Nghiên C U Lập Thang Độ Cứng Chuẩn Dùng Trong Đánh Giá Cảm Quan Cấu Trúc Sản Phẩm Bánh Bích Quy

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA K THUT HA HC
B MN CNG NGH THC PHM
-------------o0o-------------
LUN VN TT NGHIP
NGHIN CU LP THANG CNG CHUN

DUNG TRONG ANH GIA CAM QUAN CU
TRUC SAN PHM BANH BICH QUY
SVTH : L TH NGUYT GIANG

GVHD : TS. NGUYN HOANG DUNG
ThS. NGUYN THANH KHNG
MSSV : 60400641
Tp. HCM , Thang 01/2009
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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ii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

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iii
LI CM N
hon thnh ti lun vn ny, em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong

B mn Cng ngh Thc phm tn tnh gip em v mi mt. Em c bit gi li
cm n su sc n thy Nguyn Hoang Dung v c Nguyn Thanh Khng khng
tic thi gian v cng sc tn tnh hng dn, chi bao, giup em trong sut qua trinh
thc hin tai nay. Chnh nhng ch dn qu bu ca thy c gip em tng bc
gii quyt cc vn trong ti, gip em c th hon thnh lun vn ny.
Em cung xin cam n n cac thy c Phong thi nghim cam quan trng i
hc Bch khoa i hc quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc bn b h tr em
rt nhiu trong qu trnh thc hin ti.
Em xin chn thnh cm n.
Sinh vin
L TH NGUYT GIANG
iv
MUC LUC
I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH........................................................i
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN................................................................ii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN...................................................................iii
LI CM N........................................................................................................... iv
MUC LUC................................................................................................................. v
DANH MUC HINH................................................................................................... vii
M U.................................................................................................................. 9
Chng 1.TNG QUAN TAI LIU............................................................................12
2.1 TNG QUAN V CU TRUC THC PHM, PHNG PHAP ANH GIA CAM
QUAN CU TRUC THC PHM...........................................................................12
v kch thc l ........................................................................... 55
NGUYN LIU TIN HANH THI NGHIM...............................................................64
3.1. S TIN HANH THI NGHIM..................................................................64
3.2 PHNG PHAP TIN HANH PHN TICH CNG CU........................................64
3.3 NGUYN LIU VA PHNG PHAP TIN HANH ANH GIA CAM QUAN...........66
3.3.1 La chon hi ng.................................................................................66
3.3.2 Xy dng thut ng............................................................................... 69
3.3.3 Hun luyn hi ng.............................................................................72
3.3.4 anh gia cam quan cng san phm banh........................................77
3.4XAC INH MI TNG QUAN LP THANG CHUN ....................................78
3.5 PHNG PHAP X LY THNG K S LIU...................................................80
3.5.1 Phng phap Phn tich phng sai ( Analysis of Variances ANOVA)...80
3.5.2 Phng phap Phn tich Turkey HSD (Turkeys honestly significant
difference test) .............................................................................................. 80
3.5.3 Phng phap phn tich thanh t chinh (Principal component analysis
PCA)............................................................................................................... 80
KT QUA VA BAN LUN......................................................................................... 82
4.1 KT QUA PHN TICH CNG CU CNG CAC SAN PHM BANH BICH QUY
.......................................................................................................................... 82
4.2. KT QUA ANH GIA CAM QUAN..................................................................85
4.2.1 La chon hi ng.................................................................................85
4.2.2 Xy dng thut ng............................................................................... 85
4.2.3 Hun luyn hi ng.............................................................................88
4.3 KT QUA TNG QUAN CUA HAI PHNG PHAP........................................91
4.4 KT QUA LP THANG CNG CHUN......................................................93

KT LUN.............................................................................................................. 95
PHU LUC............................................................................................................. 102
vi
DANH MUC HINH

Hinh 2.1 thi biu din mi tng quan cng o lng bng cng cu va anh
gia cam quan (Szczesniak va cng s, 1963).......................................................41
Hinh 2.2 M ta cach tac dung lc cua phng phap ba im va phng phap nen
ep......................................................................................................................... 49
Hinh 2.3 Nguyn ly phng phap kim tra m xuyn, (a): mu kim tra c tit
din ln hn u o, (b): u o m xuyn vo mu (bao gm nn v ct mu),
(c): m xuyn mu bng u o hnh nn.........................................................50
Hinh 2.4 Que di chuyn t im bt u tin n gn mu ................................51
Hinh 2.5 Que tip xc mu v vn tc chuyn sang vn tc m xuyn.............51
Hinh 2.6 Que th xuyn vo trong mu...............................................................51
Hinh 2.7 Que th rt ra khi mu.........................................................................52
Hinh 2.8 Que th di chuyn v v tr ban u.......................................................52
Hinh 2.9 Nguyn l ca hnh hc na v hn (Ngun t Texture Report, Volume 3.
bn quyn Texture Technologies Inc.)..................................................................53
Hinh 2.10 Cc loi u th khc nhau trong php th m xuyn, (a): phng, (b):
mt phn bn cu, (c): bn cu, (d): nn. u th Magness-Taylor (b) rt ph
bin i vi tri cy v rau qu............................................................................54
Hinh 2.11 Nhng ng v sai cho kim tra m xuyn (t The Texture
Report Volume 3. bn quyn Texture Technologies Inc.).....................................56
Hinh 2.12 Mi quan h tim tang gia o lng bng cng cu (I) va cho im
anh gia cam quan (S)......................................................................................... 61
Hinh 4.13 thi biu din gia tri lc trung binh (N) va sai s chun cua cac san
phm banh bich quy............................................................................................. 83
Hinh 4.14 thi biu din gia tri trung binh s hoc cua tng thut ng ..............86
Hinh 4.15 thi PCA phn tich cac thut ng anh gia cu truc banh bich quy..87
Hinh 4.16 th biu din tng quan cng gia o lng cng c v nh gi
cm quan............................................................................................................. 92
vii
DANH MUC BANG

Bang 2.1 Mt s cac phng phap phn tich m ta cu truc bng cam quan......14
Bang 2.2 Phn loi thuc tnh cu trc theo mt s tc gi.................................16
Bang 2.3 Thang cng, dinh va nht New York va Bogota ...................26
Bang 2.4 Bng cu hi la chon hi ng............................................................32
Bang 2.5 Lc m ca cc loi u......................................................................57
Bang 3.6 Cac mu xet cng la chon hi ng...........................................68
Bang 3.7 Cac san phm banh s dung cho thi nghim xy dng thut ng .......69
Bang 3.8 Danh sach thut ng tham khao...........................................................70
Bang 3.9 ng kinh va din tich cua cac hinh dang hun luyn ..................73
Bang 3.10 Cac mu agar s dung hun luyn bui 1...........................................74
Bang 3.11 Cac mu thc phm c s dung hun luyn bui 2.....................75
Bang 3.12 Cac mu banh bich quy s dung trong bui hun luyn 3...................75
Bang 3.13 Cac mu banh bich quy s dung trong anh gia chinh thc ................77
Bang 4.14 Kt qua phn tich cng cu cng cac loai banh...............................82
Bang 4.15 Nhng mu t tiu chun lm neo trn thang c chn t th
nghim phn tch cng bng phng php m xuyn...................................84
Bang 4.16 Kt qua phn tich Turkey HSD cho 7 mu tim nng...........................84
Bang 4.17 Danh sach thut ng sau khi c rut gon cui cung..........................87
Bang 4.18 Kt qua hun luyn hi ng...............................................................89
Bang 4.19 Kt qua phn tich t-test cua 2 bui lp................................................90
Bang 4.20 Bin i im s anh gia cam quan cac mu banh ..........................91
Bang 4.21 Cac im ng vi gia tri neo trn thang..............................................93
Bang 4.22 Gia tri lc trung binh cua cac cht chun neo trn thang....................94
Bang 4.23 Thang cng chun c thit lp nh gi cm quan cu trc bnh
bch quy................................................................................................................ 94
viii
Chng 1: M U
M U
1.1 Gii thiu
Cac c tinh v cu truc cua thc phm la mt yu t quan trong nh hng n
cam nhn va kha nng chp nhn cht lng cua thc phm [5]. Trong mt s san
phm, cu truc thc phm la thuc tinh cam quan quan trong nht. Khuyt tt v cu
truc c cam nhn co anh hng cc ky tiu cc n phan ng hng phn cua ngi
tiu dung i vi san phm. Nguyn nhn l do cu trc thng c ngi tiu dng
s dng lm ch dn v ti ca sn phm hoc l ch s biu th cht lng ca sn
phm . Hin nay, phng phap m ta cu truc bng cam quan vn c s dung chu
yu trong anh gia cu truc thc phm. [34]
Trong phng phap m ta cu truc, cac cam giac v cu truc do nhng thanh
vin hi ng c hun luyn y u anh gia da trn nhng thang im tiu chun.
T nm 1963, Szczesniak va cng s a phat trin nhng thang im tiu chun ban
u bao quat pham vi nhng cam giac v cng tim thy trong thc phm (thang
tinh bam dinh, tinh d gay v, tinh co gian, tinh deo, tinh cng va nht) [56]. Sau
o, s lng thang ngay cang c m rng theo thi gian, Szczesniak va Bourne
(1969) thm tinh vng chc, sau o thm tinh d gay v c i thanh tinh t gay
[57]. Munoz (1986) cung cng b bai bao m ta s chon la san phm mi lam neo
cac im cng trn thang o tiu chun vi nhiu san phm a thay i cng thc
va khng con ai din cho cng trn thang m ta cu truc c trng va nhng san
phm khac thi khng con s dung [42]. Ngoai ra, nhng thay i nay con la do cac
san phm thc phm Hoa Ky dung lam neo khng co nhng nc khac. Do o, khi
tin hanh phng phap M ta cu truc cho cac san phm, mt s nc u tin hanh
lp thang im tiu chun mi phu hp vi iu kin cua ho. Vi du nh thang o v
cng va c c phat trin cho hi ng anh gia cu truc Colombia, chung i
lp vi nhng thang nguyn thuy c phat trin bi nhom General Foods min
ng Hoa Ky [6].
Hin nay, hu nh cha co nghin cu nao tp trung phat trin cac thang im
tiu chun cho cac thuc tinh cam quan cua san phm banh bich quy. Cac nha nghin
cu a cho thy cac thang im tiu chun thuc tinh nguyn thuy a phat trin trn
9
Chng 1: M U
th gii co bin dao ng cng ln, c s dung cho vic anh gia tt ca cac
san phm thc phm. Theo tc gi Bourne (2002), nu mt sn phm thc phm khi
lm theo cng thc lun c cng dao ng trong mt khong nh nht nh trn
thang, cng c th m rng thang o gia cc im bng cch thm vo cc sn phm
thc phm khc to nn cc neo im gia. V d, sn phm ca cng ty khi c
nh gi cng trn thang chun 9 im lun c cng gia 3 v 5 im, cng ty
c th s dng thang im t 3 n 5, cn cc im 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 th khng cn s
dng. Tc gi cn khuyn co nn pht trin t thang 3 n 5 im ny (3 neo im)
thnh thang c 5 n 10 neo im vic nh gi mu d dng v chnh xc hn. i
vi san phm banh bich quy, vic thit lp thang san phm c trng la cn thit va
lam tng kha nng phn bit cua hi ng khi so sanh cac san phm banh bich quy vi
nhau. Vi vic phat trin ngay cang ln cua cac cng ty thc phm san xut banh bich
quy, thang thuc tinh c trng cho san phm ha hen mang lai hiu qua cao trong
vic ng dung hun luyn mt hi ng cam quan anh gia cu truc san phm banh
bich quy.
Vi vy, chung ti xut tai Nghin cu lp thang cng chun dng
trong nh gi cm quan cu trc sn phm bnh bich quy vi hy vong kt qua thu
c se la c s cho vic phat trin anh gia cam quan cu truc san phm banh bich
quy Vit Nam.
1.2 Muc tiu tai
Bc u nghin cu thu tuc anh gia cam quan cu truc san phm thc phm.
Lp thang cng chun ang tin cy va co kha nng ng dung Vit Nam
cho anh gia cam quan cu truc san phm banh bich quy.
1.3 Ni dung nghin cu
Tng quan phng phap anh gia va lp thang chun cho cu truc san phm
banh bich quy, c bit l thuc tnh cng.
Tin hnh thi nghim lp thang chun v cng cho san phm banh bich quy:
10
Chng 1: M U
o cng cac san phm banh bich quy bng thit bi phn tich cu truc
Instron.
Tin hanh anh gia cam quan trn thuc tinh cng, bao gm cac bc:
La chon hi ng.
Phat trin thut ng anh gia san phm banh bich quy.
Hun luyn trn phng phap c lng ln.
anh gia cam quan cng cua cac san phm banh bich quy.
Xac inh mi tng quan gia thng s thuc tnh cng o bng cng cu
va thng s thuc tnh cng o cam nhn bng cam quan.
Lp thang cng chun cho sn phm bnh bch quy da trn kt qu

nh gi cm quan thuc tnh cng v kt qu o cng ca cc sn
phm bch quy bng thit b.
11
Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU
Chng 1. TNG QUAN TAI LIU

2.1 TNG QUAN V CU TRUC THC PHM, PHNG PHAP ANH
GIA CAM QUAN CU TRUC THC PHM
2.1.1 Cu truc thc phm
Cu truc cua mt san phm thc phm la tt ca nhng thuc tinh lu bin va
cu tao (hinh hoc va b mt) cua san phm co th nhn bit c bng cac gic quan
c bn ca con ngi bao gm xuc giac, thi giac, khu gic, v gic va thinh giac. [24]
Vi mt s san phm chng ta chi cn s dung mt giac quan nhn bit cu
truc, con trong nhng trng hp khac nhn bit cu truc bng s phi hp cua cac
giac quan o. Vi du: vo cam xu xi i vi thi giac va xuc giac, nhng vo tao khng
nh vy. Nhn bit gion cua lat khoai ty ran trong ming bng ca xuc giac va thinh
giac [34]. Mt s trng hp khac chng ta c th nhn bit mt thuc tnh bng
nhng gic quan khc nhau. V d: sanh cua mon sa mach nha cha trong cc
thuy tinh co th anh gia bng mt hoc la nhng cam giac trong c th khi khuy
bng ng hut cung nh nhng cam giac do xuc giac mang trong ming [14].
Cu truc thc phm cc ky quan trong i vi ngi tiu dung. Khng ging
nh mau sc va hng vi, ngi tiu dung s dung cu truc khng phai la chi s an
toan cua thc phm ma la chi s cht lng [34]. Theo Szczesniak v Kahn (1971),
tng lp xa hi cung anh hng n hiu bit cu truc. Nhng ca nhn thuc tng lp
x hi cao hn bit cu truc la mt thuc tinh cua san phm nhiu hn nhng ngi
thuc tng lp thp hn. Ngi tiu dung lam vic mt cng ty thc phm ln t
vn cu truc tng i manh hn la quang ai cng chung. [58]
Trong mt s san phm, cu truc thc phm la mt thuc tinh cam giac quan
trong nht cua san phm. Khuyt tt trong cu truc c cam nhn co anh hng cc
ky tiu cc n phan ng hng phn cua ngi tiu dung i vi san phm. Vi du: lat
khoai ty ran bi m, thit ran dai, cy cn ty heo. Trong mt s san phm khac, cu
truc cua san phm quan trong nhng khng phai la c im cam giac chinh cua san
phm o. Vi du: keo, banh mi, hu ht cac loai rau. Trong mt s san phm khac na,
12
cu truc cam nhn c chi ong vai tro th yu trong vic chp nhn san phm. Vi
du: ru, xup, nc soda. [34]
2.1.2 nh ngha nh gi cm quan cu trc
anh gia cam quan cu truc l phng php s dng nhng thut ng chuyn
mn c tiu chun ho m t cc c tnh cu trc ca mi sn phm. Nhng
thut ng m t cu trc sn phm c th c chn ra t nhng thut ng chuyn
mn c tiu chun ho. Nhng thut ng ny c quyt nh nh s thng nht
ca cc thnh vin hi ng. [33]
2.1.3 Cac phng phap anh gia cam quan cu truc thc phm
Trong phn tch cm quan, phn tch m t l phng php tinh t nht. K
thut ny cho php nh khoa hc cm quan m t sn phm mt cch trn vn, gip
nhn bit thnh phn c bn v cc thng s ca qu trnh ch bin, hoc xc nh
nhng tnh cht cm quan lin quan ti th hiu ca ngi tiu dng. [34]
Phn tch m t thng c s dng khi cn thit phi m t chi tit c im
cc tnh cht cm quan ca mt sn phm hoc so snh cc sn phm vi nhau. Phn
tch m t c th xc nh chnh xc mc khc nhau ca cc tnh cht cm quan
gia cc sn phm. Phn ln cc phng php phn tch m t c th c s dng
xc nh mi lin h gia phn tch cng c v phn tch cm quan. c th p dng
phng php phn tch m t, ngi th cn phi c hun luyn t c c
yu cu ti thiu v s ti lp v nht qun. [34]
Cc phng php phn tch cm quan ang c s dng hin nay bao gm:
Phn tch m t nh lng Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA), M t cu trc
Texture Profile (TP), Quang ph cm quan Sensory Spectrum.
13
Bang 2.1 Mt s cac phng phap phn tich m ta cu truc bng cam quan
Hi
ng
Quantitative
Descriptive Analysis
Texture Profile (TP)
(QDA)
(Szczesniak, 1963)
(Stone/Sidel, 1974)
10 16 ngi tiu dung 4 6 ngi tiu dung a
a qua hun luyn
qua hun luyn/chuyn
gia
Sensory Spectrum
(Williams/Langron,
1984)
15 ngui c la chon
va hun luyn cn thn
gm ngi tiu dung /
chuyn gia
Nguyn Cng da trn s
S dng nhng thut
S dng danh sch
tc
ng thut.
ng chuyn mn c thut ng c chun
phn
tiu chun ho. Nhng
ho. Ngn ng dng
Cc thut ng cng
tich
thut ng m t c th
m t mt sn phm c
c ngi th pht
c chn ra va thng
th c chn t trc v
trin v rt gn. Sau
nh
t
gi
a
h
i
n
g
s gi nguyn theo thi
qu trnh hun luyn th
gian cho cc sn phm
Thang o lin kt vi
s tin hnh cc bui
cng loi.
nh gi th kim
cc thut ng cu trc
tra li nng lc ca
cng c chun ho.
ngi th.
Sn phm tham kho
Khc vi FP, kt qu phi c phn tch bng
thc nghm khng
phng php cng c.
c to ra t khu
tho lun thng nht,
trng hi ng khng
phi l mt thnh vin
ch lc.
Thang
Thang ng thng dai Thang cho im vi 5
Nhiu thang khac nhau
o phn 6 inch vi cac ct
cht chun
c s dung, phu thuc
tich
mc
vao nhom san phm
(thang ln 10cm va
thang ng thng
15cm)
Kt qua Tt ca nhng kt qua Kt qua ca nhn c
Tng t vi phng
phn
cua ca nhn va toan b thao lun di s hng
php QDA
tich
c phn tich thng
dn cua 1 chu tich hi
k (s dung phn tich
ng cho n khi at
s khac nhau, nhn t c nht tri trong ca
mt cach c lp).
nhom.
Chi ly bang anh gia
tng hi ng cho tt ca
ngi th, khng co kha
14
u
im
Kha nng tai hin va

xac minh c trinh
bay bng thng k tt
ca cac kt qua
Tt ca cac c tinh
cam quan nhn thy
c cn nhc vi xac
sut cao
Nhc
im
Cac kt qua ca nhn

bi anh hng bi vic
thao lun va ng y
a ra ban cht, inh
lng, m ta c tinh
cam quan
Cc ki tn kem chi
phi va thi gian hun
luyn hi ng
nng phn tich thng k

Co iu kin phn tich
mt cach h thng s
nhn thc bng xuc giac
i vi san phm
Bo qua nhng nguyn

tc c ban cua nhng tac
nhn cam giac
Danh sach t ng m
ta cu truc c xac inh
trc se dn n vic lam
tng s bt chc cua cac
t ng m ta ung
C gng s dung s
kich thich tham khao nh
neo thang o giam
thiu ti a s lan rng
ca nhn cua s liu thu
c
Ngoai anh gia san

phm thc phm, co th
anh gia giy, vai, hoa
cht va san phm khac.
Rt mt nhiu thi
gian v tn km do phi
duy tr hi ng trong
thi gian rt di.
Ngun:Tng hp t cc ti liu [54], [56]. [62]

2.1.4 Phn loai thuc tinh cu truc
Cu truc bao gm nhng thuc tinh khac nhau vi anh gia cam quan cu truc la
mt qua trinh nng ng. Nhng thuc tinh cu truc co th chia nhom thanh 3 loai
chinh quyt inh ti mc ma mi thut ng co mt, va th t ma chung xut hin.
[27]
15
Bang 2.2 Phn loi thuc tnh cu trc theo mt s tc gi

Tc gi
Szczesniak
, 1963
Phn loi
Thuc tnh
c hc
Thuc tnh
hnh hc
Shermann,
1969
Nhng
thuc tnh
khc
Loi 1
Loi 2
Loi 3
Jowitt,
1974
nh ngha
S bin i ca nguyn liu di
tc dng ca sc cng v ng
sut. Cc thuc tnh c hc cho
sn phm bn rn c th chia
thnh 5 thut ng ch yu v 4
thut ng th yu.
1) Nhng thuc tnh hnh dng
v kch thc.
2) Nhng thuc tnh hnh dng
v nh hng.
Nhng cm gic trong ming c
trng lin quan.
1) Nhng thuc tnh dng php
phn tch.
2) Hnh dng kch thc ca ht,
s phn b cc ht.
3) Th tch kh, v tr l kh, s
phn b l kh.
S kt hp 2 thuc tnh c bn
(Loi 1)
S kt hp ca 2 hay nhiu
thuc tnh loi 2
Kt cu, cu trc, s c kt.
Thuc tnh
cu trc
chung
S bin i
ca nguyn
liu di tc
dng ca
sc cng,
ng sut
Kt cu ca 1) Hnh dng kch thc ca ht.
nguyn liu. 2) Hnh dng v s sp xp cc
yu t thuc kt cu.
Cm gic
ming
Ngun: Tng hp t cac tai liu [30], [50], [55]

16
V d
5 thut ng ch yu:
cng, c kt, nht,
n hi, kt dnh.
4 thut ng th yu:
gy v, nhai, s ln
nhai, dnh.
1) kt ht, trn, nhn,
c sn.
2)Mm nho, d tch
thnh tng mnh, tinh th.
Hm lng bo, m
n hi, nht,
dnh.
snh, cng,
gin, ln nhn.
cng, chc, mm.
Mn, nhiu nc.

D tch thnh tng mnh,
x.
Nhiu nc, mm, xp.
2.2 TNG QUAN V PHNG PHAP LP THANG CHUN

2.2.1 Cac thang chun trong phn tich m ta
Thang chun chinh la mt khung tham chiu trong o im mc trn thang
c neo bi nhng san phm tham khao m ngi th (hi ng qua hun luyn)
c trang b khi la chn t ng v cng m t v nh lng cm nhn khi
nh gi sn phm. Nhng ngi th cha qua hun luyn cung nh ngi tiu dng
s dng khung i chiu ca chnh h trong nh gi sn phm. iu ny c ngha h
dng nhng t ng ca ring ho m t nhng cm nhn v tnh cht v dung nhng
tiu chun va mc cng cua ring ho cho im v ln. Trong khi o, nhng
thanh vin c hun luyn tt trn nhng thang chun se anh gia cho im san phm
theo cung mt cach va at c thng nht cao. Ngi ng u hi ng la chn
thang o cn c vo nhim v v mc tiu ca vic hun luyn hon thnh hi ng,
bao gm cac thang tng th, san phm va thuc tinh c trng. [43]
2.2.1.1 Thang o tng th (Universal Scaling) [43]
Phng php thang o tng th da vo quan im cng cc thuc tnh
c cho im da trn nn tng xc thc v ph bin, ngha l gii hn cng
(khung tham chiu cng ) c thit lp xem xt tt c cc sn phm v cng
xc nh im cng cao nht trn thang o. V vy, tt c cc chng loi sn
phm u c xem xt, im mc cng cao nht c chn tng trng cho
cng cao nht hon ton. im mc ny c s dng cho tt c cc thnh vin
hi ng nh mt nguyn tc cho im cc cng thuc tnh ca tt c cc sn
phm.
Mt vi im c trng ca phng php thang o tng th:
Cng ca hu ht cc sn phm u thp hn im tham kho ca cng
cao nht trn thang o tng th.
Tt c cc thuc tnh c so snh vi cng tham kho. V vy, vic cho
im cc thuc tnh khc nhau khng lin quan vi nhau cng nh s nh
17
hng gia cc mu th nhng c lin quan vi cng tham kho trn thang
o.
V s so snh gia cc thuc tnh c tin hnh c lin quan ti cng
tham kho trn thang o, s khc nhau v cng gia cc thuc tnh l s
khc nhau thc.
Phng php thang o tng th c th c ng dng khi so snh s khc nhau
gia cc chng loi sn phm (khong cch trn thang o cho php so snh cc sn
phm c trng thi khc nhau nh th no, iu ny l c th v thang o cng
c thit lp cho tt c cc chng loi sn phm v im gii hn trn ca thang o
tng ng vi cng cao nht trong tt c cc chng loi sn phm, v vy, cng
cc thuc tnh trong 1 sn phm, cc sn phm ca cng mt chng loi v cc sn
phm ca cc chng loi khc nhau c th c so snh vi nhau) v so snh s khc
nhau gia cc sn phm tng t ca mt chng loi sn phm (theo quan im ca
thang o tng th, cc gii hn cng c thit lp cho tt c cc chng loi sn
phm. S nh gi ch s dng cc mu t mt chng loi sn phm c trng, cng
ca chng c xc nh da vo thang o tng th.
u im
Li ch u tin ca phng php thang o tng th l n thit lp mt h thng
cng cc thuc tnh trong mt sn phm, cc loi sn phm trong mt chng loi
sn phm v cc loi sn phm trong nhiu chng loi sn phm c th so snh vi
nhau. V vy, s so snh cc thuc tnh trong mt sn phm v gia cc sn phm l c
th. V tt c s nh gi c tin hnh da vo im tham kho nn kt qu nh gi
a ra mt con s tht c th tiu biu cho s chnh lch v cng gia cc thuc
tnh trong mt sn phm v gia cc sn phm. Thang o tng th gip ch cho nhng
nh pht trin sn phm quan tm n s khc nhau c cm nhn gia cc thuc
tnh ca mt sn phm v gia nhng sn phm.
18
i vi ngnh cng nghip, phng php thang o tng th cung cp cho cc

