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MC LC
e ee e


MC LC ........................................................................................................ 1
DANH MC CC K HIU V CH VIT TT ................................... 3
DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU .................................................... 4
LI M U .................................................................................................. 6
CHNG 1: IU CH BIN .............................................................. 7
1.1 Sng v tuyn trong thng tin vin thng ............................................... 7
1.2 iu ch bin .................................................................................... 12
1.2.1iu ch bin truyn sng mang (Double Side Ban Transmitted
Carrier). ................................................................................................... 17
1.2.2 iu ch DSB-SC (Double SideBand- Supperssed carrier) .......... 20
1.3 iu ch n bin (SSB: single sideband) ............................................ 24
1.3.1Mt s u im ca iu ch n bin (SSB) so vi DSB ............. 25
1.3.2 Cc phng php iu ch n bin .............................................. 26
1.4 iu ch bin di bin dt (Vestigial SideBand VSB) ................. 29
1.5 Cc mch iu ch c th ...................................................................... 30
1.5.1 Mch iu ch AM dng diode ...................................................... 30
1.5.2Mch iu ch vng ........................................................................ 30
1.5.3Mch iu bin dng transistor ....................................................... 32
CHNG 2: GII IU CH BIN ................................................. 33
2.1 Khi nim tch sng iu bin ............................................................. 33
2.2 Tch sng DSB-AM .............................................................................. 33
2.2.1 Hon iu cng. ............................................................................. 33
2.2.2 Hon iu bnh phng .................................................................. 34
2.2.3 Tch sng khng kt hp (Incoherent detection) .......................... 35
2.2.4 Tch sng kt hp (coherent) ......................................................... 37
2.3Tch sng SSB-AM ............................................................................... 37
CHNG 3: NG DNG IU BIN TRONG MY PHT HNH,
PHT THANH .............................................................................................. 39
3.1 NG DNG IU BIN TRONG MY PHT HNH..................... 39
2

3.1.1 Chc nng v nhim v ca my pht hnh. .............................. 42
3.1.2 S khi c bn ca my pht hnh ............................................ 42
3.1.3 c im ca loi my pht iu ch mc cng sut ln. .... 46
3.1.4 Khi ch sng hnh. ..................................................................... 47
3.1.5 Mch trn tn to cao tn hnh ....................................................... 49
3.1.6 Mch bi tn. ................................................................................ 51
3.1.7 Mch khuch i v sa m tn ..................................................... 53
3.1.8 B tin iu ch. ........................................................................... 53
3.1.9 Tnh ton mch iu ch AM ......................................................... 54
3.1.10 Chc nng v c tnh cc tng khuch i cao tn. .............. 56
3.1.11 B trung hp v mch lc hi .................................................... 57
3.1.12 Dy dn cao tn v Anten. ........................................................ 58
3.2 ng dng iu ch AM trong my pht thanh ..................................... 59
3.2.1 Kho st my pht AM mc thp .................................................. 59
3.2.2 My pht AM mc cao .................................................................. 61
3.2.3 Mt s mch in c bn trong my pht thanh AM .................... 62
Chng 4: M PHNG IU CH AM DNG MATLAB ................... 69
4.1 Gii thiu chng trnh MATLAB: ...................................................... 69
4.2 Gii thiu v chng trnh m phng ................................................... 70
4.2.1 M phng iu bin vi tn hiu sng sin ...................................... 70
4.2.2 M phng iu ch vi tn hiu file wav ....................................... 75
KT LUN .................................................................................................... 77
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................ 78
Ph lc ............................................................................................................ 79






3


DANH MC CC K HIU V CH VIT TT

e ee e

AM

Amplitude Modulation

iu ch bin
B Bng thng c s
DSB Double SideBand iu ch bin trit sng mang
Fc Frequency carrier Tn s sng mang
FM Frequency Modulation iu ch tn s
FSK
LFP
Frequency Shift Keying
Low-Pass Filter
Kha dch tn s
B lc thng thp
LSSB Lower Single SideBand iu ch n bin di
SNR Signal-to-noise ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SSB Single SideBand iu ch n bin
USSB Upper Single SideBand iu ch n bin trn
VCO
W

