s
5
=
1
s
4
2
s
3
+
3
s
2
4
s
1
+ 5
5
;
s
6
=
1
s
5
2
s
4
+
3
s
3
4
s
2
+ 5
5
s
1
6
6
;
........................................................
T cc cng thc trn, mt cch lin tip ta nhn c cc cng thc
sau
s
1
=
1
;
s
2
=
2
1
2
2
;
s
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
;
s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
+ 4
1
3
4
4
;
s
5
=
5
1
5
3
1
2
+ 5
1
2
2
+ 5
2
1
3
5
2
3
5
1
4
+ 5
5
;
s
6
=
6
1
6
4
1
2
+ 9
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
+ 6
3
1
3
12
1
3
+
+3
2
3
6
2
1
4
+ 6
2
4
+ 6
1
5
6
6
;
........................................................
62
k
c biu
din qua cc a thc i xng c s theo cng thc
s
k
k
=
m
1
+2m
2
+...+km
k
=k
(1)
km
1
m
2
...m
k
.
(m
1
+ m
2
+ ... + m
k
1)!
m
1
!m
2
!...m
k
!
.
m
1
1

m
2
2
...
m
k
k
(3.13)
Cng thc (3.13) c th c chng minh bng phng php quy np vi
s tr giy ca cng thc truy hi (3.5) v c gi l cng thc Waring.
Ngoi ra c th chng minh c rng cc tng ly tha s
k
c biu
din theo cc a thc i xng c s
j
bi cng thc
s
k
= (1)
k1
1 0 0 ... 0 1
1
1
1 0 ... 0
1
2

1
1 ... 0
1
... ... ... ... ... ...
k2

k3

k4
... 1 (k 1)
1
k1

k2

k3
...
1
k
k
3.3 Cc nh l ca a thc i xng nhiu bin

nh l 3.3 (nh l tn ti (Theo [2])). Gi s f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) l a
thc i xng ca n bin. Khi tn ti a thc (
1
,
2
, ...,
n
), sao cho
nu vo ch
1
,
2
, ...,
n
thay cc biu thc
1
= x
1
+ x
2
+ ... + x
n
,
2
= x
1
x
2
+ ... + x
1
x
n
+ x
2
x
3
+ ... + x
n1
x
n
,
..................
n
= x
1
x
2
....x
n
,
th ta nhn c a thc f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
).
Chng minh. Gi s a.x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
l mt n thc ca f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
).
V f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) c tnh i xng, nn cng vi n thc ni trn n
cha qu o ton phn O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
) vi h s a. Nh vy
f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = a.O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
) + f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
),
trong f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) l mt a thc i xng c s cc s hng t
hn f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
). T f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) li c th chn ra mt qu o
b.O
(x
l
1
1
x
l
2
2
...x
l
n
n
) c h s b v v.v... Sau mt s hu hn bc ta c th
phn tch f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) thnh tng ca cc qu o ton phn.
f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = a.O
(x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
) + .... + b.O
(x
l
1
1
x
l
2
2
...x
l
n
n
).
63
Theo cng thc (3.2) v (3.4), cc qu o ton phn c biu din qua
cc tng ly tha. Cui cng, trn c s cng thc truy hi (3.5), bng
phng php quy np, cc tng ly tha c biu din qua cc a thc
i xng c s. nh l c chng minh.
Nhn xt. nh l trn cn c th c chng minh bng phng php
s dng khi nim "n thc tri". Tht vy, gi s a.x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
l mt
n thc tri nht ca f. Khi k
1
k
2
... k
n
v
f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) := f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) a
k
1
k
2
1

k
2
k
3
2
...
k
n
n
l mt a thc i xng c n thc tri thp hn a.x
k
1
1
x
k
2
2
...x
k
n
n
(nu vo
ch
1
,
2
, ...,
n
thay cc biu thc ca chng theo x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
. i vi
a thc ny li chn ra n thc tri nht b.x
l
1
1
x
l
2
2
...x
l
n
n
v li xt hiu
f
2
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = f
1
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) b
l
1
l
2
1

l
2
l
3
2
...
l
n
n
=
= f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) a
k
1
k
2
1

k
2
k
3
2
...
k
n
n
b
l
1
l
2
1

l
2
l
3
2
...
l
n
n
.
Sau mt s bc hu hn cui cng ta c
0 = f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) a
k
1
k
2
1

k
2
k
3
2
...
k
n
n
... c
m
1
m
2
1

m
2
m
3
2
...
m
n
n
.
T suy ra
f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = a
k
1
k
2
1