cng ty v khch hng mt h thng so snh cc sn phm t nhiu cng ty, ngun
gc, qu trnh ch bin khc nhau.
Phng php thang o tng th cung cp mt h thng m hi ng c th nh
gi trng thi khc nhau ca nhiu chng loi sn phm m ch s dng mt thang o
khi phng php ny kt hp cht ch tt c cc chng loi sn phm v cng cao
nht c chn bao hm ton b cng ca tt c cc sn phm khc.
V vy, khi cn nh gi mt vi chng loi sn phm khc nhau, vic hun
luyn trn thang o tng th tin hnh d dng v t tn km hn khi so snh vi tt c
cc phng php hun luyn khc, h ch vic nh gi s khc nhau ca cc loi sn
phm cn quan tm.
u im quan trng khc ca thang o tng th l cung cp mt khong cch
va trn thang o cng c th cha ng cc sn phm trong tng lai c
th c cng cao hn nhng sn phm hin ti. N cng c th cha ng nhng
im c cng cao hn nhng sn phm hin ti. V vy, thang o v mu tham
kho c s dng bi hi ng s khng b thay i ph hp vi cng cao
hn ca thuc tnh.
Nhc im
Bt li u tin ca phng php thang o tng th l thuc tnh ca mt chng
loi sn phm ch chim mt khong t l nh trn thang o. V vy, thang o y
khng c s dng ht tr khi chnh lch cng ca cc thuc tnh trong sn
phm cao.
Bn cnh s khc nhau gia cc thuc tnh ca sn phm/loi sn phm
cho c th ch chim mt khong rt nh trn thang o. Tuy nhin, nu mt hi ng
c hun luyn tng th tt vn c th nhn ra s khc nhau 0.5 im hay t hn.
Nu ch cn xc nh cng thuc tnh ca mt sn phm c trng th qu
trnh hun luyn s dng thang o tng th tn nhiu thi gian hn v n xem xt
19
nhiu chng loi sn phm khc nhau nn cn nhiu thi gian, nhiu mu tham kho
v s n lc hn so vi mt loi sn phm c trng. Tuy nhin, vi vic hun luyn
xem xt mt loi sn phm c trng, cc sn phm t mt chng loi c th c
nh gi. Vi vic hun luyn tng th, cc sn phm t nhiu chng loi sn phm s
c nh gi.
2.2.1.2 Thang o sn phm c trng (Product Specific Scaling) [43]
Thang o sn phm c trng da vo quan im cng cc thuc tnh c
nh gi ch trong mt gii hn cc loi sn phm c nghin cu (ngha l khung
tham chiu cng ca cc sn phm c trng c thit lp cho mi chng loi
sn phm). V mi chng loi sn phm c khung tham chiu cng khc nhau, cc
sn phm t nhiu chng loi khc nhau khng th c nh gi chung v khng
cc mc im nh trn thang o tng th.
im gii hn cao nht ca thang o sn phm c trng da vo cng
thuc tnh cao nht cm nhn c ca chng loi sn phm c chn. V vy, mt
vi thuc tnh c th c im cao v vt ra ngoi im kt thc ca thang o. im
gii hn trn ca thang o khng l cng thuc tnh cao nht hin c, ngha l gii
hn ny khng l cao c trng, c th c nhng cng thuc tnh ca cc
chng loi sn phm khc cao hn.
Mt s im c trng cua thang o san phm c trng
Cac im cng cao c anh gia bi mt hay nhiu hn mt cac thuc
tinh manh trong san phm, vi gii han trn c thit lp da vo cng cac
thuc tinh cua nhom san phm c trng. V vy, ton b thang c s dung.
Tt ca cac cng c so sanh vi cac mc tham kho ca san phm c
trng.
Thang c trng cho tng chng loi sn phm. Cac nhom san phm khac
khng th s dung cung thang nay. Cng cua 2 thang san phm c trng
20
khng th so sanh vi nhau, vi chung th hin cc gia tri cng c lp khc

nhau.
Thang o sn phm c trng c s dng khi cn nh gi cc sn phm ca
cng mt chng loi. Cc sn phm t nhiu chng loi khc nhau khng th so snh
vi nhau, v mi chng loi c thang o v gii hn cng ca chnh n (Muoz,
1998)
u im
V thang o sn phm c trng p dng cho mt chng loi sn phm nht
nh nn l phng php nh gi tt nht khi nh gi mt chng loi sn phm duy
nht.
Qu trnh hun luyn sn phm c trng v hi ng c hun luyn nh gi
ch mt chng loi sn phm nn n gin, thi gian ngn v d thc hin hn so vi
phng php thang o tng th (hi ng c hun luyn nh gi trn nhiu chng
loi sn phm).
Qu trnh hun luyn v nh gi trn sn phm c trng n gin hn cho c
ngi ng u hi ng v cc thnh vin hi ng. Ngi ng u hi ng khng
cn chun b nhiu mu tham kho nh thang o tng th. Thm vo , cc thnh
vin hi ng hc cc khi nim v cc mu tham kho t hn.
im ca cc thuc tnh c tri ra nhiu hn trn thang o sn phm c
trng so vi thang o tng th. V vy, s khc nhau gia cc mu trn thang o ny
biu hin rng hn trn thang o tng th.
V hi ng ch nh gi mt chng loi sn phm nn n lm tng kh nng
phn bit khi nh gi cc sn phm ca chng loi ny.
Nhc im
Bt li chnh ca phng php thang o sn phm c trng l cc sn phm t
nhiu chng loi khc nhau khng th c so snh vi nhau khi m mi chng loi
sn phm c gii hn cng ring ca n (khung tham chiu cng ).
21
Nu mt chng loi sn phm mi c thm vo chng trnh m t, mt

chng trnh hun luyn mi phi c bt u. Hu ht, phi hun luyn mt hi
ng mi hon ton v c th gy bi ri cho hi ng c khi gii thiu mt b gii
hn cng mi v hon ton khc (mt khung tham chiu cng mi).
Nu c mt hi ng nh gi c hun luyn ring cho mi mt chng loi
sn phm c trng trong khi phi nh gi nhiu chng loi sn phm khc nhau
trong qu trnh m t th chi ph cho ton b qu trnh hun luyn tng ng vi mi
sn phm c trng th ln hn chi ph ch hun luyn cho hi ng nh gi thang o
tng th.
Nu c mt loi sn phm mi m cng thuc tnh ca n cao hn cng
gii hn trn thang o hin ti th hi ng cn phi c hun luyn li. Hu ht,
im cng cao nht trn thang o sn phm c trng l im ca sn phm c
cng cao nht hin c trong chng loi sn phm .
Nu c nhiu hn mt hi ng nh gi sn phm c trng ang hot ng,
kt qu t cc hi ng c th gy ra kh khn khi x l s liu t hai thang o tng
i khc nhau khi mi ngi trong s h u c gii hn ring ca mnh. iu ny c
ngha thuc tnh ging nhau trong hai chng loi sn phm c th c cm nhn c
cng ging nhau, nhng im ca h c th khc nhau v thuc tnh ging nhau
ny c nh gi vi khung tham chiu cng khc nhau ng vi chng loi sn
phm . V d cng ca bnh quy c nh gi bi hi ng nh gi bnh quy
l 9, cng ca pho mai cho bi hi ng nh gi pho mai cng l 9 nhng khng
c so snh bnh quy v pho mai c cng ging nhau v hai sn phm ny c
nh gi trn hai thang o c gii hn cng khc nhau.
2.2.1.3 Thang o thuc tnh c trng (Attribute Specific Scaling) [43]
Phng php ny da vo quan im mi thuc tnh c nh gi c lp vi
nhng thuc tnh khc trong sn phm, v vy mi thuc tnh c thang o ring v
cng tham chiu ring (ngha l mi thuc tnh c mt khung tham chiu cng
ring).
22
Trong phng php ny, mi thuc tnh c nh gi bng thang o ca n

trn cc loi sn phm khc nhau. Cng thuc tnh ca mt sn phm no cao
nht, n s c ly lm mc gii hn cao nht trn thang o ca thuc tnh , cc
sn phm khc s c nh gi da trn gi tr ny.
Mt s c im ca phng php thang o thuc tnh c trng (Muoz,
1998)
Ton b thang o c dng cho tt c cc thuc tnh.
Mi thuc tnh c mt thang o ring ng vi mt chng loi sn phm.
Vic nh gi mi thuc tnh c lp vi nhau. V vy, cng cc thuc tnh
trong 1 sn phm khng th c so snh vi nhau, ngha l khng th bit
c thuc tnh no c cm nhn tht s mnh hay yu hn trong mt sn
phm
Phng php gn vi vic nh gi cng ca ngi tiu dng v hi ng
khng qua hun luyn.
Phng php ny dng nh gi cc thuc tnh c lp vi cc thuc tnh
khc trong mt sn phm. V vy, khng th so snh cc thuc tnh trong cng
mt loi sn phm v gia cc loi sn phm vi nhau.
u im
V phng php ny gn vi vic nh gi cc thuc tnh ca ngi tiu dng,
n c th c chn khi cn mt phng php lm quen vi ngi tiu dng
Phng php ny hu ch khi ch cn nh gi mt vi thuc tnh v hi ng
cn tp trung vo mi thuc tnh c lp. V d c th la chn phng php ny vo
chng trnh kim sot cht lng.
Nhc im
23
Nhc im ln nht ca phng php ny l cc thuc tnh trong mt sn

phm v gia cc sn phm khng th c so snh vi nhau. Cc sn phm ch c th
c so snh v mt thuc tnh ring r.
V mi thuc tnh c thang o ring nn khng th bit c thuc tnh no
mnh hn hay yu hn trong mt sn phm.
im ca mt thuc tnh c cho bi hi ng b gii hn v kt qu thu c
ch tng ng vi mt dy cc sn phm c nh gi. iu ny c ngha nu c mt
sn phm mi c cng cao hn nhng sn phm c nh gi th thang o
phi c xy dng li v hun luyn li hi ng.
Lun cn cc hi ng khc nhau trong mi thi im, khng ch khi mt
chng loi sn phm mi c xem xt m ngay c khi thm vo mt sn phm khc
ca cng mt loi sn phm khng c mt trong bui hun luyn.
Khng d dng gii thch cc kt qu ca phng php v thnh thong c v
nh c sai lch khi nh gi im cao cho thuc tnh c cng yu. V d, mn
ca bnh quy c th l 10 im, im s ny ging so vi cng ca cc thuc tnh
khc nhng tht ra n khng l cng cao nht c cm nhn trong sn phm.
Nh vy, vi nhng u im cua thang thuc tinh c trng, chung ti tin hanh
thit lp thang cng chun giup cho hi ng d dang trong vic anh gia cam quan
cng cua san phm banh bich quy.
2.2.2 Gii thiu mt s thang chun a phat trin trn th gii
Szczesniak va cng s (1963) a thit lp cac thang im chun cua cng,
gay v, nhai, dinh va kt dinh cho vic anh gia inh lng cam quan cua
cu truc thc phm [56]. Cac thang an hi va c kt khng c phat trin do
nhng thuc tinh nay kho cam nhn trong ming, va nhay phan oan khng u
chinh xac xem nh la s thit lp cac thang m rng [34]. Cac thang a phat trin
c tin la bao phu toan b day cng c tim thy trong san phm thc phm, va
c thit k co s thich ng cho s phat trin cac im mong mun cho phep s
chinh xac ro rang hn trong mt pham vi hep. Mi im trn mi thang thuc tinh
24
c ai din bi mt mu thc phm tham khao, ma co th anh gia cho im mt

con s i vi mt san phm cha bit bng cach so sanh no vi mt mu tham khao
a bit [56]. Vic phat trin xa hn va s thay i cua cac thang chun c thc hin
sau o bi Munoz (1986), bao gm cac thang tham khao mi cho t, kt dinh
vao mi , nham, t kt dinh, an hi, c kt cua khi, hp thu m,
kt dinh vao rng va kt dinh vao tay [42].
Szezesniak va cng s (1963) phat trin nhng thang chun ban u bao quat
pham vi nhng cam giac v cng tim thy trong thc phm. Ho s dung nhng
san phm thc phm c quy inh ro neo tng im trn thang o. Nhng thang
o cu truc, c tiu chun hoa sm nht, c trin khai cho tinh bam dinh, tinh d
gay v, tinh co gian, tinh deo, tinh cng va tinh nht. Nhng tac gia nay anh gia
thang o da theo s tng quan gia cac kt qua do cac thanh vin hi ng cam
quan cam nhn c vi cac kt qua o bng nht k va cu truc k.[34]
Phng phap m ta cu truc c s dung rng rai trn th gii va s lng
thang o tiu chun hoa cung t o ngay cang c m rng theo thi gian. Brandt va
cng s (1963) thm tinh an hi sau o i thanh tinh co gian [7]. Szezesniak va
Bourne (1969) thm tinh vng chc, sau o thm tinh d gay v c i thanh tinh
t gay bi Civille va Szezesniak (1973) [13]. Nm 1975, Civille va Liska a m ta
nhng thay i cua phng phap Phn tich M ta Cu truc cho n thi im o bao
gm thay i mt s san phm thc phm lam neo cho nhng thang o cng tiu
chun, b sung s anh gia cac tinh cht b mt cua san phm a vao giai oan anh
gia ban u va thm cac thang o tiu chun anh gia cac cht long va na long.
Ngoai ra, ho con phat trin thang chun cho s bam dinh vi nhau thanh khi, nay
hoc an hi [34]. Bramesco and Setser (1990) ap dung phng phap Phn tich M
ta Cu truc cam quan i vi san phm nng va phat trin thang chun cho kt
dinh vao vom ming, vao m va rng, s dung c quyn cho san phm nng. [18].
Trong thc t, cc thang chun cng b c s dng da trn cc loi thc
phm ph bin trong khu vc m cc nh nghin cu thc hin th nghim m khng
phi l cc thc phm chung tng th. V vy, khi xy dng cc thang o tiu chun
25
cho th nghim cn s dng cc loi thc phm thay th quen thuc vi hi ng

mang li hiu qu v khch quan khi nh gi cu trc thc phm.[44]
Vi nhng tiu chi nay, ta hoan toan co th thay i hoc chuyn mt vai cht
chun trong thang chun. Mt vi du thang o v cng va c c phat trin cho
hi ng anh gia cu truc Colombia, chung i lp vi nhng thang nguyn thuy
c phat trin bi nhom General Foods min ng Hoa Ky. Nhng thang o tng
t a ang phat trin Colombia cho nhng tinh cht vt ly khac s dung mu khac
vi min ng Hoa Ky. [6]
Bang 2.3 Thang cng, dinh va nht New York va Bogota
Gia tri trn thang
4
5
New York
cng
Pho mai Philadelphia (Kraft)
Long trng trng
Xuc xich hun khoi (Mogen David
Kosher)
Pho mai ch bin (Kraft)
Oliu chn
6
7
8
u phng (Planters)
C rt (sng)
u phng gin(Kraft)
Ko cng (Dryden and Palmer)

nht
Nc
Kem mm
Kem cng
Hi sa
Syrup g
Syrup s c la (Hershey)
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
Hn hp mayonaise v 2 tbs
kem cng
Sa c c ng
dnh
40% bt Gold medal
45% bt Gold medal
50% bt Gold medal
55% bt Gold medal
26
Bogota
Pho mai Philadelphia (Alpina)
Long trng trng
Pho mai kem (Ubate)
Xuc xich hun khoi (Suiza)
Pho mt Mozzarella
(Laperfecta)
u phng (Larosa)
C rt (sng)
u phng tm ng
(Columbia)
Ko sa(Columbia)
Nc
Syrup ng 40%
Syrup ng 50%
Syrup ng 60%
Syrup g
96% sa c c ng v 4%
nc
Sa c c ng
41% bt Comapan
45% bt Comapan
49% bt Comapan
53% bt Comapan
5
6
60% bt Gold medal
57% bt Comapan
-
Ngun: Szczesniak va cng s (1963); Bourne va cng s (1975)

Munoz (1986) a ra vi du v nhng thay i trong thc phm s dung trong
cac thang chun New Jersey do nhiu mt hang s dung sm nht la hn 20 nm
New York thi khng con xut hin hoc cht lng v cu truc a thay i theo thi
gian. Mt vai cht chun dng nh khng th thay i t khu vc ia ly nay sang khu
vc ia ly khac. Vi du, long trng trng a c nu, u phng va ca rt, xut hin
trong thang cng nguyn thuy khng phai la san phm ch bin va dng nh
khng bi bin i mc theo thi gian hoc khu vc. iu nay tao nn nhng cht
chun tham khao quc t rt co ich co th giup neo trn thang cng. [6]
2.2.3 Phng phap xy dng thang chun
Vic anh gia cam quan cu truc cua san phm thc phm la v cung phc tap
va kho khn, nn nht thit phai s dung mt hi ng c hun luyn m ta at
c nht quan trong cac inh nghia thuc tinh va ki thut anh gia cho nhng
thuc tinh o.
2.2.3.1 La chon hi ng
Theo ISO 8586 (1993), i vi cac phng phap phn tich m ta cung nh cac
phng phap khac, la chon hi ng s b phai c thc hin tai bc tuyn dung,
lam giam thiu nhng ngi ma khng phu hp cho vic phn tich cam quan. Nng
lc cua ngi th a c la chon nn c theo doi thng xuyn am bao rng
nhng tiu chun chon la ngi th u tin vn tip tuc. Do o, vic chon la cui
cung chi co th thc hin sau qua trinh hun luyn.[25]
chn mt ngi lm thnh vin hi ng trong phn tch m t cu trc th
theo Civille v Szczesniak (1973) cn ch nhng yu cu sau: [13]
Kh nng lm vic tp th, ha hp v ng nht v cm nhn vi nhm.
C thi gian rnh cho vic hun luyn (23 gi mt ngy trong vi tun) v s
hot ng u n ca hi ng trong mt thi gian khng xc nh.
27
Tinh thn t nguyn chp nhn hao tn thi gian.

Cm thy hng th vi cng vic, tn ty pht trin hi ng thu c kt
qu chnh xc v s dng c trong php o cng c.
C cc gic quan bnh thng v s hiu bit hp l. Ch s thng minh cao v
s gio dc c bit l khng cn thit. Cc k thut vin trong phng th
nghim v nhn vin vn phng thng xuyn l thnh vin hi ng tt nht v
h c nhiu thi gian ri, t bn tm ti nhng vn khc (nh l cc nh khoa
hc cao tui hay cc nh qun l), dnh ht s quan tm ca h n cng vic.
Cc thnh vin hi ng nn tho lun vi cc thnh vin khc trong hi ng
v c th a ra s nht qun. Nhng ngi th hin s hng hch, quan im
c on hay e d qu ng, khng th by t quan im u khng thch hp
lm vic hi ng.
C sc khe rng ming tt, khng c rng gi v rng gi c th hn ch s
cm nhn mt s thuc tnh cu trc.
Nhng ngi c lin quan n s pht trin ca sn phm khng nn l thnh
vin hi ng v h c xu hng nhn thc trc suy ngh v cht lng cu
trc ca sn phm.
Cn c cc thnh vin va l nam va l n mc d hi ng c th bao gm
phn ln mt gii nam hoc n.
Ngoi ra, tui tc cng l mt yu t cn quan tm. Theo th nghim ca
Katariina Roininen v cng s (2003) a ra kt lun vi nhng thuc tnh
cu trc ging nhau nh thi gian nhai, cng v gin, kh, nhm
nhng ngi tui thanh nin c khuynh hng thch nhng cu trc kh
chu (difficult textures) nh nhm, gin, cng hn nhng ngi gi. Tuy nhin
nhng sn phm c cu trc d chu nh m, trn, nho li khng c a thch
bi c hai la tui. [47]
Ngoi nhng c im bt buc trn, cc thnh vin hi ng v c ngi ng
u hi ng cn cn phi c nhng kh nng sau [38]:
28
Vi mi c tnh cm quan cn nghin cu (cu trc, tnh cht b mt) kh

nng pht hin s khc nhau gia cc c tnh v cng ca chng.
Kh nng m t cc c tnh, s dng t m t cho mi c tnh v cho im
nhng cng khc nhau.
Kh nng tru tng ha c th nh nhanh cc c tnh v so snh vi cc
sn phm cn li.
S lng ngi trong mt hi ng:
Kinh nghim cho thy rng, sau khi tuyn dung, cac thu tuc la chon gii han
xp xi mt na lng ngi bi nhng ly do nh nhay vi giac, nhng iu kin vt
cht,Chng ta khng mong mun mt hi ng it hn 10 ngi c chon la. Cn
thit tuyn dung it nht gp 2 hoc 3 ln s lng ngi thc s cn thit lp mt
hi ng cui cung. Vi du, at c mt hi ng 10 ngi, cn tuyn dung 40
ngi va la chon ra 20 ngi. V khng phi tt c mi ngi u ph hp vi nhng
iu kin nu v mt hi ng sau khi hun luyn thng c 5 n 7 ngi [6].
Theo tiu chun ISO 8586 (1993), t 40 ngi ban u qua qu trnh la chn cn 20
ngi, sau qua qu trnh hun luyn cn li 8-10 ngi. Calvo v cng s (1999)
khi phn tch cm quan cc loi u t 16 ngi th qua qu trnh hun luyn cn li
12 ngi tr thnh hi ng chnh thc[11]; Rahman cng cng s (2007) khi nghin
cu c tnh cu trc ca xc xch c [45] v Echeverra cng cng s (2008) khi
nghin cu v s nh hng ca tnh cht bt ln s cm nhn ngt s dng hi
ng gm 9 ngi trong th nghim ca mnh [17].
Ni chung, s ngi c la chn v hun luyn lm thnh vin hi ng
m t cu trc thc phm khc nhau ph thuc cc yu t: [34]
Kh nng ti chnh v yu cu ca t chc .
Kiu v tn s tin hnh ca php th .
Mc tiu, tnh cht v tm quan trng ca th nghim, kt qu thu c c
cn phn tch thng k hay khng.
29
Hi ng p dng phng php M ta Cu truc thng c t 5 -7 ngi tiu

dng hoc chuyn gia. Chuyn gia cm quan cn phi hiu rt r cc vn lin quan
ti sc kho cng nh s an ton cho cc thnh vin tham gia nh gi cm quan. [26]
Mt nghin cu cm quan khc v nh gi cu trc, hi ng c tuyn gm
12 ngi anh gia (7 nam va 5 n) cua khoa ki thut thc phm, vi kinh nghim anh
gia cam quan c hun luyn anh gia m ta cu san phm mi ng. Hi ng 12
ngi giam xung theo con s nghi bi Meilgaard (1999) c la chon va hun
luyn theo vn ban ISO 8586 (1993). Ngi th c sang loc t kha nng anh gia
cam quan (mau sc, b ngoai vt ly, cng, nhay cam vi cam nhn cua ming) cung
nh kha nng phat biu nhng m ta cam quan cua san phm.[37]
i vi mt s sn phm, thnh vin hi ng cn phi kim tra sc kho trc
khi thc hin php th. Thm vo , h cng cn phi c kim tra kh nng pht
hin nhy bn ca cc c quan cm gic. Tuy vy cng khng nht thit phi t ngay
t u m c th cho h t c sau mt thi gian luyn tp. Mt s ngi tuy rt c
kh nng nhng h cng c th c mt s vn . Rt nhiu ngi khi bt u khng
ni bt nhng li tin b rt r rt sau mt thi gian c hun luyn. Do vy cng
khng cn thit phi cc thnh vin hi ng c kh nng c bit ngay t u.[34]
Theo nh mt nghin cu v vic la chn v kim tra hi ng cho m t cm
quan sn phm pho mt kem ca Barcenas va cng s (1998), 1 hi ng 13 thnh
vin c tuyn t khoa dc (Victoria, Ty Ban Nha). Ngi th c chn da trn
kh nng ca h v sn sng hp tc trong k hoch ny. Bui kim tra v hun luyn
u tin da trn kh nng cm nhn nhng mi c bn v xp dy tt nh kh nng
phn bit bng php th tam gic v 2-3, s dng sn phm s c dng nh gi v
sau nh l mt s lm quen sn phm i vi ngi th.[2]
Ki thut vin c th xy dng mt lot cc php th phn bit tu theo mc
kh khc nhau, hay ni cch khc, h chun b mt lot cc cng thc sn phm c
mc phn bit kh dn. Jellinek (1985) m t vic la chn hi ng qua mt
kho hun luyn tch cc, thnh vin phi thoa mn mt lot cc kim tra kht khe
mc yu cu ti thiu trc khi tham gia vo cc nghin cu cm quan [29]. Nhn
30
chung c rt nhiu loi sn phm c th s dng cho mc ch ny, tuy nhin nu

chng trnh nghin cu ch gii hn trong phm vi hp th cc php th s ch tp
trung trn nhng tnh cht ca sn phm s uc nghin cu.
Nu c iu kin, chuyn gia cn tuyn gp hai n ba ln s thnh vin hi
ng, sau thng qua kim tra, nh gi s sp xp h theo th t t trn xung v
nhng ngi dn u s c chn tham gia. Khi t chi nhng ngi b loi, ki thut
vin cm quan cn phi t ra kho lo. Khi cng b kt qu kim tra, ki thut vin nn
nh gi chung v nhn xt mang tnh khuyn khch. V d trong nhm kim tra c th
chia thnh nhm nhng ngi th tt, nhm nhng ngi th rt tt v nhm nhng
ngi th c bit tt, khng nn s dng cc t nh km hoc yu nhn xt.
Mt iu quan trng l phi t nh v nn cn thn kho lo, trnh xc phm ngi
khc. Tt c nhng ngi tham gia u phi c i x mt cch trn trng ngay c
trong trng hp h khng c mi tham gia tip. [34]
Kt qu ca cc bui kim tra cn phi c lu tr. Nhiu trng hp, k nng
ca thnh vin hi ng dn c ci thin theo thi gian, nhng cng c ngi li
km i. Chuyn gia cng nn lu v c k hoch ngay t u khi thnh vin hi
ng lm vic km dn, v nhng trng hp ny cng hay xy ra. Lc ny thnh vin
c th phi c hun lun li hoc tng thm thi gian cho h hoc s ngi
trong hi ng phi gim i so vi ban u. [34]
Cac phng phap la chon hi ng
c chn lm thnh vin hi ng nhng ngi th phi chng t kh
nng pht hin v m t s khc nhau, kh nng tru tng ha cc khi nim, quan
im r rng v a thch cng vic m t cu trc. [37]
Phiu iu tra cu hi
Vic u tin, yu cu ti thiu c la chon lm thnh vin hi ng l
ngi th phi yu thch cng vic nh gi. xc nh c iu ny, chng ta c
th yu cu ngi th tr li cc cu hi thng qua mt phiu cu hi,qua chng ta
d dng nhn din c nhng c nhn c th tham gia vo qu trnh sn lc tip theo.
31
iu ny cng c s dng bi Meilgarrd v cng s 1999. ng chn mt hi

ng 15 ngi, tiu biu t 40 n 50 ngi v tin hnh sng lc thng qua bng cu
hi (Bng 2.5). Mi thnh vin tim nng l nhng c nhn c la chn trn c s
xc minh s quan tm ca h i vi th nghim, kh nng sc khe( s quan tm v
nng lc l yu t cn thit).
Bang 2.4 Bng cu hi la chon hi ng

BAN THN:
Tn:
a ch:
in thoi:
Bn bit v chng trnh ny bng cch no?
THI GIAN:
1. Bn c cc thng xuyn bn trong cc ngy trong tun khng?
2. C bao nhiu k ngh trong tun bn lp k hoch trong khong thi gian?
SC KHE:
1. Bn c mc phi nhng iu sau?
Bn c rng gi?
Bn b bnh tiu ng?
Bn b bnh v nu v rng ming?
Bn b h ng huyt?
Bn b d ng vi mt s thc phm?
Bn b tng huyt p?
2. Bn c dng thuc tc ng n cc gic quan, c bit l v gic v khu gic?
THI QUEN N UNG:
1. Bn c ang n king? Nu c, gii thch.
2. Bn i n ngoi bao nhiu ln trong mt thng?
3. Bn i n thc n nhanh bao nhiu ln trong mt thng?
4. Bn n mt ba an hon ton bng thc n lnh bao nhiu ln trong mt thng?
5. Bn thch n nhng thc phm no?
6. Bn t thch n nhng thc phm no nht?
7. Bn khng th n g?
8. Bn khng thch n g?
9. Bn c nhy cm vi cc c tnh cu trc trong thc phm?
Hn mc trung bnh
Trung bnh
Thp hn trung bnh
10. Bn c ngi thn lm trong cng ty thc phm khng?
11. Bn c ngi thn lm trong cng ty qung co hay mi gii marketing?
VN P V CU TRC:
32
1. Bn m t s khc nhau gia mi v cu trc?