Voltage Controlled Oscillator


B dao ng iu khin bng in p
Bng thng tn hiu gc

4

DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU
e ee e
Hnh 1.1: Mt tn hin nhiu trng. 10
Hnh1.2: Nhiu xuyn m 11
Hnh 1.3: Nhiu xuyn knh 11
Hnh 1.4 S khi iu ch bin 12
Hnh 1.5 dng tn hiu min thi gian vi h s iu ch m=1 14
Hnh 1.6 dng tn hiu min thi gian vi h s iu ch m<1 15
Hnh 1.7 Hnh dng ph ca tn hiu iu bin 15
Hnh 1.8 m phng ph ca tn hiu sau iu ch 16
Hnh 1.9: c tuyn iu ch tnh A-gi tr cc i B-ti tin cha iu ch 16
Hnh 1.10 S iu ch DSB-TC 17
Hnh 1.11 Bin i furier ca 2 sng AM 18
Hnh 1.12 S tch sng iu bin hai knh hai knh 19
Hnh 1.13 Bin i F ca TC-AM 19
Hnh 1.14 M phng tn hiu iu ch DSB-SC. 21
Hnh 1.15: Phn tch ph tn hiu iu ch DSB-SC 21
Hnh 1.16 Tch ca s(t) vi hm cng tun hon 22
Hnh 1.17 Mch to xung cng dng diode 23
Hnh 1.18 Biu din furier ca tn hiu bin iu bnh phng. 23
Hnh 1.19 iu bin cn bng. 24
Hnh 1.20 Biu din ph ca 2 bng cnh USSB v LSSB 25
Hnh 1.21: S khi v di ph ca tn hiu ca phng php lc 27
Hnh 1.22: Ph tn hiu theo phng php tng hp 28
Hnh 1.23 Ph iu ch iu bin rt 29
Hnh 1.24 S mch iu ch AM dng diode 30
Hnh 1.25: Mch iu bin vng dng diode. 31
Hnh1.26: iu bin colector 32
Hnh 2.1 S hon iu cng 33
Hnh 2.2 S tch sng khng kt hp 36
Hnh 2.3 Biu din s phng np ca t khi gii iu ch 36
Hnh 2.4 S tch sng kt hp 37
5

Hnh 2.5 S khi hon iu SSB-AM 38
Hnh 3.1 Ph ca tn hiu NTSC 40
Bng 3.2 Cc thng s k thut ca cc h 41
Hnh 3.3 S khi my pht hnh iu bin mc cng sut ln 44
Hnh 3.4Mch to dao ng tn hnh 48
Hnh 3.5 Mch in trn tn 50
Hnh 3.6 Mch in trn tn s trung tn ting 51
Hnh 3.7 Mch in bi tn 52
Hnh 3.8 Mch ghim dng transistor 53
Hnh 3.9 Mch in iu bin AM cn bng dng transistor v diode 55
Hnh 3.10 Mch in tng ng ca b lc hi 58
Hnh 3.11 s khi my pht thanh AM mc thp. 60
Hnh 3.12 s my pht AM mc cao. 61
Hnh 3.13 Mch iu bin cc E dng mt transistor 62
Hnh 3.14 mch iu ch AM cng sut trung bnh 64
Hnh 3.15 Mch iu ch AM DSB-TC 66
Hnh 3.16 Mch dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip. 68
Hnh 4.1 Giao Menu ca chng trnh m phng 70
Hnh 4.2 M phng tn hiu nhiu gauss 71
Hnh 4.3 M phng iu ch DSB-TC vi tn hiu tin tc l sng sin 73
Hnh 4.4 M phng iu ch DSB-SC tn hiu sng sin 74
Hnh 4.5 M phng iu ch n bin USSB 74
Hnh 4.6 m phng iu ch v gii iu ch file .wav 76







6

LI M U
e ee e
Ngy nay vi s pht trin cng ngh thng tin th tn hiu s ngy cng c
s dng rng ri, v trong k thut thng tin v tuyn.
m thanh m tai ngi cm nhn c l nhng dao ng c hc c tn s t
16Hz n 20000Hz. Trong k thut truyn thanh gi m thanh t u pht n
u thu ngi ta phi bin i m thanh thnh tn hiu in m tn nh micro.
Tn hiu ny c tn s rt nh khng th bc x ra mi trng khng gian. Do
vy truyn cc tn hiu m tn t u pht n u thu vi mt c li xa trong
khng gian ngi ta phi gi tn hiu ny vo mt sng mang cao tn. Phng
thc gi tn hiu m tn vo sng mang cao tn gi l phng php iu
ch.Trong thc t tn ti nhiu phng php iu ch tn hiu, nh iu ch
ASK, FSK, PSk, QAM, FM, AM mi loi u c u nhc im ring.
Vic iu ch v tch sng l khu rt quan trng trong qu trnh truyn thng
tin i vi c thng tin s cng nh thng tin tng t chnh v vy trong ni
dung n em chn ti Tm hiu k thut iu ch AM nhm tm hiu thm
v nhng vn trong iu ch v gii iu ch tng t ng thi lm quen v
ng dng phn mm matlab m phng tn hiu.
Ni dung n gm 5 phn:
Chng 1: iu ch bin
Chng 2: Gii iu ch bin
Chng 3: ng dng iu bin trong my pht thanh pht hnh
Chng 4: M phng iu ch AM bng Matlab
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thc hin ti s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st.Rt
mong s ch bo, gp , ph bnh ca qu thy c v cc bn.



