B GIO DC V O TO

Ti liu
PHN PHI CHNG TRNH THCS

MN A L 8
(Dng cho cc c quan qun l gio dc v gio vin,
p dng t nm hc 2012-2013)

LP 8
C nm: 37 tun (52 tit)
Hc k I: 19 tun (18 tit)
Hc k II: 18 tun (34 tit)
Ni dung
Phn I. Thin nhin, con ngi cc chu
lc (tip theo)
Chng XI. Chu
Chng XII. Tng kt a l t nhin v a l
cc chu lc
Phn II. a l Vit Nam
n tp
Kim tra
Cng

Thi lng

18 tit (15LT +3TH)

3 tit (LT)
23 tit (18LT +5TH)
4 tit
4 tit
52 tit
(36LT+8TH+4T+4KT)

Hc k I: kt thc bi 14 (ng Nam - t lin v o).

al 8 Gio n theo sch chun kin thc k

nng mi

Phn I - Thin nhin, con ngi

cc chu lc.
Chng XI.

Chu

TIT 1: V TR A L - A HNH KHONG SN.

A/ MC TIU:
Sau bi hc hc sinh cn:
1. V kin thc: Sau bi hc cn gip hc sinh nm c
- c im v v tr a l, kch thc ca chu
- Nm c nhng c im v a hnh v khong
sn ca chu lc.
2. V k nng
- Cng c v pht trin k nng c, phn tch, so snh
cc yu t a l trn bn .
- Pht trin t duy a l, gii thch c mi quan h cht
ch gia cc yu t TN.
3. V thi
Yu mn mn hc v pht trin t duy v mn a l, tm
ra nhng kin thc c lin quan n mn hc.
B/ dng dy hc
- Bn t nhin Chu
- Lc a hnh, khong sn v sng h Chu
*/ Tr: Sch gio khoa..
C/ Phng php: Hot ng nhm, pht vn, bn .
D/Tien trnh dy-hc:
1/n nh lp:1/
2/Kim tra :
- dng hc tp b mn.
-Chia nhm hc tp u nm: chia c lp thnh 4 nhm, mi
nhm c nhm trng v th k ghi kt qu tho lun ca
nhm.
3/Bi mi:
Chng ta cng tm hiu thin nhin, kinh t x hi Chu
Phi, Chu M, Chu Nam Cc, Chu i Dng v Chu u qua
chng trnh a l lp 7.
2

Sang phn a l lp 8 ta s tm hiu thin nhin, con ngi

Chu , mt chu lc rng ln nht, c lch s pht trin lu
i nht, c iu kin t nhn phc tp v a dng. Tnh phc
tp, a dng c th hin trc ht qua cu to a hnh v
s phn b khong sn.

T.g

Hot ng ca Gv
Hoat ong 1.
Tm hiu v tr
a l v kch thc
Chu .
GV cho hc sinh tho
lun nhm.
Yu cu mi nhm
quan st lc v tr
ca Chu trn a
cu v tr li cc cu
hi:
N1: C.A c din tch
l bn? Nm trn lc
13 a no?
N2: im cc bc v
cc nam phn t
lin nm trn nhng
v a l no?
N3: CA tip gip vi
nhng i dng v
chu lc no?
N4: Chiu di t
im cc bc n
im cc nam, chiu
rng t b ty sang
b ng ni lnh th
m rng nht l bao
nhiu km?
N5: Bng hiu bit
ca mnh em hy so
snh din tch ca
chu so vi cc chu
lc khc?
Sau khi HS tho lun
xong, gio vin gi i
din cc nhm trnh
by kt qu.
Gv:
Nhng
c
im ca v tr a
20 l, kch thc lnh th
Chu c ngha rt

Hot ng ca Hs

*Hc sinh tho

lun trong 5
pht.ai dien
nhom bao
cao .Cc nhm
khc b sung.
Neu c:
Chu l mt
b phn ca
lc a - u,
S phn t
lin rng
khong 41,5
triu
km2, nu tnh
c cc o ph
thuc th rng
ti 44,4triu
km2. y l
chu lc rng
nht TG.
- im cc:
+ c Bc: Mi
S-li-u-xkim:
77044'B
+ c Nam: Mi
Pi-ai: 1010'B
(Nam bn o
Malacca)
+ c Ty:Mi
Bala26010'B
(Ty bn o
tiu )
+ C. ng: Mi
iginp:
169040'B (Gip
eo Bring).

Ni dung chnh
1)V tr a l, hnh
dng, kch thc ca
chu lc.

-Chu c din tch

ln nht th gii.
-Nm hon ton
na cu Bc.Tri
di t vng cc Bc
n xch o.

2) c im a hnh
khong sn:
a.a hnh:rt a dng
v phc tp.
-Nhiu h thng ni
v sn nguyn s
bc nht th gii

4) Cng c:
* Gv yu cu Hs c kt lun SGK
*Lm bi tp trc nghim cng c:
Cu 1: Hy ghp cc ct tri v ct phi vo bng
sao cho ng.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

ng bng

p n

Turan
Lng H
n Hng
Ty Xi-bia
Hoa Bc
Hoa Trung

g
e
a
c
b
d

Sng chnh chy trn ng

bng
a. Sng Hng + Sng n
b. Sng Hong H
c. Sng -bi + Sng I-e-nit-xy
d. Sng Trng Giang
e. Sng phrat + Sng Tigr
g. Sng Xa a-ri-a + Sng A-mu ari-a

Cu 2: Khoanh trn vo cc c c im a
hnh Chu
1. Chu c rt nhiu sn nguyn, ng bng.
2. Cc dy ni Chu nm theo hng ng - Ty.
3. Chu c nhiu h thng ni, sn nguyn cao, s v
ng bng rng nht TG.
4. Cc ni v sn nguyn phn b ra lc a. Trn ni cao
c bng h bao ph q.nm.
5. Cc dy ni chy theo hng ng - Ty hoc Bc - Nam v
nhiu ng bng nm xen k vi nhau lm cho a hnh b
chia ct phc tp.
6. Ni v sn nguyn tp trung ch yu vng TT, trn ni cao
c bng h vnh cu.
p n: 3,5,6.
*Thong tin bo sung: Hymalya l mt dy ni cao, s
nht th gii, hnh thnh cch y 10 n 20triu nm, di
2400km, theo ting a phng l Chmlungma, t nm 1717
c s dng trn bn do triu nh nh Thanh bin v.

1852, cc trc a n t tn cho n l Evret ghi nh

cng lao ca Gioocgi Evret-mt ngi Anh lm
cc trng cc o c n .
5) HDVN:
Tr li cu hi 1,2,3 (SGK tr 6)
C1.Nu cc c im v v tr a l,kch thc ca lnh th Chu v ngha
ca chng i vi kh hu:
* ngha:+ V tr lnh th ko di t vng cc Bc n xch o lm cho
lng bc x Mt Tri phn b khng u ,hnh thnh cc i kh hu thay i
t B n N.
+ Kch thc lnh th rng ln lm kh hu phn ho thnh cc kiu
khc nhau .KH m gn bin v KH lc a kh hn vng ni a.
E.Rt kinh nghim:
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a l 8

lin h

NS:
NG:

c nm chun kin thc k nng mi nm hc

t 01689218668

TIT 2: KH HU CHU

A/ MC TIU:
Sau bi hc hc sinh cn:
* Kin thc :Hiu v gii thch c c kh hu chu phn ho phc
tp, a dng.
Nm chc c im cc kiu v s phn b kh hu chnh ca chu .
* K nng: Rn luyn k nng phn tch , so snh , c cc lc kh
hu .
*Thi : Gio dc th gii quan ng n cho hc sinh.
B/ Chuan b :
- Ban o cac i kh hau Chau A, bn t nhin Chu .
- Cac bieu o kh hau thuoc cac kieu kh hau chnh.
C/ Phng php :m thoi , hot ng nhm.
D/ TIN TRNH DY HC.
1/n nh lp:
2/Kim tra bi c: 6/
? Trnh bay ac iem v tr a l va kch thc lanh tho
ca Chau A? Nhng ac iem nay co anh hng nh
the nao en kh hau Chau A?
6

- Chu c din tch ln nht th gii.

- Nm hon ton na cu Bc.Tri di t vng cc Bc n
xch o.
ngha:+ V tr lnh th ko di t vng cc Bc n xch o lm cho lng
bc x Mt Tri phn b khng u ,hnh thnh cc i kh hu thay i t B
n N.
+ Kch thc lnh th rng ln lm kh hu phn ho thnh cc kiu
khc nhau .KH m gn bin v KH lc a kh hn vng ni a.
? Hy nu c im a hnh Chu ?
-a hnh:rt a dng v phc tp.
-Nhiu h thng ni v sn nguyn s bc nht th gii(Cc ni v
sn nguyn cao tp trung ch yu vng trung tm)
-Cc dy ni chy theo hai hng chnh: T , TB N.
-Nhiu ng bng ln bc nht th gii.
3/Bi mi:*M bi s dung li dan trong SGK.
Hot ng ca Thy
Hoat ong 1
a)Hot ng nhm
-Quan st hnh 2.1 tr li 3 cu
hi SGK:
? Xac nh cac i kh
hau thay oi t vung
cc bac en vung xch
ao theo kinh tuyen 80
?
? Xac nh cac i kh
hau thay oi t vung
duyen hai vao noi
a?
? Em co nhan xet g
ve s thay oi cua kh
hau do anh hng
cua v tr a l theo v
o?
? V sao kh hau Chau
A co nhieu kieu?