2. M t mt s c tnh cu trc chung ca thc phm.
3. M t v mt s phn t nh trong thc phm.
4. M t mt s c tnh r rng khi nhai thc phm.
5. M t s khc nhau gia cng v gin.
6. Cc c tnh cu trc ca lt khoai ty?
7. Cc c tnh cu trc ca b u phng?
8. Cc c tnh cu trc ca cho bt yn mch?
9. Cc c tnh c u trc ca cho bnh m?
10. Trong loi thc phm no th c tnh cu trc l quan trng?
Ty vo yu cu ca tng th nghim c th m nhng cu hi khng cn thit
c th b lc b.
0
Nhng ngi ap ng cc iu kin sau y s c chn:

- Sc khe khng c nhng biu hin hn ch s cm nhn.
- C th c mt trong cc bui hun luyn.
- Tr li 80% cu hi trn phiu cu hi r rng v ph hp, ngha l cc cu tr
li m t cc c tnh cu trc chnh xc hay c trng nht ca sn phm.
Cc php th la chn hi ng
Php th Matching:
Theo ISO 8586 (1993), cc mu c cc ngng cm nhn cc thuc tnh khc
nhau c m ha ngu nhin bi ba ch s. Ngi ng tuyn c gii thiu mi

mu v c php lm quen vi chng. Sau h c gii thiu li mt dy mu
c dn nhn vi 3 ch s ngu nhin khc nhau v c yu cu so snh mi mu
trong chng vi cc mu trong dy mu gc ban u v m t nhng cm gic m h
cm nhn c. S mu mi c gii thiu so snh vi mu gc nhiu khong hai
ln. Nhng ngi ng c c cu tr li thp hn 80% khng c chn. Nhng t m
t cm gic cc mu th tt nhng t quan trng hn. [25]
Cn theo ASTM (American Society for Testing and Material, 1981), php th
matching c s dng l php th hnh hc. Nm mu thc phm c gii thiu vi
hi ng (kem la m n lin, tht g ng hp, kem topping, c tuyt lnh ng v
bnh pudding bt sn kh hay ng hp) v c yu cu ghp mi sn phm vi mt
33
t m t hnh hc ph hp: c nhiu ht, c th, c nhiu kh, c bng (nh tuyt) hay
ging bnh m (bready). Mi php th nn c lp li 3 ln. [1]
Php th phn bit
+ Php th tam gic: c ba mu th c gii thiu, hai mu l ging nhau
(c chun b t cng mt loi sn phm). Mu th ba khc so vi hai mu cn
li v c chun b t mt loi sn phm khc. Ngi th c yu cu phi xc
nh mu khng lp li trong s 3 mu th.
+ Php th 2-3: Php th Duo-Trio l php th c s dng xc nh s
khc nhau mt cch tng th gia hai sn phm m khng quan tm n vic
chng khc nhau u. Php th ny cn c p dng trong qu trnh chn la
v hun luyn hi ng nh gi cm quan v n c th o c ngng pht hin
ca ngi th. Khi thc hin php th, ngi th s nhn c mt mu kim
chng v hai mu khc. Ngi th c bit trc l trong hai mu ny c mt
mu ging vi mu kim chng. H c mi th nm v tm ra mu ging vi
mu kim chng. Xc sut ngi th la chn c cu tr li ng mt cch
ngu nhin l 1/2.
Mc ch ca php th phn bit l kim tra kh nng pht hin ca ngi th,
cc php th c s dng l nhng php th phn bit nh php th 2-3, php th
tam gic,[64],[25]. S khc nhau v thi gian ch bin v nhit (nng, nung),
thnh phn hay bao b c th lm mu so snh xc nh kh nng phn bit. Lc u
ngi th th vi cc cp mu d v sau tng dn kh. La chn nhng ngi
t c 50 n 60% cu tr li ng i vi php th tam gic hay 70 n 80% i
vi php th 2-3 ty thuc vo mc kh ca php th.[37]
Php th kim tra kh nng m t.
Theo Meilgaard v cng s (1999), kim tra kh nng m t, tin hnh t
mt dy cc sn phm c cc c tnh cu trc khc nhau v yu cu ngi th m t
cm gic. Ngi th phi m t cu trc bng chnh t ng ca chnh mnh.[37]
34
Theo ISO 8586-1 (1993), kim tra kh nng m t, ngi ng tuyn c

cung cp mt dy sn phm theo th t ngu nhin v c yu cu m t c tnh cu
trc. Cc sn phm rn nn c trnh by cc kch thc ng u nhau v cc mu
sn phm lng nn c ng trong cc ly c. Ngi d tuyn c cho im nh
sau: [25]
-
3 im cho mt s nhn dng chnh xc hay mt s m t c trng nht ca
sn phm.
-
2 im cho thut ng m t chung.
1 im cho mt s m t lin tng ph hp sau khi tho lun.
0 im cho nhng ngi khng c cu tr li.

Nhng ngi ng tuyn t c thp hn 65% tng im cc i khng ph
hp chn lm thnh vin cho php th m t.

Php th so hng
Nguyn tc: Nhim v ca ngi th l sp xp cc mu theo mt th t tng
dn hoc gim dn v cht lng (v d cng).
Nhng ngi th iu kin trong php th kim tra kh nng phn bit v
m t s tip tc c sng lc. Ngi th s c gii thiu mt dy cc sn phm
vi cng cc thuc tnh cu trc khc nhau v c yu cu phn loi hay c
lng mt con s cho cc sn phm ny. La chn nhng ngi th nh gi chnh
xc trn 80% cc thang o. Cho php s nh gi sai gia cc mu lin k nhau. [37]
Cn theo ASTM (American Society for Testing and Material, 1981), tiu
chun ch yu nh gi kh nng so hng v cu trc l a ra 2 php th cu trc
sng lc cc thnh vin ph hp vi mt hi ng m t cu trc v kim tra kh
nng xc nh nhng thay i cng ca cc thuc tnh cu trc. [1]
- Php th u tin lin quan n s cm nhn cng v bao gm 5 mu thc
phm (pho mt nguyn kem hiu Philadelphia, pho mt Kraft Amerycan, liu
Durkee Exquisite, c rt ti, ko cng hng Charms). Cc thnh vin hi ng
c yu cu sp xp cc mu theo chiu tng dn cng.
35
- Php th th hai lin quan n nht. Mt ln na 5 mu thc phm c gii

thiu vi hi ng (nc, kem nhiu sa, xi r maple, scla lng hiu Hershey v
sa c c ng hiu Magnolia), h c yu cu sp xp cc mu theo chiu tng
nht.
Da vo ASTM, cc thnh vin hi ng c chn lm thnh vin hi ng
m t cu trc nu sp xp hay ghp cc sn phm chnh xc t nht 12 trong 15 sn
phm (5 sn phm 3 ln lp). ASTM cng khuyn rng nhng ngi c rng gi
khng nn c chn vo hi ng m t cu trc v rng gi gy tr ngi trong vic
cm nhn mt s thuc tnh cu trc. Tuy nhin vn khi s dng tiu chun ASTM
l cc mu tham kho ch c M.
Sau khi ngi th c sng lc qua cc php kim tra, cng on cui cng
ca la chn hi ng nhm xc nhn li mt ln na s quan tm ca ngi th vo
vic hun luyn v kh nng lm vic trong hi ng, k nng giao tip v tnh cch.
giai on ny, Meilgarrd v cng s tin hnh cc bui phng vn c nhn. i
vi hi ng phn tch m t vic phng vn c nhn rt cn thit xc nh ngi
th c ng lc v kh nng s dng php th ph hp hay khng [37]. Ni chung,
nhng ngi th vt qua phiu iu tra cu hi sng lc trc v cc php th
sng lc sau s c phng vn bi ngi ng u hi ng hay ngi hun luyn
hi ng. Tnh khch quan ca bui phng vn l xc nhn li s quan tm ca
ngi th vo vic hun luyn v kh nng lm vic trong hi ng, k nng giao tip
v tnh cch. Nhng ngi t quan tm n qu trnh nh gi c th c b qua.
Nhng c nhn rt r hay khng thn thin c th b loi. Bui phng vn tho lun
bn cht chung ca nghin cu cho nhng ngi ng tuyn lm thnh vin hi ng,
v cho ngi ng tuyn lm quen vi nhng yu cu (thi gian v kt qu) i vi
thnh vin hi ng. [15]
Tuy nhin, vn c th tin hnh phng vn c nhn trc khi tri qua mt lot
cc php th kim tra kh nng nh gi ca ngi tham gia ng tuyn. [37]
Tm li, vic la chn hi ng l mt qu trnh bao gm cc bc la chn
th bng phiu thng tin, tip theo la chn da vo kh nng ca ngi th xem c
36
ph hp vi yu cu ca nghin cu hay khng v cui cng l xc nhn li mt ln

na chc chn nhng ngi c chn l ph hp. Cc php th c s dng
la chn hi ng khng bt buc theo mt quy trnh no c m tu thuc vo tng
mc ch th nghim c th.
2.2.4.2 Xy dng thut ng
Xy dng thut ng l mt bc quan trng trong phng php Phn tich M ta
Cu truc. Cac thang chun se c thit lp da trn nhng thuc tinh cu truc cung
cp mt khung i chiu cho vic anh gia san phm. Vic xy dng thut ng c
chia thanh hai giai oan: phat trin thut ng anh gia cu truc san phm va rut ngn
thut ng.
Giai oan 1: Phat trin thut ng
Theo tiu chun ISO 11036 (1994), trong phn tich M ta Cu truc, thanh vin
hi ng se anh gia nhiu mu co mt trong day khac nhau v cu truc i vi loai
san phm cn quan tm. Rt hu ich nu a cho hi ng mt bang danh sach cac
thut ng vi inh nghia d hiu, ro rang trc am bao rng nhiu thuc tinh nht
c s dung. Ngi th sau o lit k tt ca cac thut ng thich hp anh gia cho mt
hoc tt ca mu th. Cc thnh vin lm vic mt cch c lp nhm to s tp trung
cn thit cho s tng tng, v trnh c s bt chc cc thut ng gia cc thnh
vin. Sau o, tin hanh thao lun la chn nhng thut ng no thch hp cho m t
sn phm cn nh gi, loi b thut ng no v c th thm nhng thut ng khc m
h cho l cn thit nhng khng c cung cp trong bn danh sch ban u.[27]
Trong sut giai on ny, trng hi ng cn thn trng trnh khng ch dn
hoc phn xt bt k thut ng no. Tuy nhin c th t ra cc cu hi lm sng t
vn nu cn thit. Thng thng, bn thn nhng ngi th s t hng n s
thng nht khi h nhn thy danh sch ton b cc thut ng c a ra. Sau ,
thng qua s ng thun, cc thnh vin pht trin t vng m t s khc nhau v cm
gic gia cc mu. Ngoai ra, hi ng cng s quyt nh th t nh gi cc ch
tiu. [34]
37
Phng php nay r rng t ra c rt nhiu u im. N cho php chng ta thu
c bn danh sch thut ng y nht, trnh b st nhng thut ng m t ngi
n. Cc thnh vin cng s c nh hng mt cch chnh xc hn trong vic
la chn thut ng, trnh tnh trng s dng thut ng m khng lin quan g n sn
phm ang nh gi. Hn na, tnh thng nht ca hi ng cng s tng ln khi nh
gi trn cung mt danh sch ban u nh nhau. [34]
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c khuyt im ln, l vic cung cp
trc bn danh sch thut ng s lm gia tng s bt chc ca cc thnh vin hi
ng, cc thnh vin s ch tp trung vo cc thut ng c sn m t suy ngh tm ti
thm thut ng mi. iu ny s nh hng n kt qu cui cng thu c. Tuy vy,
nu trng hi ng c thi tch cc, khuyn khch v to ng lc cho cc thnh
vin hi ng tm ti thm th phng php ny vn bo m thnh cng. [34]
Trn thc t, nhiu nha nghin cu tin hanh phat trin thut ng hi ng
phat trin t do nhng co kem danh sach thut ng tham khao nh nghin cu cua
Byrne va cng s (1997) trn sn phm tht heo. Trong bui phat trin thut ng u
tin, hi ng c nhn mt danh sach 45 thut ng m ta c trich t tai liu cua
Lyon (1987), Civille va Lyon (1995) va anh gia mu s b. Mt day rng cac thut
ng se cho phep phat trin mt danh sach suc tich cui cung m ta cac san phm
thit. nhng bui sau, mi thanh vin hi ng anh gia c lp trn thang khoang
cach mm (t 1 n 150). Mi thut ng c la chon u phai c giai thich va
thng tin n cc thnh vin hi ng trc khi nh gi mu trong tan b cc bui
th. Ti cui mi bui th hi ng c yu cu nhm cc thut ng h cm thy
khng t tiu chun v ngh mt vi thut ng m h cho rng l cn thit nhng
khng c trong danh sch c cho trc. [10]
Giai oan 2: Rut ngn thut ng
Co nhiu phng phap rut ngn thut ng, ISO 11035 (1994) a a ra cac
cach sau: [26]
Bc rt gn thut ng th nht (rt gn v cht lng)
38
Tt c cc thut ng c a ra hn mt ln bi mt ngi v hn mt ln cho

mt sn phm c gi li. T cc nhm t, chng ta loi b :
Cc t thuc v s yu thch (v d : hi ho, chn ngy)
Cc thut ng khng thch hp (v d: s dng t chua khi yu t cu
trc ca sn phm).
Bc rt gn thut ng th hai (rt gn v s lng)
Mi ngi th nhn mt danh sch bao gm cc thut ng sau bc rt gn th
nht. Ngi th c yu cu th li cc sn phm (ging sn phm s dng giai
on trc), v cho im cho mi thut ng t 0-5 tng ng vi cng cm nhn
v sn phm i vi mi thut ng. Xp thut ng theo th t tng dn ca trung bnh
hnh hc. Sau loi b cc thut ng c h s ly tch nh hn khong 10% thng tin
(SSHA, 1990) theo cng thc tinh trung binh s hoc sau:
M = F.I
Trong o:
M: trung binh s hoc cua cac thut ng.
F: tn s s dung cua cac thut ng trn tng s ln s dung co th cua
thut ng o va c th hin bng %.
I: ty l cua tng cng cua ca hi ng cua mt thut ng trn tng
cng ln nht co th co cho thut ng o va c th hin bng %.
Bc rt gn thut ng th ba (bng thng k hc)
T danh sch thut ng nhn c sau bc rt gn th hai, chng ta lp ma
trn thut ng/sn phm cho mi nhm thut ng. Thc hin phn tch ma trn ny
bng phn tch yu t tng ng (Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances, AFC) v
bng s phn loi theo th bc gim dn (Classification ascendante hirarchique,
CAH) cc thut ng nhm mc ch rt gn danh sch cc thut ng. Ngoai ra,
39
phng phap phn tich thanh t chinh (PCA) cung cho phep loai nhng thut ng
khng co kha nng phn bit gia cac mu. [27]
Nh vy, s quyt nh loi b thut ng nh hng n thut ng m t cui
cng c da vo vic p ng y cc ch tiu: c lin quan n sn phm, gip
phn bit gia cc mu, khng trng lp, c da vo hiu bit r rng i vi ngi
th; v c thc hin thng qua mu i din v nh gi tham kho, s tho lun hi
ng v s gii thch ca phn tch s liu a bin PCA [10].
2.2.4.3 Phat trin thang chun cho im
Hu ht cac thang chun nguyn thuy c thit lp da trn c s mi tng
quan gia cac thng s thuc tinh o bng cng cu va cac thng s thuc tinh o bng
cam quan. Szczesniak va cng s (1963) khi xy dng nhng thang cng chun
nguyn thuy, ng la chon nhng san phm co cng ni tri va trai rng day cng
cng co th tim thy trong thc phm (t pho mat cream co cng thp nht
ti keo cng co cng cao nht). Sau o tin hanh tim mi tng quan gia hai
phng phap o lng cng cu va anh gia cam quan xem liu no co phu hp vi
s tng cng trn thang hay khng [56]. Vi nhng san phm tham khao co nhng
thay i nht inh v kich thc cng, nhng chung khng nht thit phan ng
lai theo cung mt cach i vi mt lc nen tac ng (phep th cng cu) [34]. Vi
phng phap cng cu, m ta cu truc oi hoi nen i tng kim tra it nht 3 ln va
inh lng cac thng s c hoc t vic ghi lai ng cong biu din lc- bin dang.
Kt qua mi tng quan gia thng s cng cu va anh gia cam quan cho thy mt
mi tng quan cht che v cng (Hinh 2.1)[56]
40
Hinh 2.1 thi biu din mi tng quan cng o lng bng cng cu va anh gia
cam quan (Szczesniak va cng s, 1963)
Tuy nhin, cung co nha nghin cu a ra phng phap lp thang chun chu
yu da trn thng nht cua hi ng va c kim tra chinh xac cua hi ng
bng phng phap cng cu.
Otegbayo va cng s (2005) khi nghin cu phat trin thang chun cho san
phm khoai lang nghin a s dung mt hi ng c la chon cn thn va hun
luyn cho vic anh gia cam quan cu truc. Sau khi gii thiu cho hi ng nhng
thang cho im chun theo Szczesniak va cng s (1963) c thay i bi Meilgaard
va cng s (1991), hi ng phat trin nhng thang chun cho san phm khoai lang
nghin i vi cac thng s c hoc nh cng, c kt, kt dinh, an hi va
d min da trn cac c tinh cua nhng thc phm thng dung co sn Nigeria. ho
c a nhng mu cua mt loai thc phm amala ia phng c lam t yam
cho im trn th t i ln cua ln, va cac s im c ghi trn mt bang en.
Nhng khac bit trong cac s im c thao lun, va nhiu loai hang hoa thc phm
ging eba va semovita c anh gia cho n khi tt ca hi ng u a ra nhng s
im tng t. Mi thang cho im chun c lam vic cho n khi hi ng hiu
y u tt ca cac thang chun c hoc va hinh hoc. [44]
41
Mi y, Chauvin (2008) a tin hanh lp thang o gion (crispness), xp

(crunchiness), n lach tach (crackliness) chun cho thc phm dang kh va t.
Bay thanh vin hi ng t ai hoc bang Wadhington tham gia phat trin nhng chut
chun tham khao cu truc c hun luyn trong 80 gi trong bui hoc trc khi s
dung phng phap M ta Cu truc. Bc u tin cua qua trinh hun luyn lin quan
ti vic gii thiu bao quat v phng phap va nhng t m ta cn thit. inh nghia va
cac ki thut anh gia gion, xp va n lach tach c kim tra bi hi ng
thng qua bang tom tt thut ng c a ra bi ngi hng dn. Bang nay la danh
sach cac inh nghia va ki thut anh gia c tng hp t nhiu nghin cu cua cac
nha khoa hoc khac, nh mt tham khao. Sau o, mt thang o gion phat trin trc
o hun luyn m ta vi thc phm kh c a ra, hi ng nghi thay i mt
s cht chun neo trn thang tp trung anh gia cho thc phm gion kh. Vic phat
trin mi thang o bt u bng mt cuc thao lun nhom a ra c nhng mt
hang lam ai din cho tinh cht cu truc ang nghin cu. Nhng thc phm cui cung
c la chon cho mi thang chun c a ra di s thng nht cua hi ng. [12]
Ta thy, vic lp thang chun nh trn chu yu da trn s ng nht cua hi
ng, nn rt tn kem thi gian va chi phi cho cac mu co tim nng lam cht tham
khao. Tuy nhin, u im cua cac thang chun nay la cac thanh vin hi ng a quen
vi vic anh gia cac thuc tinh cu truc nghin cu, va no gn vi cam giac cua con
ngi. [12]
Nh vy, mu cht cua vic thit lp mt thang o tiu chun hoa la phn tich
mi tng quan gia cac kt qua cam quan do hi ng cam nhn c va kt qua o
bng phng phap cng cu.
Tiu chun chon cht chun
Cac inh hng trong thit lp thang chun a chi ra rng rt cn thit xy
dng thang cng cho nhng thuc tinh cu truc cam quan va co th chon nhng
thc phm ni ting lam vi du cho cng c bit cua nhng thuc tinh nay.
42
Cac loai thc phm c la chon s dung cho nhng thang o cho im
chun da trn s co mt c tinh cu truc thng thng nh mt tinh cht ni tri vi
khoang cach tng i ng dang gia cac im trong c tinh mong mun. [6]
Theo tiu chun ISO 11036 (1994), khi la chon cac cht chun neo im trn
thang, cn lu y mt s im sau:
Mt s san phm thc phm co th se khng co nhng ni khac trn
th gii.
Ngay ca chi trong mt nc nhiu loai thc phm o cung co th chi co
mt s thi im nht inh.
Cng thuc tinh cu truc cua mt vai loai thc phm co th thay i
do cach s dung ngun nguyn liu khac nhau, hoc thay i trong thc
t san xut.
Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, cac loai san phm khac nn c la chon
thm vao thang o. Mi thang se bao gm mt day cng y u cua thuc tinh cu
truc co trong san phm thc phm. [27]
Theo Bourne (2002), nhng cht chun c la chon nn:
Bao gm nhng mu c bit cho tng im trn thang
Co cng mong mun cua thuc tinh cu truc va thuc tinh nay
khng bi lu m bi nhng thuc tinh cu truc khac.
D kim
Co cht lng n inh
La nhng san phm quen thuc hoc co thng hiu ni ting
Yu cu lng nho nht chun bi san phm cho vic anh gia
Nhng thuc tinh cu truc it bi thay i bi s thay i nho cua nhit
hoc bao quan trong thi gian ngn.
Nhng loai thc phm c bit cn s chun bi trong phong thi nghim
khng nn la chon nh nhng thc phm oi hoi vic nu nng.
43
Nhng san phm thng mai nn c chon hoan toan trn c s nhng
cng mong mun, cng ring bit cua thuc tinh, n inh v
cht lng cao va kha nng tai san xut t me nay sang me khac. Trai
cy va rau ti nn tranh s dung do cu truc co th khac nhau vi
m va cac yu t khac khac nhau.
Cc cht chun s dng nn c chun ha (nu c th) v kch thc,
nhit , nhn hiu v qu trnh chun b m bo s n nh ca mi
thang im.
i vi nhng thuc tinh cu truc cua loai thc phm phu thuc vao ham m
cua mi trng ma chung bao quan (Vi du: bich quy, khoai ty chin) thi cn thit iu
khin ham m cua khng khi di ham m cua cac thc phm c kim tra va lam
quen vi mu th trc khi kim tra chung c cn bng vi mi trng. Cng cu
hoc vt cha s dung bi ngi th cung phai c chun hoa. [6]
Cac phng phap lp thang o
co mt hi ng co kha nng anh gia cam quan a ra nhng s im
chon c nhng cht chun neo trn thang, cn thit la chon mt phng phap lp
thang o thich hp. Co ba phng phap c s dung ph bin lam thang o trong
anh gia cam quan. [34]
o Phng phap vach anh du
Nguyn tc: La phng phap ma thanh vin hi ng ghi cac du trn mt
ng thng chi cng hoc s lng cua mt c trng nao o.
c im:
Chi gn nhan cho u mut va co th cho cac im trung gian khac.
Cac phan ng ghi trn ng thng o bng inch (25mm)
Thng tao thun li khi so sanh tng i gia cac san phm.
S dung trong Phn tich M ta inh lng (QDA) vi phn tich phng sai
tr thanh ki thut thng k chun so sanh san phm. Vi du: Einstein
44
(1976) thanh cng trong s dung ngi tiu dung anh gia thuc tinh cua
bia.
Phng phap tng i nhay i vi nhng khac bit cua san phm (
nhy vi s khc bit ca sn phm ) gn nh nhng phng phap khac.Ph
bin trong phng phap m ta nhiu thuc tinh, it ap dung khi nghin cu
ngi tiu dung.
o Phng phap cho im phn nhom
Nguyn tc: La phng phap cho phep thanh vin hi ng phn inh bt ky
s nao ho mun phan anh ty s gia cac cam giac.
c im:
Khng co gii han trn, cho phep hi ng t do la chon bt ky cu tra li
nao to ra phu hp nn khng ap t ln cu tra li co th chp nhn. Tuy
nhin, kho chun hoa cac cu tra li gia cac thanh vin hi ng, ma hoa
d liu, phn tich va giai thich phc tap
Ngi th c cho trc kich thich chun lam mc va phn inh cho
chun o mt gia tri c inh tra li cac mu khac theo gia tri o.
Phng phap s dung cho nhng hi ng c hun luyn, ngi tiu
dung va tre em.
Phu hp vi cac thuc tinh cua cam giac khi ma gii han trn co th han ch
kha nng cua cac thanh vin hi ng.
o Phng phap c lng ln
Nguyn tc: La phng phap lp thang o xa nht va c s dung rng rai
nht, trong o thanh vin hi ng phn inh cac gia tri bng s cho nhng cam
giac a nhn bit da vao nhng phan anh c thu va han ch.
c im:
45
Nhng im s ri rac trn thang han ch s la chon (5 im, 7 im, 9