7

CHNG 1: IU CH BIN
1.1 Sng v tuyn trong thng tin vin thng
- Tn hiu tin tc
Trong truyn thng, tin tc v d liu l tt c nhng g cn trao i chng c th l
ting ni hnh nh, tp hp cc con s cc k hiu,cc i lng o lng c a
vo my pht pht i hay nhn c my thu.
Tn hiu chnh l tin tc c x l c th truyn i trn h thng thng tin.
V d : Tn hiu m tn c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz v khng c kh nng bc
x thnh sng in t truyn trong khng gian vi khong cch xa.
-Tn hiu sng mang
L tn hiu cao tn c tn s trn 30 KHz tn hiu cao tn c tnh cht bc x thnh
sng in t. Th d trn mt dy dn c tn hiu cao tn chy qua, th dy dn c
mt sng gy can nhiu ra xung quanh, chnh l sng in t do dng in cao
tn s bc x ra khng gian.
-Bng thng knh truyn (Bandwidth)
Bi v mt tn hiu bt k c th c xem nh l mt s kt hp ca mt chui cc
sng hnh sin, nn ta c th xem rng, s truyn ti mt tn hiu bt k tng ng
vi vic truyn ti cc sng hnh sin thnh phn. V tn s ca chng l khc nhau,
chng c th n ni vi suy gim l khc nhau, mt trong s chng c th
khng cn nhn ra c. Nu ta nh ngha mt ngng cn nghe c f1, th tt
c cc tn hiu hnh sin c tn s nh hn f
1
c xem nh b mt. Tng t cc tn
hiu c tn s ln hn f
2
cng c xem l b mt. Nhng tn hin c th nhn ra
c bn nghe l cc tn hiu c tn s nm gia f
1
v f
2
. Khong tn s ny c
gi l rng bng thng.
Ni mt cc khc, vi mt tn hiu phc tp bt k, tn hiu ny s truyn ti c
nu nh tn s ca cc sng hnh sin thnh phn ca n c tn s nm trong khong
bng thng ca knh truyn. Chng ta cng nhn thy rng, bng thng cng ln th
cng c nhiu tn hiu c truyn n ni. Chnh v th chng ta thng quan tm
n cc knh truyn c bng thng rng.V d: rng bng thng ca knh truyn
in thoi l 3100Hz v cc tn hiu m thanh c th nghe c nm khong tn
s t 300 Hz n 3400 Hz.

8

Tn gi bng
tn
Vit
tt
Bng
tn
ITU
Tn s v
bc sng
trong khng
kh
ng dng
Tn s cc
k thp
ELF 1 330 Hz
100,000 km
10,000 km
Thng tin di nc
Tn s siu
thp
SLF 2 30300 Hz
10,000 km
1000 km
Thng tin di nc
Tn s cc
thp
ULF 3 3003000 Hz
1000 km
100 km
Thng tin di nc, thng tin
trong hm m
Tn s rt
thp

VLF

4 330 kHz
100 km
10 km
Dn ng, tn hiu thi gian,
thng tin di nc, thit b hin
th nhp tim khng dy, a vt l
Tn s thp

LF

5 30300 kHz
10 km 1 km
Dn ng, tn hiu thi gian,
qung b (sng di) AM (Chu
u v mt phn Chu ), RFID,
v tuyn nghip d
Tn s trung
bnh

MF



6 300
3000 kHz
1 km 100 m
Qung b (sng trung) AM, v
tuyn nghip d, cnh bo tuyt l
Tn s cao

HF

7 330 MHz
100 m 10 m
Qung b sng ngn, v tuyn
nghip d, thng tin ngoi ng
chn tri, RFID, radar ngoi
ng chn tri, thng tin v
tuyn thit lp lin kt t ng
(ALE) / (NVIS), in thoi v
tuyn di ng v hng hi
9

Tn s rt
cao

VHF

8 30300 MHz
10 m 1 m
V tuyn FM, thng tin qung b,
thng tin gia my bay-my bay
v my bay-mt t. Thng tin di
ng mt t v hng hi, v
tuyn nghip d v v tuyn thi
tit
Tn s cc
cao

UHF

9 300
3000 MHz
1 m
100 mm
Qung b truyn hnh, l vi sng,
thng tin/thit b vi ba, thin vn
v tuyn, in thoi di ng,
WLAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS
v v tuyn hai chiu nh v
tuyn di ng mt t, FRS v
GMRS, v tuyn nghip d
Tn s siu
cao