Hot ng ca Tr
Hs h:6 nhm (N1,2 1;
N 3,4 2 ; N 5,6 3 )

Ni dung chnh
1) Kh hu Chu
phnho rt
a dng:
- Xac nh i a. Kh hau Chau
kh hau theo kinh A phan hoa
tuyen 80.
nhieu i khac
nhau.
- Xac nh tren
hnh 2.1.

- Do anh hng
cua v tr a l
theo v kh
hau phan hoa
thanh nhieu i.
-Do kch thc
rong ln cua
lanh tho, anh
hng cua luc
a va ai dng.
-Kh hu chu phn
ho rt a dng.
-T B N c y

b. Cac i kh
hau Chau A thng phan bo
thanh
nhieu
kieu kh hau
khac nhau.

KL: C. c y cc
i KH, phn ho rt
a dng thay i theo
cc i t B xung N
v theo cc kiu t
7

- Kh hu chu c c im g? cc i kh hu
- T T phnho
thnh nhiu kiu kh hu
trong mi i khi hu
T T phn ho ntn?
Do gn hay xa bin
Chuyn : Chu c cc kiu
kh hu ph bin no?
Hoat
ong
2:Cac
kieu kh hau pho bien
cua Chau A
- Chia lp thanh 3
nhom
* GV cht v b sung
kin thc:
- Kh hu Chu gy l
lt. Ma ng c gi ma
ng bc v Ty bc.
Ma h c gi ma ng
nam v ty nam. Tuy
hng nm gi ma n v
i chiu u n nhng thi im xut hin
v kt thc rt tht thng.
Do s tht thng ca gi
ma m lng ma hng nm
so vi lng ma TB c s
chnh lch kh ln. ( 3,5
ln Bombay; 4,5 ln
Marax; 9 ln cao
nguyn can ) Ma nhiu
gy ha ln nh l lt, nn
i, dch bnh...
Dy Himalaya nh bc tng
thnh sng sng n
nhn nhng trn ma xi
x ko di hng tun theo
gi ma ma h t n Dng thi vo, cng vi
bng tuyt ni cao tan.
Nu gp bo trn vo
gy thm ma to th l lt
y gy tai ha v

Tho lun nhm

HS tr li- lp nhn xt
- Nhom 1: Xac
nh tren lc
o ten va khu
vc
phan
bo
cac kieu kh hau
chnh.

duyn hi vo ni a.

2) Kh hu Chu ph
bin l cc kiu KH gi
ma v KH lc a:
a)Kh hu gi ma:
* Phn b: Nam ,
ng Nam , ng
Nam .
* c im:
-C mt mia ng
lnh v kh. Ma h
nng, m, ma nhiu.
b) Kiu kh hu lc a:

- Nhom 2: Neu
ac iem chung *Phn b:
cua cac kieu kh Vng ni a v ty
nam .
hau gio mua.
* c im:
Ma ng lnh v kh,
ma h nng , kh.

- Nhom 3: Neu
ac iem chung
cua cac kieu kh
hau luc a.

cng
nng n. Thng 11-1970
mt trn bo ln sc gi
250 km/h trn vo ng
lc thy triu ln to thnh
nhng cn sng cao nh
bc tng nc p vo b ,
tn ph v cng d di lm
t 300000 n 1triu ngi b cun tri....
- Kh hu gi ma Chu
gy hn hn: Nam v
ng Nam , hn hn
gy ra do s xut hin
chm ca dng phng lu
nhit i( l loi gi rt
mnh thi trn cao dc
theo ch tuyn) lm
cho gi ma n chm
gy hn hn nhiu ni.

16/
4. Cng c .
* Yeu cau hs tra li cau hoi 1 SGK/9.
Ba bieu o kh hau thuoc cac kieu kh hau sau:
- U-Lan Ba-To : Kh hau on i luc a.
- E- Ri- At: Kh hau nhiet i kho.
- Y- An- Gun: Kh hau nhiet i gio mua.
* GV tong ket, khac sau noi dung chnh cua bai.
- Kh hau Chau A phan hoa rat a dang va nguyen
nhan cua s phan hoa o.
- Kh hau Chau A pho bien la cac kieu kh hau gio
mua va kh hau luc a.
* Dng bn cm cho HS ln in cc i kh hu, cc kiu kh hu.
5. Dn d :
- Hc sinh hc bi . Lam bai .2 SGK/9
+ Hng dan cach ve : Truc toa o, truc ngang chia 12
thang, moi thang lay chieu rong 1cm. truc ng ben
phai ghi lng ma 1cm ~20mm, truc ng ben phai ghi
nhiet o 1cm = 5o C, bieu o nhiet o dang ng
bieu dien, bieu o lng ma dang cot .
- Chuan b bai 3: Song ngoi va canh quan Chau A.
E .Rt kinh nghim:
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c nm chun kin thc k nng mi nm hc
lin h t 01689218668

NS: .......................................
NG: TIT 3 : SNG NGI V CNH QUAN CHU
10

A/ MC TIU:
Sau bi hc hc sinh cn:
* Kin thc :Bit chu c mng li sng ngi pht trin, c nhiu h
thng ln.
Trnh by v gii thch c im ca mt s h thng sng, s phn
ha ca cc cnh quan.
Bit nhng thun li v kh khn ca t nhin chu i vi vic pht
trin kinh t - x hi .
* K nng: Rn luyn k nng phn tch , so snh , c bn .
Xc lp mi quan h gia a hnh , KH vi sng ngi , cnh
quan Chu .
*Thi : Gio dc thc bo v t nhin cho hc sinh.
B/ PHNG TIN DY HC .
1/GV: dng: Bn , nh a l.
2/ HS : Sch gio khoa, nh su tm.
C / Phng php: Hot ng nhm, pht vn, bn .
D/ CC HOT NG TRN LP:
1/n nh lp:1/.
2/Kim tra bi c:
? Neu ro ac iem chung ve kh hau Chau A? Em hieu
g ve kh hau gio mua va kh hau luc a?
? Neu ten va s phan bo cac kieu kh hau Chau A.
3. Bai mi.
Gii thieu bai:
- Song ngoi va canh quan Chau A rat phc tap va
a dang, o la do anh hng cua kh hau en s
hnh thanh chung. Qua bai hoc hom nay, chng ta se
tm hieu nhng van e o.

11

Hot ng ca GV

* N 1,2 : Quan sat

ban o t nhien
chau A:
? oc va ch ten
cac he thong
song ln : Bac
A, ong A
,ong Nam A
Nam A va Tay
Nam A Trung A .
? Cho biet ni cac
song bat nguon
va o ra bien
hoac ai dng
nao?
? Neu ac iem
ve dong chay
va thuy che cua
song.

Hot ng ca HS
Hai nhm lm 1 ni dung:

* Cac song Bac A:

(1): Song O bi
(2): Song I e nit
xay
(3): Song Le na
Bat nguon t vung
nui cao trung tam
chau luc, o nc ra
Bac Bang Dng.
- Cac song khu vc
+ .A: (1): S. A mua, (2)
: S. Hoang Ha, (3) : S.
Trng Giang.
+ .N.A: (4): S. Me
kong.
+ NA: (5): S. Hang, (6):
S. An.
- Cac song eu bat
nguon t vung nui
trung tam o nc ra
ai dng
+ Song A, NA
o nc ra TBD.

Ni dung chnh
1) c dim sng ngi:15/
- Chu c mng li sng
ngi kh dy c, nhng
phn b khng u.
- Ch nc phc tp.

- Co 3he thong
song ln : Bac
A, ong A ong Nam A Nam A ,va Tay
Nam A - Trung A .

Hai nhm lm ni dung.2.

N 3,4: Quan sat

ban o t nhien
chau A:
? oc va ch ten
cac song ln
Tay Nam A, Trung
A?
? Neu ac iem
ve dong chay
va thuy che cua
song.
? Qua phan tm
hieu tren hay
neu:
* Nhan xet chung
ve mang li va
s phan bo cua
song ngoi Chau
A?
? Giai thch che
o
nc
cua
cac
song

Chau A lai phc

tap?

+ Song N.A o nc
ra AD.
* Cac song khu vc:
-Trung A: (1) : S. Xa a
ri a; (2): S. A mu a ri
a.
-Tay Nam A: (3): S. Ti
gr; (4): S. phrat.
*) Mang li song tha
tht.
- Cang ve ha lu lng
nc song cang giam.