im) do thanh vin hi ng co khuynh hng mun b sung cac im
trung gian.
Neo cng c inh hoc chun i chiu c inh nhng im s theo
nhom n gian nn tao thun li cho vic chun hoa cac thanh vin hi
ng, d thc hin vic ma hoa d liu va phn tich.
S dung trong Phn tich M ta Cu truc (TPA) va Quang ph cam quan
(SpectrumTM). Vi du: Brand va cng s (1963) a lp thang cng 9 im
trong phng phap Phn tich M ta Cu truc.
Phng phap tng i nhay i vi s khac bit cua san phm gn nh cac
ky thut lp thang o khac [35]. n gian nn rt phu hp nghin cu
ngi tiu dung. Ngoai ra, phng phap con li th v ma hoa va lp bang
d liu nhanh va chinh xac.
Vy nh th nao la mt thang o tt? Rt nhiu c gng v thc nghim a tiu
phi vao cuc tranh lun nay a ra phng phap nao la co gia tri, ich li hoc tt
hn cac phng phap khac trong mt chng mc nao o. Giovanni va Pangborn
(1983) a a ra mt thao lun v u im va nhc im cua 2 phng phap c
lng ln va thang o nhom. ng cho rng d liu a ra t c lng ln co
tinh ty l, ging nh dang ki thut o lng chun (chiu dai, cn nng, kich thc...).
Phng phap nay a ra xung quanh vn hi ng tranh nhng im cui cua thang
ng con ch cho nhng cht kich thich khac. Nhng ngi theo phng phap c
lng ln cho rng s dung thang phn nhom phai tn thi gian va n lc trong
vic chun bi chun va day cho hi ng cach s dung chung. Con nhng ngi a
thich thang phn nhom a ra rng c lng ln khng u cung cp cac gia tri n
inh va kha nng lp lai cho cac cng mong mun [19]. Theo Lawless va
Heymann (1998), phng phap lp thang o nhom k t khi cng nhn la mt phng
phap rt hiu qua v chi phi nhng co th cho nhng d liu re tin[34]. Ngoai ra,
ISO 11056 (1999) cho rng c lng ln co th at c cac u im hn cac
phng phap thang o khac, thng trong nhng trng hp con s ngi th va s
46
ln co th hun luyn bi gii han. Trong thc t, nhiu ngi th cho im, s dung
toan b hoc mt na cac con s hoc thich nhng con s lin quan ti 10 va 5 trong
mt day nh 15, 20, 25, vv..., va ho gp kho khn trong vic suy nghi nhng thut ng
ty s nh manh gp 6 ln hoc yu gp 1.3 ln. Tuy nhin, ISO 11056 (1999) cung
a ra hng khc phuc la qua trinh hun luyn, ki thut vin nn canh bao ngi th
khuynh hng nay va nghi ho s dung nhng ti l khac nhau nh 3/1, 1/3, 7/5, 5/6
ma khng gii han trong nhng ti l 2/1 hay . [28]
Nhng cng trinh nghin cu thc nghim a cho thy nhng ngi s dung
phng phap lp thang o nao thi co khuynh hng thin v phng phap o hn la
nhng phng phap khac, trong khi thc t la cac thang o hoat ng tt gn nh nhau
phn bit cac san phm. Do ngi tra li se t phn phi nhng anh gia cua minh
trn pham vi thang sn co va dung thang o mt cach phu hp phn bit cac san
phm. [34]
Nh vy, vic la chon hun luyn hi ng trn phng phap c lng
ln bi nhng u im cua no va do iu kin thi nghim (thi gian ngn, chi phi
thp). Khi nghin cu tng quan gia phep th nen ep va anh gia cam quan trn san
phm snack, Gurayai va Toledor (1996) cung a s dung phng phap c lng
ln cho im cng cac thuc tinh. [20]
2.2.5 Phng phap phn tich cu truc bng cng cu
2.2.5.1 Khai nim phng phap cng cu
L qu trnh phn tch cu trc thc phm da trn cng c my mc (ch yu
l cc thit b c hc). Nguyn tc ca phn tch cng c l ngi ta ch to ra cc
thit b hay cc m hnh m phng cho tc ng ln thc phm v t thu nhn cc
phn hi t thc phm di dng cc hnh thc khc nhau nh: gi tr lc, bin
dng, th ca qu trnh nhai...So snh kt qu phn tch vi nhng tiu chun t
ra cho cu trc nhn xt v nh gi cu trc.
2.2.5.2 Phn loai phng phap cng cu
Da trn phng php kim tra ta chia thnh ba nhm chnh: [59]
47
C bn: o cac thuc tinh vt ly a c inh nghia ro rang, co nn tang khoa

hoc cht che, phng php c gi tr ln trong vic xc nh tnh cht vt l ca
thc phm, nhng qu phc tp, tin hanh chm, khng hoan toan chuyn bit
vi cu truc va it co s tng quan vi phng phap cam quan.
Thc nghim: chi o cac thuc tinh vt ly cua thc phm, nhng gi tr khng
r rng c xc nh bng cc kinh nghim thc t c lin quan n vi kha
cnh ca cht lng cu trc. Trong phng phap nay co cac phng phap sau:
m xuyn, ct, nen. Mc d, phng php theo hng thc nghim thng
n gin, r v d mang theo, co tng quan tt vi cam quan nhng chnh
xc v kh nng ti to (tnh lp li) khng cao so vi cac phng phap m
phong, cc thng s o lng c kh nng phn tch cu trc km. Chng vn
c s dng trong cng nghip, tuy nhin, ch yu chng c dng trong
qun l cht lng.
M phng: m phong theo hoat ng cua con ngi khi n, ging nh qua trinh
nhai. Mt trong nhng ki thut ni ting cua phep o m phong la phng phap
Texture Profile Analysis (TPA). Phng phap co kha nng o lng cu truc
toan din, tng quan tt vi cam quan.
2.2.5.3 Cac phng phap thng dung phn tich cu truc san phm banh
bich quy [37], [48]
Trong phn tich cu truc banh bich quy, cac phng phap thng c s dung
la nhom phng phap thc nghim nh: m xuyn (puncture), nen ep (compression),
ba im un cong (three point bending test), ba im pha v (three point break).
Cac phng phap nay u tac dung ln banh, nhng cach thc tac dung lai khac
nhau (Hinh ), i vi phng phap m xuyn cung gn ging nh phng phap nen
ep nhng tru tac dung lc chi la mt que co tit din nho.
48
a)
b)
Hinh 2.2 M ta cach tac dung lc cua phng phap ba im va phng phap nen ep
a) Phng phap ba im
b) Phng phap nen ep
Tuy thuc vao muc ich nghin cu, co th s dung mt hoc nhiu hn trong
nhng phng phap trn. Vi cach thc tac dung lc khac nhau nn mi phng phap
se cho kt qua khac nhau. Vi du, phng phap ba im un cong c dung xac
inh Youngs modulus, failure stress, failure strain. o lc pha v (fracture); con
phng phap m xuyn, phng phap nen ep o lc pha v ri tinh toan ti l gia lc
va s pha v (force/deformation), hay phng phap ba im pha v lai dung xac
inh lc pha v (break strength).
Tyagi va cac cng s (2006) khi nghin cu anh hng cua bt mustard ln
thanh phn, cu truc va cac c tinh cu thanh cua banh bich quy. Bt mi c thay th
bi bt a kh mu tat cac lng 5, 10, 15, 20 % trong qua trinh chun bi nguyn liu
lam banh bich quy. Cac c tinh cu truc cua bt nhao va thanh phm banh bich quy
nh kim tra xuyn qua va dinh cho bt nhao; kim tra bng que m xuyn, ct
va gay cho thanh phm banh c tin hanh s dung mt thit bi phn tich cu truc
(Kiu
TA-Hdi, Stable Microsystems, cua My).[61]

Khi tin hanh o cng cua banh bich quy, ho s dung mt que tru m
xuyn. Ln lt tng mu banh bich quy c t ln mt gi va que tru tin ti

bng con trt trong thit bi. Ch cai t c gi: tc trc khi kim tra la
2mm/s, tc kim tra la 0.5mm/s, va tc cui la 10mm/s. Lc cua peak u tin
co nghia t kt qua ng cong c xem la lc gay v ban u, con lc cua peak cao
49
nht c xem la cng cua banh bich quy. Cac thng s o cung c tham khao
qua tai liu cua Bourne, 2002, Singh va cng s, 1993. [6], [52]
2.2.5.4 Phng phap phn tich cu truc bng phep th m xuyn
Nguyn ly:
Php th m xuyn: hay cn gi l ball-brust, lastometer hay cupping test.
Kim tra m xuyn l qu trnh o lc yu cu y mt ci c (punch) hay
que (probe) vo trong thc phm. Vic kim tra c chun ha bi 3 yu t: (a) cng
c o lng lc, (b) s xuyn qua ca que vo trong thc phm l nguyn nhn ph v
hay lm chy thc phm bt thun nghch v (c) su ca s xuyn, thng c gi
l hng s. [6]
Php th cn bao gm c nn v ct mu thc phm, y l mt k thut thc
nghim m phng qu trnh cn mt mu thc phm trong ming. [6]
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hinh 2.3 Nguyn ly phng phap kim tra m xuyn, (a): mu kim tra c tit
din ln hn u o, (b): u o m xuyn vo mu (bao gm nn v ct mu),
(c): m xuyn mu bng u o hnh nn
Phng phap thc hin:
Qu trnh thc hin c th c chia thnh 5 bc (mi bc c minh ha
bng hnh ngay bn di).
Que th s bt u chuyn ng t im bt u vi vn tc trc khi th (pretest speed).
50
Hinh 2.4 Que di chuyn t im bt u tin n gn mu
Khi que th que th tip xc mu th vn tc que th s chuyn sang tc

trong php th v h thng s bt u ghi nhn d liu.
Hinh 2.5 Que tip xc mu v vn tc chuyn sang vn tc m xuyn

Que th s tip tc chuyn ng vi tc th cho n khi php th hon thnh
Hinh 2.6 Que th xuyn vo trong mu

51
Khi php th hon thnh, que th s c rt ra khi mu vi vn tc sau th

(post-test speed)
Hinh 2.7 Que th rt ra khi mu
Que th s ngng li khi quay tr v v tr ban u.
Hinh 2.8 Que th di chuyn v v tr ban u

Yu t nh hng n kim tra m xuyn
Kch thc u o
Kch thc u o c chn ph thuc vo kch thc mu v n da trn l
thuyt hnh hc na v hn (semi-innite geometry).
Kim tra m xuyn tha nhn rng kch thc mu ln hn nhiu so vi que
th khng khc nhau trong lc m c tm thy cho d mu l tht s ln. iu ny
52
c gi l hnh hc na v hn (semi-innite geometry). Khng c s nh hng

ca sc, x x, dy ca mu trn lc m. Kim tra m xuyn khng xy ra
nu c s b gy, tch i ca mu hoc nu tr thc phm gn bng vi ng knh
que v lc que s l ra ngoi trc qu trnh m xuyn hon tt. Thng thng,
ng knh mu t nht gp 3 ln ng knh que. i vi nhng mu thc phm gy
th t l ny cn ln hn. [6]
Nguyn l ca semi-innite geometry c trnh by trong Hnh 2.9. Bn
tri, ng kch mu gp hn 3 ln que v semi-innite geometry c xc nhn.
Khi kch thc mu b h bt n kch thc khng ln hn kich thc que gp 3 ln,
semi-innite geometry mt v y khng phi l kim tra m xuyn. Cch khc
phc vn ny c trnh by bn phi ca Hnh 2.9, trong semi-innite
geometry c phc hi bng cch gim kch thc ca que thp hn 1/3 ng
knh mu. [6]
Hinh 2.9 Nguyn l ca hnh hc na v hn (Ngun t Texture Report, Volume 3.

bn quyn Texture Technologies Inc.)
Hinh dang u o
Khi t s din tch/chu vi que tng, t s lc nn/tng lc s tng v ngc li.
Do vic s dng cc dng hnh hc thanh khc nhau nh hnh trn, vung, ngi
53
sao, a gic ta c th iu khin c thnh phn lc nn v lc ct (shear) trong tng

lc m xuyn. Tuy nhin nh hng ca hiu ng gc cnh hay s tp trung ng sut
lc ny c th l ng k. Thng thng ngi ta s dng u o c tit din trn vi
t s din tch v chu vi l ln nht, v do , o lc m xuyn vi t s lc nn v ct
l ln nht. Ngoi ra cn c thanh dng phin mnh c t s din tch v chu vi l nh
nht v php th tr thnh php o lc ct. [6]
Cc loi u o thng dng trong thc phm bao gm: u th phng, u th
mt phn hnh bn cu, u th hnh bn cu, u th hnh nn (Hnh 2.10). Ngoi ra,
cn cc loi u o khc nh: cu, kim...
Hinh 2.10 Cc loi u th khc nhau trong php th m xuyn, (a): phng, (b): mt
phn bn cu, (c): bn cu, (d): nn. u th Magness-Taylor (b) rt ph bin i vi
tri cy v rau qu.
Loi thc phm
Nhng loi thc phm khc nhau c thnh phn lc nn v lc ct khc nhau.
Do t s gia h s nen Kc va h s trt Ks cua mi loai san phm la khac nhau nn
lc m xuyn i vi cc loi thc phm khc nhau. V d nh to c K c/Ks l 5,
khoai ty l 2, chui l 1, iu ny gii thch ti sao php th m xuyn s hiu qu
i vi thc phm ny m thc phm khc th khng. V vy, ngi ta s s dng
nhng thanh c kch thc hnh hc khc nhau i vi nhng loi thc phm khc
nhau. Thng thng cc thanh s c u phng, bn cu v hnh nn. o mm ca
rau tri cn ti, u th c u hnh mt phn bn cu c s dng rt ph bin nh
c minh ha bi hai u th Magness-Taylor tiu chun (u mt phn bn cu,
ng knh 11.1mm v 7.9mm). Cc sn phm fresh-cut thng s dng u th c
54
u dng phng, m bo din tch tip xc gia u th v mt phng ct l hng

s trong sut qu trnh o (Wu and Abbott, 2002). Cc u th hnh nn phc tp s
c s dng o mm ca tht, v d nh my o mm Armour s dng
nhng u th c ng knh 3.2mm.[6]
xuyn su ca u o
su ca que xuyn c nh hng n vi loi thc phm nhng khng tt c.
V d nh: to hoc cc loi sn phm khc c cung kiu ng cong lc-khong cch
[6]
S lng u o
Khi s dng kim tra bng nhiu que, nu ta c nh din tch sao cho tng din
tch cc que bng vi din tch mt que th khi tng chu vi cc que s khc so vi
chu vi 1 que. Do , lc m xuyn cng khc nu m xuyn n 1 khong cch nht
nh. [6]
Vn tc cua u o
Vn tc di chuyn cua que l mt yu t khi nhng thc phm nht n hi
(thc phm cha c 2 c tnh: nht v n hi khi chu s bin dng) c kim tra
bi v chng nhy cm vi tc bin dng. [6]
v kch thc l
Khi tin hnh kim tra m xuyn cn thit phi chn mt ph hp bi v
khng thch hp s to ra cc li v nh hng n kt qu phn tch. Khi mu
dy, que ch xuyn qua mt khong cch nh vo trong thc phm lin quan vi kch
thc thc phm v kn (solid support plate) l ph hp (Hnh 2.11). Khi mu
mng (V d cookie), c mt ri ro ln v s nn thc phm ln v kim tra s
tr thnh m v nn hoc thun t l nn. c l trng tm ca n di que (
que xuyn qua) l cn thit cho nhng sn phm mng hoc nh. iu ny cho php
que xuyn qua tt c mu thc phm v i qua l. ng knh l thng nn l 1.5 - 3
ln ng knh que to s thch hp vi mu. Khi kch thc l gn bng que th
55
kim tra m xuyn tr thnh kim tra m v ct ren (punch and die) v mu b ct
ra v y vo trong l. Khi l trong ln hn nhiu so vi que, th mu s b un
v y vo trong l, v th kim tra m xuyn tr thnh kim tra un hoc mt phn
kim tra un mt phn kim tra m xuyn. [6]
Hinh 2.11 Nhng ng v sai cho kim tra m xuyn (t The Texture Report
Volume 3. bn quyn Texture Technologies Inc.)
Cc yu t lin quan n mu v thit b
Kch thc v dy mu
Nhit tin hnh m xuyn: phai n inh
V tr t mu trn thit b phn tch
u im ca kim tra m xuyn [6]
Nguyn l ca php th m c s dng thng xuyn trong o lng cu
trc thc phm. Tnh ph dng ca n l kt qu ca s ln cc thun li sau:
My kim tra c cu to n gin v c th tin hnh nhanh chng.
N d tin hnh d l thit b bng tay hay c gii ha
N c s dng trong hu ht cc ni
56
N phn bit nhanh chng gia cc mu. V d, Bng 2.5: trnh by danh sch
lc m xuyn trn cc loi u. Mc d c s thay i ln trong kch thc v
hnh dng ca nhng loi u khc nhau, kim tra m xuyn hon ton phn
bit gia chng, lc m xuyn trn cc loi u nm trong khong t 4.5N cho
pine Nuts n 20.3 N cho qu hnh (almond).
N ph hp cho nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau, v dng cho hu ht bt k
kch thc v hnh dng no min l chn ng knh que ph hp. Tc gi s
dng dy nhng que c ng knh t 0.05-mm o lng mnh ca thnh
t bo khoai ty n 50 mm o tnh cng (stiffness) ca bt (foam). Mc ny
l hu dng c bit khi kch thc v hnh dng thay i. V d, cu trc ca
nhng hnh dng m ng khc nhau khng th c so snh bi kim tra ct,
nhng chng c th c so snh bng cch s dng nhng que c ng knh
ging nhau bi v kch thc mu khng nh hng n lc m min l n
vt qua semi-innite geometry (hnh hc bn v hn).
Bang 2.5 Lc m ca cc loi u
Almond
Lc m v lch chun
20.3 4.7
Brazil nut
17.0 5.8
Cashew
11.1 3.2
Hazelnut
19.9 4.2
Macadamia
13.6 1.4
Peanut
13.3 2.9
Pecan
6.7 1.3
Pine nut
4.5 0.7
Walnut
5.0 0.9
Kim tra c tin hnh trong TA.XT2 Texture Analyzer s dng que tr c b
mt phng, ng knh 1.17mm. Vn tc con chy 3mm/s (d liu cha xut bn ca
M.C Bourne)
N ph hp cho nhng thc phm hn tp bi v mi thnh phn c th c

xuyn tch bit nhau. V d, trong thanh chocolate cha u, nho kh v go c
57
th c kim tra ring r. Trong khi hu ht nhng nguyn l kim tra khc c
th ch o vi loi tnh cht ton th ca cu trc hn hp.
Bi v n l phng php kim tra nhanh chng, n c th s dng o s
phn b cu trc trong nhng thc phm dng ht. V d, Bourne (1972b)
m xuyn s lng ln ca nhng nhm ht ging u khc nhau c nu v
tm thy s phn b tiu chun gn ng ca lc m xuyn, chng khc g dy
lc bt gp trong mi l. Peleg (1974) v s thay i vng chc t da n
tm ca tri u bi chui nhng kim tra m xuyn bng qua b mt ct
ca nhng tri cy b ct i.
2.2.6 Mi tng quan gia phng phap phn tich cng cu va anh gia cam
quan
Mi tng quan gia vic o lng cac thuc tinh cu truc bng phng phap
cng cu va cam quan lun c xem la mt vic rt quan trong. Vic oc cac gia tri
cua cng cu cn co mt mc d oan cao vi anh gia cam quan cht lng cu
truc. Vic anh gia cu truc cua con ngi cung phai c chun hoa ki thut anh gia
sao cho tng quan vi phng phap o cng cu. Khai nim nay c trinh bay ro
rang bi Brennan (1980) trong cac phat biu sau: Cu truc la mt thuc tinh cam
quan, c cam nhn bng cac giac quan xuc giac, thi giac va thinh giac. Do o chi
phng phap o lng cu truc trc tip la cam nhn bng mt hay nhiu hn mt
giac quan. Cac phng phap cng cu khng bao gi co th chinh xac hn cac phng
phap cam quan. S chinh xac chi xay ra trong trng hp anh gia bi kha nng d
oan cht lng cam quan c nghin cu.[6]
Rt nhiu nha khoa hoc ra sc nghin cu mi quan h gia o lng cng cu
va anh gia cam quan cua cac thuc tinh cu truc trn nhiu san phm khac nhau.
Trong nghin cu cua Breuil va Meullenet (2001), anh gia cam quan c tin hanh
trn 29 loai pho mat lin kt cac thuc tinh cam quan va cac thng s cng cu at
c t phng phap kim tra lc nen mt truc, xuyn thung va xm nhp. Ngi ta
nhn ra rng cng, an hi va c kt cua khi c d oan tt nht bng d
liu cng cu t phng phap kim tra xm nhp hinh non [9]. Benedito va cng s
(2000) nghin cu tinh cht cu truc qua phng phap kim tra lc nen, xuyn thung
58
va phn tich cam quan nh mt cach cai thin vic anh gia cu truc pho mat Mahon,
va nhn xet rng n vi co dan cua lc ep va dc trong phng phap kim tra m
xuyn thi co tng quan vi cng va an hi cam quan [3]. Cac thuc tinh cu
truc thi giac, xuc giac, vi giac anh gia cho loai pho mat Reggianito co kinh nghim thi
co tng quan vi cac thng s o c t phng phap kim tra lc nen, theo nghin
cu cua Hough va cng s (1996); ngi ta nhn thy rng sc cng la thng s cng
cu co tng quan nht vi cac c tinh cam quan.[23]
Meullenet and Gross (1999) cung a anh gia 6 thuc tinh cu truc t cac loai
thc phm khac nhau, kt qua t mt hi ng co kinh nghim. Muc ich nghin cu
cua ho la tim ra dang d oan cho vic anh gia cac c tinh cam quan cu truc, da
trn cac thng s cu truc c suy lun t cac kim tra lc nen mt truc va nen i.
Ngi ta nhn ra rng cng, c kt va d gay v c d oan chinh xac,
trong khi o an hi, c kt cua khi va nhai c d oan khng va y [40].
Yuan va Chang (2006) a lin h cng va an hi cua u phu vi cac thng s
cam quan, va nhn thy mi quan h ng thng gia cng cu va cam quan [63],
trong khi Szczesniak va cng s (1963) bao cao v mt mt mi quan h khng tuyn
tinh gia cng cam quan va gia tri cng o bng cng cu.[56]
Bi s ph hp cho nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau (bt k kch thc v hnh
dng no) min l chn ng knh que ph hp ma nhiu nha nghin cu a s dung
phng phap m xuyn d oan cac thuc tinh cua san phm thc phm.
Nhiu nghin cu tin hanh tim kim mi quan h hu ich gia phn tich cam
quan va cng cu i vi cu truc khoai ty chin. Bourne va cng s (1966) a o cu
truc cua khoai ty chin s dung mt may kim tra tng th (universal testing
machine) va nhn ra rng phn dc ban u cua ng biu din lc lam bin dang
xut hin tng dn vi tng gion, va lc gay v cao nht khac nhau ang k [4].
Katz and Labuza (1981) a o cu truc cua khoai ty chin s dung phep th gay v
(snap) va m xuyn, nhng kt thuc thi phn tich cua chung khng a ra nhiu
thng tin cht lng i vi vic xac inh cng gion [31]. Ho nhn thy rng
khoai ty chin, vi hinh dang, kich thc va cong khng u cua chung, cho ra cac
kiu gay v trai ngc. Segnini va Dejmek (1999), khi phn tich mi tng quan gia
59
cng cu va cam quan san phm khoai ty chin, phng phap o lng cng cu s
dung la phng phap m xuyn vi thit bi May Instron. Mu c m xuyn bng
mt truc co ng kinh 5.3 mm ng thi ta trn mt 3 im (khoang cach gia
cac im la 15mm), tc xuyn qua mu la 50 mm/phut. Tt ca cac phep th c
thc hin nhit mi trng va m trn cac mu c ngn khoi bao bi mi m.
Cac thng s c hoc c khao sat la lc gay v (N), bin dang tai im gay v
(mm), va cng (N/mm). Kt qua cho thy lc gay v la thuc tinh cng cu ma lin
h tt vi tt ca cac thuc tinh cu truc cam quan (R> 0.76). s bin dang tai im gay
v khng lin h co y nghia vi mt vai thuc tinh cam quan (p > 0.05), va chc thi
lin h vi nhai (R = 0.775). Thuc tinh c d oan tt nht la d bin
dang (R 2 = 0.95). [49]
Reyes-Vega va cng s (1998) a nghin cu cu truc cua corn tortillas, va
nhn ra rng phep th m xuyn s dung 1 dui hinh tru khng cho thy mi quan h
tt vi cac thuc tinh cam quan du phep th nay co th c s dung vi nhiu san
phm khac nhau, nhng lc peak t phep th m xuyn vi 1 dui hinh cu cho thy
mt mi quan h tt vi cng cam quan (R2 = 0.96).[46]
Harker va cng s (2005) nghin cu s dung phng phap m xuyn nh
gi cng ca to da trn nn tng mi quan h gia cng c v cm quan. Kt qua
ng nhn inh mi tng quan gia 2 phng phap la cht che, do o anh gia
cng cua tao co th dung phep th m xuyn thay th cho phng phap cam quan
(khi lc m chnh nhau khng nh hn 5N ma tai o ngi th co th cam nhn c
s khac bit). [21]
Khi phn tich mi tng quan gia hai phng phap, ngi ta da trn thi
phn b va h s tng quan anh gia mc tng quan . [6]
Da trn thi phn b
Bourne (2002) cho rng mt thi phn b s lc cac im o lng bng
cng cu va cam quan trc khi tinh toan h s tng quan la rt hu ich vi iu nay co
th giup nhin thy nhng khia canh nht inh cua mi quan h ma co th bo qua. Hinh
60
biu din mt s kha nng di dang biu , cho thy 9 mi quan h tim tang gia
test cng cu (I) va cho im cam quan (S).
Hinh 2.12 Mi quan h tim tang gia o lng bng cng cu (I) va cho im anh
gia cam quan (S)
Ct u tin bn trai cua hinh cho thy cac mi quan h tt (good corellation).
thi u tin cho thy mt mi quan h ng thng vi 3 nhn t mong
mun cua mt ng dc trn khp day quan tm va mt mc nho cac im
phn phi. o la mt mi quan h rt hai long.
thi gia chi co mc hai long hn so vi cai bn di va khac vi cai
trn la no co ng dc nghich ao.
3 quan h ng thng cong c biu thi hinh di cung. Mi cai co mt net
c trng mong mun vi hat phn b thp, va mt ng dc. ng cong co
th lom hoc li, dc dng hoc m, nhng o la mi quan h hai long. H s
tng quan cua mt trong 3 ng cong nay khng phan anh ung tt va
61
cua cac im thc nghim vi ng thng vi chung c so vi 1 ng

thng, khng phai mt ng cong. Trong nhng trng hp nay, co th chuyn
d liu lam thng ng cong, vi du co th ly logarit cua 1 hoc ca 2 truc,
trc khi tinh toan h s tng quan.
Ba thi ct gia biu thi mt mi quan h co tinh d oan gii han
(marginal predictive relationship). Chung co th s dung lin h gia cac phep th
cng cu va anh gia cam quan nhng chi vi mc nht inh mong mun. iu
chinh thich hp cai thin nhng mi quan h nay trc khi s dung chung.
thi trn cung co ng dc mong mun, nhng mt cac im phn b
ln hn ng cong inh ct u tin.
thi gia co khit cua cac im vi ng thng la tt, nhng ng thng
co dc thp lam han ch li ich cua mi quan h.
thi di cung co ng dc mong mun, ngay ca vi cong cua no, nhng
mt rng khng mong mun gia cac im phn b.
Ct bn phai cho thy cac mi quan h kem gia cac phep th cng cu va im
s cam quan. Chung khng c s dung cho muc ich d oan.
ng cong trn cung, mt cac im phn b so vi ng thng qua ln,
mc du dc cua ng thng tt.
ng cong gia, dc thp cua ng thng vi mt phn b thay i
lam mi quan h nay khng tt cho muc ich d oan.
thi di cung la khng mong mun do mi quan h thay i ng dc.
Vic s dung cac thi phn b khng nn thay th phn tich d liu thng k
chinh xac. Phn tich thng k la rt cn thit. Ham thi phn b biu hin hinh la
co th hiu hn v mi quan h trc khi bt tay vao phn tich thng k. Trong
trng hp, no mt vai mi quan h biu hin nh ct bn phai, nn tip tuc tim kim
thu tuc kim tra tt hn a kt qua at c vao phn tich thng k phc tap d
liu ma ro rang khng hai long.
62
Da trn h s tng quan