k
2
k
3
2
...
k
n
n
+ ... + c
m
1
m
2
1

m
2
m
3
2
...
m
n
n
.
nh l 3.4 (nh l duy nht (Theo [2])). Nu hai a thc (
1
,
2
, ...,
n
),
(
1
,
2
, ...,
n
) sau khi thay
1
= x
1
+ x
2
+ ... + x
n
,
2
=
1ijn
x
i
x
j
,
n
= x
1
x
2
...x
n
cng cho mt a thc i xng f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) th
(
1
,
2
, ...,
n
) (
1
,
2
, ...,
n
).
Chng minh nh l ny hon ton tng t trng hp hai bin.
Biu din mt a thc i xng nhiu bin f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) qua a thc
(
1
,
2
, ...,
n
) ca cc a thc i xng c s theo phng php nh
trong chng minh nh l 3.2 rt phc tp v phi lin tip biu din cc
qu o ca cc n thc nhiu bin qua cc qu o ca cc n thc vi
s bin t hn. V vy khi s bin ln hn 3 tm (
1
,
2
, ...,
n
) thng
s dng phng php h s bt nh. Xt v d sau y.
64
V d 3.1 (Theo [5]). Biu din a thc i xng ca cc bin x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
sau y theo cc a thc i xng c s
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
:
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) = (x
1
+x
2
)(x
1
+x
3
)(x
1
+x
4
)(x
2
+x
3
)(x
2
+x
4
)(x
3
+x
4
).
Li gii. V f c bc 6 nn khi biu din qua cc a thc i xng c s th
ta s c mt tng ca cc n thc dng A
k
1
1