Che o nc song phu

thuoc vao che o ma
(mien kh hau gio
mua) va che o nhiet
(mien kh hau cc va
vung lanh).
* Co 3 he thong
song ln :
Bac
A, ong A ong Nam A - Nam

- Sng em li ngun li
v thu in, cung cp
nc sinh hot, ti tiu,
12
giao thng , thu sn
2) Cc i cnh quan t

4. Cng c:
* GV cng c li ton b bi hc
* HS

c ni dung ghi nh sgk v lm bi tp trc nghim

cng c:
Khoanh trn vo nhng cu ng:
1 . Chu c nhiu h thng sng ln nhng phn b
khng u v:
a) Lc a c kh hu phn ha a dng, phc tp
b) Lc a c kch thc rng ln, ni v sn nguyn cao
tp trung trung tm c
bng h pht trin. Cao nguyn v ng bng rng c kh hu
m t.
c) Ph thuc vo ch nhit v ch m ca kh
hu.
d) Lc a c din tch rt ln. a hnh c nhiu ni cao
s nht th gii.
p n: b + c
2. Cac song ln cua Bac A va ong A thng
bat nguon t :
a. Vung nui Tay Nam A
b. Vung nui trung tam Chau A
c. Vung nui Bac A
d. Tt c u ng.
5. Dn d
Hc sinh hc bi c v tm hiu v tr, a hnh Chu
nh hng n kh hu ca vng nh th no?
+ Hoc bai 3 . ( ket hp vi lc o 2.1 va 3.1. oc ten
cac canh quan va giai thch)
+ Chuan b bai 4 ( on lai ac iem kh hau gio
mua va kh hau luc a)
E .Rt kinh nghim bi hc
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NG: ..................

TIT 4: BI THC HNH :

PHN TCH HON LU GI MA CHU

A/ MC TIU:

Sau bi hc hc sinh cn:

1. V kin thc: Thng qua bi thc hnh gip HS hiu
c:
- Ngun gc hnh thnh v s thay i hng gi ca khu vc
gi ma Chu .
- Tng kt cc kin thc thc hnh
2. V k nng
- c v phn tch lc kh hu, lc phn b kh p v cc
loi gi trn tri t.
3. V thi
- Hc sinh yu mn mn hc, tch cc tm hiu v gii
thch cc hin tng t nhin.
B/ Chun b
GV
- Lc kh hu Chu
- Lc phn b kh p v cc hng gi chnh v ma ng
v ma H (H 4.1; 4.2 )
HS :Sch gio khoa, nh su tm.
C /Phng php: Hot ng nhm, pht vn, bn .
D / CC HOT NG DY HC:

1/n nh lp:1/
2/Kim tra bi c: 5/
? Neu ac iem song ngoi Chau A? Hay ch tren
ban o ten va v tr cac con song ln cua Chau A?
14

? kh hau Chau A pho bien la cac kieu kh hau g?

Neu ac iem s phan bo va anh hng cua no ti
song ngoi Chau A?
3/Bi mi:*M bi: Nu mc ch v nhim v ca bi thc hnh.
Hot ng ca GV-HS
? Em hy cho bit, gi sinh ra do
nhng nguyn nhn no?

Ni dung bi hc

Do s chnh lch kh p, cc ai kh
p di chuyn t ni p cao xung ni
p thp to ra vng tun hon lin tc
trong khng kh.
? Vy hon lu kh quyn c tc dng
g?

- iu ha, phn phi li nhit, m,

lm gim bt s chnh lch v nhit
v m gia cc vng khc
nhau...
* Cc hon lu ny hot ng dn
n cc hin tng gi ma khc nhau.
1. Hot ng 1
1. Phn tch hng gi v ma
ng :10/
Cho HS quan st hnh 4.1 v 4.2, yu cu hc
sinh quan st v gii thch.
? ng ng p l g?
ng ng p l ng ni cc im c
cng tr s kh p.
- Cc trung tm kh p c xc nh
bng cc ng ng p.
Hng gi c biu th bng cc mi tn. - Cc trung tm p thp
- C trung tm p cao: C

+ Alut, xch o oxtrylia

Trung tm p thp: T
+ Xch o, Ai - x - len
GV cho hc sinh tho lun nhm. C lp
4 nhm, tho lun trong 7 pht.
N1, 2: Xc nh cc trung tm p thp - Cc trung tm p cao
v trung tm p cao.
+ Xibia
N3, 4: Xc nh cc hng gi chnh theo + Nam n Dng
15

tng khu vc v ma ng v ghi vo v + A - xo

hc theo mu.
GV k mu ln bng, hc sinh tho lun
v GV tng kt.
Hng
gi
Hng gi ma ng
the
(T1)
o ma
KV
ng
Ty Bc
ng Nam
Bc, ng Bc
Nam
ng Bc

2. Hot ng 2:

Hng gi ma h
(T7)

ng Nam
Nam
Ty Nam

2. Phn tch hng gi v

ma h :10/

GV tip tc treo lc phn b kh p

v hng gi chnh v ma h khu vc
kh hu gi ma chu .
GV ging, gii thch cc k hiu trn
bn .
Sau tip tc cho hc sinh tho lun Cc trung tm p thp
nhm trong 7 pht. 2 nhm tho lun 1 + iran
cu hi do GV a ra.
N1, 2: Xc nh cc trung tm p thp
v p cao

N3, 4: Xc nh cc hng gi chnh - Cc trung tm p cao:

theo tng khu vc v ma h v ghi vo + Nam n Dng
v hc theo mu bng trn.
+ Nam i Ty Dng
GV yu cu tho lun, quan st, hng dn + oxtraylia
hc sinh tm cc ai p trn lc v + Ha oai.
cc hng di chuyn to ra cc hng gi v
ma h.
- Cc hng gi chnh the
Sau khi hc sinh tho lun, GV thu kt tng khu vc ma h l:
qu, tng hp.
ng Bc, Nam, Ty Bc.
Gi 1, 2 hc sinh ln bng ch tn lc
cc trung tm p thp, p cao.
16

Ch cc hng gi chnh biu th trn lc

.
? Ti sao c s thay i hng gi theo
ma?
Do s si m v ha lnh theo ma nn
kh p cng thay i theo ma c
gi ma ma ng v gi ma ma h.
Sau khi phn tch xong cc lc
GV gi hc sinh c yu cu phn
tng kt.
3. Hot ng 3
3. Tng kt :15/
GV v bng tng kt ln bng cho hc
sinh v vo v.
Qua nhng kin thc hc, cc em
hy in vo trong bng tng kt.
Hc sinh lm vo v, 2 em ln bng hon
thnh.
Ma

Khu vc
ng

Ma ng

Ma h

ng Nam
Nam
ng
ng Nam
Nam

Hng gi
chnh
Ty Bc
Bc, ng
Bc
ng Bc
ng Nam
Nam
Ty Nam

T p cao..... n
p thp

4. Cng c:2/
GV cng c li ton bi.
Yu cu hc sinh nhc li hng gi chnh v k tn mt s
loi gi ph bin Vit Nam.
5. Dn d:2/
- V nh hon thnh xong bng tng kt.
- On cac chung toc ln tren the gii
+ ac iem hnh thai, a ban phan bo.
- ac iem dan c Chau Phi, M, Au & ai Dng.
E . Rut kinh nghiem:
17

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NS:
NG:

TIT 5:

Duyn T5- T8

C IM DN C - X HI CHU
A/ MC TIU:
Sau bi hc hc sinh cn:
* Kin thc :Thy c tuy hin nay chu c t l gia tng dn s t
mc trung bnhca th gii nhng vn l khu vc c dn s ng nht
so vi cc chu lc khc.
Nm c chu c nhiu chng tc , s ra i ca cc tn gio lnv
nt c trng ca mi tn gio ln.
* K nng: Rn luyn k nng phn tch , so snh , c bn s liu
nh a l .
*Thi : Gio dc th gii quan ng n cho hc sinh.
Bit tn trng tn ngng , tn gio ca dn tc mnh cng
nh trn TG.
B/ Chun b:
GV: Bn cc nc trn TG , nh a l v cc c dn C.
HS : Sch gio khoa, nh su tm.
- On cac chung toc ln tren the gii .
+ ac iem hnh thai, a ban phan bo.
- ac iem dan c Chau Phi, M, Au & ai Dng.
C/Phng php: Hot ng nhm, pht vn, bn .
D/ CC HOT NG DY HC:
1/n nh lp:1/
2/Kim tra bi c: 3/
? Em hy phn tch hng gi chnh v ma ng v ma h
khu vc ng , ng Nam v Nam ?
Hc sinh tr li, gio vin nhn xt, b sung v cho im
Ma
Ma ng
Ma h

Khu vc
ng
ng Nam
Nam
ng
ng Nam

Hng gi chnh
Ty Bc
Bc, ng Bc
ng Bc
ng Nam
Nam
18

Nam

Ty Nam

3. Bi mi
* Gii thiu: Chu l mt chu lc c nn vn minh
lu i nht ca th gii, l mt trong nhng ni c ngi c
i sinh sng sm nht th gii

v theo l nhng c

im kinh t - x hi - dn c cng c nhng c im ni

bt. Chng ta s cng nhau tm hiu.