Kramer (1951) a a ra mt hng dn hu ich v s thich hp cua mi quan
h i vi muc ich iu khin cht lng. [33]
Khi h s tng quan mu gia kim tra cng cu va im cam quan la 0.9 ti
1.0, thi kim tra cng cu la phng phap tt va no co th c dung nh la
mt d oan cho im cam quan vi tin cy cao.
Khi h s tng quan nm gia 0.8 va 0.9, test co th c dung nh mt
tin oan nhng kem tin cy hn, nn n lc cai thin test nng h s tng
quan ln 0.9.
Khi h s tng quan nm gia 0.7 va 0.8, gii han coi test la mt tin
oan,
Khi thp hn 0.7, thi no khng co gia tri thc t cho muc ich d oan.
Muc ich cua vic thit lp mi quan h gia phng phap cng cu va cam
quan nhiu bai bao nghin cu la nhm cung cp mt phng phap hu ich vi chung
d thc hin, chun hoa, co kha nng lp lai va chung oi hoi vic hun luyn ngi
th it hn. Tuy nhin, i vi bai nghin cu nay, chung ti thit lp mi quan h gia
kim tra cng cu va im s cam quan nhm lp mt thang chun vi cac cht chun
va phng phap cng cu tr thanh mt tin oan cac s im trn thang. Theo
Szczesniak va cng s (1963) a cng b cac san phm tham khao (cht chun trn
thang im tiu chun) phai c phn tich bng phng phap cng cu xac inh
xem liu no co phu hp vi s tng cng trn thang hay khng. Va ng cung lp
cac thang thuc tinh chun t o.
63
Chng 3: NGUYN LIU TIN HANH THI NGHIM
NGUYN LIU TIN HANH THI NGHIM

3.1. S TIN HANH THI NGHIM
La chon hi ng
Xy dng thut ng
Hun luyn hi ng
anh gia cam quan
cng
Banh bich
quy
Phn tich cng bng

cng cu
Xet mi
tng quan
Lp thang
cng chun
Ghi chu: Sau khi giai oan la chon hi ng, xy dng thut ng, chung ti rut
c thut ng cng la trong yu cho anh gia cam quan cu truc san phm banh
bich quy. Tin hanh o cng cua cac loai banh bich quy trn thi trng xac inh
nhng loai banh co n inh cao, tim nng lam cht chun trong thang o tiu
chun. Khi o mi hun luyn hi ng, anh gia cam quan cng cac san phm
tim nng xet mi tng quan, s im trn thang chun.
3.2 PHNG PHAP TIN HANH PHN TICH CNG CU
Phng phap m xuyn s dung anh gia cng cua banh bich quy la
tng i ng thun vi inh nghia va cach anh gia ma hi ng a thng nht
trc. Do o, chung ti s dung thit bi o cu truc tng th Instron vi cac thng s
tin hanh nh Tyagi va cng s, 2006 o cng cua cac loai banh bich quy trn
thi trng. Mi loai san phm c lp lai 10 ln tng chinh xac. T o chon
64
c nhng san phm kha n inh lam neo trn thang cng chun. Danh sach cac
san phm banh trn thi trng em phn tich cng cu phn phu luc .
Cac thng s o:
S lng u o: 1 que xuyn
Kch thc v hnh dng u o: hinh tru, u dang phng, ng kinh
0.5cm.
Loi thc phm: San phm c em phn tich dang banh nguyn chic.
su ca que xuyn: Trong qua trinh phat trin thut ng, hi ng a thng
nht inh nghia cng cua banh bich quy la lc cn thit cn xuyn qua
banh bng rng ham va ki thut anh gia la mu c t vao gia rng ham va
cn gon mt ming, anh gia lc nen thc phm. Nh vy, tng ng vi
anh gia cam quan, su cua que xuyn c chon phn tich cng la
toan b mu (100%) va vi tri m xuyn la trung tm banh.
Vn tc di chuyn ca que:
Trc khi kim tra: 2mm/s
Khi kim tra: 3mm/s
Kt thuc: 10mm/s
v kch thc l : phng. L co kich thc (1cm) nho hn
mu th.
Cc yu t lin quan n mu v thit b
Nhit : nhit phong
V tr t mu: chinh gia mu
65
3.3 NGUYN LIU VA PHNG PHAP TIN HANH ANH GIA CAM
QUAN
Tt ca cac thi nghim anh gia cam quan sau y c tin hanh tai Phong thi
nghim cam quan Trng ai hoc Bach Khoa Tp. HCM. iu kin thi nghim c
tin hanh theo tiu chun ISO 8589 (1988).
3.3.1 La chon hi ng
3.3.1.1. Ngi th
Ngi binh thng cha qua hun luyn.
S lng: mi 30 ngi (SV trng Bach Khoa), chon lai nhng ngi tt
nht.
ng c tham gia: cc thnh vin tham gia trn tinh thn t nguyn, da trn s
thch th, b hp dn bi tnh cht ca php th.
Sc khoe: cc thnh vin c sc khe bnh thng, khng c bnh tt v rng
ming (ko co rng gia, rng tt). Nhng thnh vin phi m bo thng xuyn
khe mnh.
Tui: do thi gian v iu kin c hn nn ch la chn trn cc bn sinh vin
t 22-24 tui.
Gii tinh: nam, n.

3.3.1.2. Tin hanh thi nghim
Tuyn chon mt hi ng anh gia cam quan san phm banh bich quy, chung
ti tin hanh la chon hi ng thng qua 3 bc sau y:

Bc 1: in phiu thng tin
Muc ich: dung xac nhn thng tin (tn, in thoai lin lac), mc quan
tm, ap ng thi gian tham gia qua trinh, kha nng m ta cac c tinh cua banh
bich quy.
Cach tin hanh: Mi ngi th se nhn mt phiu thng tin (Phu luc 1) va
in vao cac cu tra li theo yu cu. Ky thut vin thu lai cac phiu thng tin
66
va la chon nhng ai se c tip tuc thc hin phep th. Nhng ngi tham
gia nao ma ap ng c cac yu cu trong phiu thng tin thi se c chon
bao gm: co thi gian, sc khoe binh thng, thich hoc thng xuyn s dung
banh bich quy, lit k c it nht la t m ta cu truc cua banh bich quy.
Bc 2: Phep th phn bit: phep th Dio Trio (Hai Ba).
Nguyn tc: Mi ngi th nhn c mt mu goi la mu chun R va hai mu
khac trong o co mt mu ging mu R. Ngi th c yu cu xac inh mu
ging vi mu R.
Muc ich: kim tra kha nng phat hin s khac nhau v mt thuc tinh cu truc
cua san phm.
Mu th: Banh qu Kinh . Hai mu san phm (banh mi m bao bi, banh
m bao bi 1 gi 30 phut) a c tin hanh thi nghim thc hin phep th DioTrio theo phng phap chui va rut ra kt lun nhn thy s khac nhau cua 2
mu chi sau 24 ngi th. Nh vy 2 mu co s khac nhau mc ngi
binh thng co th nhn ra c.
Chun bi mu:
Mu bnh c m trc 1h30 nn phi chun b mu mt cch cn
thn: 5 ngi mi t 5 phut nn m 5 mu banh trc 1h30 mi t.
Tt c cc mu c chun b phi ging nhau (cng dng c, cng dng
vt cha ng, cng lng sn phm).
Cc mu s c trong mt da nh c cha 3 mu trong c hai mu
kim chng (R) v mt mu khc 2 mu cn li l mu c m trc
1h30.
Tng s mu d tinh: 90 mu
Trt t trinh bay mu, ma hoa mu, phiu hng dn, anh gia (Phu luc 1)
Cach tin hanh: Mi ngi th s nhn c mt mu gi l mu chun v hai
mu khc, trong o mu chun la banh mi m bao bi con hai mu khac la banh
67
mi m bao bi va banh m bao bi trc 1 gi 30 phut . Ngi th c bit

trc l trong 2 mu ny c mt mu ging vi mu chun. H c mi th
v tm ra mu khc vi mu chun.
Bc 3: Phep th so hang cng.
Nguyn tc: Ngi th c nhn mt luc tt ca cac mu va c yu cu sp
xp cac mu nay theo th t tng dn (giam dn) cng .
Muc ich: kim tra kha nng phn bit, so sanh s khac nhau v mt thuc tinh
cu truc cua san phm.
Mu th: cac san phm banh trn thi trng a c o cng bng phng
phap m xuyn
Bang 3.6 Cac mu xet cng la chon hi ng
Th t
giam dn
1 (B)
2 (D)
3 (A)
4 (C)
Mu
Tn hang
Kich thc mu
Banh quy da
Banh quy cam
Banh quy
Banh quy kem
Lubico
Hai Chu
Danone
Cream
nguyn chic
nguyn chic
nguyn chic
nguyn chic
Gia tri lc trung

binh (N)
17,926
16,44
13,05
8,91
Chun bi mu: Banh c m ngay trc khi trinh bay mu cho ngi th va
c bao quan kin bng cach ct cht. Mi mu c t trn mt dia nho a
c ma hoa.
Cach tin hanh: Mi ngi th s nhn c ng thi 4 mu a c ma hoa
va c yu cu la sp xp cac mu theo th t giam dn v cng. Trong
qua trinh thi nghim, ki thut vin yu cu ngi th oc ki hng dn anh
gia, va hoi ho a hiu ro cac thut ng va cach anh gia hay cha. Nu cha, ki
thut vin co th hng dn lai.
Kt thuc cac bui la chon, ki thut vin tng kt cu tra li cua ngi th, xac
inh cu tra li la ung hay sai. Ngi th c la chon la nhng ngi at nhng
68
tiu chi trong bc in phiu thng tin, tra li ung phep th phn bit, c phep
sai 1 cp san phm co vi tri lin k nhau trong phep th so hang
3.3.2 Xy dng thut ng
3.3.2.1 Nguyn tc tin hanh
Giai oan phat trin thut ng:
am bao at c ti a lng thut ng s dung anh gia cu truc va co
kha nng phn bit gia cac san phm banh bich quy, chung ti s dung phng phap
phat trin thut ng t danh sach thut ng tham khao kem theo (Theo phng phap
M ta Cu truc). Danh sach nay c thit lp da trn nhng danh sach thut ng
c phat trin trong cac nghin cu ln quan n phep th M ta Cu truc san phm
banh bich quy. Nh nghin cu cua Stoer v cac cng s (2000) (53) va Martnez1 va
cng s (2002) [36]. Bang danh sach thut ng Martnez1 s dung c trinh bay
Phu luc 5.
Giai oan rut ngn thut ng:
Sau khi thu c bn danh sch thut ng, nhng thut ng mang tinh inh
lng, ng nghia, khng phu hp (t chi mui vi) se bi loai bo. T danh sach a rut
gon, chng ta tip tc tin hnh bui th nghm nh gi cho im trn cc sn
phm bnh quy. Vi s liu thu c, chng ta tin hnh phn tch theo phng php
trung bnh s hc va phng php phn tch thnh phn chnh PCA rt ngn danh
sch thut ng, va tim c nhng thut ng trong yu, co kha nng phn bit gia cac
san phm nht.
3.3.2.2 Tin hanh thi nghim
Thi nghim c chia thanh 2 giai oan, mi bui ngi th a qua tuyn chon
c nhn 8 mu banh (Bang 3.2) co cu truc ai din cho tt ca cac loai banh bich
quy co mt trn thi trng.
Bang 3.7 Cac san phm banh s dung cho thi nghim xy dng thut ng
STT
1
Tn mu
Banh quy da
69
Tn hang
Lubico
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Banh mn cracker lua mi

Banh quy sa da
Banh mn cracker pho mai
Banh vong da
Banh trng nhn
Banh vi cht
Banh Rizt Cracker
AFC
Hello
Kinh
Toan Ky
Toan Ky
Hai Ha
Nabisco
Giai oan 1: Phat trin thut ng

Bc 1: Tin hanh c lp
Nguyn tc: Ngi th lam vic c lp trong cac ngn th ring bit, th mu
va a ra cac thut ng cu truc da trn danh sach tham khao.
Bang 3.8 Danh sach thut ng tham khao
STT
Tn thut ng
B mt phu bt
(Powdery texture)
du (Oiliness)
inh nghia
Ky thut anh gia
La lng bt phu trn b mt
Cha xat nhe cac b mt cua banh bng

ngon tay o lng bt.
Lng du cam nhn qua b mt

ngoai cua mu

ngon tay o cam giac co du
nham b mt
(Rough surface)
g gh trn b mt cua mu
Cha xat nhe cac ngon tay ln cac b mt

cua banh, o nham trn b mt.
th rap
Mc mai mon b mt mu do
li cam nhn
a mu vao ming, dung li cam nhn

mai mon b mt mu
n (Noise)
Cng m thanh nghe c khi

cn xuyn qua banh
o mc ting n bng cach cn xuyn

qua banh bng rng ca (trong sut 3 ln
cn u tin)
thoang khi
(Airiness)
Lng khi co mt trong mu sut

qua trinh bt u nhai
a mu vao ming nhai va cam nhn

lng khi trong mu
cng
(Hardness)
Lc cn thit cn xuyn qua

banh bng rng ham
Mu c t vao gia rng ham va cn

gon mt ming, anh gia lc nen thc
phm.
d gay v
(Fracturability)
Lc lam t gay mu khi t mu

vao gia hai ham rng va cn
nhanh.
Mu t gia rng ham va cn gon cho ti

khi mu bt u co vt nt.
gion
(Crispness)
Lng va cng m thanh tao ra

khi mu c cn ln u tin bng
a mu vao gia rng ca va cn mt

ming.
70
rng ca
10
xp
(Crunchiness)
11
beo
12
hp thu m
(Moisture
absorption)
Lng nc bot do mu hp thu sau

khi nhai mu
o lng nc bot hp thu bi mu sau 810 ln cn
13
c kt cua khi
Mc ma cac mu a c nhai
vi nhau trong 8 10 ln vn gi
c hinh dang trong mt khi
Sau 8-10 ln cn, o mc ma khi mu

con gi c kt cu vi nhau.
14
dinh rng
(Toothstick)
Lng mu dinh vao rng sau khi

nhai mu
Sau 8-10 ln cn, o lng mu dinh vao

rng
15
dinh kt vao
mi
Lng mu dinh vao mi
16
dinh kt vao
vom ming
Lng mu dinh vao vom ming
Lng m thanh tao ra khi mu

c nhai vi tc cao
Mc beo cam nhn c trong
sut qua trinh nhai
a mu vao ming va nhai vi tc cao
a mu vao ming, nhai va cam nhn

mc beo
a mu vao gia hai mi va ep nhe mt

ln ri ni long mi anh gia dinh
kt vao mi
Lc cn thit tach ht san phm ra khoi
vom ming bng li khi ep mu gia li
va vom ming
Cach tin hanh: Ngi th c nhn 8 mu va phiu tra li co kem danh

sach cac thut ng cu truc tham khao. Ho c yu cu th mu va vit tt ca
cac thuc tinh v cu truc ma ho cam nhn c. Ho c phep gach bo nhng
thut ng ma khng cam nhn c trong cac tt ca cac mu; ng thi thm
vao nhng thut ng cam nhn c ma cha co trong danh sach tham khao. Ki
thut vin cung lu y ngi th xem xet cac inh nghia va cach anh gia cho
tng thut ng.
Bc 2: Tin hanh thao lun
Nguyn tc: Hi ng thao lun thng nht danh sach thut ng, cac inh
nghia va ki thut anh gia cho tng thut ng.
Cach tin hanh: Ki thut vin thu tt ca phiu tra li va lp danh sach tt ca
cac thut ng co trong danh sach tham khao va ca thut ng ngi th a ra.
Bui thao lun c tin hanh di s hng dn cua ki thut vin. Ki thut
71
vin oc to ln lt tng thut ng, hoi lai moi ngi co nht tri s dung tng
thut ng hay khng. Sau khi thng nht danh sach thut ng, hi ng thao
lun cac inh nghia va cach anh gia tng thut ng da theo ban danh sach
thut ng tham khao.
Giai oan 2: Rut ngn danh sach thut ng

Bc 1: Ki thut vin tin hanh loai bo nhng thut ng mang tinh inh lng,
ng nghia va khng phu hp anh gia cu truc.
Bc 2: Rut gon thut ng bng cng thc tinh trung binh s hoc
Ngi th nhn ln lt tng mu va phiu tra li (Phu luc 2) co kem danh
sach cac thut ng cu truc banh bich quy a c rut gon bc 1(Bang 5-Phu luc
5). Ho c yu cu anh gia cac thuc tinh cu truc (thut ng) cua tng mu trn
thang 6 im, trong o im 0 la im ma thuc tinh khng c cam nhn, im
5 la im ma thuc tinh c cam nhn nhiu nht. Ky thut vin tng hp cac kt
qua thu c t hi ng va x ly s liu theo phng phap trung binh s hoc, nhng
thut ng co h s tich luy nho hn 10% thng tin se bi loai bo.
Bc 3: Rut gon thut ng bng phng phap thng k
Kt qua anh gia cam quan cua hi ng bc 2 se c x ly bng phng
phap phn tich thanh phn chinh PCA s dung phn mm R.
3.3.3 Hun luyn hi ng
3.3.3.1Nguyn tc tin hanh
Tin hanh hun luyn theo phng phap c lng ln c qui inh trong
ISO 11056 (1999). Ngi th c phep s dung bt ky s dng nao va phn inh
cac con s o sao cho ty s gia cac con s phan anh ty s cng cam giac gia cac
mu thi nghim, nghia la cho im cng cua cac mu da trn s im a inh sn
cho mt mu c chon lam mu chun. Trc khi anh gia kim tra thc s, ngi
72
th c hun luyn c bit lam quen va hiu ro cach tin hanh cua phng phap.
u tin, ngi th c hun luyn c lng din tich trn cac dang hinh hoc. Sau
o, vic hun luyn xa hn nn la nhng bai tp c lng cng thuc tinh trn
san phm trong anh gia kim tra thc s.
3.3.3.2 Cac bc tin hanh
Giai oan 1: c lng din tich
Muc ich: Gii thiu va giup ngi th lam quen vi phng phap c lng
ln.
Mu th: Cac dang hinh khi nm trong Bang 3.4.
Bang 3.9 ng kinh va din tich cua cac hinh dang hun luyn
(ISO 11056, 1999)
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
t 1
Hinh tron
Ban
Din
kinh
tich
(cm)
(cm2)
1,4
6,2
2,5
19,6
3,7
43,0
5,4
91,6
6,8
145,3
8,3
216,4
t 2
Tam giac u
Canh
Din
(cm)
tich
(cm2)
2,2
2,1
4,1
7,3
7,6
25
12,2
64,4
15,5
104,0
19,2
159,6
t 3
Hinh vung
Canh
Din
(cm)
tich
(cm2)
3,2
10,2
4,2
17,6
8,5
72,3
11,1
123,2
11,1
123,2
14,2
201,6
Chun b mu: Mi hinh c ve trn mt t giy A4 theo ung kich thc.

Cach tin hanh:
-
Ngi th se tin hanh anh gia 3 t (3 dang hinh hoc), mi t 6 mu.

Trong mi t, ngi th se nhn c ln lt tng cp mu, trong o co 1
mu a cho im (mu tham khao) va c yu cu cho im cac mu con
lai da trn mu tham khao.
t 1 (hinh tron): Mu chun la mu 4 c cho trc 40 im

73
t 2 (hinh tam giac u): Mu chun la mu 4 c cho trc 40 im

t 3 (hinh vung): Mu chun la mu 3 c cho trc 40 im
-
Sau khi tra li, ki thut vin thu lai va xem xet cac cu tra li, tinh trung
binh s im anh gia cua toan hi ng. Ngi th c so sanh kt qua
cua ho vi kt qua trung binh cua toan hi ng. Nu mt vai ngi th
khac xa vi hi ng, giai thich mt ln na vi nhng ngi nay nguyn
tc va trong im cua phng phap nay.
Giai oan 2: c lng trn cac mu thc phm
Muc ich: giup ngi th lam quen vi vic c lng cng trn san phm
thc phm.
Bui 1: Hun luyn trn cac mu agar co nng khac nhau vi kho tng
i d do cac mu co ban cht ging nhau
Mu th: Cac mu agar co cng khac nhau nm trong Bang 3.5
Bang 3.10 Cac mu agar s dung hun luyn bui 1
Gia tri nng
(g/200ml)
1,5
2
3
4
Gia tri trn

thang
27
40
65
104
Mu
Agar
Agar
Agar
Agar
Tn hang
s dung
Ha Long
Ha Long
Ha Long
Ha Long
Kich thc mu
2cmx2cmx1cm
2cmx2cmx1cm
2cmx2cmx1cm
2cmx2cmx1cm
Chun bi mu: mi loai mu agar c nu thanh mt khi ch nht ln, ri

ct ra thanh nhng khi co kich thc 2cmx2cmx1cm.
Cach tin hanh: Tin hanh tng t nh bui c lng din tich. Mu chun
la mu agar nng 2g/200ml a cho trc 40 im.
Bui 2: Hun luyn trn cac cht chun trn thang cng nguyn thuy
(Szczesniak va cng s, 1963) vi kho trung binh do cac mu ban cht khac
nhau, cng c cng khac nhau ln.
74
Thang cng chun nguyn thuy c thit lp bi Szczesniak va cng s,

1963 bao gm nhng san phm neo tng im trn thang cng . Nhng san phm
nay c xem la khac nhau ln v cng, nn d dang cho hi ng phn bit va cho
im cng . Tuy nhin, do mt s cac cht chun nguyn thuy khng sn co Vit
Nam nn chung ti s dung cac san phm thay th la san phm ung loai nhng hang
san xut khac (Bang 3.6).
Mu th: Cac mu thc phm nm trong Bang 3.6
Bang 3.11 Cac mu thc phm c s dung hun luyn bui 2
Cht chun
Long trng trng
Xuc xich
u phng
Ca rt
Keo cng
Tn hang nguyn
Tn hang s dung
thuy
--Mogen David Kosher
Vissan
Planters
Thanh Thanh
--Dryden and Palmer
Bibica
Kich thc mu
1 /4 qua
1 lat day 3cm
1 hat
1 lat day 3cm
1 vin
Chun bi mu:
Trng: luc si 5 phut, ly long trng, chia mi qua 4 phn
Xuc xich: lt vo, cach thanh tng lat day 3cm
Ca rt: got vo, ct thanh tng lat day 3cm
la mu u phng a cho trc 30 im.
Bui 3: Cac san phm banh bich quy co ln khac nhau vi kho tng ln
do cac mu co ban cht khac nhau, cng cng khac nhau nho, gn vi
nhom san phm se anh gia chinh thc.
Mu th: Cac mu banh bich quy nm trong Bang 3.7
Bang 3.12 Cac mu banh bich quy s dung trong bui hun luyn 3
Mu
Tn hang san xut
Kich thc mu
Banh qui mn cua OTC
Song Long
nguyn chic
75
Banh Ritz cracker
Nabisco
nguyn chic
Banh vong da
Banh qui Hello
Banh qui da
Toan Ky
Thng Hoa
Vit Hng
nguyn chic
nguyn chic
nguyn chic
Chun bi mu: Banh c m ngay trc khi trinh bay mu cho ngi th va
c bao quan kin bng cach ct cht. Mi mu c t trn mt dia nho a
c ma hoa.
la mu banh vong da a cho trc 60 im. Ngi th c eo kinh en va
khng s dung tay cm san phm ma ki thut vin se giup ngi th a san
phm vao ming va ghi lai im anh gia cua ho.
Kt qua cac bui hun luyn c tin hanh phn tich ANOVA va phn tich
Turkey HSD kim tra kha nng phn bit gia cac san phm, kim tra hi ng co
ng thun hay khng va hi ng co s ng thun v im s cho mt thut ng hay
khng vi mc y nghia p < 0.05.
Giai oan 3: Kim tra nng lc cua hi ng
Muc ich: xac inh tinh n inh va chinh xac cua hi ng.
Cach tin hanh: cac mu giai oan hun luyn c tin hanh anh gia lp
lai.
Thi nghim 1: Lp lai bui anh gia 4 mu agar bui 1
Thi nghim 2: Lp lai bui anh gia 5 mu banh bich quy bui 3. i vi
cac mu banh bich quy, do hinh dang khac nhau nn co th gy tinh trang
ngi th co kha nng nh s im ho cho trong bui thi nghim trc. Do
o, trong qua trinh anh gia, ngi th c eo kinh en va khng s dung
tay cm san phm ma ki thut vin se giup ngi th a san phm vao
ming va ghi lai im anh gia cua ho.
Thng tin t cac bui kim tra nay c phn tich theo phng phap t-test
xem xet n inh cua tng thanh vin hi ng.
76
3.3.4 anh gia cam quan cng san phm banh

3.3.4.1 Nguyn tc tin hanh
T phn tich cng cu, ta xac inh c cac san phm banh co cng tng
i cach u neo tng im trn thang. Tuy nhin, phn tich cng cu xac inh co s
khac nhau co y nghia gia cng cua cac mu, nhng liu ngi th co th phn bit
c s khac nhau nay hay thng qua anh gia cam quan hay khng? Va liu phng
phap cng cu co tng quan vi anh gia cam quan hay khng? va mi tng quan o
nh th nao? Co nghia la, i vi phn tich cng cu, mu B co cng ln gp 2 ln
mu A, thi ngi th co cam nhn c cng mu B gp 2 ln hay bao nhiu ln so
vi mu A?
3.4.4.2 Tin hanh thi nghim
Muc ich: thu kt qua anh gia cam quan xet mi tng quan gia hai
phng phap.
Ngi th: la nhng ngi a qua cac bui hun hun luyn, hoan thanh tt
cac bui thi nghim, co kha nng c lng cng cng trn cac san
phm banh bich quy.
Mu th: la nhng mu a c phn tich cng bng phng phap m
xuyn bc phn tich cng cu a thc hin trc o, thoa nhng iu kin v
n inh, khoang cach lc tng i cn bng. Cac mu anh gia chinh thc
nm trong Bang 3.8.
Bang 3.13 Cac mu banh bich quy s dung trong anh gia chinh thc
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cht chun
Banh quy mn cua OTC
Banh quy da Cultural
Banh qui da
Bnh quy Tiger
Banh qui cam
Banh qui hng pho mai
Banh quy da
Tn hang san xut Kich thc mu

Song Long
1 ci
Song Long
1 ci
Coconut
1 ci
Danone
1 ci
Hai Chu
1 cai
Homey
1 ci
Vit Hng
1 cai
77
Cach tin hanh: Mu banh qui Tiger c chon lam chun, cho trc 60 im,
ngi th c yu cu cho im cac mu con lai da trn mu chun. Bui thi
nghim c tin hanh lp lai xac inh n inh cua hi ng. Kt qua t
2 bui thi nghim c tin hanh phn tich ANOVA, phn tich Turkey HSD va
phn tich t-test.
3.4
XAC INH MI TNG QUAN LP THANG CHUN

Ve thi, tinh h s tng quan cua cac d liu phn tich cng cu va anh gia
cam quan bng phn mm Excel. T thi, xac inh cac cht chun ng vi cac s
im neo trn thang.
Cac bc tin hanh:
Xt hai bin ngu nhin Y v X c quan h ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Gi s bin X bin c lp, bin Y bin ph thuc vo X
Goi:
X la gia tri im sau khi bin i cac im s cho bi cam quan cac san
phm tim nng neo trn thang.