k
2
2

k
3
3

k
4
4
, vi
k
1
+ 2k
2
+ 3k
3
+ 4k
4
= 6,
trong k
1
, k
2
, k
3
, k
4
l cc s nguyn khng m. Do ta tm f dng:
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) = A
1
6
1
+ A
2
4
1
2
+ A
3
3
1
3
+ A
4
2
1
2
2
+
+A
5
2
1
4
+ A
6
3
+ A
7
3
2
+ A
8
4
+ A
9
2
3
, (3.14)
trong
1
= x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
,
2
= x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
3
+ x
1
x
4
+ x
2
x
3
+ x
2
x
4
+ x
3
x
4
,
3
= x
1
x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
2
x
4
+ x
1
x
3
x
4
+ x
2
x
3
x
4
,
4
= x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
.
tm cc h s A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
9
ta cho cc bin x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
nhn cc gi
tr c th no .
Vi x
1
= x
2
= x
3
= 0, x
4
= 1, ta c f = 0,
1
= 1,
2
=
3
=
4
= 0 v
t (3.14) suy ra A
1
= 0
Vi x
1
= x
2
= 0, x
3
= 1, x
4
= 1, ta c f = 0,
1
= 0,
2
= 1,
3
=
4
= 0 v t (3.14) suy ra A
7
= 0
Vi x
1
= x
2
= 0; x
3
= x
4
= 1, ta c f = 0,
1
= 2,
2
= 1,
3
= 0,
4
= 0
v t (3.14) vi ch A
1
= A
7
= 0 suy ra
4A
2
+ A
4
= 0
Vi x
1
= x
2
= 0; x
3
= 1, x
4
= 2, ta c f = 0,
1
= 3,
2
= 2,
3
=
4
= 0
v t (3.14) vi ch A
1
= A
7
= 0 suy ra
9A
2
+ 2A
4
= 0
Do t hai phng trnh trn suy ra A
2
= A
4
= 0. Nh vy by gi f c
dng
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) = A
3
3
1
3
++A
5
2
1
4
+A
6
3
+A
8
4
+A
9
2
3
, (3.15)
Vi x
1
= 0, x
2
= x
3
= 1, x
4
= 2, ta c f = 4,
1
= 0,
2
= 3,
3
= 2,
4
= 0 v t (3.15) suy ra A
9
= 1.
Vi x
1
= 1, x
2
= 1, x
3
= 1, x
4
= 1, ta c f = 0,
1
= 0,
2
= 2,
65
3
= 0,
4
= 1 v t (3.15) suy ra A
8
= 0.
Vi x
1
= 0, x
2
= 2, x
3
= 1, x
4
= 2, ta c f = 16,
1
= 3,
2
= 0,
3
= 4,
4
= 0 v t (3.15) vi ch A
9
= 1 suy ra A
3
= 0.
Vi x
1
= 1, x
2
= 1, x
3
= x
4
= 1, ta c f = 0,
1
= 2,
2
= 0,
3
= 2,
4
= 1 v t (3.15) vi ch A
3
= 0, A
9
= 1 suy ra A
5
= 1.
Vi x
1
= x
2
= x
3
= 1, x
4
= 0, ta c f = 8,
1
= 3,
2
= 3,
3
= 1,
4
= 0
v t (3.15) vi ch A
3
= 0, A
9
= 1 suy ra A
6
= 1.
Vy ta c kt qu
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) =
2
1
4
+
1
2
3
.
3.4 a thc phn i xng nhiu bin
nh ngha 3.8 (Theo [2]). a thc phn i xng nhiu bin l a thc
thay i du khi thay i v tr ca hai bin bt k.
Chng hn, a thc
(x y)(x z)(x t)(y z)(y t)(z t)
l a thc phn i xng theo cc bin x, y, z, t.
a thc
T(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) =
i<j
(x
i
x
j
) =
(x
1
x
2
)(x
1
x
3
)...(x
1
x
n
)(x
2
x
3
)...(x
2
x
n
)...(x
n1
x
n
)
l a thc phn i xng nhiu bin n gin nht. Thy rng a thc
phn i xng n gin nht ca n bin s c bc bng
n(n 1)
2
.
nh l 3.5 (Theo [2]). Mi a thc phn i xng nhiu bin f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
)
u c dng:
f(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = T(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
)g(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
),
trong g(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) l a thc i xng.
Chng minh nh l trn hon ton tng t nh trng hp ba bin.
p dng nh l trn, ta xt mt v d sau
V d 3.2 (Theo [5]). Phn tch thnh nhn t biu thc sau
66
f(a, b, c, d) = (b+cad)
4
(bc)(ad) +(c+abd)
4
(ca)(bd)+
+(a + b c d)
4
(a b)(c d).
Li gii. Ta thy f l a thc phn i xng. Tht vy, i ch a v b ta
c
f(b, a, c, d) = (a+cbd)
4
(ac)(bd) +(c+bad)
4
(cb)(ad)+
+(b + a c d)
4
(b a)(c d) =
= (b + c a d)
4
(b c)(a d) (c + a b d)
4
(c a)(b d)
(a + b c d)
4
(a b)(c d) = f(a, b, c, d).
Nh vy khi i ch a v b th f i du. i ch hai bin bt k khc cng
cho kt qu tng t. Vy f l a thc phn i xng theo cc bin a, b, c,
d. Mt khc, f l a thc bc 6, nn theo nh l (3.5) trn, ta c
f(a, b, c, d) = k.T(a, b, c, d) = k.(a b)(a c)(a d)(b c)(b d)(c d),
trong k l mt hng s no . xc nh k ta c th cho a, b, c, d
cc gi tr bt k no i mt khc nhau, chng hn a = 0, b = 1, c =
2, d = 3. Khi ta c
f(0, 1, 2, 3) = 192, T(a, b, c, d) = 12
suy ra k=16. Vy ta c kt qu
f(a, b, c, d) = (b+cad)
4
(bc)(ad) +(c+abd)
4
(ca)(bd)+
+(a + b c d)
4
(a b)(c d) =
= 16.(a b)(a c)(a d)(b c)(b d)(c d).
nh ngha 3.9 (Theo [2]). Bnh phng ca a thc phn i xng n
gin nht T(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) c gi l bit thc ca cc bin x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
:
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) = T
2
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) =
i<j
(x
i
x
j
)
2
.
R rng l (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) l a thc i xng, nn n c biu din qua
cc a thc i xng c s. i vi cc trng hp hai v ba bin c
cc cng thc
(x, y) = (x y)
2
=
2
1
4
2
,
(x, y, z) = (x y)
2
(x z)
2
(y z)
2
=
4
3
1
3
+
2
1
2
2
+ 18
1
3
4
3
2
27
2
3
.
67
Khi s bin ln hn 3, bit thc c biu din qua cc tng ly tha bng
cng thc sau
nh thc sau y c gi l nh thc Vandermonde
V
n
=
1 x
1
x
2
1
... x
n1
1
1 x
2
x
2
2
... x
n1
2
... ... ... ... ...
1 x
n
x
2
n
... x
n1
n
Khi ta c
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) =
ijn
(x
i
x
j
)
2
= V
2
n
.
Cng thc trn cn c th c vit nh sau
(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) =
1 1 1 ... 1
x
1
x
2
x
3
... x
n
... ... ... ... ...
x
n1
1
x
n1
2
x
n1
3
... x
n1
n
1 x
1
x
2
1
... x
n1
1
1 x
2
x
2
2
... x
n1
2
... ... ... ... ...
1 x
n
x
2
n
... x
n1
n
Theo quy tc nhn ma trn ta c

