Php ng dng v p dng

ThuyLinhK41, Khi THPT Chuyn HSP HN Thi Bnh, July 9, 2005

Php ng dng v p dng

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1 Mt s nh ngha v tnh cht

1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha. Cho s k > 0. Khi , f -c gi l php ng dng t s k khi v ch khi: A B = kAB, A, B , trong A = f (A), B = f (B ). Nhn xt. Php di hnh l php ng dng t s 1
k HO l php ng dng t s |k |

1 f l php ng dng t s k khi v ch khi f 1 l php ng dng t s . k f1 , f2 l php ng dng t s k1 , k2 , suy ra f1 f2 l php ng dng t s k1 k2

1.2 Cc nh l v tnh cht

k k nh l 1. f l php ng dng t s k khi v ch khi f = H O g hoc f = g HO

BC CA AB nh l 2. Cho hai tam gic ABC v A B C tho mn = = = k. BC CA AB Khi , tn ti mt php ng dng f , t s k : f : ABC A B C .

1.3 Phn loi cc php ng dng

1.3.1 Php ng dng thun

nh ngha. Php ng dng thun l tch ca php di hnh thun v php v t Tnh cht 1. Nu f l php ng dng t s k , gc quay , khi tn ti im O tho k mn f = HO R O Cch chng minh ca nh l t-ng i n gin. T tnh cht ca php ng dng, ta c O l giao im ca hai -ng trn Apolonius ng vi cc im A v B ; A v B vi h s k , trong A = f (A), B = f (B ).

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Php ng dng v p dng

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Tnh cht 2. Php ng dng nghch l php bin hnh bo ton ln v h-ng ca gc. Ngha l a = f ( a ), b = f ( b ) th ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (mod 2 ). Tnh cht 3. Nu MAB v MXY ng dng cng h-ng, khi , tn ti hai php nghch o f, f tho mn: f : A B, X Y ; f : A X, B Y . 1.3.2 Php ng dng nghch

nh ngha. Php ng dng nghch l tch giao hon ca php di hnh thun v php v t. Tnh cht 1. Php ng dng nghch l php bin hnh bo ton ln v o h-ng gc. Ngha l a = f ( a ), b = f ( b ) th ( a , b ) ( a , b ) (mod 2 ).

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Php ng dng v p dng

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2 Mt s v d
2.1 Chng minh cc tnh cht hnh hc
M u ch-ng yy, ti xin gii thiu mt v d n gin: Bi ton 2.1. Cho tam gic ABC . B , C l hai im trn cc -ng thng AB, AC . M (AB C ) (ABC ). Chng minh rng tn ti mt php ng dng bin B C thnh BC Chng minh. Li gii cho bi ton ht sc n gin:

Do A, M, B, C ng vin nn (BM, BA) (CM, CA) (mod ) hay (BM, BB ) (CM, CC ) (mod ) (1.1) Do A, B , C , M ng vin nn (B M, B A) (C M, C A) (mod ) hay (B M, B B ) (C M, C C ) (mod ) (1.2) k T (1.1) v (1.2), ta c MCC ng dng cng h-ng vi MBB . T y, ta c H R : MB B C BC , vi k = v (MB , MB ) (mod ). MB Nhn xt. T bi ton trn, ta c mt bi ton rt hay, l h qu ca bi ton 1: Bi ton 1.1. Cho tam gic ABC , A 1, B1 , C1 l cc im trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB . A2, B2 , C2 l giao im ca (AB 1C1 ), (BC1A1), (CA1B1) vi (ABC ). A3, B3, C3 l cc im i xng vi A 1, B1 , C1 qua trung im BC, CA, AB . Chng minh rng A 2B2 C2 ng dng cng h-ng vi A 3B3 C3. Khi THPT Chuyn HSP HN Page 4