Y la gia tri lc trung binh o bng cng cu (N)
Bc 1: V cc im trn h ta xOy. Da vo th ta a ra phng on
v s ph thuc tuyn tnh gia X v Y.
Bc 2: Tinh h s tng quan mu
( x x) ( y
n
r=
i =1
(
n
i =1
xi x
) (
2
i =1
yi y
Trong o:
1 n
1 n
x = xi ; y = yi
n i =1
n i =1
Gia tri |r| ln th ta phng on gia X v Y c quan h tuyn tnh cht ch.
78
Bc 3: Xac inh phng trinh hi quy tuyn tinh Y = a + bX, tinh toan theo
cac cng thc.
2
n
xi
n
2
S xx = ( xi ) i =1
n
i =1
S yy = (
i =1
n n
xi yi
n
S xy = ( xi yi ) i =1 i =1
n
i =1
S $2
yx
SSE = SYY bS XY
b=
n
yi
2
yi ) i =1
n
xx
1
= S y2x +
n
S xx
SY2 X =
SSE
df
S xy
S xx
a = y bx
Bc 4: S liu thu c cua hai phng phap em phn tich mi tng thich
cua phng trinh hi qui bng cach s dung phn mm R (dung ham linear model)
Bc 5: Tim khong tin cy cho Y ti X = x, c dng:
( $y w, $y + w)
Trong :
w = t1n+2 s 1 +
2
1
+
n
n 2: la bc t do
(1+)/2 = 0,05
79
( x x)
n
i =1
Vi
xx
t1n+2 : la phn vi
S: lch chun
(
n
s =
2
i =1
yi $
yi
n2
3.5 PHNG PHAP X LY THNG K S LIU

3.5.1 Phng phap Phn tich phng sai ( Analysis of Variances ANOVA)
Phng phap nay dung phn tich s khac bit cua tinh cht gia cac i
tng trong nhom hay gia cac nhom. Khi phn tich chi mt tinh cht cua mt loat cac
i tng hay mt loat tinh cht cua mt i tng, ta s dung ANOVA mt chiu.
Khi phn tich nhiu tinh cht cung luc cua mt loat i tng hay nhiu i tng cua
cung mt tinh cht va quan tm n s tac ng qua lai gia cac tinh cht va i
tng, ta s dung ANOVA hai chiu.
3.5.2 Phng phap Phn tich Turkey HSD (Turkeys honestly significant
difference test)
Khi phn tich ANOVA cho kt qua co s khac nhau co y nghia gia cac nhom
nhng liu co khac nhau co nghia khi so sanh tng cp trong cac nhom o hay khng?
Phng phap ANOVA khng tra li c cu hoi nay, chinh vi vy ta phai s dung
phng phap Tukey HSD, cho phep so sanh tng cp trong cac nhom tra li cho
cu hoi trn.
3.5.3 Phng phap phn tich thanh t chinh (Principal component analysis
PCA)
PCA l mt k thut thng k a chiu nhm n gin ha tp hp d liu phc
tp (Jackson, 1991; Wold v cng s, 1984; Wold v cng s, 1987). Nguyn tc ca
PCA l tm ra cc hng phn tn chnh ca tp d liu sau chiu ton b tp d
liu ln cc hng phn tn chnh ny. Mc ch ca PCA l lm gim s chiu ca
tp hp d liu. Nhng khi gim s chiu cng ng ngha l lm mt mt mt lng
thng tin v sn phm. V vy, yu cu t ra l cn gim ti a lng thng tin b mt
80
mt. PCA lm gim s chiu ca tp d liu v hn ch lng thng tin mt mt bng

cch ch b nhng chiu t th hin thng tin v s phn tn ca sn phm nht. Cac
thng tin c th hin trung nhau trn mui tn la nhng thng tin c anh gia
ging nhau, khng phn bit c i vi ngi th. Do o, t vic loai bo, rut ngn
cac thng tin trung nhau, ta ng dung phng phap phn tich trong rut ngn thut ng.
81
Chng 4: KT QUA VA BAN LUN
KT QUA VA BAN LUN

4.1 KT QUA PHN TICH CNG CU CNG CAC SAN PHM BANH
BICH QUY
Cac san phm bnh bch quy (23 loai) c mt trn th trng sau khi c em
i phn tch cng bng php th m xuyn vi s ln lp l 10 ln cho mi mu
cho kt qu nm Bang 4.1. Cac thi kt qua phn tich cng cua tng loai banh
bng phng phap m xuyn c trinh bay phu luc 6.
Bang 4.14 Kt qua phn tich cng cu cng cac loai banh
STT
San phm banh
Tn hang
Gia tri
trung binh
lc (N)
Sai s
chun se
Qui mn cua OTC
Song Long
3,95
0,190
Qui da Cultural
Song Long
6,71
0,208
AFC
Kinh
7,44
0,388
Ritz Cracker
Nabisco
8.09
0,352
Qui b da
Tan's
8,30
0,436
Cosy Marie
Kinh
8,60
0,519
Qui sa Cream
Jackn Jill
8,91
0,542
Li meo
Vit Hng
9,11
0,689
Qui da
Coconut
9,32
0,361
10
Qui b sung vi cht
Lubico
9,52
0,396
11
Mn phomai
Kinh
9,92
0,617
12
Vong da
Toan Ky
10,56
0,461
13
Qui Tiger
Danone
13,05
0,306
14
Qui sa da
Kinh
13,46
1,392
15
Qui
Lubico
15,43
1,005
16
Qui cam
Hi Chu
16,44
0,433
17
Qui b
Nice Sweet
16,52
0,656
82
18
Trng nhn
Toan Ky
17,06
0,554
19
Qui Hello
Thng Hoa
17,464
0,434
20
Qui da
Lubico
17,926
0,527
21
Qui hng phomai
Homey
19,2
0,475
22
Qui u xanh
Lubico
21,987
1,209
23
Qui da
Vit Hng
25,5
1,372
Hinh 4.13 thi biu din gia tri lc trung binh (N) va sai s chun cua cac san
phm banh bich quy
S liu trn c em x l ANOVA mt chiu v kt qu c trnh by trong
ph lc 7. Bng kt qu cho thy cng ca cc mu bnh bch quy trn khc nhau
mc y nghia = 0.05. T bng kt qu trong bng 4.1 cho thy, cng phn tch
bng phng php m xuyn ca cc loi bnh bch quy c mt trn th trng dao
ng t 3.95N (sn phm bnh quy mn OTC ca cng ty Song Long) n 25.5N (sn
phm bnh quy da ca cng ty Vit Hng)
83
T kt qu phn tch ANOVA v TUKEY (Ph lc 9) v Bng 4.1, chng ti

tin hnh chn ra nhng mu t tiu chun lm neo trn thang chun (Bng 4.2)
em tin hnh nh gi cm quan, xc nh mi tng quan gia phng php phn
tch cng bng phng php m xuyn vi phng php phn tch cm quan.
l nhng sn phm t c tiu ch m Bourne (2002) khuyn co (mc 2.2.4.3).
Trong cn nhn mnh nhng tiu ch:
-
Sn phm c cht lng n nh. Chng ti chn nhng sn phm c sai s

trung bnh thp (SE < 0.5)
Cc sn phm ny phi c cng khc nhau mt cch c ngha thng k
Khong cch gia cng ca cc sn phm tng i cn bng.
Nhm sn phm c chn c cng bao trm ton b khong cng

ca sn phm bnh bch quy.
Bang 4.15 Nhng mu t tiu chun lm neo trn thang c chn t th

nghim phn tch cng bng phng php m xuyn
STT
San phm banh
Tn hang
Gia tri trung

binh lc (N)
SE
Banh quy mn cua

OTC
Banh quy da
Cultural
Banh qui da
Bnh quy Tiger
Danone
13,05
0,306
Banh qui cam

Banh qui hng
pho mai
Banh quy da
Hai Chu
16,44
0,433
Homey
19,2
0,475
Vit Hng
25,5
1,372
1
2
6
7
Song Long
3,95
0,190
Song Long
6,71
0,208
Coconut
9,32
0,361
Kt qu phn tch Tukey HSD i vi 7 mu tim nng (Bang 4.3) lm thang

chun cho thy rng gia cc mu u c s khc nhau c ngha ( p < 0.05).
Bang 4.16 Kt qua phn tich Turkey HSD cho 7 mu tim nng
Cp mu
Gi tr P
84
OTC CULTURAL
0.0405944
CULTURAL COCONUT
0.0336278
COCONUT TIGER
0.0000000
TIGER HI CHU
0.0052963
HI CHU HOMEY
0.0000003
HOMEY VIT HNG
0.0000004
Nh vy, ta rut ra c cac san phm tim nng neo nhng im trn thang
chun, bao gm cac loai: OTC, Cultural, Coconut, Tiger, Hi Chu, Homey, Vit
Hng. San phm banh th Vit Hng tuy co chnh lch tng i cao nhng c
xem la banh co cng cao nht so vi cac banh con lai nn c chon lam mc
im cao nht trn thang o.
4.2. KT QUA ANH GIA CAM QUAN
4.2.1 La chon hi ng
Sau khi tin hnh th nghim la chon hi ng (Phu luc 4) bng phiu iu tra
cu hi, php th 2-3, php th so hang cng. 22 ngi ng tuyn ap ng y
cac yu cu tuyn chon.. S lng ngi phu hp vi tiu chun cua phng phap
phn tich m ta (9 12 ngi) va c lng ln ( 20 ngi).
4.2.2 Xy dng thut ng
4.2.2.1 Phat trin thut ng
Danh sach tham khao ban u gm 16 thut ng (Bang 3.3) anh gia cu truc
banh bich quy, sau khi c hi ng thng nht ca v inh nghia va ki thut anh gia,
danh sach con lai 13 thut ng (Phu luc 5).
4.2.2.2 Giai oan rut gon thut ng
Bc 1: Khng c thut ng no b loi b v l thut ng yu thch, mang tinh
nh lng hay khng phu hp cho vic m ta cu truc.
Bc 2: Rt gn theo kt qu trung bnh s hc
85
Theo kt qua phn tich trung binh s hoc (Phu luc 5), ta thy tt ca cac thut
ng u at yu cu (cac gia tri trung binh s hoc M u ln hn 10%), trong o thuc
tinh cng co gia tri cao nht (81,03%).
Hinh 4.14 thi biu din gia tri trung binh s hoc cua tng thut ng
Bc 3: Rut gon thng qua x l thng k (phng php PCA)
Khi phn tich PCA, nhng thut ng c mi tn biu din m cng phng v
gn bng nhau v ln th c th lc b bt, nh: gin v n ; xp
v d gy v; dnh kt vm ming v dnh rng trng nhau. Hn na,
cc cp thut ng ny nhn chung cng rt kh phn bit. V d nh gin v
n c v nh u ch n m thanh. Do , chng ta tin hnh loi b bt, ch gi
li mi cp thut ng mt thut ng bao gm: gin, d gay v, dnh
rng..
86
Hinh 4.15 thi PCA phn tich cac thut ng anh gia cu truc banh bich quy
Nh vy, qua giai on xy dng thut ng, hi ng xy dng c bng
danh sch thut ng dung nh gi m t cu trc sn phm bnh bch quy gm 10
thut ng (Bng 4.4). Nh vy, cng vi nghin cu ca tc gi Stoer v cac cng s
(2000), Martnez1 va cng s (2002), bng danh sch thut ng ny mt ln na
khng nh c tnh cht cng l mt thuc tnh quan trng c dng nh
gi m t cu trc sn phm bnh bch quy.
Bang 4.17 Danh sach thut ng sau khi c rut gon cui cung
STT
1
2
3
4
5
Tn thut ng
du
(Oiliness)
nham b
mt (Rough
surface)
inh nghia
ngoai cua mu
Ky thut anh gia


cng
(Hardness)

banh bng rng ham

phm.
d gay v
(Fracturability
)
gion
Lc lam t gay mu khi t

mu vao gia hai ham rng va
cn nhanh.
Lng va cng m thanh
87

(Crispness)
6
7
8
beo
tan trong
ming
dinh rng
(Toothstick)
tao ra khi mu c cn ln u
tin bng rng ca
Mc beo cam nhn c
trong sut qua trinh nhai
Lng nc bot do mu hp thu
sau khi nhai mu
Lng mu dinh vao rng sau
khi nhai mu
dinh kt
vao mi
Lng mu dinh vao mi
10
dinh tay
Lng mu bam dinh vao tay
ming.
mc beo
rng
kt vao mi
a mu kep vao gia cac ngon tay, cam
nhn dinh vao tay
4.2.3 Hun luyn hi ng

Hi ng c hun luyn trn phng phap c lng ln. u tin, ngi
th c lam quen vi phng phap bng cach c lng din tich cac dang hinh hoc.
Sau o, hi ng c hun luyn lam quen vi cac mu thc phm t d ti kho.
Bui 1:Tin hnh nh gi trn 4 mu agar vi cc nng : 1,5g/200ml;
2g/200ml; 3g/200ml; 4g/200ml. Trong mu 2g/200ml l mu chun.
Bui 2: Tin hnh nh gi trn 7 mu agar cc nng : 1,5g/200ml;
2g/200ml; 3g/200ml; 4g/200ml; 5g/200ml; 7g/200ml; 9g/200ml. Trong mu
2g/200ml l mu chun.
Bui 3: Tin hnh nh gi trn 5 mu thc phm ca thang chun c in bao
gm: lng trng trng, xc xch, u phng, c rt, ko cng.
Giai oan hun luyn hi ng lam quen trn cac mu thc phm.
Gia thuyt H01: cng cua cac mu c anh gia la nh nhau.
Gia thuyt H02: cng cua cac mu c anh gia bi ngi th khac nhau la
nh nhau.
Phn tich ANOVA hai chiu cho tng bui hun luyn (Phu luc 7), kt qua c
tng hp bang sau:
88
Bang 4.18 Kt qua hun luyn hi ng

p
San phm
Ngi th
San phm : Ngi
Bui 1
Bui 2 (Thi
Bui 3 (Thi
(Thi nghim trn
nghim trn cac
nghim trn cac
cac mu agar)
mu thc phm)
mu banh bich
<2e-16
0.5683
0.4886
quy)
3.438e-15
0.7967
0.2175
< 2e-16 ***

0.90306
0.02853
th
Kt qua cho thy, tt ca cac bui, gia tri p i vi mu u p < 0.05, ta bac bo
gia thuyt H01, vi mc y nghia = 0.05, co nghia la cng cua cac banh ban cht la
khac nhau. Kt qu ny cho thy hi ng phn bit tt s khc nhau v cng gia
cc sn phm bnh.
i vi ngi th, gia tri p cac bui u p > 0.05, ta khng th bac bo gia
thuyt H02, vi mc y nghia = 0.05, co nghia la anh gia mu gia nhng ngi th
khac nhau la khng co s khac bit. Kt qu ny cho thy hi ng c s ng
thun v cch cho im cng sn phm bnh bch quy.
Khi phn tich tng tac gia san phm va ngi th, cac gia tri p cho thy
bui u tin, mi ngi th cho im cc mu bnh bch quy theo cac cach khac nhau
(p<0.05), nh vy lc ny hi ng nh gi vn cha tt. Tuy nhin, 2 bui sau, kt
qu cho thy hi ng c s ng thun v im s cho mi thut ng (p>0.05.
Nh vy, hi ng c s tin b, t c s ng thun m ta mong mun.
Tom lai, hi ng a cho thy s hiu cng vic va co s tin b qua tng giai
oan. Vic cho ngi th tham khao im anh gia cua toan hi ng giup ho iu
chinh c cach anh gia, do co mt s ca nhn co xu hng cho im qua ln hoc
qua thp.
89
Giai oan kim tra nng lc cua hi ng

Cac bui thi nghim lp trn mu agar va mu banh bich quy c tin hanh va
phn tich t-test cho kt qua Bang 4.5
Bang 4.19 Kt qua phn tich t-test cua 2 bui lp
Bui 1 (
Bui 2
Mu agar 1.5g/200ml
0.9341
Mu banh OTC
0.6098
Mu agar 1.5g/200ml
0.4033
Mu banh Ritz
0.01982
Mu agar 1.5g/200ml
0.6098
Mu banh Hello
0.1995
Mu banh qui da Vit Hng
0.1568
Gia thuyt H03: cng cua mi mu c anh gia bi ngi th gia cac ln
lp la nh nhau.
Kt qua phn tich t-test i vi tng mu 2 bui th cho thy:
Bui 1: Cac gia tri p u p > 0.05, ta khng th bac bo gia thuyt H 03, vi mc
y nghia = 0.05, co nghia la hi ng khng c s nh gi khc bit c
ngha khi nh gi lp trn mu agar va mu banh.
Bui 2: Gia tri p > 0.05 mu banh OTC, Hello, qui da Vit Hng; nhng p
< 0.05 mu banh Ritz, vi mc y nghia = 0.05, nh vy hi ng co s
anh gia khac bit khi anh gia lp trn mu banh Ritz.
hun luyn hi ng phng phap hun luyn ln at c thng nht
va n inh cao la rt kho khn do kho chun hoa c hi ng. Hi ng gp kho
khn hn khi phai so sanh tng mu vi mt mu chun so vi vic so sanh mt loat
cac mu vi nhau. Vic anh gia oi hoi s tp trung cao cua ngi th, oi hoi hi
ng anh gia theo cung mt cach. Khi anh gia cng, ngi th khng chi phn
tich lc ti a cn pha v banh ma kt lun cui cung con phu thuc vao vic ho a
cn vi tri nao, vi du khi ho cn v phia ria banh, la ni co cng khac vi trong
tm [37] thi ngi th se t iu chinh im cng cua banh cho thich hp vi
cng ma ho cho la cng trung binh cua toan b banh. Do o, hi ng anh gia
90
nh nhau, chung ti a c gng khi a mu, tt ca u cn vi tri trung tm mu. Khi

thy ngi th cho im co xu hng khac vi toan hi ng, chung ti tin hanh cho
ho anh gia nhiu ln thu c im chinh xac ma ho cam nhn. Cac san phm
banh co hinh dang khac nhau, khi tin hanh lp kim tra nng lc hi ng, chung
ti s dung kinh en ngi th khng nhin thy mu, giam vic ngi th nh cac
s im a cho ln th trc. Tuy nhin, vic nay cung khng am bao hoan toan,
trong qua trinh tin hanh, chung ti thy mt s ngi th cho s im hoan toan
ging gia 2 ln, do ho nh vi cua cac mu banh.
Qua kt qua hun luyn cho thy, hi ng a lam vic nghim tuc, co s tin
b qua tng bui th. Nh vy, coi nh hi ng c hun luyn tt va co th anh
gia chinh thc trn cac mu tim nng.
4.3 KT QUA TNG QUAN CUA HAI PHNG PHAP
Khi tin hanh ve thi tng quan gia o lng cng cu va phng phap cam
quan, ta bin i cac im s cho bi anh gia cam quan v gia tri co th neo trn
thang. Luc o, mu banh OTC co cng nho nht (o lng bng cng cu) se neo
im 1 trn thang chun. Do o, cac s im cua cac banh con lai c bin i theo
s im cua banh OTC.
Bang 4.20 Bin i im s anh gia cam quan cac mu banh
San phm
im TB cho
bi hi ng
im bin i
Qui cam
Hi Chu Homey
Qui da
OTC
Coconut
Cultural
Tiger
21,59
33,29
46,79
60
73,64
76,75
138,23
1,54
2,17
2,77
3,41
3,55
6,40
91
Vit Hng
Hinh 4.16 th biu din tng quan cng gia o lng cng c v nh gi
cm quan
T kt qua phn tich mc tng thich cua phng trinh hi quy bng phn
mm R (Phu luc 8), ta rut ra nhng kt lun sau:
Kt qua tinh toan ham linear model cho thy a = 1,2054; b = 4,111, ging
vi ham tng quan lp c trn phn mm R.
Gia tri kim inh t cho b la 8.858 vi tri s p = 0.000305, cho thy b
khng phai bng 0. Noi cach khac, mi quan h gia thng s o lng
bng cng cu va im s cho bng anh gia cam quan la co y nghia
thng k.
Tri s R2 = 0.9401 cho thy mi tng quan gia hai phng phap phn
tich la mt mi tng quan cht che.
Phng trinh tng quan hi quy c thit lp m ta mi lin h mt
cach kha y u va hp ly.
Mi tng quan nay tuyn tinh theo ng thng.
Nh a trinh bay chng 2 muc 2.2.6, nhiu nghin cu khoa hoc cho thy
mi tng quan cht che v cng gia o lng bng cng cu va anh gia cam
quan nh Szczesniak va cng s (1963), Meullenet and Gross (1999) trn nhiu loai
thc phm; Breuil va Meullenet (2001) trn pho mai, Yuan and Chang (2006) trn u
92
phu. Ngoai ra, theo nghin cu cua Mohamed va cac cng s trn san phm banh
wafer, cac loai banh co mt trn thi trng c bao quan trong nhng mi trng co
m khac nhau (s dung cac dung dich mui bao hoa), sau o tin hanh cho anh gia
ng thi bng ca hai phng phap cam quan va cng cu. Trong nghin cu nay cung
a nghin cu tng quan gia cng va lc pha v banh. Kt qua cho thy mi
tng quan y nghia gia thuc tinh cam quan cng va lc pha v banh (p < 0,001;
R2 = 0,674). [41]
Ta co th kt lun, phng phap anh gia cam quan cung co mt khuynh hng
tng t phng phap cng cu v cng. Va kt qua anh gia cua hi ng kha ang
tin cy.
Nh vy, nh s tng quan tuyn tinh gia phng phap o lng bng cng
cu va anh gia cam quan, chung ta co th s dung nhng s liu o cung bng phng
phap cng cu chon cht chun neo trn thang.
4.4 KT QUA LP THANG CNG CHUN
T th ng thng tng quan, ta c c hm biu din tng quan:
Y = 4,111x + 1,2054
Kt qu nhn c khi chuyn s im nh gi v gi tr c th neo trn thang
Bang 4.7.
chn c 5 im cch u trn thang, ta chn 2 san phm co gia tri 1
(Banh quy mn cua OTC) va gia tri 6.4 (Banh qui da Vit Hng) lam mc cua thang,
cac im neo con lai la chon theo cac im s tng ng Bang 4.8
Bang 4.21 Cac im ng vi gia tri neo trn thang
Gia tri
trn thang
im
tng ng
San phm
2,35
3,7
5,05
6,40
OTC
---
---
---
93
Qui da
Vit Hng
xac inh c khoang tin cy co th s dung tim gia tri d oan gn

ung vi gia tri cua y (gia tri lc trung binh o bng cng cu), ta s dung cng thc
tinh c lng.
T kt qua c trinh bay phu luc 8, ta xac inh c cac gia tri lc trung
binh cua cac cht chun neo trn thang.
Bang 4.22 Gia tri lc trung binh cua cac cht chun neo trn thang
Gia tri
trn thang
Gia tri lc
TB (N)
San phm
3,95
10,87 1,7
14,71 1,7
20,12 1,71
25,5
OTC
---
---
---
Qui da
Vit Hng
T o, tac xac inh c cac san phm neo trn thang im 2, 3, 4 ln lt la

banh Coconut (9,3 N); banh qui cam Hai Chu (16,4 N), banh qui hng pho mai
Homey (19,2 N). Nh vy, thang cng chun c lp vi 5 im neo trn thang la
cac san phm banh bich quy.
Bang 4.23 Thang cng chun c thit lp nh gi cm quan cu trc bnh
bch quy
Gi tr trn
thang
Cht chun
OTC
Coconut
3
Qui cam Hai
Chu
4
Homey
5
Qui da
Vit Hng
Vi thang chun 5 im trn, hi ng c th c hun luyn tt nh gi

cm quan cho cng ca sn phm bnh bch quy. Do hn ch v thi gian lm lun
vn, nn chng ti cha thc hin c bc hun luyn hi ng trn thang chun
c lp.
94
KT LUN
KT LUN
Qua qu trnh nghin cu, chng ti a ra mt s kt lun nh sau: Th nht,
gia phng php cm quan v phng php cng c c mt mi tng quan c
ngha khi phn tch cng ca bnh bch quy. Th hai, mt thang chun cng
c thit lp dng cho nh gi cm quan cng ca sn phm bnh bch quy.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh nghin cu vn cn mt s hn ch sau:
Do thi lng lm lun vn 3 thng l khng chng ti c th lp nhng

thang chun thuc tnh cu trc khc ca bnh bch quy.
Do cha c thit b, nn hn ch vic chn la phng php phn tch cng c

cho cng ca bnh bch quy. Bn cnh , nc ta, lnh vc ny cha
pht trin nn gp kh khn v thit b, k thut phn tch cc thuc tnh cu
trc.
Kt qu thang cng chun thu c tuy cha nhiu im neo trn thang
nhng y cng l c s, nn tng, qui trnh ban u cho vic thit lp mt thang
chun thuc tnh c trng. V iu quan trng l qu trnh lm lun vn gip chng
ti b sung nhiu kin thc, kinh nghim trong nh gi cm quan cu trc thc phm.
Hin nay, vic thit lp thang chun cc thuc tnh ca mt sn phm c trng
lun c cc nh khoa hc quan tm bi nhng ch li m n mang li cho vic nh
gi cm quan. Nhng c th hng ti nhng vn , trc mt chng ta cn
kho st tng quan gia phng php o lng cng c v nh gi cm quan trn
cc thuc tnh cm quan khc nhau va thit lp tt ca cac thang thuc tinh chun cho
mt san phm c trng.
TAI LIU THAM KHAO
TAI LIU THAM KHAO
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PHU LUC
PHU LUC
Phu luc 1:
PHIU TIN HANH THI NGHIM LA CHON HI NG

Phng th nghim phn tch cm quan
THNG TIN C NHN
Thng tin chung

H v tn
:...............................................................................................................................
Ngh nghip
:...............................................................................................................................
Tui
:...............................................................................................................................
Gii tnh
:...............................................................................................................................
a ch
:...............................................................................................................................
S in thoi
:...............................................................................................................................
Qu thi gian
Trong khong thi gian t 15/10/2008 n 30/11/2008 bn c th tham gia th nghim cc bui
tra t 13h 14h c khng?
C
Khng
Sc kho
1. Tnh trng sc kho hin gi ca bn th no? (c bnh g khng?)..................................
2. Bn c s dng thuc gy nh hng n cc gic quan c bit l th gic v xuc gic
khng?....................................................................................................................................
Thng tin thm
1. Ban co thich (thng s dung) san phm banh bich quy khng?
C
Khng
2. Ban co th a ra nhng t ng m ta cam giac khi n banh bich quy ko
Khng
Co. Lit k: ..................................................................................................................
Cm n bn tr li nhng cu hi trn!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Hinh 1: Phiu in thng tin ca nhn
PHU LUC

PHIU CHUN BI THI NGHIM
Thi nghim 1
Php th : Duo Trio
Ngay th:
Mu A
Mu B
Ma s s dung: 544, 611, 816.