19

Hot ng ca Thy
Hoat ong 1:
Nhan xet dan so
Chau A?
? oc bang 5.1 neu
nhan xet?
? Dan so Chau A so
vi cac chau luc
khac?
? Dan so Chau A
chiem bao nhieu %
so dan the gii.
?Da vao ieu kien
san xuat va cac
yeu to anh hng
en s phan bo
dan c hay giai thch
v sao dan so Chau
A lai ong nh vay?
Hoat ong 2: Chia
nhom.
Chia
HS
thanh
6
nhom, moi nhom
tnh gia tang dan
so cac Chau luc va
the gii trong 50
nam.
VD: Chau Phi nam
2000
784trieu ng X 100 =
354,7%
221trieu ng
So vi nam 1950
tang 354,7%
? ai dien nhom len
ien ket qua.
Chau

Mc DS
(%)
262,6
133,0
233,8

A
Au
.
Dng
My
244,5
Phi
354,7
The
2401
gii
? Nhan xet mc o
tang dan cua Chau
A so vi cac Chau
va TG?

Hot ng ca Tr

Ni dung chnh
1 . c im:12/

-Mt chu lc ng dn
nht so vi cc chu
lc khc.
Chu chim 61% th gii

-Chim khong 60% DC

ton th gii.

Hot ng nhm i
ng bng rng , mu m
K sng thun li
Cn nhiu nhn lc
Hin nay nhiu nc thc
hin tt chnh sch dn s
* Chia nhom
- Tnh %
- Nghe hng dan
va tnh toan.

- Trnh bay ket qua.

- ng th 2 sau
Chau Phi, cao hn so
vi the gii.
- Giam ngang so vi
trung bnh cua the
gii 1,3%.
- Tra li.
- Lien he:- Khng sinh
con th 3
- Mi gia nh ch c
t 1 - 2 con, mi con

T nm 1950 2002
mc gia tng dn s C
nhanh , ng th 2 sau
Chu Phi.
- Hin nay t l gia tng
dn s c gim , do thc
hin chnh sch n s
20

Ton
giao
An o
giao
Phat
giao
Thien
chua
giao
Hoi
giao

a
iem
ra i
An o

Thi
iem ra
i
2500 TCN

An o

TK VI TCN
545
au CN

Palextin
BeHeh
em
Mec_ca
Arap
xe ut

TK VII sau
CN

Than linh
c ton
th
ang toi
cao
Ba la mon
Phat Thch
ca
Chua
Giesu

Khu Vc phan
bo chnh
Chau A
An o

Thanh Ala

Nam A
Inonexia

ong Nam A
Nam A
Philippin

4. Cng c:(4')
- GV cng c li ton bi.
- Cho hc sinh c phn tng kt
- Cho hc sinh v biu v s gia tng dn s Chu theo s
liu BT2 - SGK - Tr.18
Phieu bai tap
1.T le gia tang dan so t nhien Chau A giam ang
ke chu yeu do:
a.Dan di c sang cac Chau luc khac.
b.Thc hien tot chnh sach dan so cac nc ong
dan.
c.La he qua cua qua trnh Cong nghiep hoa & Hien
ai hoa.
d.Tat ca cac ap an tren
2.Dung mui ten noi vao s o sau e bieu hien cac
khu vc phan bo chnh cac chung toc Chau A.

5. Dn d:(1')
V nh hon thnh xong bi biu .
Chun b trc cho bi thc hnh.
- On lai: ac iem a hnh, kh hau, song ngoi, canh
quan Chau A.
- Cac yeu to t nhien anh hng en phan bo dan
c va o th nh the nao?
21

- Chuan b bai thc hanh: oc, phan tch lc o phan

bo dan c va cac thanh pho ln Chau A.
E. Rt kinh nghim :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TIT 6

BI : Thc hnh :
C, PHN TCH LC PHN B DN C
V CC THNH PH LN CA CHU .
NGY DY:

A/ MC TIU:
Sau bi hc hc sinh cn:
Quan st , nhn xt lc bn chu tm ra cc khu vc ng dn ,
vng tha dn.
Xc nh trtn bn v tr cc thnh ph ln
B/ CC PHNG TIN DY HC CN THIT:
1/ Thy: a) Phng php: Hot ng nhm, thc hnh, bn .
b) dng: Bn , nh a l.
2/ Tr: Sch gio khoa, nh su tm.
C/ CC HOT NG TRN LP:
1/n nh lp:
2/Kim tra bi c:
3/Bi mi:*M bi

22

Hot ng ca Thy
: Quan st B phn b dn
c chu v hnh 6.1 cho
bit :
- Khu vc c mt dn
s cao nht, thp nht v
in vo bng( c giithch)
-

H ot ng ca Tr
Hot ng nhm
tho lun , bo co- lp
nhn xt
*1-50: Trung , Ty ,
ng Nam .
* 51-100: ng ,
Nam , N..
*>100: Nam
,ng , N .
HS ln ch bn

N i dung chnh
a) Phn b dn c chu
-Ch bn , xc nh s
phn b
-Gii thch:
K sng thun li
Lch s khai thc lu i,
gn bin.
- K kh hu khc nghit,
a hnh cao cch tr

Gii thch s phn b

Cho HS ln bng ch bn
.

b) Cc thnh ph ng dn,
ln chu :
- ph n b

H3:
Cc thnh ph ln ca
chu :
H nhm i : c trnh
by trn B :
-Tn quc gia trnh ph
ln trn B.
_ Gii thch v sao c s
phn b .
Gi Hs ln ch trn B :
C gii thch- Gii thiu
cc c trng cc thnh
ph .
4) Cng c
Lm bi tp 1 , 2 v bi
tp
5) Hot ng ni tip:
Hc bi chun b bi n tp

HS trao i nhm i
Xc nh trn B

Ven bin hai ai dng lniu kin sng thun

li( ng bng ph sa mu
m, gi ma, giao thng
vn ti thun li_ )

HS bo co nhn xt b
sung
3 5 HS ln bng trnh
by - lp nhn xt
Xem li tt c cc bi
hc

hc k 2
Tit 19
Bi 15
23

c im dn c , x hi ng nam
Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
I. Mc tiu bi hc.
1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn bit c:
- c im v dn s, s phn b dn c, c im dn c gn vi c im nn kinh t nng
nghip la nc l cy nng nghip chnh.
- c im vn ho, tnh ngng, nhng nt chung v ring.
2. K nng
- Nng cao k nng phn tch, so snh s dng t liu trong bi hiu su sc c im v
dn c, vn ho tn ngng cc nc ng Nam .
3.Thi
- Bit c thm mt s nn vn ho , tn ngng, ca ng Nam ni chung v Vit Nam
ni ring.
II. Chun b
1. GV
- Lc hnh 15.1.
- Tranh nh v vn ho, tn ngng khu vc N.
2. HS
Xem trc cc cu hi SGK.
III. Hot ng dy v hc.
1. Kim tra bi c.
(khng kim tra)
2. Dy bi mi.
Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc
vin

Ni dung

sinh
H 1: Tm hiu c im dn c (20)

24

CH: Quan st bng

s liu 15.1 so
snh s dn,
MDS, t l tng
dn s hng
nm ca khu
vc N so vi
chu v th
gii?

Hc sinh so snh tr li.

1. c im dn c.
- S dn N chim: (536:
3766)x 100% = 14.23% s
dn chu .
- N l khu vc c dn
s
ng
536
tr
ngi( 2002).
HS tho lun

- Mt dn s 119
ngi/km2 (2002).
- DS NA tng kh nhanh.

GV cho HS tho lun:

i din nhm trnh by kt

CH: Dn s ng c thun li qu Nhm khc b sung.
Nhn xt.
v kh khn g?
CH: Dn s tng nhanh cn
p dng bin php g? VN a
ra chnh sch g?
GV yu cu i din nhm
trnh by kq, GV nhn xt b
sung kt lun.
(chim 14.23% dn s chu
8.6% dn s th gii).
- Mt trung bnh gp hn 2
ln so vi th gii.
- T l GTDS cao hn chu Hc sinh tr li
(11 quc gia)
v th gii)
GV m rng chnh sch dn s
Hc sinh tr li
khc nhau .

CH: Quan st hnh

15.1 v 15.2 cho
bit : N c
bao
nhiu
nc? K tn v
th ?

-Quan st nhn xt.

CH: Ngn ng no ph bin?

nh hng nh th no ti giao
lu gia cc nc? iu ny c KTN, giao thng thun
nh hng g ti vic giao lu li
gia cc nc trong khu vc?
(Ngn ng bt ng, kh khn
trong giao lu kinh t, vn
ha).

CH: Quan st hnh

- Ngn ng c dng ph
bin: ting Anh, Hoa, M
lai.

- Dn c phn b khng
u tp trung ven bin v
B chu th.