Php ng dng v p dng

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Bi ton tip theo cng l mt bi tp p dng tnh cht trong bi tp 1, nh-ng vi mc cao hn: Bi ton 2.2. Cho tam gic ABC . -ng thng Euler ca tam gic ct cc cnh BC, CA, AB ti A , B , C . Chng minh rng -ng thng Euler ca tam gic AB C song song vi BC . Chng minh. Gi l -ng thng chng phn gic trong gc BAC v k hiu (OH, BC ) (B C , BC ) (mod ). k 2 cos A D dng chng minh -c HM R : H O, H O (kt qu M : O O Ta c S HA quen thuc) Do , cc tam gic AOO , AHH ng dng ng-c h-ng. (2.1)

Gi H l im i xng ca H qua AH . -ng nhin, cc tam gic AHH , AHH bng nhau ng-c h-ng. (2.2) T (2.1) v (2.2) suy ra, cc tam gic AOO , AHH ng dng cng h-ng. (2.3) Mt khc A v M i xng vi nhau qua OO (v OO l trung trc ca AM ), do (AO, AO ) (MO, MO ) (mod ) (2.4) k T (2.3) v (2.4), ta c HA RM : O O , H H , suy ra (O H , OH ) (mod ) Nh- vy (O H , BC ) 0 (mod ) hay O H ||BC . (2.5) Mt khc, v H l im i xng ca H qua AH nn H H AH

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Php ng dng v p dng T , vi ch rng AH BC , ta c H H ||BC , T (2.5) v (2.6) suy ra O H ||BC

ThuyLinhK41 (2.6)

Bi ton 2.3. Cho tam gic ABC ngoi tip -ng trn (I ). (I ) tip xc BC, CA, AB ti D, E, F . ID, IE, IF ct (I ) ti M, N, P . X, Y, Z l trung im IA, IB, IC . Chng minh rng MX, NY, P Z ng quy. Chng minh. u tin, ta s chng minh NY ct P Z ti im F (I ).

Tht vy, ta c ND ED m IC DE nn IN ||DN . Do Z l trung im IC nn D(ICNZ ) = 1. M DI IC nn ID l phn gic gc NDZ . Chng minh t-ng t, ta c ID l phn gic gc Y DP , suy ra (ND, MY ) (NP, NZ ) (mod ). T y, d dng chng minh -c DNY ng dng cng h-ng vi DP Z . K hiu (ND, NP ) (mod ), ta c R Hk : DNY DP Z hay R Hk : NY P Z . Nh- vy (P Z, NY ) (mod ) suy ra (F P, F N ) (DP, DN ) (mod ) hay F (I ). Chng minh t-ng t, ta c giao im ca XM v NY ; XM v P Z cng thuc (I ). Mt khc, giao im ca XM v NY khc M, N , giao im ca XM v P Z khc M, P . Nhvy, ta c XM, Y N, ZP ng quy. Bi ton 2.4. Cho t gic ABCD ni tip -ng trn (O); E CA BD, F AB CD. Gi M, N l trung im AD, BC . X ME (BCE ), Y NE (ADE ). Chng minh rng XY ||EF . Chng minh. t k = AE v gi l -ng thng cha phn gic trong gc AEB . BE k Xt php ng dng HE S . Page 6

Khi THPT Chuyn HSP HN

Php ng dng v p dng

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k Ta c: HE S : A B, C D, E E k k Do HE S : M N, (AED) (BCE ), EM EN suy ra HE S : Y X . Nh- vy k HE S : Y X, M N nn t gic MY NX l t gic ni tip (4.1)

t H, K ln l-t l giao im ca EF vi AD, BC v Z l giao im ca AD, BC . Ta c (ZHAD) = (ZKBC ) = 1, do M, N l trung im AD, BC , theo nh l Newton, ta c: ZB XC = ZH ZM ZA XD = ZK ZN ZH ZM = ZK ZN (4.2)

Suy ra t gic HMKN l t gic ni tip T (4.1) v (4.2), ta c HK ||XY suy ra XY ||EG. Bi ton -c chng minh.

Bi ton 2.5. Cho tam gic ABC . Cc im A 1, B1 , C1 thuc cc cnh BC, CA, AB sao cho ABC ng dng cng h-ng vi A 1B1 C1 . Chng minh rng tm -ng trn ngoi tip tam gic A1B1 C1 cch u trc tm tam gic ABC v A 1 B1C1 Chng minh. Gi P l giao im ca cc -ng trn (AB 1C1 ), (BC1A1), (CA1B1 ).