Ma s s dung: 092, 915, 211.
Ngi th
Trinh bay mu
Ma s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
...
29
30
RAB
RBA
RBA
RBA
RAB
RAB
RBA
RAB
RBA
RAB
RAB
RBA
...
RBA
RAB
R, 544, 092
R, 915, 611
R, 211, 861
R, 092, 544
R, 611, 915
R, 816, 211
R, 915, 611
R, 544, 092
R, 211, 816
R, 611, 915
R, 544, 092
...
...
R, 211, 816
R, 611, 915
Cu tra li
nhn c
Cu tra li
ung
Hinh 2: Phiu chun bi thi nghim Phep th Dio Trio

PHIU TR LI
Php th : Dio-Trio
Tn ngi th
Ngy th
: ........................................................................................................................................
:.........................................................................................................................................
Hng dn: Bn s nhn c mt mu bnh k hiu l R v hai mu khc. Trong hai mu ny c mt mu

ging vi R. Hy nm th mu R, sau nm ti 2 mu cn li theo th t t tri qua phi ri nh du X
vo mu bn cho l ging vi mu R nht.
Tr li:
Mu R
..
Hinh 3: Phiu tra li phep th Dio -Trio
PHU LUC

Php th : so hang cng
Ngay th:
Mu A
Mu B
Mu C
Mu D
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
...
29
30
Ma s s dung: 544, 153, 859, 611.

Ma s s dung: 052, 414, 283, 177
Ma s s dung: 632, 898, 496, 198.
Ma s s dung: 179, 579, 830, 508.
Trinh bay
mu
ABCD
DABC
CDAB
BCDA
ADCB
BADC
CBAD
DCBA
ABCD
DABC
CDAB
...
ADCB
BADC
Ma s
1st
Cu tra li nhn c
2nd
3rd
4th
Nhn
xet
544, 052, 632, 179

579, 153, 414, 898
496, 830, 859, 283
177, 198, 508, 611
544, 508, 496, 414
052, 611, 830, 898
632, 177, 859, 579
179, 198, 283, 153
544, 052, 632, 179
579, 153, 414, 898
...
...
544, 508, 496, 414
052, 611, 830, 898
Hinh 4: Phiu chun bi thi nghim so hang cng

PHIU TR LI
Php th : So hang cng
Tn ngi th
: ........................................................................................................................................
Ngy th
:.........................................................................................................................................
Hng dn: Bn nhn c 4 mu san phm banh bich quy khac nhau trn khay, ban hay th ln lt cac
mu theo th t c a ra va sp xp chung theo s tng giam dn cng. Mu cng nht xp vao vi tri
mt, mu it cng nht xp vao vi tri th 4.
Trc khi th ln lt tng mu, ban hay ung nc thanh vi.
Mu: ...................
........................
.....................
...................
Tra li:
Vi tri
1
2
3
4
Mu
Chu y:
cng: la lc cn thit cn gon mt ming qua mu gia hai ham rng.
Ky thut anh gia: mu c t vao gia rng ham va cn gon mt ming, anh gia lc lam mu v lam
i. Lc cang manh thi cng cang cao.
Hinh 5: Phiu tra li phep th so hang cng
PHU LUC
Phu luc 2: PHIU TIN HANH THI NGHIM XY DNG THUT NG

Phiu hng dn xy dng thut ng
Hng dn:
Bn nhn c cc mu bnh quy v mt danh sch cc thut ng dng m t cu trc

cc sn phm .
Hy nm th chng v cho bit cc cm nhn v cu trc ca sn phm khi bn s dng

chng.
Vit thm vo phiu nhng thut ng bn mun thm vo v gch b nhng thut ng m
bn khng cm nhn c.
Hinh 6: Phiu hng dn phat trin thut ng
Tn ngi th
Ngy th
Tra li:
Mu ....

Phiu tra li
: ..........................................................................................................................
: ..........................................................................................................................
Mu ...
Mu ....
Mu ....
Mu ....
Hinh 7: Phiu tra li trong giai oan rut ngn thut ng
Mu ....
PHU LUC

Phiu Tra li
:...............................................................................................................................
:...............................................................................................................................
1. Tn ngi th
2. Ngy th
Tra li:
1. du:
2. nham b mt:
3. n
4. cng
5. d gay v
6. gion
7. xp
8. beo
9. tan trong ming
10. dinh rng
11. dinh kt vao mi

12. dinh kt vao vom ming
13. dinh tay
Hinh 8: Phiu tra li trong giai oan phat trin thut ng
PHU LUC
Phu luc 3: PHIU TIN HANH THI NGHIM HUN LUYN HI NG

Giai oan 1: c lng din tich trn cac dang hinh hoc
Hinh 9: Ma hoa mu giai oan c lng din tich
PHU LUC

Th nghim c lng din tich trn mu hnh hc
Ngay th:
Hnh tam gic
Hnh vung
Hnh trn
Ngi
th
Ma s s dung: 544, 153, 859, 611, 052, 414

Ma s s dung: 898, 283, 177, 198, 632, 496
Ma s s dung: 052, 611, 544, 414, 859, 153.
Trinh bay mu
im s nhn c
1st
1
2
...
21
22
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
544, 153, 859, 611, 052, 414

898, 283, 177, 198, 632, 496
052, 611, 544, 414, 859, 153
052, 414, 544, 153, 859, 611
632, 496, 898, 283, 177, 198
859, 153, 052, 611, 544, 414
544, 153, 052, 414, 859, 611
898, 283, 632, 496, 177, 198
052, 611, 859, 153, 544, 414
052, 414, 544, 153, 859, 611
632, 496, 898, 283, 177, 198
859, 153, 052, 611, 544, 414
544, 153, 052, 414, 859, 611
898, 283, 632, 496, 177, 198
052, 611, 859, 153, 544, 414
052, 414, 544, 153, 859, 611
632, 496, 898, 283, 177, 198
859, 153, 052, 611, 544, 414
Hinh 10: Phiu chun bi thi nghim c lng din tich

PHIU HNG DN
Thi nghim c lng din tich
Hng dn: Bn nhn c 6 mu co din tich khac nhau, trong o co mt mu a c cho
im tham khao. Ban hay cho im cac mu con lai da trn mu a cho im.
Trc khi tin hanh, chu y nhng im sau:
Vi du: Mu nao co ln gp 2 ln mu tham khao thi cho im mu o gp 2 ln s im cua mu
tham khao.
Tt ca cac con s cho im u c va co th s dung. Khng nn chi s dung nhng con s
tron nh 5, 10, 20, 25....
Nn s dung cac ti l khac nhau nh 3/1, 1/3, 7/5, 5/6...
Hinh 11: Phiu hng dn thi nghim c lng din tich
6th
PHU LUC
Tn ngi th
Ngy th
Tra li:

Phiu tra li
: ..........................................................................................................................
: ..........................................................................................................................
Mu chun ....
Mu ....
Hinh 12: Phiu tra li thi nghim tc lng din tich
Giai oan 2: c lng cng trn cac mu thc phm

Th nghim c lng ln trn mu Agar
Ngay th:
Mu chun : 2mg/200ml
Mu A: 1.5/200ml
Mu B: 3/200ml
Mu C: 4/200ml
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
...
21
22
Ma s s dung: 544, 153, 859, 611.

Ma s s dung: 052, 414, 283, 177
Ma s s dung: 632, 898, 496, 198.
Trinh bay
mu
ABC
BAC
ABC
BAC
Ma s
544, 052, 632
414, 153, 898
859, 052, 632
611, 153, 898
ABC
BAC
544, 052, 632

414, 153, 898
Cu tra li nhn c
B
C
Hinh 13: Phiu chun bi thi nghim c lng cng trn cac mu agar
PHU LUC

Th nghim c lng cng trn mu thc phm
Ngay th:
Mu chun u phng
Mu A: lng trng trng
Mu B: xc xch
Mu C: c rt
Mu D: ko cng
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
...
21
22
Ma s s dung: 544, 153.

Ma s s dung: 052, 414,
Ma s s dung: 632, 898
Ma s s dung: 859, 611.
Trinh bay
mu
ABCD
DCBA
CDAB
ACBD
Ma s
544, 052, 632, 859
611, 898, 414, 153
632, 859, 544, 052
153, 898, 414, 611
ABCD
DCBA
544, 052, 632, 859

611, 898, 414, 153
Cu tra li nhn c
B
C
D
Hinh 14: Phiu chun bi thi nghim c lng cng trn cac mu thc phm
Th nghim c lng cng trn 5 mu bnh bich quy
Ngay th:
Mu chun: Bnh Vng da
Mu A: Bnh OTC
Mu B: Bnh Ritz
Mu C: Bnh Hello
Mu D: Bnh Vit Hng
Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
...
21
22
Ma s s dung: 544, 153.

Ma s s dung: 052, 414,
Ma s s dung: 632, 898
Ma s s dung: 859, 611.
Trinh bay
mu
ABCD
DCBA
CDAB
ACBD
Ma s
544, 052, 632, 859
611, 898, 414, 153
632, 859, 544, 052
153, 898, 414, 611
ABCD
DCBA
544, 052, 632, 859

611, 898, 414, 153
Cu tra li nhn c
A
B
C
D
Hinh 15: Phiu chun bi thi nghim c lng cng trn cac mu banh bich quy
PHU LUC

PHIU HNG DN
Thi nghim c lng cng
Hng dn: Bn nhn c 6 mu co cng khac nhau, trong o co mt mu a c cho im
tham khao. Ban hay cho im cac mu con lai da trn mu a cho im.
Trc khi tin hanh, chu y nhng im sau:
Vi du: Mu nao co cng gp 2 ln mu tham khao thi cho im mu o gp 2 ln s im cua mu
tham khao.
Tt ca cac con s cho im u c va co th s dung. Khng nn chi s dung nhng con s tron
nh 5, 10, 20, 25....
Nn s dung cac ti l khac nhau nh 3/1, 1/3, 7/5, 5/6...
inh nghia: Lc cn thit cn xuyn qua banh bng rng ham.
Ki thut anh gia: Mu c t vao gia rng ham va cn gon mt ming, anh gia lc nen thc
phm.
Hinh 16: Phiu hng dn thi nghim c lng cng
Tn ngi th
Ngy th
Tra li:

Phiu tra li
: ..........................................................................................................................
: ..........................................................................................................................
Mu chun ....
Mu ....
Hinh 17: Phiu tra li thi nghim c lng cng
PHU LUC
Phu luc 4: KT QUA BUI LA CHON HI NG

Bang 1: Kt qua thi nghim phep th Dio-Trio la chon hi ng
Ngi th
Trinh bay mu
Ma s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
RAB
RBA
RBA
RBA
RAB
RAB
RBA
RAB
RBA
RAB
RAB
RBA
RBA
RBA
RAB
RAB
RBA
RAB
RBA
RAB
RAB
RBA
RBA
RBA
RAB
RAB
RBA
RAB
RBA
RAB
R, 544, 092
R, 915, 611
R, 211, 861
R, 092, 544
R, 611, 915
R, 816, 211
R, 915, 611
R, 544, 092
R, 211, 816
R, 611, 915
R, 544, 092
R, 915, 611
R, 211, 861
R, 092, 544
R, 611, 915
R, 816, 211
R, 915, 611
R, 544, 092
R, 211, 816
R, 611, 915
R, 544, 092
R, 915, 611
R, 211, 861
R, 092, 544
R, 611, 915
R, 816, 211
R, 915, 611
R, 544, 092
R, 211, 816
R, 611, 915
Cu tra li
nhn c
092
915
211
092
915
211
611
092
211
915
092
611
211
544
611
211
915
092
211
915
092
915
211
092
915
211
915
092
211
915
Cu tra
li ung
S
S
PHU LUC
Bang 2: Kt qua thi nghim phep th so hang cng trong la chon hi ng

Ngi
th
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Trinh bay
mu
ABCD
DABC
CDAB
BCDA
ADCB
BADC
CBAD
DCBA
ABCD
DABC
CDAB
BCDA
ADCB
BADC
CBAD
DCBA
ABCD
DABC
CDAB
BCDA
ADCB
BADC
CBAD
DCBA
ABCD
DABC
CDAB
BCDA
ADCB
BADC
Ma s
544, 052, 632, 179
579, 153, 414, 898
496, 830, 859, 283
177, 198, 508, 611
544, 508, 496, 414
052, 611, 830, 898
632, 177, 859, 579
179, 198, 283, 153
544, 052, 632, 179
579, 153, 414, 898
496, 830, 859, 283
177, 198, 508, 611
544, 508, 496, 414
052, 611, 830, 898
632, 177, 859, 579
179, 198, 283, 153
544, 052, 632, 179
579, 153, 414, 898
496, 830, 859, 283
177, 198, 508, 611
544, 508, 496, 414
052, 611, 830, 898
632, 177, 859, 579
179, 198, 283, 153
544, 052, 632, 179
579, 153, 414, 898
496, 830, 859, 283
177, 198, 508, 611
544, 508, 496, 414
052, 611, 830, 898
1st
B
B
D
D
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
D
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Cu tra li nhn c
2nd
3rd
4th
A
C
D
D
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
C
A
D
C
D
A
C
C
D
A
D
A
C
A
C
D
D
C
A
D
A
C
A
C
D
A
D
C
A
D
C
A
D
C
A
C
D
B
A
C
A
C
D
D
A
C
D
A
C
D
C
A
A
D
C
D
A
C
A
D
C
A
D
C
A
D
C
D
A
C
D
A
C
D
A
C
A
D
C
* Cu tra li ung: BDAC

Sai 1 vi tri lin tip
Bang 3: Kt qua la chon cui cung
Nhn
xet
S
PHU LUC
Ngi th
Thi nghim 1
Thi nghim 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
S
S
S
S
Nhn xet
Loai
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Loai
Nhn
Loai
Nhn
Nhn
Loai
Nhn
Loai
Loai
Loai
Loai
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Nhn
Sai 1 vi tri lin tip
Phu luc 5: KT QUA XY DNG THUT NG

Bang 4: Danh sach cac thut ng m ta cu truc banh cracker [36]
Thut ng
anh gia bng tay
inh nghia
PHU LUC
B mt phu bt
Cha xat nhe cac canh cua banh biscuit bng

ngon tay o lng bt.
du
Cha xat nhe ca cac canh cua banh biscuit bng

nham b mt
Cha xat nhe cac ngon tay qua inh cua banh
cracker, o nham trn b mt.
anh gia bng ming

n
o mc ting n bng cach cn xuyn qua

banh cracker bng rng ca
cng
Nen cht banh cracker gia rng ham o lc

cn thit nen.
gion
Nng lng cn banh cracker bi v vun

trong sut ln cn th 2-3 bng rng ham
beo
Mc beo cam nhn c trong sut qua

trinh nhai
hut m
o lng nc bot hp thu bi mu sau 8-10

ln cn
c kt cua khi
Sau 8-10 ln cn, o mc ma khi san

phm con gi c kt cu vi nhau.
dinh rng
Sau 8-10 ln cn, o lng san phm dinh vao

rng
Bang5: Danh sach thut ng a thng nht trc khi tin hanh rut gon
STT
1
2
Tn thut ng
du
(Oiliness)
nham b
mt (Rough
inh nghia
ngoai cua mu
Ky thut anh gia

PHU LUC
surface)
3
n (Noise)
Cng m thanh nghe c

khi cn xuyn qua banh
cng
(Hardness)

banh bng rng ham
d gay v
(Fracturability
)
gion
(Crispness)
xp
(Crunchiness)
beo
Lc lam t gay mu khi t

mu vao gia hai ham rng va
cn nhanh.
Lng va cng m thanh
tao ra khi mu c cn ln u
tin bng rng ca
Lng m thanh tao ra khi mu
c nhai vi tc cao
Mc beo cam nhn c
trong sut qua trinh nhai
Lng nc bot do mu hp thu
sau khi nhai mu
Lng mu dinh vao rng sau
khi nhai mu
9
10
tan trong
ming
dinh rng
(Toothstick)
11
dinh kt
vao mi
Lng mu dinh vao mi
12
dinh kt
vao vom
ming
Lng mu dinh vao vom ming
13
dinh tay
Lng mu bam dinh vao tay
o mc ting n bng cach cn xuyn

qua banh bng rng ca (trong sut 3 ln
cn u tin)
phm.
ming.
a mu vao ming va nhai vi tc
cao
mc beo
rng
kt vao mi
Lc cn thit tach ht san phm ra khoi
vom ming bng li khi ep mu gia
li va vom ming
a mu kep vao gia cac ngon tay, cam
nhn dinh vao tay
Bang 6: Kt qua x ly trung binh s hoc

Thut
ng
F
I
du
0,76
0,38
nham
b mt
0,86
0,61
n
0,92
0,64
cng
0,91
0,72
d
gay v
0,91
0,64
gion
xp
0,91
0,59
0,92
0,64
PHU LUC
M
Sp xp
Thut
ng
F
I
M
Sp xp
53,52
13
72,15
7
beo tan
trong
ming
0,89
0,91
0,54
0,57
69,59
71,95
9
8
76,96
3
81,03
1
76,19
4
dinh dinh
rng
kt vao
mi
0,92
0,85
0,59
0,42
73,9
60,16
5
12
73,77
6
dinh kt
vao vom
ming
0,88
0,45
62,60
11
77,09
2
dinh
tay
0,84
0,49
64,13
10
PHU LUC
Phu luc 6: KT QUA O CNG CUA BANH BNG PHNG PHAP M

XUYN
th kt qu o cng ca bnh bch quy
Banh biscuit
14
Compressive load (N)
12
10
Specimen #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 18: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh mn pho mai

Banh biscuit
20
18
16
14
Specimen #
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 19: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh sa da Kinh

Banh biscuit
11
10
9
8
Specimen #
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 20: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh Cosy
PHU LUC
Banh biscuit
20
18
16
14
Specimen #
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 21: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh Hello

Banh biscuit
16
14
12
Specimen #
10
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 22: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh Tiger

Banh biscuit
12
10
Specimen #
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 23: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh vi cht
PHU LUC
Banh biscuit
11
10
9
8
Specimen #
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 24: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh Tans

Banh biscuit
11
10
9
8
Specimen #
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 25: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh Ritz

Banh biscuit
20
18
16
14
Specimen #
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 26: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy cam Hi Chu
PHU LUC
Banh biscuit
20
18
16
14
Specimen #
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 27: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy Lubico

Banh biscuit
11
10
9
8
Specimen #
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 28: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh Cream

Banh biscuit
30
20
Specimen #
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
10
-10
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 29: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy u xanh
PHU LUC
Banh biscuit
22
20
18
16
Specimen #
14
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 30: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy Homey

Banh biscuit
8
7
6
Specimen #
5
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 31: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy Song Long

Banh biscuit
40
30
Specimen #
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
20
10
-10
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 32: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy Vit Hng
PHU LUC
Banh biscuit
20
18
16
14
Specimen #
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 33: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy Sweet

Specimen 1 to 10
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 34: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh Vng da

Specimen 11 to 20
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 35: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh trng nhn
PHU LUC
Specimen 21 to 30
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 36: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh AFC

Specimen 31 to 40
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 37: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy da Lubico

Specimen 41 to 50
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 38: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy Coconut
PHU LUC
Specimen 51 to 60
5
-1
0
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Hnh 39: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh quy OTC

Specimen 61 to 70
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0
10
20
30
Time (sec )
Hnh 40: th kt qu phn tch cng bnh li mo

Phu luc 7: KT QUA PHN TICH ANOVA T-TEST
Bng 7: Kt qu phn tch anova mt chiu cc mu thc phm bui 1
Ngun phng sai
Bc t
do (Df)
Tng bnh
phng (SS)
Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)
Kim nh
F
Gi tr P
Khc bit gia ngi th
0.003
0.003
0.0149
0.90306
Khc bit gia sn phm
119.883
119.883
522.9691
2e-16
Khc bit gia tng tc

ngi th v sn phm
1.138
1.138
4.9656
0.02853
Phn d
84
19.256
0.229
PHU LUC
Bng 8: Kt qu phn tch anova mt chiu cc mu agar ln 1

Ngun phng sai
Bc t
do (Df)
Tng bnh
phng (SS)
Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)
Kim
nh F
Khc bit gia ngi

th
0.0094
0.0094
0.0670
Khc bit gia sn

phm
15.2046
15.2046
107.783
1
Khc bit gia tng

tc ngi th v sn
phm
0.2189
0.2189
1.5519
Phn d
62
8.7461
Gi tr P
0.7967
3.438e15
0.2175
0.1411
Bng 9: Kt qu phn tch anova mt chiu cc mu agar ln 2

Ngun phng sai
Bc t
do (Df)
Tng bnh
phng (SS)
Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)
Kim
nh F
Khc bit gia ngi

th
0.123
0.123
0.4038
Khc bit gia sn

phm
10.975
10.975
35.9375
Khc bit gia tng

tc ngi th v sn
phm
0.001
0.001
0.0044
Phn d
128
39.089
Gi tr P
0.5263
1.940e08
0.9471
0.305
Bng 10: Kt qu phn tch t-test so snh lp gia cc mu agar

Mu
Bc t do (Df)
Gi tr t
Gi tr P
21
0.0836
0.9341
21
-0.8529
0.4033
21
-0.5181
0.6098
Kt qu 5 mu bnh quy: OTC, RITZ, VNG DA, HELLO, VIT

HNG
Bng 11: Kt qu phn tch anova mt chiu 5 mu bnh o ln 1
PHU LUC
Ngun phng sai
Bc t
do (Df)
Tng bnh
phng (SS)
Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)
Kim
nh F
Khc bit gia ngi

th
72
72
0.3276
0.5683
Khc bit gia sn

phm
79877
79877
362.277
2e-16
Khc bit gia tng

tc ngi th v sn
phm
106
106
0.4829
0.4886
Phn d
106
23371
220
Gi tr P

Ngun phng sai
Bc t
do (Df)
Tng bnh
phng (SS)
Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)
Kim nh
F
Khc bit gia ngi

th
0.0054
Khc bit gia sn

phm
86606
86606
319.5537
Khc bit gia tng

tc ngi th v sn
phm
0.0158
Phn d
106
28728
271
Gi tr P
0.9416
2e-16
0.9003
Bng 13: Kt qu phn tch t-test so snh lp gia cc mu bnh

Mu
Bc t do (Df)
Gi tr t
Gi tr P
OTC
21
-0.5178
0.6098
RITZ
21
-2.5125
0.01982
HELLO
21
-1.3246
0.1995
VIT HNG
21
-1.4683
0.1568
Kt qu 7 mu bnh quy: OTC, SONG LONG, COCONUT, TIGER, HI

CHU, HOMEY, VIT HNG.
Ngun phng sai
Bc t
do (Df)
Tng bnh
phng (SS)
Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)
Kim nh
F
Khc bit gia ngi
10
10
0.0332
Gi tr P
0.8556
PHU LUC
th
Khc bit gia sn
phm
155083
155083
505.0398
Khc bit gia tng

tc ngi th v sn
phm
251
251
0.8183
Phn d
150
46061
307
2e-16
0.3671

Ngun phng sai
Bc t
do (Df)
Tng bnh
phng (SS)
Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)
Kim nh
F
Khc bit gia ngi

th
67
67
0.1941
Khc bit gia sn

phm
164782
164782
476.4752
Khc bit gia tng

tc ngi th v sn
phm
0.0064
Gi tr P
0.6602
2e-16
0.9365
Bng 16: Kt qu phn tch t-test so snh lp gia cc mu bnh

Mu
Bc t do (Df)
Gi tr t
Gi tr P
OTC
21
-0.9382
0.3588
SONG LONG
21
-0.7339
0.4711
COCONUT
21
-1.3984
0.1766
HI CHU
21
-2.1602
0.04246
HOMEY
21
-3.7242
0.001179
VIT HNG
21
-0.7451
0.4645
Phu luc 8: KT QUA PHN TICH NG THNG TNG QUAN

Bng 17: Kt qu phn tch hi quy tuyn tinh trn phn mm R
Phn d
-1.3675
-0.8321
-0.7936
0.4242
1.2128
3.3809
-2.0247
PHU LUC
Tng quan
c s
Sai s chun
Bc t
do
R2
Kim
inh F
Gia tri p
1.2054
1.5793
0.763
0.9401
78.46
0.0003049
4.1110
0.4641
8.858
Bang 18: Tinh toan cac gia tri x2, y2, xy, tng, trung binh
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Tng
TB
X
1,00
Y
3,95
X2
1,00
Y2
15,59
XY
3,95
1,54
6,71
2,38
45,06
10,35
2,17
9,32
4,70
86,90
20,20
2,78
13,05
7,72
170,41
36,28
3,41
16,44
11,63
270,24
56,07
3,55
19,2
12,64
368,64
68,25
6,40
25,5
40,99
650,25
163,25
20,86
94,18
81,05
1607,10
358,35
2,98
13,45
Bang 19: Kt qua tinh toan cac gia tri
ai lng
Sxx
Gia tri
18,91521
Syy
340,0524
Sxy
77,7612
SSE
20,37292
S2y/x
4,074584
Bang 20: Kt qua tinh khoang tin cy cho cac im 2, 3, 4 trn thang
x
1,8
2,8
4,6
1,7
1,7
1,71
PHU LUC
Phu luc 9: KT QUA PHN TICH ANOVA MT CHIUTURKEY HSD

Bng 21: Kt qu phn tch anova mt chiu ton b 23 mu bnh bch quy.
diff
lwr
upr
Coconut-AFC
0.9527554
1.8860000 -1.65769261 5.42969261
cosy-AFC
0.9999422
1.1650000 -2.37869261 4.70869261
Cream-AFC
0.9976005
1.4780000 -2.06569261 5.02169261
Dau xanh-AFC
0.0000000
14.5510000 11.00730739 18.09469261
hello-AFC
0.0000000
10.0280000 6.48430739 13.57169261
Homey-AFC
0.0000000
11.3750000 7.83130739 14.91869261
lubico-AFC
0.0000000
7.9960000 4.45230739 11.53969261
Luoi meo-AFC
0.9875099
1.6750000 -1.86869261 5.21869261
man phomai-AFC
0.7978977
2.2917778 -1.34902028 5.93257584
man.phomai-AFC
0.9745827
4.1740000 -4.13669584 12.48469584
OTC-AFC
0.0600383
quy cam HC-AFC
0.0000000
Quy dua Lubico-AFC
0.0000000
-3.4870000 -7.03069261 0.05669261

9.0030000 5.45930739 12.54669261
10.4900000 6.94630739 14.03369261
PHU LUC
rizt-AFC
1.0000000
Song long-AFC
1.0000000
0.6590000 -2.88469261 4.20269261