(x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) =
s
0
s
1
s
2
... s
n1
s
1
s
2
s
3
... s
n
... ... ... ... ...
s
n1
s
n
s
n+1
... s
2n2
, (3.16)
trong s
0
= n, s
n
= x
n
1
+ x
n
2
+ ... + x
n
n
.
Nu bit cng thc biu din ca cc tng ly tha theo cc a thc i
xng c s, th theo cng thc (3.16) ta c th biu din c bit thc theo
cc a thc i xng c s.
3.5 Phng trnh v h phng trnh
1
,
2
, ...,
n
l cc s thc ty . Khi
phng trnh i s bc n:
u
n
1
u
n1
+
2
u
n2
... + (1)
n
n
= 0 (3.17)
v h phng trnh i s
_
_
x
1
+ x
2
+ ... + x
n
=
1
,
x
1
x
2
+ x
1
x
3
+ ... + x
n1
x
n
=
2
,
....................................
x
1
x
2
...x
n
=
n
(3.18)
lin h vi nhau nh sau: nu u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
l cc nghim ca phng trnh
(3.17) th h (3.18) c n! nghim, c th l cc nghim
68
x
1
= u
1
, x
2
= u
2
, ...., x
n
= u
n
v tt c cc nghim nhn c t nghim trn bng cch hon v cc
nghim u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
ca phng trnh (3.17). Ngoi cc nghim trn, th h
(3.18) khng cn nghim khc. Ngc li, nu x
1
= u
1
, x
2
= u
2
, ...., x
n
=
u
n
l nghim ca h (3.18) th cc s u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
l cc nghim ca
phng trnh (3.17).
Chng minh. Gi s u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
l cc nghim ca phng trnh (3.17).
Khi a thc
f(u) = u
n
1
u
n1
+
2
u
n2
... + (1)
n
n
c phn tch thnh nhn t
f(u) = (u u
1
)(u u
2
)...(u u
n
).
khai trin v phi ca ng thc trn ri so snh h s cc ly tha cng
bc ca u, ta c
_
_
u
1
+ u
2
+ ... + u
n
=
1
,
u
1
u
2
+ u
1
u
3
+ ... + u
n1
u
n
=
2
,
....................................
u
1
u
2
...u
n
=
n
.
(3.19)
iu chng t rng x
1
= u
1
, x
2
= u
2
, ...., x
n
= u
n
l cc nghim ca h
(3.18). Mi hon v ca cc gi tr u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
l nghim ca h (3.18) v
cc n x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
c mt trong h (3.18) l i xng. Vn h (3.18)
khng cn nghim no khc c chng minh tng t nh trng hp
ba bin. nh l c chng minh.
nh l (3.6) cho ta cch gii h phng trnh i s (3.18) bng cch
a v gii phng trnh i s (3.17). C th, nu cc s
1
,
2
, ...,
n
bit, th tm cc n x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
(l cc nghim ca h phng
trnh (3.18)) ch cn thnh lp phng trnh (3.17) v tm cc nghim ca
phng trnh y. Gi s cc nghim ca phng trnh (3.17) l u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
. Khi
x
1
= u
1
, x
2
= u
2
, ...., x
n
= u
n
l mt nghim ca h (3.18). Thc hin cc hon v c th c ca cc s
u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
ta nhn c tt c cc nghim ca h (3.18). T nh l
(3.6) ta c kt qu sau.
69
nh l 3.7 (Cng thc Vite (Theo [2])). Nu u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
l cc nghim
ca phng trnh
a
0
u
n
+ a
1
u
n1
+ ... + a
n
= 0(a
0
= 0) (3.20)
th c cc h thc
_
_
u
1
+ u
2
+ ... + u
n
=
a
1
a
0
,
u
1
u
2
+ u
1
u
3
+ ... + u
n1
u
n
=
a
2
a
0
,
....................................
u
1
u
2
...u
n
= (1)
n
a
n
a
0
.
(3.21)
Cc h thc (3.21) c gi l cc h thc (cng thc) Vite ca phng
trnh (3.20).
Mt s v d p dng
V d 3.3 (CHDC c, 1970 (Theo [2])). Cho x
1
, x
2
, x
3
l nghim ca
phng trnh ax
3
ax
2
+ bx + b = 0, (a, b = 0). Chng minh rng
(x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
)(
1
x
1
+
1
x
2
+
1
x
3
) = 1.
Li gii. Theo nh l Vite, ta c
1
= x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 1,
2
= x
1
x
2
+ x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
3
=
b
a
,
3
= x
1
x
2
x
3
=
b
a
. Khi
1
x
1
+
1
x
2
+
1
x
3
=
x
1
x
2
+ x
2
x
3
+ x
1
x
3
x
1
x
2
x
3
=