SHF

10 330 GHz
100 mm
10 mm
thin vn v tuyn, thng tin/thit
b vi ba, WLAN, radar, v tinh
thng tin, truyn hnh v tinh,
DBS, v tuyn nghip d
Tn s cc
k cao
EHF 11 30300 GHz
10 mm
1 mm
thin vn v tuyn, thng tin vi ba
cao tn, vin thm, v tuyn
nghip d, v kh nh hng
chm nng lng trc tip, my
qut sng milimet
Terahertz hay
Tn s cc
cc cao
THz
or
THF
12 300
3,000 GHz
1 mm
100m
ng dng tim nng trong y hc,
thay th cho tia-X, thng tin/tnh
ton terahertz, vin thm, v
tuyn nghip d
< 3 Hz
> 100,000 km
Tp m in t t nhiu v do con
ngi to ra

Bng 1.1 Phn b bng tn v ng dng
V tuyn AM sng di = 148.5 283.5 KHz (LF)
10

V tuyn AM sng trung = 530 KHz 1710 KHz (MF)
V tuyn AM sng ngn = 3 MHz 30 MHz (HF)
-Nhiu trong thng tin v tuyn
+ Nhiu trng (White noise)
Nhiu trng l mt tn hiu ngu nhin c mt phn b cng sut phng ngha l
tn hiu nhiu c cng sut bng nhau trong ton khong bng thng. Tn hiu ny
c tn l nhiu trng v n c tnh cht tng t vi nh sng trng.

Hnh 1.1: Mt tn hin nhiu trng.
+Ngun sinh ra nhiu trng:
-Nhiu sinh ra do chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t trong linh kin bn dn.
-Nhng m thanh nh ting gi ting nc ca l ngun nhiu trng
-Cc vn nh thi tit con ngi.
+Nhiu ng knh (Co-Channel Interference)
-Nhiu ng knh xy ra khi c hai my pht trn cng mt tn s hoc trn cng
mt knh. My thu iu chnh knh ny s thu c c hai tn hiu vi cng
ph thuc vo v tr ca my thu so vi hai my pht, v sng mang.
Nhiu ng knh thng gp trong h thng thng tin s cellular, Trong tng
hiu sut s dng ph bng cch s dng li tn s. Nh vy c th coi nhiu ng
knh trong h thng cellular l nhiu gy nn do cc cell s dng cng 1 knh tn
s.
+ Nhiu xuyn m (Intersymbol Inteference)
Di thng tuyt i ca cc xung nhiu mc nh phng l v hn. Nu cc xung
ny c lc khng ng khi chng truyn qua mt h thng thng tin th chng s
11

tri ra trn min thi gian v xung cho mi k hiu s chn vo cc khe thi gian
bn cnh gy ra nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI)

Hnh1.2 Nhiu xuyn m
- gim nhiu xuyn m ngi ta phi lm th no hn ch di thng m vn
khng gy ra ISI
-Khi di thng b gii hn, xung s c nh trn thay v nh phng
-Mt trong nhng phng php loi b nhiu ISI l dng b lc cos nng v
b lc ngang p khng (phng php Nyquist I)
-Nhiu xuyn knh (Interchannel Interference)
-Gy ra do cc thit b pht trn cc knh k nhau

Hnh1.3: Nhiu xuyn knh
-Thng xy ra do tn hiu truyn trn knh v tuyn b dch tn gy can nhiu
sang cc knh k n
- loi b nhiu xuyn knh ngi ta phi c khong bo v (guard band)
gia cc di tn
Tc ng ca mi trng truyn ti vic truyn tn hiu
12



iu ch
AM
Tn hiu
iu bin
Khi tn hiu truyn qua mi trng (v tuyn hay hu tuyn) th t nhiu s b cc
tc ng lm sai lc. Cc yu t nh hng n truyn tin c th k ti l:
-Gy mo tn hiu (distortion)
-Nhiu (Interference)
-Suy hao
- Mo tuyn tnh v mo phi tuyn
Mo tuyn tnh l mo gy ra cho tn hiu bi cc phn t tuyn tnh trn knh
truyn, trong cc phn t (trong nhiu trng hp li c th xem chng nh cc
h thng - n gin l xem chng nh nhng khi/block) tuyn tnh l cc phn t
m php ton biu din quan h u ra theo u vo tha mn tnh cht xp chng.
Nguyn nhn:
Cc mch lc ch to khng hon ho
Do mi trng truyn:
- Dy kim loi: tn s cng cao tiu hao cng nhiu nhng tng khng u m
ln nt, mp m.
Mo phi tuyn, tri li, li gy bi cc phn t phi tuyn (khng tha mn tnh cht
xp chng, c c tuyn vo-ra l mt ng khng thng)
1.2 iu ch bin
Tn hiu tng t khi truyn i xa th nng lng ca chng b suy gim theo
khong cch. V vy, c th truyn tn hiu i xa v thch hp vi cc dng knh
truyn khc nhau cn phi thc hin qu trnh iu ch tn hiu.
iu ch bin hay cn gi l iu bin (AM) c thc hin bng cch thay i
bin ca tn hiu sng mang theo bin ca tn hiu thng tin cn gi i, trong
tn s v pha ca sng mang th gi nguyn
Sng mang
U
c
=U
c
cos(w
c
t)