-0.7230000 -4.26669261 2.82069261
sua dua kinh do-AFC

0.0000006
6.0230000 2.47930739 9.56669261
sweet-AFC
0.0000000
9.0880000 5.54430739 12.63169261
tan's-AFC
0.9999998
0.8650000 -2.67869261 4.40869261
tiger-AFC
0.0000052
5.6180000 2.07430739 9.16169261
Trung nhen-AFC
0.0000000
9.6270000 6.08330739 13.17069261
vi chat-AFC
0.8791660
2.0870000 -1.45669261 5.63069261
Viet hung-AFC
0.0000000
17.0840000 13.54030739 20.62769261
Vong dua-AFC
0.1737313
3.1200000 -0.42369261 6.66369261
cosy-Coconut
1.0000000
-0.7210000 -4.26469261 2.82269261
Cream-Coconut
1.0000000
-0.4080000 -3.95169261 3.13569261
Dau xanh-Coconut
0.0000000
12.6650000 9.12130739 16.20869261
hello-Coconut
0.0000000
8.1420000 4.59830739 11.68569261
Homey-Coconut
0.0000000
9.4890000 5.94530739 13.03269261
PHU LUC
lubico-Coconut
0.0000004
Luoi meo-Coconut
1.0000000
6.1100000 2.56630739 9.65369261

-0.2110000 -3.75469261 3.33269261
man phomai-Coconut
1.0000000
0.4057778 -3.23502028 4.04657584
man.phomai-Coconut
0.9999976
2.2880000 -6.02269584 10.59869584
OTC-Coconut
0.0000188
quy cam HC-Coconut
0.0000000
-5.3730000 -8.91669261 -1.82930739

7.1170000 3.57330739 10.66069261
Quy dua Lubico-Coconut 8.6040000 5.06030739 12.14769261

0.0000000
rizt-Coconut
0.9998622
-1.2270000 -4.77069261 2.31669261
Song long-Coconut
0.5084396
-2.6090000 -6.15269261 0.93469261
sua dua kinh do-Coconut 4.1370000 0.59330739 7.68069261

0.0056913
sweet-Coconut
0.0000000
7.2020000 3.65830739 10.74569261
tan's-Coconut
0.9999944
-1.0210000 -4.56469261 2.52269261
tiger-Coconut
0.0263512
3.7320000 0.18830739 7.27569261
Trung nhen-Coconut
0.0000000
7.7410000 4.19730739 11.28469261
vi chat-Coconut
1.0000000
0.2010000 -3.34269261 3.74469261
PHU LUC
Viet hung-Coconut
0.0000000
15.1980000 11.65430739 18.74169261
Vong dua-Coconut
0.9998486
1.2340000 -2.30969261 4.77769261
Cream-cosy
1.0000000
0.3130000 -3.23069261 3.85669261
Dau xanh-cosy
0.0000000
13.3860000 9.84230739 16.92969261
hello-cosy
0.0000000
8.8630000 5.31930739 12.40669261
Homey-cosy
0.0000000
10.2100000 6.66630739 13.75369261
lubico-cosy
0.0000000
6.8310000 3.28730739 10.37469261
Luoi meo-cosy
1.0000000
0.5100000 -3.03369261 4.05369261
man phomai-cosy
0.9999797
1.1267778 -2.51402028 4.76757584
man.phomai-cosy
0.9997154
3.0090000 -5.30169584 11.31969584
OTC-cosy
0.0006236
-4.6520000 -8.19569261 -1.10830739
quy cam HC-cosy

0.0000000
7.8380000 4.29430739 11.38169261
Quy dua Lubico-cosy

0.0000000
9.3250000 5.78130739 12.86869261
rizt-cosy
1.0000000
Song long-cosy
0.9522430
-0.5060000 -4.04969261 3.03769261

-1.8880000 -5.43169261 1.65569261
PHU LUC
sua dua kinh do-cosy

0.0002398
4.8580000 1.31430739 8.40169261
sweet-cosy
0.0000000
7.9230000 4.37930739 11.46669261
tan's-cosy
1.0000000
-0.3000000 -3.84369261 3.24369261
tiger-cosy
0.0015126
4.4530000 0.90930739 7.99669261
Trung nhen-cosy
0.0000000
8.4620000 4.91830739 12.00569261
vi chat-cosy
0.9999992
0.9220000 -2.62169261 4.46569261
Viet hung-cosy
0.0000000
15.9190000 12.37530739 19.46269261
Vong dua-cosy
0.9326527
1.9550000 -1.58869261 5.49869261
Dau xanh-Cream
0.0000000
13.0730000 9.52930739 16.61669261
hello-Cream
0.0000000
8.5500000 5.00630739 12.09369261
Homey-Cream
0.0000000
9.8970000 6.35330739 13.44069261
lubico-Cream
0.0000000
6.5180000 2.97430739 10.06169261
Luoi meo-Cream
1.0000000
0.1970000 -3.34669261 3.74069261
man phomai-Cream
1.0000000
0.8137778 -2.82702028 4.45457584
man.phomai-Cream
0.9999540
2.6960000 -5.61469584 11.00669584
PHU LUC
OTC-Cream
0.0001438
-4.9650000 -8.50869261 -1.42130739
quy cam HC-Cream

0.0000000
7.5250000 3.98130739 11.06869261
Quy dua Lubico-Cream

0.0000000
9.0120000 5.46830739 12.55569261
rizt-Cream
0.9999999
-0.8190000 -4.36269261 2.72469261
Song long-Cream
0.8165407
-2.2010000 -5.74469261 1.34269261
sua dua kinh do-Cream

0.0010090
4.5450000 1.00130739 8.08869261
sweet-Cream
0.0000000
7.6100000 4.06630739 11.15369261
tan's-Cream
1.0000000
-0.6130000 -4.15669261 2.93069261
tiger-Cream
0.0056229
4.1400000 0.59630739 7.68369261
Trung nhen-Cream
0.0000000
8.1490000 4.60530739 11.69269261
vi chat-Cream
1.0000000
0.6090000 -2.93469261 4.15269261
Viet hung-Cream
0.0000000
15.6060000 12.06230739 19.14969261
Vong dua-Cream
0.9902350
1.6420000 -1.90169261 5.18569261
hello-Dau xanh
0.0011124
-4.5230000 -8.06669261 -0.97930739
Homey-Dau xanh
0.1498816
-3.1760000 -6.71969261 0.36769261
PHU LUC
lubico-Dau xanh
0.0000000
-6.5550000 -10.09869261 -3.01130739
Luoi meo-Dau xanh

0.0000000
-12.8760000 -16.41969261 -9.33230739
man phomai-Dau xanh

0.0000000
-12.2592222 -15.90002028 -8.61842416
man.phomai-Dau xanh
0.0017099
-10.3770000 -18.68769584 -2.06630416
OTC-Dau xanh
0.0000000
quy cam HC-Dau xanh
0.0000076
-18.0380000 -21.58169261 -14.49430739

-5.5480000 -9.09169261 -2.00430739
Quy dua Lubico-Dau xanh -4.0610000 -7.60469261 -0.51730739

0.0077020
rizt-Dau xanh
-10.34830739 0.0000000
-13.8920000 -17.43569261
Song long-Dau xanh

-11.73030739 0.0000000
-15.2740000 -18.81769261
sua dua kinh do-Dau xanh

-4.98430739 0.0000000
-8.5280000 -12.07169261
sweet-Dau xanh
-1.91930739 0.0000118
-5.4630000 -9.00669261
tan's-Dau xanh
-10.14230739 0.0000000
-13.6860000 -17.22969261
tiger-Dau xanh
-5.38930739 0.0000000
-8.9330000 -12.47669261
Trung nhen-Dau xanh

-1.38030739 0.0001751
-4.9240000 -8.46769261
vi chat-Dau xanh
-8.92030739 0.0000000
-12.4640000 -16.00769261
PHU LUC
Viet hung-Dau xanh

0.5701112
2.5330000 -1.01069261 6.07669261
Vong dua-Dau xanh

-7.88730739 0.0000000
-11.4310000 -14.97469261
Homey-hello
0.9993900
1.3470000 -2.19669261 4.89069261
lubico-hello
1.51169261 0.9039428
-2.0320000 -5.57569261
Luoi meo-hello
-4.80930739 0.0000000
-8.3530000 -11.89669261
man phomai-hello
-4.09542416 0.0000000
-7.7362222 -11.37702028
man.phomai-hello
2.45669584 0.6000131
-5.8540000 -14.16469584
OTC-hello
-9.97130739 0.0000000
-13.5150000 -17.05869261
quy cam HC-hello

0.9999940
-1.0250000 -4.56869261 2.51869261
Quy dua Lubico-hello

1.0000000
0.4620000 -3.08169261 4.00569261
rizt-hello
-5.82530739 0.0000000
-9.3690000 -12.91269261
Song long-hello
-7.20730739 0.0000000
-10.7510000 -14.29469261
sua dua kinh do-hello

0.0095846
-4.0050000 -7.54869261 -0.46130739
sweet-hello
0.9999988
-0.9400000 -4.48369261 2.60369261
tan's-hello
-5.61930739 0.0000000
-9.1630000 -12.70669261
PHU LUC
tiger-hello
0.0018225
-4.4100000 -7.95369261 -0.86630739
Trung nhen-hello
1.0000000
-0.4010000 -3.94469261 3.14269261
vi chat-hello
0.0000000
-7.9410000 -11.48469261 -4.39730739
Viet hung-hello
0.0000000
7.0560000 3.51230739 10.59969261
Vong dua-hello
0.0000000
-6.9080000 -10.45169261 -3.36430739
lubico-Homey
0.0839447
-3.3790000 -6.92269261 0.16469261
Luoi meo-Homey
0.0000000
-9.7000000 -13.24369261 -6.15630739
man phomai-Homey
0.0000000
-9.0832222 -12.72402028 -5.44242416
man.phomai-Homey
0.1970323
-7.2010000 -15.51169584 1.10969584
OTC-Homey
0.0000000
-14.8620000 -18.40569261 -11.31830739
quy cam HC-Homey

0.6979961
-2.3720000 -5.91569261 1.17169261
Quy dua Lubico-Homey

0.9999996
-0.8850000 -4.42869261 2.65869261
rizt-Homey
0.0000000
-10.7160000 -14.25969261 -7.17230739
Song long-Homey
0.0000000
-12.0980000 -15.64169261 -8.55430739
sua dua kinh do-Homey

0.0000210
-5.3520000 -8.89569261 -1.80830739
PHU LUC
sweet-Homey
0.7600827
-2.2870000 -5.83069261 1.25669261
tan's-Homey
0.0000000
-10.5100000 -14.05369261 -6.96630739
tiger-Homey
0.0000025
-5.7570000 -9.30069261 -2.21330739
Trung nhen-Homey
0.9792864
-1.7480000 -5.29169261 1.79569261
vi chat-Homey
0.0000000
-9.2880000 -12.83169261 -5.74430739
Viet hung-Homey
0.0000032
5.7090000 2.16530739 9.25269261
Vong dua-Homey
0.0000000
-8.2550000 -11.79869261 -4.71130739
Luoi meo-lubico
0.0000001
-6.3210000 -9.86469261 -2.77730739
man phomai-lubico
0.0000074
-5.7042222 -9.34502028 -2.06342416
man.phomai-lubico
0.9911164
-3.8220000 -12.13269584 4.48869584
OTC-lubico
0.0000000
-11.4830000 -15.02669261 -7.93930739
quy cam HC-lubico

0.9999957
1.0070000 -2.53669261 4.55069261
Quy dua Lubico-lubico

0.6017556
2.4940000 -1.04969261 6.03769261
rizt-lubico
0.0000000
-7.3370000 -10.88069261 -3.79330739
Song long-lubico
0.0000000
-8.7190000 -12.26269261 -5.17530739
PHU LUC
sua dua kinh do-lubico

0.9265528
-1.9730000 -5.51669261 1.57069261
sweet-lubico
0.9999812
1.0920000 -2.45169261 4.63569261
tan's-lubico
0.0000000
-7.1310000 -10.67469261 -3.58730739
tiger-lubico
0.6934240
-2.3780000 -5.92169261 1.16569261
Trung nhen-lubico
0.9910269
1.6310000 -1.91269261 5.17469261
vi chat-lubico
0.0000011
-5.9090000 -9.45269261 -2.36530739
Viet hung-lubico
0.0000000
9.0880000 5.54430739 12.63169261
Vong dua-lubico
0.0002202
-4.8760000 -8.41969261 -1.33230739
man phomai-Luoi meo

1.0000000
0.6167778 -3.02402028 4.25757584
man.phomai-Luoi meo
0.9999879
2.4990000 -5.81169584 10.80969584
OTC-Luoi meo
0.0000548
quy cam HC-Luoi meo
0.0000000
-5.1620000 -8.70569261 -1.61830739

7.3280000 3.78430739 10.87169261
Quy dua Lubico-Luoi meo 8.8150000 5.27130739 12.35869261

0.0000000
rizt-Luoi meo
0.9999949
-1.0160000 -4.55969261 2.52769261
Song long-Luoi meo

0.6780345
-2.3980000 -5.94169261 1.14569261
PHU LUC
sua dua kinh do-Luoi meo 4.3480000 0.80430739 7.89169261

0.0023767
sweet-Luoi meo
0.0000000
7.4130000 3.86930739 10.95669261
tan's-Luoi meo
0.9999999
-0.8100000 -4.35369261 2.73369261
tiger-Luoi meo
0.0121574
3.9430000 0.39930739 7.48669261
Trung nhen-Luoi meo

0.0000000
7.9520000 4.40830739 11.49569261
vi chat-Luoi meo
1.0000000
0.4120000 -3.13169261 3.95569261
Viet hung-Luoi meo

0.0000000
15.4090000 11.86530739 18.95269261
Vong dua-Luoi meo

0.9982618
1.4450000 -2.09869261 4.98869261
man.phomai-man phomai
10.23478582 1.0000000
OTC-man phomai
0.0000050
1.8822222 -6.47034137
-5.7787778 -9.41957584 -2.13797972
quy cam HC-man phomai

10.35202028 0.0000000
6.7112222 3.07042416
Quy dua Lubico-man phomai 8.1982222 4.55742416 11.83902028

0.0000000
rizt-man phomai
2.00802028 0.9935690
-1.6327778 -5.27357584
Song long-man phomai

0.62602028 0.2721769
-3.0147778 -6.65557584
sua dua kinh do-man phomai

7.37202028 0.0372925
3.7312222 0.09042416
PHU LUC
sweet-man phomai
10.43702028 0.0000000
6.7962222 3.15542416
tan's-man phomai
2.21402028 0.9990309
-1.4267778 -5.06757584
tiger-man phomai
6.96702028 0.1266491
3.3262222 -0.31457584
Trung nhen-man phomai

10.97602028 0.0000000
7.3352222 3.69442416
vi chat-man phomai
3.43602028 1.0000000
-0.2047778 -3.84557584
Viet hung-man phomai

18.43302028 0.0000000
14.7922222 11.15142416
Vong dua-man phomai

4.46902028 0.9999999
0.8282222 -2.81257584
OTC-man.phomai
0.64969584 0.1166709
-7.6610000 -15.97169584
quy cam HC-man.phomai

13.13969584 0.8921877
4.8290000 -3.48169584
Quy dua Lubico-man.phomai

14.62669584 0.4416175
6.3160000 -1.99469584
rizt-man.phomai
4.79569584 0.9970811
-3.5150000 -11.82569584
Song long-man.phomai
3.41369584 0.8786397
-4.8970000 -13.20769584
sua dua kinh do-man.phomai

10.15969584 1.0000000
1.8490000 -6.46169584
sweet-man.phomai
13.22469584 0.8750966
4.9140000 -3.39669584
tan's-man.phomai
5.00169584 0.9987727
-3.3090000 -11.61969584
PHU LUC
tiger-man.phomai
9.75469584 1.0000000
1.4440000 -6.86669584
Trung nhen-man.phomai
13.76369584 0.7328742
5.4530000 -2.85769584
vi chat-man.phomai
6.22369584 0.9999996
-2.0870000 -10.39769584
Viet hung-man.phomai
21.22069584 0.0000095
12.9100000 4.59930416
Vong dua-man.phomai
7.25669584 1.0000000
-1.0540000 -9.36469584
quy cam HC-OTC

16.03369261 0.0000000
12.4900000 8.94630739
Quy dua Lubico-OTC

17.52069261 0.0000000
13.9770000 10.43330739
rizt-OTC
7.68969261 0.0054886
4.1460000 0.60230739
Song long-OTC
6.30769261 0.3877806
2.7640000 -0.77969261
sua dua kinh do-OTC

13.05369261 0.0000000
9.5100000 5.96630739
sweet-OTC
16.11869261 0.0000000
12.5750000 9.03130739
tan's-OTC
7.89569261 0.0023366
4.3520000 0.80830739
tiger-OTC
12.64869261 0.0000000
9.1050000 5.56130739
Trung nhen-OTC
16.65769261 0.0000000
13.1140000 9.57030739
vi chat-OTC
9.11769261 0.0000066
5.5740000 2.03030739
PHU LUC
Viet hung-OTC
24.11469261 0.0000000
20.5710000 17.02730739
Vong dua-OTC
10.15069261 0.0000000
6.6070000 3.06330739
Quy dua Lubico-quy cam HC

5.03069261 0.9973864
1.4870000 -2.05669261
rizt-quy cam HC
-4.80030739 0.0000000
-8.3440000 -11.88769261
Song long-quy cam HC

-6.18230739 0.0000000
sua dua kinh do-quy cam HC
0.56369261 0.2451905
-9.7260000 -13.26969261
-2.9800000 -6.52369261
sweet-quy cam HC
3.62869261 1.0000000
0.0850000 -3.45869261
tan's-quy cam HC
-4.59430739 0.0000000
-8.1380000 -11.68169261
tiger-quy cam HC
0.15869261 0.0824349
-3.3850000 -6.92869261
Trung nhen-quy cam HC

1.0000000
0.6240000 -2.91969261 4.16769261
vi chat-quy cam HC
-3.37230739 0.0000000
-6.9160000 -10.45969261
Viet hung-quy cam HC

0.0000000
8.0810000 4.53730739 11.62469261
Vong dua-quy cam HC

0.0000012
-5.8830000 -9.42669261 -2.33930739
rizt-Quy dua Lubico

-6.28730739 0.0000000
-9.8310000 -13.37469261
Song long-Quy dua Lubico

-7.66930739 0.0000000
-11.2130000 -14.75669261
PHU LUC
sua dua kinh do-Quy dua Lubico -4.4670000 -8.01069261

-0.92330739 0.0014230
sweet-Quy dua Lubico
0.9988832
-1.4020000 -4.94569261 2.14169261
tan's-Quy dua Lubico

-6.08130739 0.0000000
-9.6250000 -13.16869261
tiger-Quy dua Lubico

0.0002244
-4.8720000 -8.41569261 -1.32830739
Trung nhen-Quy dua Lubico -0.8630000 -4.40669261 2.68069261

0.9999998
vi chat-Quy dua Lubico
-4.85930739 0.0000000
-8.4030000 -11.94669261
Viet hung-Quy dua Lubico

0.0000000
6.5940000 3.05030739 10.13769261
Vong dua-Quy dua Lubico

-3.82630739 0.0000000
-7.3700000 -10.91369261
Song long-rizt
2.16169261 0.9990990
-1.3820000 -4.92569261
sua dua kinh do-rizt

0.0000197
5.3640000 1.82030739 8.90769261
sweet-rizt
0.0000000
8.4290000 4.88530739 11.97269261
tan's-rizt
3.74969261 1.0000000
0.2060000 -3.33769261
tiger-rizt
0.0001481
4.9590000 1.41530739 8.50269261
Trung nhen-rizt
0.0000000
8.9680000 5.42430739 12.51169261
vi chat-rizt
0.9985362
1.4280000 -2.11569261 4.97169261
PHU LUC
Viet hung-rizt
19.96869261 0.0000000
16.4250000 12.88130739
Vong dua-rizt
0.6283246
2.4610000 -1.08269261 6.00469261
sua dua kinh do-Song long

0.0000000
6.7460000 3.20230739 10.28969261
sweet-Song long
0.0000000
9.8110000 6.26730739 13.35469261
tan's-Song long
0.9936336
1.5880000 -1.95569261 5.13169261
tiger-Song long
0.0000001
6.3410000 2.79730739 9.88469261
Trung nhen-Song long

13.89369261 0.0000000
10.3500000 6.80630739
vi chat-Song long
0.3544446
2.8100000 -0.73369261 6.35369261
Viet hung-Song long

21.35069261 0.0000000
17.8070000 14.26330739
Vong dua-Song long

0.0176652
3.8430000 0.29930739 7.38669261
sweet-sua dua kinh do

6.60869261 0.1997618
3.0650000 -0.47869261
tan's-sua dua kinh do

-1.61430739 0.0000559
-5.1580000 -8.70169261
tiger-sua dua kinh do

3.13869261 1.0000000
-0.4050000 -3.94869261
Trung nhen-sua dua kinh do

0.0409471
3.6040000 0.06030739 7.14769261
vi chat-sua dua kinh do

-0.39230739 0.0124846
-3.9360000 -7.47969261
PHU LUC
Viet hung-sua dua kinh do

14.60469261 0.0000000
11.0610000 7.51730739
Vong dua-sua dua kinh do

0.2917567
-2.9030000 -6.44669261 0.64069261
tan's-sweet
-4.67930739 0.0000000
-8.2230000 -11.76669261
tiger-sweet
0.07369261 0.0633654
-3.4700000 -7.01369261
Trung nhen-sweet
4.08269261 1.0000000
0.5390000 -3.00469261
vi chat-sweet
-3.45730739 0.0000000
-7.0010000 -10.54469261
Viet hung-sweet
11.53969261 0.0000000
7.9960000 4.45230739
Vong dua-sweet
-2.42430739 0.0000008
-5.9680000 -9.51169261
tiger-tan's
8.29669261 0.0003922
4.7530000 1.20930739
Trung nhen-tan's
12.30569261 0.0000000
8.7620000 5.21830739
vi chat-tan's
4.76569261 0.9998711
1.2220000 -2.32169261
Viet hung-tan's
19.76269261 0.0000000
16.2190000 12.67530739
Vong dua-tan's
5.79869261 0.7819261
2.2550000 -1.28869261
Trung nhen-tiger
7.55269261 0.0094372
4.0090000 0.46530739
vi chat-tiger
0.01269261 0.0521120
-3.5310000 -7.07469261
PHU LUC
Viet hung-tiger
15.00969261 0.0000000
11.4660000 7.92230739
Vong dua-tiger
1.04569261 0.5985191
-2.4980000 -6.04169261
vi chat-Trung nhen
-3.99630739 0.0000000
-7.5400000 -11.08369261
Viet hung-Trung nhen

0.0000000
7.4570000 3.91330739 11.00069261
Vong dua-Trung nhen

-2.96330739 0.0000000
-6.5070000 -10.05069261
Viet hung-vi chat

18.54069261 0.0000000
14.9970000 11.45330739
Vong dua-vi chat

4.57669261 0.9999931
1.0330000 -2.51069261
Vong dua-Viet hung

-10.42030739 0.0000000
-13.9640000 -17.50769261
Bng 22: Kt qu phn tch anova mt chiu cho 7 mu bnh o cng c

diff
lwr
upr
P2-P1 2.764 0.07074007 5.45726
0.0405944
P3-P1 5.373 2.67974007 8.06626
0.0000016
P4-P1 12.490 9.79674007 15.18326 0.0000000

P5-P1 9.105 6.41174007 11.79826
0.0000000
P6-P1 14.862 12.16874007 17.55526 0.0000000

P7-P1 20.571 17.87774007 23.26426 0.0000000
P3-P2 2.609 -0.08425993 5.30226
0.0336278
P4-P2 9.726 7.03274007 12.41926
0.0000000
P5-P2 6.341 3.64774007 9.03426
0.0000000
PHU LUC
P6-P2 12.098 9.40474007 14.79126 0.0000000

P7-P2 17.807 15.11374007 20.50026 0.0000000
P4-P3 7.117 4.42374007 9.81026
0.0000000
P5-P3 3.732 1.03874007 6.42526
0.0014833
P6-P3 9.489 6.79574007 12.18226
0.0000000
P7-P3 15.198 12.50474007 17.89126 0.0000000

P5-P4 -3.385 -6.07825993 -0.69174
0.0052963
P6-P4 2.372 -0.32125993 5.06526
0.0098405
P7-P4 8.081 5.38774007 10.77426
0.0000000
P6-P5 5.757 3.06374007 8.45026
0.0000003
P7-P5 11.466 8.77274007 14.15926
0.0000000
P7-P6 5.709 3.01574007 8.40226
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Nghiên C U Lập Thang Độ Cứng Chuẩn Dùng Trong Đánh Giá Cảm Quan Cấu Trúc Sản Phẩm Bánh Bích Quy

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Nghiên C U Lập Thang Độ Cứng Chuẩn Dùng Trong Đánh Giá Cảm Quan Cấu Trúc Sản Phẩm Bánh Bích Quy

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I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

NGHIN CU LP THANG CNG CHUN

SVTH : L TH NGUYT GIANG

Tp. HCM , Thang 01/2009

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

hon thnh ti lun vn ny, em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong

4.4 KT QUA LP THANG CNG CHUN......................................................93

DANH MUC HINH

DANH MUC BANG

Lp thang cng chun cho sn phm bnh bch quy da trn kt qu

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Chng 1. TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Kha nng tai hin va

Cac kt qua ca nhn

nng phn tich thng k

Bo qua nhng nguyn

Ngoai anh gia san

Ngun:Tng hp t cc ti liu [54], [56]. [62]

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Bang 2.2 Phn loi thuc tnh cu trc theo mt s tc gi

Ngun: Tng hp t cac tai liu [30], [50], [55]

cng, chc, mm.

Mn, nhiu nc.

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

2.2 TNG QUAN V PHNG PHAP LP THANG CHUN

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

i vi ngnh cng nghip, phng php thang o tng th cung cp cho cc

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

khng th so sanh vi nhau, vi chung th hin cc gia tri cng c lp khc

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Nu mt chng loi sn phm mi c thm vo chng trnh m t, mt

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Trong phng php ny, mi thuc tnh c nh gi bng thang o ca n

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Nhc im ln nht ca phng php ny l cc thuc tnh trong mt sn

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

c ai din bi mt mu thc phm tham khao, ma co th anh gia cho im mt

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

cho th nghim cn s dng cc loi thc phm thay th quen thuc vi hi ng

Ko cng (Dryden and Palmer)

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

60% bt Gold medal

Ngun: Szczesniak va cng s (1963); Bourne va cng s (1975)

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Tinh thn t nguyn chp nhn hao tn thi gian.

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Vi mi c tnh cm quan cn nghin cu (cu trc, tnh cht b mt) kh

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

Hi ng p dng phng php M ta Cu truc thng c t 5 -7 ngi tiu

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

chung c rt nhiu loi sn phm c th s dng cho mc ch ny, tuy nhin nu

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

iu ny cng c s dng bi Meilgarrd v cng s 1999. ng chn mt hi

Bang 2.4 Bng cu hi la chon hi ng

Chng 2: TNG QUAN TAI LIU

1. Bn m t s khc nhau gia mi v cu trc?