2
3
= 1.
T ta c iu phi chng minh.
V d 3.4 (o, 1983 (Theo [2])). Tm a cc nghim x
1
, x
2
, x
3
ca a
thc
f(x) = x
3
6x
2
+ ax + a tha mn ng thc
(x
1
3)
2
+ (x
2
3)
2
+ (x
3
3)
2
= 0.
Li gii. t y = x 3, bi ton tr thnh: tm a cc nghim y
1
, y
2
, y
3
ca a thc
f(y+3) = (y+3)
3
6(y+3)
2
+a(y+3)+a = y
3
+3y
2
+(a9)y+4a27
tha mn h thc y
3
1
+ y
3
2
+ y
3
3
= 0.
Theo nh l Vite, ta c
1
= y
1
+ y
2
+ y
3
= 3,
2
= y
1
y
2
+ y
2
y
3
+ y
1
y
3
= 9,
3
= y
1
y
2
y
3
= 27 4a. Khi
70
y
3
1
+ y
3
2
+ y
3
3
= s
3
=
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
= 27 3a,
y
3
1
+ y
3
2
+ y
3
3
= 0 27 3a = 0 a = 9.
Vy gi tr cn tm l a = - 9.
V d 3.5 (Theo [5]). Gii h phng trnh
_
_
x + y + z + t = 1,
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ t
2
= 9,
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+ t
3
= 1,
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
+ t
4
= 33.
Li gii. Gi
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
l cc a thc i xng c s ca cc bin x, y,
z, t. H cho c a v dng
_
1
= 1,
2
1
2
2
= 9,
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
= 1,
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
+ 4
1
3
4
4
= 33.
1
= 1,
2
= 4,
3
= 4,
4
= 0.
Theo nh l (3.6) ta c x, y, z, t l cc nghim ca phng trnh
u
4
u
3
4u
2
+ 4u = 0
gii phng trnh trn ta tm c cc nghim
u
1
= 0, u
2
= 1, u
3
= 2, u
4
= 2.
T ta nhn c cc nghim x, y, z, t t cc hon v ca 0, 1, 2, 2. H
phng trnh c tt c 24 nghim.
_
_
x + y + z + t = a,
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ t
2
= a
2
,
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+ t
3
= a
3
,
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
+ t
4
= a
4
.
Li gii. Gi
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
l cc a thc i xng c s ca cc bin x, y,
z, t.
H cho c a v dng
_
1
= a,
2
1
2
2
= a
2
,
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
= a
3
,
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
+ 4
1
3
4
4
= a
4
.
1
= a,
2
= 0,
3
= 0,
4
= 0.
71
Theo nh l (3.6) ta c x, y, z, t l cc nghim ca phng trnh
u
4
au
3
= 0
gii phng trnh trn ta tm c cc nghim
u
1
= a, u
2
= u
3
= u
4
= 0.
T ta nhn c cc nghim x, y, z, t t cc hon v ca a, 0, 0, 0. H
phng trnh c tt c 4 nghim.
_
_
x
1
+ x
2
+ ... + x
n
= a,
x
2
1
+ x
2
2
+ ... + x
2
n
= a
2
,
................................,
x
n
1
+ x
n
2
+ ... + x
n
n
= a
n
.
Li gii. Gi
1
,
2
,
3
, ...,
n
l cc a thc i xng c s ca cc bin
x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
v s
k
(k= 1, 2,...,n) l cc tng ly tha:
x
k
1
+ x
k
2
+ ... + x
k
n
= s
k
.
Khi t hai phng trnh u tin ca h cho ta c
_