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Php ng dng v p dng Ta c (P B, P C ) (P B, P A) + (P A, P C ) (mod )

ThuyLinhK41

(BP, BA) + (AB, AP ) + (CY, CP ) + (AP, AC ) (mod ) (CY, CP ) + (BP, BA) + (AB, AP ) + (AP, AC ) (mod ) (XY, XP ) + (XP, XZ ) + (AB, AC ) (mod ) (XY, XZ ) + (AB, AC ) (mod ) 2(AB, AC ) (mod ) T y, ta suy ra P l tm (ABC ). Gi A2, B2 , C2 ln l-t l hnh chiu ca P trn BC, CA, AB , ta c A 1B1 C1, ABC , A2B2 C2 i mt ng dng cng h-ng.

P A1 P B1 P B1 k = = = k v (P A1, P A2 ) (mod ). Ta c R P HP : A2 A1 , B2 P A2 P B2 P B2 B1 , C2 C1 Gi H1 , O1 trc tm tam gic, tm -ng trn ngoi tip A 1B1C1 . H2 , O2 trc tm tam gic, k tm -ng trn ngoi tip A 2B2 C2. Ta c R P HP : H2 H1 , O2 O1 . M P H2 , do k H1 H2 Mt khc R P HP : O2 O1 , do O1 thuc -ng thng i qua O 2 , vung gc P O2 . (5.1) Do O2 l tm (A2 B2C2 ) nn O2 l trung im P H (vi H l trc tm tam gic ACB ) (5.2) T (5.1) v (5.2), ta c O1 thuc trung trc ca P H , suy ra O1 cch u H v P . t Khi THPT Chuyn HSP HN Page 8

Php ng dng v p dng

ThuyLinhK41

Nhn xt. T bi ton trn, ta c h qu l mt bi ton kh p. Bi ton 5.1. Cho tam gic ABC . M, N, P l cc im bt k trn (ABC ). l M , lN , lP l -ng thng Simson cc im M, N, P vi tam gic ABC . Chng minh rng tm -ng trn Euler ca tam gic ABC cch u trc tm v tm -ng trn ngoi tip (l M lN lP ) Bi ton 2.6. Cho t gic ABCD tho mn (AB, AD) (CB, CD) (mod ). Gi H, K, L l hnh chiu ca D trn BA, BC, AC v I l trung im AC . Chng minh rng I, H, K, L ng vin. Chng minh. Gi E l im i xng ca C qua BL, ta c (ED, EC ) (CD, CE ) (AD, AE ) (mod ) Suy ra (ED, EL) (AD, AH ) (mod ). (6.1) (6.2) Mt khc (LD, LE ) (HD, HA) (mod ). 2 k T (6.1) v (6.2), ta c ELD ng dng cng h-ng vi ADH . Suy ra R D HD : L E, H A, trong (DA, DH ) (mod ) T y, ta c (EA, HL) (DA, DH ) (mod ) (6.3) Do E l im i xng ca C qua DL, m DL BC nn L l trung im EC .

M I l trung im AC nn IL||AE (6.4) T (6.3) v (6.4), ta c (IL, HL) (DA, DH ) (mod ) (6.5) Mt khc A, H, K, L ng vin nn (KH, KI ) (KH, KA) (DH, DA) (mod ). (6.6) T (6.5) v (6.6), ta c (IL, HL) (IK, HK ) (mod ). Nh- vy H, K, L, I ng vin. Khi THPT Chuyn HSP HN Page 9

Php ng dng v p dng

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2.2 Cc bi ton v qu tch, im c nh