25

H 2: Tm hiu c im x hi (20)
2. c im x hi.
GV chia nhm cho HS tho Tho lun theo yu cu ca
lun vi ni dung sau:
GV.
CH: Nhng nt tng ng
v nt khc bit no trong SX
v sinh hot ca cc nc
trong khu vc ?
CH: Cho bit N c bao
nhiu tn gio? Phn b? ni
hnh l ca cc tn gio nh
th no ?
(4 tn gio ln: Pht gio, Hi
gio, Thin cha gio, n
gio v cc tn ngng a
phng)
CH: V sao li c nhng nt
tng ng trong sinh hot v
sn xut ca ngi dn N ?
(Do v tr cu ni, ngun ti
nguyn phong ph, cng nn
vn minh la nc, mi trng
nhit i gi ma)

- Cc nc N cng c
nn vn minh la nc .
- Nm trong mi trng
NGM.
- L cu ni gia t lin
v hi o nn c phong
tc, tp qun SX, sinh hot
c nt tng ng v a
dng.
- C cng lch s u tranh
gii phng dn tc.

i din nhm trnh by kt

qu, nhm khc b sung nhn
xt.
GV kt lun:
i din nhm trnh by kt
qu, nhm khc b sung
CH: V sao khu vc N b nhn xt.
nhiu quc thc dn xm
chim ?
- Suy ngh tr li
(- Giu ti nguyn thin
nhin
- Sn xut nhiu nng sn
nhit i c gi tr xut khu
cao, ph hp vi nhu cu ca
cc nc Ty u.
- V tr cu ni c gi tr
chin lc quan trng v
CH: Trc chin tranh TG ln kinh t, quan s gia cc
hai N b quc no xm chu lc v i dng)
chim? Ginh c lp khi no?
GV kt lun:
Tr li SGK.
CH: Nt tng ng, khc
bit c thun li v KK g?
GV cn lu cho HS: Hin
nay bnh AIDS v t nn ma
ty mi dm ang lm tn hi Tr li
+ Kt lun: Tt c nhng
nn kinh t cc nc N
nt tng ng trn l
26

nhng iu kin thun li

cho s hp tc ton din
cng pht trin t nc v
khu vc.
3. Cng c: (4)
in tn v th ca cc nc N vo bng sau:
TT
111

Tn nc

Th

4. Dn d (1)
- Hng dn HS lm bi tp 1.2.3 trang 53 SGK.
- Xem bi mi bi 16.
a l 8

hc 2011-2012

lin h

c nm chun kin thc k nng mi nm

t 01689218668

Tit 20
Bi 16
c im kinh t cc nc ng nam
Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
I. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn:
- Nm c c im v tc pht trin v s thay i c cu ca nn kinh t cc
nc khu vc N. Nn kinh t pht trin cha u.
- Nhng c im ca nn kinh t cc nc khu vc N do s thay i trong inh
hng v chnh sch pht trin kinh t, ngnh NN gp t l ng k trong tng sn
phm trong nc.
- Nn kinh t d b tc ng t bn ngoi, pht trin kinh t cha ch n bo v mi
trng.
2. K nng.
- Nng cao k nng c v phn tnos liu, lc nhn bit mc tng trng
ca nn kinh t khu vc N.
II. Chun b.
1. GV
- Bn cc nc chu .
27

- Lc hnh 16.1
2. HS
Xem trc cc cu hi SGK v lc hnh 16.1
III. Hot ng dy v hc.
1. Kim tra bi c (5)
a. Nu thun li v kh khn ca KTN v dn c khu vc N trong pht trin KTXH ?
b. V sao N c nhng nt tng ng trong sinh hot sn xut? cho VD v nhng
nt tng ng v nt khc bit trong SX, sinh hot v tn ngng ?
2. Dy bi mi.
Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc

Ni dung

vin

sinh
H 1: Tm hiu nn kinh t cc nc ng Nam (15)
1. Nn kinh t ca cc
GV cho HS c mc 1 SGK
c mc 1 v theo di SGK. nc N pht trin kh
nhanh, song cha vng
CH: Da vo kin thc hc Tr li
chc.
hy nu thc trng chung ca (Ngho, chm pht trin)
nn KT cc nc N khi cn
l thuc a ca cc nc thc
dn ?
CH: Da vo ni dung SGK
v kt hp vi hiu bit N
c nhng thun li v kh
khn g cho s tng trng
kinh t ?
GV kt lun:
Nhm tho lun

CH: Quan st 16.1

cho bit tnh
hnh
tng
trng KT ca
cc nc trong
cc giai on:

Tr li theo SGK.
(- KTN, TNKS v nng sn
nhit i
- N l khu vcc
- KXH l khu vc ng dn KTN v KXH thun li
c, ngun lao ng di cho tng trng KT.
do th trng tiu th
ln
Chia nhm tho lun theo
hng dn ca gio vin.

(In , Philppin, Vit Nam)

(Malai, Thi Lan, Xingapo)

- Trong thi gian qua N

c tc tng trng
(In , Malai, Philippin, Thi KT kh cao nh Xingapo,
Lan)
Malaixia.
(Vit Nam, Xingapo)
- Nn KT khu vc pht
1. 1990-1996:
trin cha vng chc d b
- Nc c mc tng u, tng
(In,
Philippin,
Thi
lan)
tc ng t bn ngoi.
bao nhiu ?
(Malai,
Xingapo,
Vit
Nam)
* Nc no tng khng u,
gim ?
i din trnh by kt qu,
2. Trong 1998.
- Nc no kinh t pht trin nhm khc b sung nhn xt.
km nm trc ?
Tr li (da theo SGK)
28

- Nc no c mc tng gim
khng ln ?
3. 1999-2000.
- Nhng nc no t mc
tng trng < 6%.
- Nhng nc t mc tng
trng > 6%.
GV: Cho HS trnh by kt qu, Tr li SGK v vn hiu
nhm khc b sung GV nhn bit
xt.
CH: Cho bit nguyn nhn
lm mc tng trng KT cc
nc N gim vo nm
1997- 1998?
GV: 1997 khng hong tin t
n nc ngoi ln (Thi lan n
62 t USD lan ra cc nc
trong KV
GV kt lun:
CH: Thc trng v nhim
mi trng ca cc nc? lin
h Vit Nam l nc lng
ging ?

- Mi trng cha c
ch bo v trong qu
trnh pht trin KT.

H 2: Tm hiu c cu kinh t (20)

2. C cu kinh t ang c
Tho lun theo bng GV nhng thay i.
hng dn.

Chia nhm tho

lun mi nhm
tnh t trng cc
ngnh ca mt
quc gia:
CH: Quan st bng 16.2 cho
bit t trng ca cc ngnh
trong tng sn phm trong
nc ca tng quc gia tng i din nhm trnh by kt
gim nh th no?
qu.
GV lp bng yu cu HS tnh
v in kt qu vo bng.
GV yu cu cc nhm trnh
by kt qua -> GV chun kin
thc theo bng sau:
Quc gia v t
trng ngnh
Nng nghip

Campuchia

Lo

Philippin

Thi lan

Gim 18.5%

Gim 8.3 %

Gim 9.1%

Gim 12.7%
29

Cng nghip

Tng 9.3%

Dch v

Tng 9.2%

Tng 8.3%
Khng tng
khng gim

CH: Nhn xt v s chuyn Nhn xt tr li.

i c cu kinh t ca cc
nc trong cc nm 1980-2000
?

Gim 7.7%

Gim 11.3%

Tng 16.8%

Tng 1.4%

- S chuyn i c cu KT
ca cc quc gia c s thay
i r rt.

Nhm tho lun

CH: Da vo hnh 16.1 v Quan st hnh tho lun.
kin thc hc, em hy:
- Nhn xt s phn b ca cy
lng thc, cy cng nghip ?
- Nhn xt s phn b ca cc
ngnh cng nghip luyn kim,
ch to my, ha cht, thc
phm ?
Yu cu i din nhm trnh
by kt qu, nhn xt ca cc
nhm GV yu cu HS in in kt qu tho lun.
kt qu tho lun.
Ngnh
Nng nghip

Cng nghip

Phn b
iu kin pht trin
- Cy lng thc tp trung
B v ven bin.
- Kh hu nng m
- Cy cng nghip: c ph,
- Ngun nc ch ng.
cao su, ma trng trn cc cao
nguyn.
- Tp trung cc m kim
Luyn kim: Vit Nam, Thi
loi.
Lan, Philippin, In xy
- Gn bin thun li giao
dng gn bin.
thng.
Ch to my: c hu ht Gn hi cng thun li cho
cc nc.
nhp nguyn liu.
Ha cht, lc du In, M y l ni c nhiu m
lai.
du ln.