1
= a,
s
2
=
2
1
2
2
= a
2
.
Suy ra
2
= 0, s
1
= a =
1
, s
2
= a
2
=
2
1
. S dng cng thc truy hi
Newton bng cch quy np suy ra rng
k
= 0, (k = 2, 3, ..., n). Vy trong
cc n x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
ch c mt n bng a, cc n cn li bng khng. Do
nghim ca h cho l cc b s (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
) c xc nh theo
cng thc
x
i
= a, x
j
= 0; j = i; i, j = 1, 2, ..., n,
ngha l cc b s
(a, 0, ..., 0), (0, a, 0, ..., 0), ..., (0, 0, ..., a).
3.6 Chng minh ng thc. Phn tch a thc thnh
nhn t
V d 3.8 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng nu a+b+c+d=0, th
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ d
3
)
2
= 9(abc + abd + acd + bcd)
2
.
72
Li gii. Theo gi thit
1
= s
1
= a + b + c + d = 0, nn ta c:
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ d
3
)
2
= s
2
3
= (
3
1
3
1
2
+ 3
3
)
2
= (3
3
)
2
= 9
2
3
=
= 9(abc + abd + acd + bcd)
2
.
V d 3.9 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng nu a + b + c + d = 0, th
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ d
4
= 2(ab cd)
2
+ 2(ac bd)
2
+ 2(ad bc)
2
+ 4abcd.
Li gii. Theo gi thit
1
= a + b + c + d = 0, nn ta c:
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ d
4
= s
4
=
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
+ 4
1
3
4
4
= 2
2
2
4
4
.
Mt khc, ta cng c:
2(ab cd)
2
+ 2(ac bd)
2
+ 2(ad bc)
2
+ 4abcd =
= 2[O(a
2
b
2
) 6
4
] + 4
4
= 2.O(a
2
b
2
) 8
4
=
= 2.
1
2
(s
2
2
s
4
) 8
4
= s
2
2
s
4
8
4
=
= (
2
1
2
2
)
2
(
4
1
4
2
1
2
+ 2
2
2
+ 4
1
3
4
4
) 8
4
=
= (2
2
)
2
(2
2
2
4
4
) 8
4
=
= 2
2
2
4
4
.
T hai ng thc trn, ta c iu phi chng minh.
V d 3.10 (Theo [5]). Chng minh rng
(a +b +c +d)
5
[(b +c +d)
5
+(a +c +d)
5
+(a +b +d)
5
+(a +b +c)
5
]+
+[(b+c)
5
+(a+d)
5
+(a+b)
5
+(c+d)
5
+(b+d)
5
+(a+c)
5
][a
5
+b
5
+c
5
+d
5
] =
60abcd(a + b + c + d).
Li gii. Gi biu thc v tri l f(a,b,c,d) th f l a thc i xng thun
nht bc 5; v phi ch l tch ca hai a thc i xng c s
1
4
, nn
nu biu din f qua cc a thc i xng c s ca cc s a,b,c,d th f c
dng
f(a, b, c, d) = A
5
1
+ B
3
1
2
+ C
2
1
3
+ D
1
2
2
+ E
1
4
+ F
2
3
,
Trong A, B, C, D, E, F l cc hng s. tm A, B, C, D, E, F ta
s dng phng php ng nht thc (h s bt nh). Cho a, b, c, d cc
gi tr ty no ta c gi tr tng ng ca cc a thc i xng c s
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
c th hin trong bng sau:
a b c d
1

2

3

4
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0
0 0 1 2 3 2 0 0
0 2 3 6 7 0 36 0
0 1 1 1 3 3 1 0
1 1 1 1 4 6 4 1
73
thay vo h thc f(a,b,c,d) trn ta c h phng trnh
_
_
0 = A,
0 = 32A + 8B + 2D,
0 = 3
5
A + 54B + 12D,
0 = 7
5
A 36.7
2
C,
0 = 3
5
A + 3
4
B + 3
2
C + 3
3
D + 3F,
240 = 4
5
A + 6.4
3
B + 4
3
C + 4.6
2
D + 4E + 24F.
_
A = 0,
B = 0,
C = 0,
D = 0,
E = 60,
F = 0.
Vy ta c
f(a, b, c, d) = 60
1
4
= 60abcd(a + b + c + d).
Cui cng ta c iu phi chng minh.
V d 3.11 (Theo [5]). Phn tch biu thc sau thnh nhn t
(b + c)
3
+ (c + a)
3
+ (a + b)
3
+ (a + d)
3
+ (b + d)
3
+ (c + d)
3
.
Li gii. t
f(a, b, c, d) = (b +c)
3
+(c +a)
3
+(a +b)
3
+(a +d)
3
+(b +d)
3
+(c +d)
3
th thy rng f l a thc i xng thun nht bc ba, nn nu biu din f
qua cc a thc i xng c s ca cc s a, b, c, d th f c dng
f(a, b, c, d) = A
3
1
+ B
1
2
+ C
3
(3.22)
Trong A, B, C l cc hng s. tm A, B, C ta s dng phng php
ng nht thc (h s bt nh). Cho a, b, c, d cc gi tr ty no ta
c gi tr tng ng ca cc a thc i xng c s
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
c th
hin trong bng sau:
a b c d
1