U
s
=u
0
*cos(w
s
t)
Tin tc

Hnh 1.4 S khi iu ch bin
13

Phng php iu ch ny gm iu ch hai bin (DSB-SC), iu ch bin
truyn thng (DSB-TC), iu ch n bin (SSB-AM) v iu ch bin trit mt
phn di bin (VSB-AM). S ph thuc gia tn hiu iu ch v bin ca sng
mang c iu ch c th rt n gin, v d nh trong trng hp DSB-AM,
hoc phc tp hn nhiu nh trong SSB-AM hay VSB-AM. Cc h thng iu ch
bin thng c c trng bi mt yu cu kh thp v rng bng thng v
tnh hiu qu v cng sut so vi cc mch iu ch tn s hoc pha. Yu cu v
rng bng thng i vi h thng AM dao ng trong khong W ti 2W, trong
W l k hiu cho rng bng thng ca tn hiu bn tin. i vi SSB-AM c
rng bng thng l W, i vi DSB-AM v AM truyn thng l 2W cn i vi h
thng VSB-AM th rng bng thng s t W ti 2W.
Tn hiu m tn c th ly t Micro sau khuch i qua mch khuch i m tn,
hoc c th ly t cc thit b khc nh i Cassette, u a CD
Tn hiu cao tn c to bi mch to dao ng, tn s cao tn l tn s theo quy
nh ca i pht.
Tn hiu u ra l sng mang c tn s bng tn s cao tn, c bin thay i theo
tn hiu m tn.
u im: ca sng AM l c th truyn i xa ti hng nghn Km
Nhc im: ca sng AM l d b can nhiu, di tn m thanh b ct sn do c
im ca mch tch sng iu bin, do cht lng m thanh b hn ch.
C s l thuyt iu ch bin
Tin tc s(t) l tn hiu m tn c cng thc :
s(t) = U
s
cos2f
0
t
Khi tin tc l m thanh ca ngi pht ra n khng c c trng ring bit no v
mu dng sng .Vi tn hiu m thanh c c tnh sinh l hc c di tn s t 20Hz
15Khz ngoi di tn ny khi bin i furier :S(f)=0 vi f>15Khz.
Gi s mun truyn i tn hiu audio trong mi trng khng kh vi tn s 3Khz
theo tnh ton s cn anten s cn c chiu di bng di qung ng truyn
sng.Mt khc tn hiu ny cn lin quan n vic truyn khng hiu qu trong
khng kh v s giao thoa do cc di tn ca di khc chn ln.Do vy ta phi ci
tin tn s ,thng dng vi tn hiu khc c tn s cao hn.Tn hiu sau iu ch s
t nhy cm vi nhiu so vi tn hiu gc.
14

Ti tin l tn hiu cao tn c cng thc:
u
c
(t) = U
o
cos(2f
c
t + )
Trong tn s ca sng mang f
c
> f
s
(tn s ca tin tc)
Bc sng f
c
dc chn hp l sng mang c th c truyn i c hiu qu .V d
c th chn sng c di tn trong khong gia 0,5-3 Mhz truyn xa n 250Km
.Bc sng ca cc tn s tng ng c 100Mhz nh vy chiu di anten c rt
ngn n mc chp nhn c.
z=
c
]
=
3.10
8
10
8
= Sm
Tn hiu iu ch AM (theo php cng) c dng:
u
AM
(t) = [U
0
+ s(t)]cos(2f
c
t + )
u
AM
(t) = [U
0
+ U
s
.cos2F
s
t].cos(2fct + )
= U
0
[1+Us/U0.cos2F
s
t].cos(2f
c
t + )
t m = Us/U
0
l su iu ch
u
AM
(t) = U
0
[1 + m.cos2F
s
t].cos(2f
c
t + )
u
AM
(t) = [U
0
+ m.U
0
cos2f
s
t].cos(2f
c
t + ) (1.1)
H s iu ch m=
U
s
U
c


Hnh 1.5 dng tn hiu min thi gian vi h s iu ch m=1
Khi h s iu ch m>1 lc ny tn hiu sau iu ch s khng khi phc c ti
bn thu chnh v vy cc h thng iu ch khng bao gi c xy ra trng hp
ny.


15


Hnh 1.6 dng tn hiu min thi gian vi h s iu ch m<1
Ta bit rng bin i Fourier ca hm cosin nh sau:
F[cos(
c
t + ) ] =
1
2
|c
]0
o( - c) + c
]0
o( + c)] (1.2)
T biu thc (1.2) bin i Fourier ca biu thc (1.1) s c nh sau:
U(f) =
A
c
2
[ (f- fc) + .M(f-fc)+ (f+fc) +.M(f+fc)] (1.3)
Cng thc (1.3) ta thy rng ph ca tn hiu sau iu ch cng b dch chuyn i
mt khong tn s l _fc .
T s tn hiu trn nhiu c cho bi:
[
S
N

0
=
P
No.Bt
(1.4)
Trong l hiu sut iu ch. Chng ta thy rng so vi DSB-AM, t s SNR b
gim i theo mt h s bng . S st gim v cht lng hot ng ny l mt h
qu trc tip t vic mt phn ng k khi cng sut nm sng mang (cc hm
delta trong biu thc ph), m n khng mang thng tin g v b lc b ti my thu.
Ph ca tn hiu iu ch AM c minh ha trong hnh (1.7).