3. Cng c: (3)
1. V sao cc nc N tin hnh CNH nhng KT pht trin cha vng chc?
2. C cu KT c s thay i nh th no?
4. Dn d: (2)
- Hng dn HS lm bi bi tp 2 trang 57 SGK.
+ Tnh sn lng la, c ph ca N v ca chu so vi th gii.
+ Cch tnh:

Sn lng la ca N x 100
= .....................%

Sn lng la th gii
- Tm hiu hip hi cc nc ASEAN.
- Thu thp thng tin v quan h hp tc ca VN vi cc nc N.
30

Tit 21
Bi 17
hip hi cc nc ng nam asean
Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
I. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn:
- S ra i v s pht trin ca hip hi.
- Mc tiu hot ng v thnh tch t c trong KT do s hp tc ca cc nc.
- Thun li v kh khn i vi VN khi gia nhp hip hi.
2. K nng
- Nng cao k nng c v phn tch s liu
- Hnh thnh thi quen quan st , theo di thu thp thng tin, ti liu qua phng tin
thng tin i chng.
3. Thi .
- Qua bi hc gio dc HS thc xy dng tnh on kt trong khu vc.
II. Chun b.
1. GV.
- Lc 16.1
- Bn cc nc N
- Tranh nh trong khu vc
2. HS
- Xem trc bi hc v d kin cu tr li theo SGK.
- Tm hiu v hip hi cc nc N (thi gian thnh lp).
III. Hot ng dy v hc.
1. Kim tra bi c (5).
? Da vo lc H16.1 xc nh a bn phn b cy cng nghip v cy lng thc,
cc ngnh cng nghip ca cc nc N v gii thch l do c s phn b nh
vy ?
2. Dy bi mi.
Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc
vin

Ni dung

sinh
H 1: Tm hiu hip hi cc nc ng Nan (ASEAN) (12)

31

1. Hip hi cc nc
ng Nam .

GV gii thch ch
vit tt ASEAN.
CH: Quan st hnh
17.1 cho bit 5
nc u tin
gia nhp vo
hip hi?

Quan st H17.1,tr li
- Thnh lp ngy 8/8/
1967.
Da SGK tr li.
Nhm tho lun.
- Mc tiu:
(1967, cui 70 u 80, 1990, + Gi vng ha bnh, an
12/1998)
ninh, n nh khu vc.
+ Xy dng cng ng ha
hp v cng nhau pht

i din bo co kt qu
trin kinh t.
nhn xt b sung.
- Nguyn tc:
(T nguyn, tn trng ch + T nguyn.
quyn, hp tc ton din). + Hp tc ton din.
+ Tn trng ch quyn ca
nhau.

CH: Nhng nc tham gia sau

VN? Nc no cha tham gia?
GV chia lp thnh cc nhm
tho lun ni dung sau:
CH: c mc 1 SGK v kin
thc LS cho bit mc tiu ca
hip thay i qua thi gian nh
th no?.
GV yu cu cc nhm trnh
by kt qu GV chun xc
kin thc :
CH: Nguyn tc ca hip hi
ASEAN?
GV: M rng, b sung v
chun xc kin thc:
H 2: Hp tc pht trin kinh t (12)
2. Hp tc pht trin
kinh t.
CH: Cho bit K thun li Tr li.
pht trin kinh t ca cc nc
- Thun li v v tr a l.
N? (Bi 15).
CH: Cho bit 3 nc trong
tam gic tng trng kinh t Da vo SGK v hnh tr li.
Xigiri? Kt qu?
(Kt qu pht trin kinh t 10
thnh lp tam gic Xi-gi-ri)
CH: Nu mt s biu hin ca
s hp tc hp tc kinh t
ca cc nc N?
GV: Gi nh hng cho HS
tho lun:
- i din nhm trnh by kt
qu nhm bn nhn xt
b sung.

- S hp tc biu hin qua:

Tr li (SGK).
+ Nc pht trin gip
nc chm pht trin.
+ Tng cng trao i
hng ha gia cc nc.
+ Xy dng cc tuyn
ng st, ng b
(SGK).
+ Phi hp khai thc bo
v lu vc sng M Cng.
- i din nhm trnh by kt * Kt lun:
qu nhm bn nhn xt - S hp tc em li nhiu
b sung.
kt qu trong KT, VH, XH
32

GV: Kt lun:

cho mi nc.
- To cho mi nuc trong
khu vc mi trung n
nh pht trin KT.
H 3: Tm hiu Vit Nam trong ASEAN (10)
Yu cu HS c on ch nh
3. Vit Nam trong
SGK:
ASEAN.
CH: Cho bit li ch ca VN Tr li.
trong quan h mu dch v hp
tc?
(- Tc mu dch tng r t
1990 nay 26.8%.
- Bun bn chim 32.4%.
- Xut khu go tng.
- D n pht trin hnh lang
ng-Ty.
- Xa i gim ngho.
CH: Nhng kh khn khi VN Tr li
tr thnh thnh vin ASEAN?
GV: chnh lch trnh , khc
bit chnh tr, bt ng ngn
ng

- VN tch cc tham gia mi

lnh vc hp tc KT-XH.
- C nhiu c hi pht trin
KT-VH-XH song cn
nhiu kh khn cn c
gng xo b.

GV: Kt lun.
GV: M rng hin nay VN
chnh thc l thnh vin ca t Theo di
chc thng mi th gii
WTO ngy gia nhp chnh
thc (11/1/2007).
3. Cng c (3)
1. in vo bng sau tn cc nc ASEAN theo th t nm gia nhp
Nm gia nhp
Tn nc
S lng
- 8/8/1967
- 1984
- 1995
- 1997
- 1999
2. Nhng thun li v kh khn khi Vit Nam gia nhp ASEAN ?
- Hng dn HS lm bi tp 3 SGK trang 61.
- V biu hnh ct.
+ Trc tung biu th GDP/ngi chia n v hp l: Cao nht Singapo 20.740
USD/ngi.
+ Trc honh biu th cc nc trong bng.
- Nhn xt.
+ Nhng nc c thu nhp bnh qun di 1000 USD/ngi/nm.
+ Nhng nc c thu nhp bnh qun trn 1000 USD/ngi/nm.
4. Dn d (1)
33

- Xem trc bi 17. su tm ti liu v a l t nhin, kinh t ca Lo v Camphuchia.

Tit 22
Bi 18: Thc hnh

Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........

- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
I. Mc tiu.
1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn:
- Hc sinh cn bit tp hp v s dng cc ti liu, tm hiu a l mt quc gia.
- Trnh by li kt qu bng vn bn.
2. K nng
- Nng cao k nng c v phn tch bn a l, xc nh v tr a l, xc nh s
phn b cc i tng a l.
- Nhn xt mi quan h gia cc thnh phn t nhin v kinh t x hi.
3. Thi .
- Hiu thm v t nc v con ngi ca cc nc Lo, Cm-pu-chiaTng cng
tnh on kt gia cc nc.
II. Chun b.
1. GV.
- Bn cc nc N.
- Lc trng v Lo v Cmpuchia.
2. HS
- Chun b bi theo hng dn ca GV.
III. Hot ng dy v hc.
1. Kim tra bi c (khng kim tra)
2. Dy bi mi.
GV ph bin ni dung thc hnh:
* Bc 1 chia nhm tho lun:
+ Nhm chn tm hiu v tr a l v iu kin t nhin ca tng nc.
+ Nhm l tm hiu v iu kin x hi, dn c, kinh t.
* Bc 2 i din nhm bo co kt qu theo bng.
1. V tr a l.(12)
V tr a l
1. Din tch.

Cm-pu-chia
- 181 nghn km2.

2. Thuc khu vc - Thuc bn o ng Dng.

no?
- Pha ng v ng Nam gip

Lo
- 236.8 nghn km2.
- Thuc bn o ng Dng.
- Pha ng gip VN.
34

VN.
- Pha Bc gip Lo.
- Ty Bc gip Cmpuchia.
- Pha Ty Nam gip vnh Thi
Lan.
Bng tt c cc loi hnh giao
3. Kh nng lin h thng.
vi nc ngoi ca
mi nc ( Loi
hnh giao thng ca
mi nc)

- Pha Bc gip Trung Quc v

Mianma.
- Pha Ty gip Thi Lan.
- Pha Nam gip Cmpuchia.
- Bng ng b, hng khng,
ng sng.
- Khng c bin.

2. iu kin t nhin.(12)
Cc yu t
1. a hnh.

2. Kh hu.

Cam-pu-chia
Lo
- Ni cao tp trung ven bin.
- Ch yu l cao nguyn.
- Cc cao nguyn tp trung pha - Dy ni tp trung pha Ty Bc.
ng Bc v Ty Nam.
- B gip Thi Lan.
- ng bng trung tm v phn
tip gip vi VN.
- Nhit i gi ma.
- Nhit i gi ma.
- Sng M Cng.

3. Sng h.
4. Thun li

5. Kh khn.

- Sng M Cng.
- S.x pc, bin h.
- Kh hu nng quanh nm, thc
- Kh hu nng quanh nm, thc hp cho trng trt
hp cho trng trt
- Sng h cung cp nc v nui
- Sng h cung cp nc v nui trng thy sn.
trng thy sn.
- Ma kh thiu nc.
- Ma kh thiu nc.
- Ma ma gy l lt.
- Ma ma gy l lt.
- t t trng trt.

3. iu kin x hi-dn c.( Da vo bng 18.1 hon thnh bng sau).(12)

Cm-pu-chia

Lo

1. S dn. Gia tng,

Mt dn s.
2. Thnh phn dn
tc, ngn ng, tn
gio
3. Thu nhp bnh
qun u ngi.
4. Tim nng pht
trin kinh t.
4. Kinh t.(s dng hnh 18.1 v 18.2 hon thnh bng sau).(6)
35

Cm-pu-chia

Lo

1. Cc ngnh sn
xut.
2. iu kin kinh t.
3. Cng c. (2)
S dng lc trng in v tr a l Lo v Cmpuchia.( gip bin v nc no)
4. Dn d.(1)
1. n li vai tr ca ni lc v ngoi lc trong vic hnh thnh a hnh b mt Tri
t.
2. Tn, V tr dy ni, sn nguyn, ng bng ln ca th gii.