2

3

4
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0
0 1 1 2 0 3 2 0
thay vo h thc (3.22) ta c h phng trnh
_
3 = A,
12 = 8A + 2B,
0 = 2C.
_
A = 3,
B = 6,
C = 0.
Vy ta c
f(a, b, c, d) = 3
3
1
6
1
2
= 3
1
(
2
1
2
2
) =
= 3(a + b + c + d)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
).
74
Cui cng ta c kt qu
(b + c)
3
+ (c + a)
3
+ (a + b)
3
+ (a + d)
3
+ (b + d)
3
+ (c + d)
3
=
= 3(a + b + c + d)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
).
V d 3.12 (Theo [5]). Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
f(x, y, z, t) = x
2
y
2
(z t)(x y) + x
2
z
2
(t y)(x z) + x
2
t
2
(y z)(x
t) + y
2
z
2
(x t)(y z) + y
2
t
2
(z x)(y t) + z
2
t
2
(x y)(z t).
Li gii. Ta thy f(x,y,z,t) l a thc phn i xng bc 6. Vn dng nh
l ca a thc phn i xng ta c ng nht thc
f(x, y, z, t) = k.T(x, y, z, t) = k.(xy)(xz)(xt)(y z)(y t)(z t),
trong k l mt hng s no ; T(x,y,z,t) l a thc phn i xng n
gin nht ca cc bin x, y, z, t. xc nh k ta c th cho x, y, z, t gi
tr bt k no i mt khc nhau, chng hn cho x=0, y=1, z=2, t=3.
Khi ta c
f(0, 1, 2, 3) = 12, T(0, 1, 2, 3) = 12
12 = 12k k = 1
Vy ta c kt qu
f(x, y, z, t) = (x y)(x z)(x t)(y z)(y t)(z t).
f(x, y, z, t) = x
4
(z y)(y t)(z t) + y
4
(x z)(x t)(z t) +
+ z
4
(y x)(y t)(x t) t
2
.[x
2
(z y)(y t)(z t) +
+ y
2
(x z)(x t)(z t) + z
2
(y x)(y t)(x t)].
Li gii.Ta thy f(x,y,z,t) l a thc phn i xng bc 7.Vn dng nh
f(x, y, z, t) = k
1
.T(x, y, z, t) =
k
1
.(x y)(x z)(x t)(y z)(y t)(z t),
trong k l mt hng s no ; T(x,y,z,t) l a thc phn i xng n
gin nht ca cc bin x, y, z, t. xc nh k ta c th cho x, y, z, t gi
tr bt k no i mt khc nhau, chng hn cho x=0, y=1, z=2, t=3.
Khi ta c
f(0, 1, 2, 3) = 72, T(0, 1, 2, 3) = 12,
1
= 6
72 = 72k k = 1
Vy ta c kt qu
75
f(x, y, z, t) = (x +y +z +t)(x y)(x z)(x t)(y z)(y t)(z t).
f(x, y, z, t) = x
3
y
3
(z t)(x y) + x
3
z
3
(t y)(x z) + x
3
t
3
(y z)(x
t) + y
3
z
3
(x t)(y z) + y
3
t
3
(z x)(y t) + z
3
t
3
(x y)(z t).
Li gii.Ta thy f(x,y,z,t) l a thc phn i xng bc 8. Vn dng nh
f(x, y, z, t) = (k
2
1
+ l
2
).T(x, y, z, t). (3.23)
trong k, l l mt hng s no ; T(x,y,z,t) l a thc phn i xng
n gin nht ca cc bin x, y, z, t. xc nh k, l ta c th cho x, y, z
,t gi tr bt k no i mt khc nhau, chng hn cho x=0, y=1, z=2,
t=3 v x=-1,y=0,z=1,t=2. Khi , thay vo h thc 3.23 ta c h phng
trnh
_
132 = 12 (36k + 11l)
12 = 12 (4k 1)