Hinh 1.7 Hnh dng ph ca tn hiu iu bin
16


Hnh 1.8 m phng ph ca tn hiu sau iu ch
BW
AM
=2*f
0
(f
0
tn s ca tin tc cn iu ch)
Trong iu ch n bin tn hiu gm 2 bin tn nh hnh 1.7 s c lc ch
truyn i di trn hoc di vi rng BW=f
0
, iu ny c ngha gip gim s
lng ph bng thng do hai bin tn trn v di cng cha mt lng thng tin nh
nhau nhng vic thc hin kh khn hn do phi thit k mch lc c chnh xc
cao.
-H s mo phi tuyn
( ) ( )
( )

+ +
=

0
0 0
I
.... I I
k
2
3
2
2

I
(c ns)
(n 2) :l bin cc thnh phn dng in ng vi hi bc cao ca tn
hiu iu ch;
I
(c s)
l bin cc thnh phn bin tn
c trng cho mo phi tuyn
trong mch iu khin, ngi ta
dng c tuyn iu ch tnh (hnh 1.9).
c tuyn iu ch tnh cho bit quan h
gia bin tn hiu ra v gi tr tc thi
ca tn hiu iu ch u vo.


Dng tng qut ca c tuyn iu ch tnh c biu din trn hnh 1-9.
ng c tuyn iu ch tnh l tng l mt ng thng t C n A. c tuyn
iu ch tnh khng thng s lm cho lng bin i ca bin dao ng cao tn
A
B
C
U

I
0
Hnh 1.9: c tuyn iu ch tnh A-
gi tr cc i B-ti tin cha iu ch.
17

u ra so vi gi tr ban u (im B) khng t l ng thng vi tr tc thi ca
in p iu ch. Do trn u ra thit b iu bin, ngoi cc thnh phn hu ch
(cc bin tn), cn c cc thnh phn bc cao khng mong mun khc. Trong
ng lu nht l thnh phn ca tn s
c
2
s
c th lt vo cc bin tn m
khng th lc c.
gim mo phi tuyn, cn hn ch phm vi lm vic ca b iu ch trong on
ng thng ca c tuyn iu ch tnh. Lc buc phi gim su iu ch
1.2.1iu ch bin truyn sng mang (Double Side Ban Transmitted
Carrier).
- Bin iu DSB-TC l phng php iu ch bin trong tn hiu sau iu ch
vn cn tn ti thnh phn sng mang.
iu ch DSB-TC, cng sut thnh phn sng mang chim phn ln. Vi
+m = 1, th 66% cng sut dnh cho sng mang, ch 17% cng sut ti thng tin
(mt di bin).
+m < 1, cng sut ti thng tin cn gim hn na, m = , th gn 90% cng sut
cho sng mang, hn 5% cng sut ca tn hiu ti thng tin.
-Phng php iu bin DSB-TC:

Hnh 1.10 S iu ch DSB-TC
Trong s iu ch trn tn hiu tin tc c cho vo mch nhn vi tn hiu sng
mang sau tn hiu sau b nhn c cng chung vi tn hiu sng mang sau khi
c khuch i cng sut i vi sng mang.
Vi s iu ch nh hnh trn cho ta cng thc v tn hiu thu c biu din
bi
S
m
(t)=S(t)cos2n
c
t + u
c
cos2n
c
t. (1.5)
=U
s
(cos(w
c
+w
t
)+cos(w
c
-w
t
))+ u
c
cos(w. c. t) (1.6)
Phn tch biu thc (1.5) ta thy ngoi tn hiu sng mang cn c tn hiu
18

c biu din bi S(t). cos(2f
c
t) nh vy khi tin tc thay i dn ti tn hiu sau
iu ch thay i theo bin ca tn hiu cn truyn .Xt v tn s tn hiu tin tc
s b dch tn mt khong bng vi tn s ca sng mang theo (1.6) (di tn f
c
-f
m
v
f
c
+f
m
) do thun t c mc ch truyn sng i xa. Nu gn cc gi tr tiu
biu f
m
=15khz v f
c
=1Mhz ta s thy tn s b chim bi sng bin iu l t
985000 n 1.015.000Hz
+ Vi khong tn s ny anten c chiu di hp l c th xy dng c, l mt
trong hai vn cn gii quyt.
+Vn th hai l tch knh trong mt h a hp.Ta thy nu mt tn tc bin iu
mt sng hnh sin c tn s f
c1
, mt tin tc khc bin iu sng mang c tn s f
c2

th cc nh furier ca hai tn hiu ny s khng ph ln nhau.V f
c1
,f
c2
cch nhau t
nht 2f
m.