Tit 23
XII: TNG KT A L T NHIN V A L CC CHU LC
Bi 19

Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........

- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
I. Mc tiu bi hc.
1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn:
- HS cn nm nhng hnh dng b mt T v cng phong ph, a dng vi cc dng
a hnh.
- Nhng tc ng ng thi v xen k ca ni, ngoi lc to nn cnh quan T vi s
a dng phong ph.
2. K nng.
Nng cao k nng c, phn tch v m t , vn dng nhng kin thc hc gii thch
cc hin tng a l.
II. Chun b.
1. GV.
- Bn TN th gii c k hiu ng t ni la.
- Bn cc a mng trn th gii.
2. HS
- Xem bi trc.
III. Hot ng dy v hc.
1. Kim tra bi c (khng kim tra)
2. Dy bi mi.
36

Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc

Ni dung

vin

sinh
H 1: Tm hiu tc ng ca ni lc ln b mt t (20)
1. Tc ng ca ni lc
GV: Bng kin thc hc
ln b mt t.
cho bit hin tng ng t,
ni la?
CH: Nguyn nhn sinh ra Tr li
ng t, ni la?
CH: Vy ni lc l g?
Tr li
Quan st tr li

CH: Quan st hnh

19.1 c tn,
nu v tr ca
dy ni, SN, B
ln trn cc
chu lc?
CH: Quan st hnh
19.1, 19.2 cho
bit dy ni cao,
ni la xut hin
v tr no ca
mng kin to?
CH: Gii thch s hnh thnh
ca ni, ni la?

CH: Quan st hnh

19.3, 19.4, 19.5
cho bit ni lc
cn to ra hin
tng g? nh
hng tiu cc
v tch cc?

- Ni lc l lc sinh ra t
bn trong Tri t.

Quan st tr li
(Ni cao mng -u, ni la
ven Ty v ng TBD to
thnh vnh ai la TBD).
Gii thch( Ni cao l kt qu
cc mng x chm vo nhau
y vt cht ln cao dn.)
(- Nn p cc lp lm chng
x lch hnh 19.5.
- Un np, t gy, y vt
cht ra ngoi hnh 19.3, 19.4.
- nh hng tiu cc: Tn
ph lng mc nh ca
- Tch cc: Trng cy cng
nghip, tham quan du lch)
- Cc hin tng to ni
cao, ni la trn mt t do
vn ng trong lng Tri
t tc ng ln b mt
Tri t.

GV kt lun:
H 1: Tm hiu tc ng ca ngoi lc ln b mt t (18)
37

Hot ng nhm
2. Tc ng ca ngoi lc
Yu cu mi nhm quan st, Hc sinh tho lun theo ln b mt Tri t.
m t gii thch trong mt bc hng dn ca gio vin.
nh a,b,c,d.
(Gi tc ng ca kh hu ti
phong ha cc loi .
- Qu trnh xm thc (do nc
chy, do gi)
GV: Kt lun:

GV (tiu kt): Cnh quan trn Theo di

b mt Tri t l kt qu tc
ng khng ngng trong thi
gian di ca ni lc, ngoi
lcv cc hin tng a cht,
a l. V nhng tc ng
vn ang tip din.

- Ngoi lc l lc sinh ra
bn ngoi b mt Tri t.
Kt lun:
(hng ch xanh SGK).

3. Cng c (6).
1. Gi bi tp 1: Hnh - 10.4 (tr. 35) kt qu tc ng ni lc to nn.
- 12.3 (tr.43 ) kt qu tc ng ni lc to nn.
- Hnh 10.3 (tr.) kt qu tc ng ngoi lc to nn trong c vai
tr ca con ngi.
- Hnh 11.3 hnh 11.4 kt qu tc ng ni lc to nn. Trong c
vai tr ca con ngi.
2. Cnh quan t nhin Vit Nam th hin r cc dng a hnh chu tc ng ca ngoi
lc.
- Rng b ph i ni trc xi mn, t ai thoi ha.
- Dng sng un khc li cc h ln. V d H Ty H Ni l mt khc un sng
Hng
4. Cng c(1).
- n tp c im cc i kh hu chnh trn Tri t.
- Kh hu nh hng ti cnh quan t nhin nh th no ?
Tit 24
Bi 20

Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........

- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
I. Mc tiu cn t.
38

1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn:
- Nhn bit, m t cc cnh quan chnh trn Tri t, cc sng v v tr ca chng trn
Tri t , cc thnh phn ca v Tri t.
- Phn tch c mi quan h mang tnh cht quy lut gia cc yu t gii thch mt
s hin tng a l t nhin.
2. K nng:
Nng cao k nng c v phn tch lc , bn , nh cc cnh quan chnh trn Tri
t.
II. Chun b.
1. GV.
- Bn t nhin th gii.
- Bn kh hu th gii.
- Vnh ai gi trn Tri t hnh 20.3 phng to.
2. HS.
- n c im cc i kh hu trn Tri t.
III. Hot ng dy v hc.
1. Kim tra bi c.(4)
Nu mt s v d v cnh quan t nhin Vit Nam th hin r cc dng a hnh chu
tc ng ca ngoi lc ?
2. Dy bi mi.
Hot ng ca gio

Hot ng ca hc

Ni dung

vin

sinh
H 1: Tm hiu kh hu trn Tri t (23)
1. Kh hu trn Tri t.
CH: Quan st hnh 20.1 cho Quan st H2.1 V 20.1 tr li
bit mi chu lc c nhng i
kh hu no ?
GV: Hng dn gi cho HS
tho lun ?
i din cc nhm bo co
Yu cu i din cc nhm bo kt qu tho lun nhm
co kt qu tho lun nhm bn nhn xt b sung
bn nhn xt b sung
GV chun xc kin thc theo
bng sau:
CC CHU LC
Chu
Chu u
Chu Phi
Chu M
Chu i Dng

CC I KH HU
i cc, , n i, cn nhit, xch o
Hn i, n i
Nhit i, cn nhit, a trung hi
Cn cc, nhit i, xch o
Nhit i, n i.

CH: Nu c im ca 3 i Da vo kin thc hc

kh hu : nhit i, hn i, n gii thch.
i ?
(- Nhit i: Nhit cao
quanh nm.
- Cn nhit : Nng m, ma
nhiu.
39

- Hn i : kh hu khc
nghit, rt lnh).
CH: Gii thch ti sao th (Bc bn cu, Nam bn cu
Oen lin tn (140N, 1750) c ma tri ngc nhau).
ca Niu Di Ln li n
nm mi vo nhng ngy ma
h ca nc ta?
GV kt lun:

Hot ng nhm

Tho lun theo hng dn

CH: Phn tch nhit v ca gio vin.
lng ma ca 4 biu trn ?
Hng dn cc nhm tho lun
Yu cu i din cc nhm
theo bng mu:

Yu cu i din cc nhm bo bo co kt qu tho lun

b
co kt qu tho lun nhm nhm bn nhn xt
bn nhn xt b sung sung.
GV chun xc kin thc.
A

Nhit

Lng
ma
Kt lun

- Cao quanh nm.

- Thng nng nht
- t thay i.
(5 10)
- Nng
- Thng thp nht
(1 12)

C
D
- Nhit chnh lch
ln Ma ng nhit
- Thng 1,2 nhit
xung di 10
khong 5 C.
C.
- Ma h nhit ch
16 C.

- Khng u.
Ma quanh Ma u quanh nm.
- Thng 1v 12 nm.
khng ma.
Nhit i gi ma. n i lc n i lc a.
a

Phn b khng
u trong nm.
Cn nhit TH.

H 1: Tm hiu cc cnh quan trn Tri t (15)

2. Cc cnh quan trn
CH: Quan st hnh 20.4 m t Tr li
Tri t.
cnh quan trong nh. Cnh (nh a. Hn i
quan thuc i kh hu nh b. n i
no ?
nh c.d . nhit i).
GV kt lun:
GV yu cu HS hon thnh
cu hi 2 v 3 SGK trang 73.

Kt lun: Do v tr, kch

thc ca chu lc khc
nhau nn mi chu lc c
cc i v kiu kh hu
khc nhau c cc cnh
quan khc nhau.

3. Cng c (2)
40

- Gip HS nh li nhng a danh thng gp (chu lc, i dng, o, sng h)

4. Dn d (1)
- Hng dn HS lm bi tp 1 SGK trang 73.
- Xem trc bi 21.
Tit 25
Bi 21

Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........

- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
I. Mc tiu.
1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn:
- Hiu r s a dng ca hot ng cng nghp, nng nghip v mt s yu t nh
hng ti s phn b sn xut.
- Nm cc hot ng sn xut ca con ngi tc ng v lm thin thay i mnh
m, su sc theo chiu hng tiu cc v tch cc.
2. K nng
- Nng cao k nng c, m t, nhn xt phn tch mi quan h nhn qu ca cc hin
tng qua nh, lc , bn
3. Thi
- C thc bo v mi trng.
II. Chun b.
1. GV.
My chiu
H 21.1, H21.2, H21.3 Sgk (phng to)
2. HS.
Sch gio khoa, v
III. Hot ng dy v hc.
1. Kim tra bi c (5)
a. V s th hin mi quan h gia cc thnh phn t nhin, nh mi tn th hin
mi quan h ?
b. Da vo s trnh by mi quan h tc ng qua li gia thnh phn to nn cnh
quan thin nhin
2. Dy bi mi.
Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc

Ni dung

vin

sinh
H 1: Hot ng nng nghip vi mi trng a l (20)
1. Hot ng nng nghip
GV yu cu quan st hnh HS quan st hnh theo hng vi mi trng a l.
21.1 cho bit:
dn ca GV.
-Hot ng nng nghip
41

CH: Trong nh c nhng hot Tr li (da theo SGK)

ng nng nghip no?
(Trng trt nh a, b, d, e.
Chn nui nh c.)
GV kt lun:

din ra rt a dng.

- Khai thc cc kiu kh

hu v a hnh trng
trt v chn nui.

CH: Con ngi khai thc kiu

kh hu g ? a hnh g Tr li
trng trt v chn nui ?
(Nhit i m, kh, n i,
a hnh ng bng, i
CH: S phn b v pht trin ni).
- iu kin t nhin l yu
cc ngnh trng trt, chn nui
t quan trng nh hng
ph thuc vo iu kin t Tr li(K nhit m)
trc tip ti s pht trin
nhin no?
v phn b ca sn xut
nng nghip.
(iu kin nhit m)
V d minh ha hnh 21.1
(+ Cy chui ch trng i
nng, m.
+ La go ch trng ni nhiu
nc.
+ La m ch trng i n
ha, lng nc va phi.
+ Chn nui cu ng c
rng, c h nc.)
GV kt lun:
CH: Cho v d khc v cc vt
nui, cy trng khc khng
nh tnh a dng ca sn xut
nng nghip ?
Tr li
CH: Lin h vi ngnh nng
nghip Vit Nam a dng v
phong ph nh th no ?
CH: Hot ng nng nghip Tr li
lm bin i cnh quan t
nhin nh th no?
- Con ngi ngy cng tc
(Bin i hnh s khai b mt
ng trn quy m ln ti
lp v Tri t)
mi trng t nhin.
GV tng kt.
Tr li
(Bin i hnh s khai b mt
lp v Tri t)
H 2: Hot ng cng nghip vi mi trng a l (15)
2. Hot ng cng nghip
GV yu cu HS quan st cc
vi mi trng a l.
hnh tr li cc cu hi sau:
CH: Hnh 21.2 khai thc m l
thin nh hng nh th no Tr li
ti mi trng?
Bin i ton din mi

42

(Bin i ton din mi trng

xung quanh)

trng xung quanh.

CH: H21.2 khu cng nghip

luyn kim nh hng nh th
no?
Tr li
( nhim khng kh v mi nhim khng kh v mi
trng nc)
trng nc
GV kt lun:
- Cc hot ng cng
nghip t chu tc ng ca
t nhin.
CH: Quan st hnh 21.4 cho
- Loi ngi vi s tin b
bit ni xut khu v ni nhp
ca khoa hc cng ngh
khu du chnh? Nhn xt?
Quan st hnh tr li. Xc ngy cng tc ng mnh
nh trn lc
m v lm bin i mi
CH: pht trin bn vng
trng t nhin.
mi trng con ngi phi lm
g ?
Tr li
GV nhn xt b sung.
- bo v mi trng
con ngi phi la chn
cc bin php khai thc
cho ph hp bo v bn
vng mi trng ?
3. Cng c (4).
Hng dn HS tr li hai cu hi cui SGK trang 76
4. Dn d (1).
1. Xem trc bi 22 SGK trang 78.
2. D kin cc cu tr li theo SGK.

Tit 26
Phn hai - A L VIT NAM
Bi 22

Lp: - 8A Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........

- 8B Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8C Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........
- 8D Tit:........Ngy dy:.........................S s:...............Vng:........

43

I. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc:
Sau bi hc, hc sinh cn:
- Hc sinh nm v th Vit Nam trong khu vc N v ton th gii.
- Hiu mt cch khi qut hon cnh kinh t chnh tr hin nay ca nc ta.
- Bit ni dung phng php hc tp a l VN.
2. K nng.
- Nng cao k nng c v phn tch, nhn xt bng s liu v t trng cc ngnh kinh
t.
- Rn k nng s dng bn c cu tng sn phm kinh t 2 nm (1990-2000)
3. Thi .
- Qua bi hc HS bit thm v t nc v con ngi VN, tng thm lng yu nc v
bo v qu hng.
II. Chun b.
1. GV
- Bn khu vc ng Nam
- Tranh nh v KT-VH con ngi VN.
2. HS
Xem bi trc v d kin cc cu tr li theo SGK
III. Hot ng dy v hc
1. Kim tra bi c (1)
CH: Hot ng nng nghip lm bin i cnh quan t nhin nh th no?
2. Dy bi mi.
Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc
Ni dung
vin

sinh
H 1: Vit Nam trn bn th gii (15)
GV s dng bn khu vc
1.Vit Nam trn bn
N v TG.
th gii.
Xc nh v tr VN trn bn
VN gn lin vi lc a
CH: Xc nh v tr .
-u trong khu vc NA.
VN trn bn
- Bin ng ca VN l b
TG v khu vc Tr li
phn ca TBD.
(Chu
,
Bin
ng,
i
N?
dng TBD)
- VN tiu biu cho khu vc
NA v t nhin, vn ho,
CH: VN gn lin vi chu lc
Tr
li
lch s.
no ? i dng no?
Trung Quc, Lo, CPC.
CH: VN c chung bin gii trn
t lin, trn bin vi nhng
quc gia no?
CH: Qua bi hc v N (bi
14, 15, 16, 17) cho v d VN th
hin y c im t nhin,
vn ha, lch s ca khu vc
N ?

Tr li
(- Thin nhin tnh cht nhit
i gi ma.
- Lch s l c u trong
phong tro gii phng dn tc.
- Vn ha, nn vn minh la
nc, tn gio, ngh thut)
Tr li (theo kin thc
hc)
44

GV kt lun:
CH: Vit Nam gia nhp
ASEAN nm no? ngha ca
vic Vit Nam gia nhp
ASEAN ?
H 2: Vit Nam trn con ng xy dng v pht trin (15)
Da vo SGK v kin thc
2. Vit Nam trn con
thc t, tho lun theo gi :
Tho lun theo gi ca gio ng xy dng v pht
CH: Cuc i mi ton din vin.
trin.
nn kinh t t 1986 nc ta
t kq nh th no?
CH: S pht trin cc ngnh
kinh t (cng nghip, nng
nghip ) ?
- Nn kinh t VN c s
tng trng.
- C cu kinh t ngy cng
cn i, hp l chuyn dch
theo xu hng tin b:
- i sng nhn dn c
ci thin.

CH: C cu kinh t pt theo

chiu hng no?
CH: i sng nhn nhn c
ci thin ra sao?
Yu cu i din cc nhm bo
co kt qu tho lun nhm
bn nhn xt b sung i din cc nhm bo co
GV chun xc kin thc.
kt qu tho lun nhm
bn nhn xt b sung.
CH: Nhn xt s chuyn dch
c cu kinh t qua bng 22.1?
Tr li (theo bng 22.1)

Hot ng nhm
CH: Mc tiu tng qut ca
chin lc 10 nm 2001- 2010 Tho lun theo gi ca gio
vin.
- Mc tiu 10 nm t
nc ta l g?
2001-2010:
+ Ra khi tnh trng km
Sau khi cc nhm tho lun
pht trin.
yu cu i din cc nhm bo
co kt qu tho lun, nhm i din cc nhm bo co + Nng cao i sng vt
nhm cht, tinh thn.
khc nhn xt GV chun kt qu tho lun

bn nhn xt
b sung.
+ Phn u n nm 2020
xc kin thc.
tr thnh nc CN theo
hng hin i.
CH: Hy lin h s i mi
a phng?

Lin h

H 3: Hc a l VN nh th no? (8)
CH: ngha ca kin thc a
3. Hc a l Vit Nam
l VN i vi xy dng t
nh th no?
nc?
45

CH: Hc a l VN nh th
no?
GV tng kt bi.

- c k bi v lm bi tp
cn su tm t liu.
- Lin h nhng kin thc
hc vi thc t.

3. Cng c (5).
a. Hng dn HS lm bi tp s 3 trang 80 v biu hnh trn.
+ 1990 (Nng nghip+cng nghip+dch v = 100%)
+ V d: (38.74+22.67+38.59)= 100%
+ 2000 (24.30+36.61+39.09)= 100%
b. Nhn xt
4. Dn d (1).
Tm hiu bi 23 SGK trang 23 v lc hnh 23.2 vo v ghi.

c y c nm lin h t
0168.921.86.68

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