_
k = 0
l = 1
Vy ta c kt qu
f(x, y, z, t) =
(xy + xz + xt + yz + yt + zt)(x y)(x z)(x t)(y z)(y t)(z t).
V d 3.15 (Theo [5]). Rt gn biu thc
a
4
(a b)(a c)(a d)
+
b
4
(b a)(b c)(b d)
+
c
4
(c a)(c b)(c d)
+
d
4
(d a)(d b)(d c)
.
Li gii. Ta thy mu thc chung ca biu thc l a thc phn i xng
n gi nht T(a,b,c,d) ca cc bin a, b, c, d. Quy ng mu s biu thc
trn th t s c dng
a
4
(b c)(b d)(c d) b
4
(a c)(a d)(c d)+
+c
4
(a b)(a d)(b d) d
4
(a b)(a c)(b c).
t biu thc t s trn l f(a,b,c,d) th ta thy f(a,b,c,d) l a thc phn
i xng bc 7. Vn dng nh l ca a thc phn i xng ta c ng
nht thc
f(a, b, c, d) = k
1
.T(a, b, c, d) = k
1
.(ab)(ac)(ad)(bc)(bd)(cd),
trong k l mt hng s no ; T(a,b,c,d) l a thc phn i xng n
gin nht ca cc bin a, b, c, d. xc nh k ta c th cho a, b, c, d gi
tr bt k no i mt khc nhau, chng hn cho a=0, b=1, c=2, d=3.
Khi ta c
76
f(0, 1, 2, 3) = 72, T(0, 1, 2, 3) = 12,
1
= 6
72 = 72k k = 1.
T suy ra c
f(a, b, c, d) = (a + b + c + d)(a b)(a c)(a d)(b c)(b d)(c d).
Vy ta c kt qu
a
4
(a b)(a c)(a d)
+
b
4
(b a)(b c)(b d)
+
+
c
4
(c a)(c b)(c d)
+
d
4
(d a)(d b)(d c)
= a + b + c + d.
V d 3.16 (Theo [5]). Rt gn biu thc sau
a
2
b
2
c
2
(a d)(b d)(c d)
+
a
2
b
2
d
2
(a c)(b c)(d c)
+
+
a
2
c
2
d
2
(a b)(c b)(d b)
+
b
2
c
2
d
2
(b a)(c a)(d a)
.
Li gii. Ta thy mu thc chung ca biu thc l a thc phn i xng
n gi nht T(a,b,c,d) ca cc bin a, b, c, d. Quy ng mu s biu thc
trn th t s c dng
a
2
b
2
c
2
(a b)(a c)(b c) a
2
b
2
d
2
(a b)(a d)(b d)+
+a
2
c
2
d
2
(a c)(a d)(c d) b
2
c
2
d
2
(b c)(b d)(c d).
t biu thc t s trn l f(a,b,c,d) th ta thy f(a,b,c,d) l a thc phn
i xng bc 9. Vn dng nh l ca a thc phn i xng ta c ng
nht thc
f(a, b, c, d) = (k
3
1
+ l
1
2
+ m
3
).T(a, b, c, d), (3.24)
trong k, l, m l mt hng s no ; T(a,b,c,d) l a thc phn i xng
n gin nht ca cc bin a, b, c, d. xc nh k, l, m ta c th cho a,
b, c, d gi tr bt k no i mt khc nhau, ta c gi tr tng ng ca
cc a thc i xng c s
1
,
2
,
3
, T(a, b, c, d) c th hin trong bng
sau:
a b c d
1

2

3
T(a, b, c, d)
3 0 1 2 0 7 6 120
0 1 2 3 6 11 6 12
1 0 1 2 2 1 2 12
thay vo h thc (3.24) ta c h phng trnh
77
_
720 = 720m,
72 = 12(216k + 66l + 6m),
24 = 12(8k 2l 2m).
_
m = 1,
k = 0,
l = 0.
Vy ta c
f(a, b, c, d) =
3
.T(a, b, c, d).
Cui cng ta c kt qu
a
2
b
2
c
2
(a d)(b d)(c d)
+
a
2
b
2
d
2
(a c)(b c)(d c)
+
+
a
2
c
2
d
2
(a b)(c b)(d b)
+
b
2
c
2
d
2
(b a)(c a)(d a)
=
=
3
= abc + abd + acd + bcd.
78
Kt lun
Lun vn trnh by c mt s kt qu sau:
1. Trnh by c s l thuyt ca cc a thc i xng v cc ng dng
ca n trong i s s cp nh gii phng trnh, h phng trnh, chng
minh ng thc, bt ng thc, phn tch a thc thnh nhn t,...
2. Xy dng c mt s bi ton hay v kh dnh cho hc sinh kh
v gii t cc a thc i xng c s.
3. Lun vn chn lc v gii thiu mt s thi hc sinh gii trong
nc v quc t lin quan n tnh i xng trong i s.
4. Trnh by kh nhiu cng thc tnh cho tng ly tha ca cc bin
theo cc a thc i xng c s ca cc bin tng ng.
5. Tip tc nghin cu xy dng cc bi ton i s lin quan n
a thc i xng n bin (n 4) cng l cng vic mi m v l bi ton
m cho tc gi v nhng ai quan tm n lun vn.
79
Ti liu tham kho
[1] B gio dc v o to - Hi ton hc Vit Nam (2009), Cc bi ton
chn lc - 45 nm tp ch Ton hc v tui tr, NXB Gio Dc.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu (Ch bin)Nguyn Vn Ngc, 2009, Chuyn a
thc i xng v p dng, NXB Gio dc Vit Nam.
[3] Nguyn Vn Mu (Ch bin), Trn Nam Dng, Nguyn ng Pht,
Trnh o Chin, (2008), Chuyn chn lc v a thc v p dng,
NXB Gio dc Vit Nam .
[4] Nguyn Vn Mu, (1993), Phng php gii phng trnh v bt
phng trnh, NXB Gio dc Vit Nam.
[5] V.G. Boltianski, N. Ia. Vilenkin, (1967), Php i xng trong i s,
NXB Nauka, Moscow (Ting Nga).
80

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I HC THI NGUYN

= R\ {0} c gi l h s ca n thc, cn s k+l+m gi

3.3 Cc nh l ca a thc i xng nhiu bin

Theo quy tc nhn ma trn ta c

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