Hnh 1.11 Bin i furier ca 2 sng AM
Thc t cc tn hiu c th tch c nu chng khng b ph ln nhau (hoc v
thi gian hoc v tn s).Nu chng khng ph ln nhau v thi gian c th dng
cc cng hoc cc switch tch.Nu chng khng ph nhau v tn s th cc tn
hiu c th tch ra bng mch lc thng di .Vy mt h thng nh hnh (1.11) c
th tch sng mang b bin iu.
Vic iu ch nhng tin tc khc nhau vi nhng sng mang cng c tn s khc
nhau gip vic tch knh trong h a hp tr ln d dng v vy c th dng iu
bin trong k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s OFDM. Theo di tn sng
mang c chia ra thnh nhiu di tn con, mi di tn con c iu ch truyn
i lung d liu tc thp tp hp ca dng d liu tc thp s l dng d liu
tc cao cn truyn.
19


Hnh 1.12 S tch sng iu bin hai knh hai knh
Nhn xt
Qua vic biu din tn hiu thu c sau iu ch tn ti 3 di tn
- Thnh phn (1) bin U
0
, cn tn s sng mang fc;
- Thnh phn (2) bin mU
0
/2, cn tn s bin trn l (fc+f
m
);
- Thnh phn (3) bin mU
0
/2, cn tn s bin di l (fc-f
m
).

Hnh 1.13 Bin i F ca TC-AM
- Cng sut ca thnh phn sng mang: P
c
=
1
1-R
]
|u
c
cos2n
c
t]
2
T
2
-
T
2
Jt
=
1
1-R
] u
c
2
1+cos(4Ict)
2
T
2
-T
2
Jt =
0
2
c
2R

- Cng sut ca thnh phn bin trn:
Pb =
1
1R
] j
u
2
c-m
2
4
1+cos(4(Ic+Im)t)
2
[
2
T
2
-
T
2
Jt =
0
2
c
-m
2
8R
=P
c
m
2
4

- V cng sut hai bin tn bng nhau nn cng sut ton b tn hiu AM :
P
AM
= Pc + 2Pb = Pc [ 1 + m
2
/2].
20

Ta c nhn xt cng sut u ra AM ln nht ph thuc vo cng sut sng mang
v h s iu ch: khi iu ch cc i tc l m=1 th theo (1.1) bin
V
Ammax
=U
c
(1+m)
Do P
Ammax
=
0
c
2
(1+m)
2
2R
= P
c
(1 + m)
2
=4P
c
.
Cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k iu ch khi m=1 :
P
AM
= Pc [1 + m
2
/2] =3/2P
c
H s li cng sut k=
P
b
P
AM
=
P
C
-m
2
2-Pc | 1 + m
2
2]
=
m
2
2+m
2

Khi h su iu ch bng 1 th k=1/3 ngha l cng sut hu ch ch bng 1/3 cng
sut pht i.
1.2.2 iu ch DSB-SC (Double SideBand- Supperssed carrier)
Trong iu ch DSB_SC, bin ca tn hiu iu ch t l thun vi tn hiu
bn tin. Ta c tn hiu sau iu ch nh sau :
U(t) = Ac.m(t)cos(2fct)
V tn hiu sng mang c cho bi biu thc sau :
C(t) = Ac.cos(2fct)
Trong :
Ac : Bin sng mang
fc : Tn s sng mang
So vi phng php iu ch DSB-TC th phn cng sut lng ph do phi
truyn i thm sng mang c loi b m khng gy mt tn hiu do tn
hiu sng mang thc cht khng cha ng tin tc hu ch.
m(t) l tn hiu bn tin. y m(t) l mt tn hiu c th l mt hm n gin nh
hm sin hoc cos nhng cng c nhng tn hiu bn tin rt phc tp n c th l t
hp ca nhiu biu thc khi vic tnh ton l v cng phc tp. Biu din trn
min tn s ca tn hiu sau iu ch DSB-AM nhn c bng cch ly bin i
Fourier ca hm U(t) ta c :
U(f) =
A
c
2
M(f fc) +
A
c
2
M(f + fc)
Trong M(f) l bin i Fourier ca m(t). Hin nhin kiu iu ch ny dn n
mt s dch chuyn tn s i mt khong fc v mt s thay i t l bin l
A
c
2
,
21

i vi ph ca tn hiu bn tin. Bng thng truyn dn c k hiu bi B
t
bng
hai ln rng bng thng ca bn tin :B
t
= 2W