Bi ton 2.7. Cho tam gic ABC . Cc im A 1, B1 , C1 thuc cc cnh BC, CA, AB sao cho ABC ng dng cng h-ng vi A 1B1 C1 . Tm qu tch trng tm tam gic A 1B1 C1 . Chng minh. Gi A 2, B2 , C2 ln l-t l hnh chiu ca P trn BC, CA, AB , theo bi ton 2.5, ta c A1B1 C1, ABC , A2B2C2 i mt ng dng cng h-ng. P A1 P B1 P B1 k t = = = k v (P A1, P A2 ) (mod ). Ta c R P HP : A2 A1 , B2 P A2 P B2 P B2 k B1 , C2 C1, suy ra R P HP : G G trong G, G theo th t l trng tm cc tam gic A2B2 C2, A1B1 C1 . T y, suy ra GG G1 G. Vy G thuc -ng thng , i qua G, vung gc vi P G Nhn xt. Trong bi ton trn, thay v yu cu tm qu tch trng tm, ta cng c th thay yu cu bi ton tm qu tch mt s im bt k ca tam gic A 1B1 C1. Ta c mt bi ton t-ng t: Bi ton. Cho cc -ng trn (O 1 ), (O2 ), (O3 ) cng i qua mt im M v A i l giao im cn li ca cc -ng trn (Oi+1 ) v (Oi1 ). K1 l mt im bt k nm trn -ng trn (O 1 ). K2 K1 A3 (O2 ); K3 K2 A1 (O3 ). Tm qu tch trng tm tam gic K 1 K2 K3 .

Bi ton 2.8. Cho gc xOy . Hai im A, B chy trn tia Ox, Oy tho mn OA + OB = m (m > 0 cho tr-c). Gi A , B l hnh chiu ca A, B trn Oy, Ox. Chng minh rng (OA B ) lun i qua mt im c nh. Chng minh. Gi u l vector cng h-ng vi tia Ox v | u | = m v (Oy, Ox) (mod 2 ). Ta c RO T u : B A Do , tn ti S c nh, Q : B A. M S (OAB ), suy ra (OAB ) lun i qua mt S im c nh (im S ). cos Gi l -ng thng chng phn gic trong gc xOy . Ta c HO S : A A , B cos B , O O, suy ra HO S : (OAB ) (OA B ). Nh- vy, -ng trn (OA B ) lun i qua cos mt im c nh (nh ca S qua php ng dng H O S )

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Php ng dng v p dng

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3 Mt s bi tp
Bi tp 1. Cho tam gic ABC . -ng thng Euler ca tam gic ct BC, CA, AB ti A1, B1 , C1. Chng minh rng cc -ng thng Euler ca cc tam gic AB 1C1 , BC1A1, CA1B1 to thnh mt tam gic v t vi tam gic ABC theo t s 1 v tm v t nm trn -ng thng Euler ca tam gic ABC . Bi tp 2. Cho t gic ABC ni tip (O). P AC BD. Chng minh rng -ng thng Euler ca cc tam gic ABE, BCE, CDE, DAE ng quy. Bi tp 3. Cho tam gic ABC . Mt -ng trn (O) ct cc cnh BC, CA, AB ln l-t ti A1, A2, B1 , B2, C1 , C2. Gi P l giao im ca cc -ng trn (AB 1C1 ), (BC1A1), (CA1B1 ); Q l giao im ca cc -ng trn (AB 2C2 ), (BA2C2), (CA2B2 ). Chng minh rng O cch u P v Q. Bi tp 4. Cho tam gic ABC . K, M l cc im trn cnh AB ; L, K l cc im trn cnh BK CL AC sao cho K nm gia M v B ; L nm gia N v C . Chng minh rng nu = th KM LN trc tm ca cc tam gic ABC, AKL, AMN thng hng. Bi tp 5. Cho t gic ABCD ni tip -ng trn. t E AB CD, F BC AD, G AC BD, H (DAE ) (DCF ) (H D. Phn gic ca gc AHB ct AB ti I v phn gic gc DHC ct CD ti J . Chng minh rng I, G, J thng hng. Bi tp 6. Cho tam gic ABC . M l mt im bt k trn on BC . O 1 , O2 l tm -ng trn (ABM ), (ACM ). Tm qu tch trung im N ca O1 O2 Bi tp 7. Cho tam gic ABC , P l mt im bt k nm trong tam gic. A 1, B1 , C1 l giao im ca AP, BP, CP vi BC, CA, AB . Chng minh rng nu tam gic A 1B1 C1 ng dng vi tam gic ABC th P l trng tm tam gic ABC .

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