Hnh 1.14 M phng tn hiu iu ch DSB-SC.
Quan h nng lng trong iu bin
- Cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k iu ch
P
AM
=P
c
-
m
2
2

-Cng sut bin tn
P
bt
(w
c
+w
s
)=P
bt
(w
c
-w
s
)= P
c
-
m
2
4


Hnh1.15: Phn tch ph tn hiu iu ch DSB-SC
-Cc nguyn tc thc hin iu ch DSB:
S bin iu l qu trnh di tn v khng c mt h tuyn tnh no thc hin c
iu .Mt h phi tuyn thay i theo t ni chung l rt phc tp.Tuy nhin trong
trng hp bin iu ngi ta c th thc hin c bng hai kiu gin tip:
22

+Bin iu cng (Gated mudolator)
+Bin iu theo lut bnh phng (Square - Law Modulator)
-Bin iu cng:
Da vo s kin php nhn ca S(t) vi mt hm tun hon bt k s to ra
mt chui sng AM vi nhng sng mang l bi s ca tn s .

Hnh 1.16 Tch ca s(t) vi hm cng tun hon
Output ca mch nhn hnh 1.16 l s(t)P(t)=s(t)|o
0
+ o
n
cos (2nn
c
t)

n=1
]
Trong f
c
tn s c bn ca cng tun hon
a
n
cc h s khai trin ca P(t)
Gi s P(t) l hm chn ( trnh vit cc s hng sin trong dy).Lc BPF s chn
tt c tr thnh phn tn s no ta s chn kt qu l ng ra s thu c sng iu
bin.Mch lc iu hp vi tn s c bn,nhng n c th iu hp vi tn s ha
tn ca sng AM c tn s sng mang cao hn.Trong thc t ta chn ha tn thp v
h s F s suy gim bin tn hiu khi n tng.P(t) l mt hm cng gm mt dy
xung tun hon .
V P(t) c gi tr bng 0 hoc 1 do vy mch nhn c th c c ch hot ng on/off
. Bt li ca ng ngt c kh l chm yu cu tn s ng ngt phi bng tn s ca
sng mang hoc ha tn cn chn nu tn s ln c MHz th ng ngt c kh
khng p ng c yu cu.
Vi vic ng ngt s dng phn t khc y dng diode cu nh hnh
23


Hnh1.17 Mch to xung cng dng diode
Khi Uc*cos2n
c
t > s(t) th c 4 diode kha dn ti mch tng t cng tc thng
m. Ngc li khi Uc*cos2n
c
t < s(t) khi mch tng t cng tc thng
ng.Gii hn duy nht ca mch ng ngt ny l tn s ng ngt ca diode.
C th dng linh kin tc ng nh transistor hot ng gia vng kha v vng
bo ha.Khi transistor kha tng ng vi sw h khi dn bo ha tng vi sw
ng.
-Bin iu theo lut bnh phng: Loi ny da trn nh lut bnh phng ca
mt tng hai hm c cha mt s hng l tch ca hai hm
|S(t) + cos2n
c
t]
2
= S
2
(t) + cos
2
2n
c
t + 2S(t) - cos2n
c
t
S hng m ta mong mun l 2S(t) - cos2n
c
t v phi tm cch loi ra khi 2 tn
s kia .R rng chng chng ln nhau v mt thi gian xt v mt tn s bin i
furier ca S
2
(t) b gii hn di 2f
m
tng t cos
2
2n
c
t b gii hn bi tn s 2f
c

Mt khc ta li c biu din furier ca cc s hng hnh1.18 di y

Hnh 1.18 Biu din furier ca tn hiu bin iu bnh phng.
Xem hnh 1.18 trn cho thy khi fc >3f
m
th tn hiu khng b chng ln nhau vy c
th tch chng ra bng mch lc BPF thu c tn hiu Am thc t tn hiu sng
mang c fc >> f
m
ln iu kin trn d dng tha mn.
24

Cc diode bn dn c c tuyn rt ging vi lut bnh phng (trong vng hot
ng ca n)

Hnh1.19 iu bin cn bng.
Xy dng b phn bnh phng th khng n gin, bt k mt linh kin phi tuyn
no cng cho mt tn hiu ra tng ng vi tn hiu vo bi mt h thc m ta khai
trin thnh chui ly tha
Vi y(t) l output v x(t) l input biu din mi quan h gia y(t) v x(t) s l
y(t)=a
0
+a
1
x(t)+a
2
x
2
(t)+a
3
x+a
3
x
3
(t)+-s hng m ta cn quan tm l a
2
x
2
(t) v phi
tm cch tch ra khi cc thnh phn khc.
Trong mch trn cng sng mang vi tin tc s(t) sau a chng vo linh kin phi
tuyn (bnh phng) p dng cho c -s(t).Mch tng s ly hiu s ca hai tn hiu
lm loi b s hng ly tha l trong khai trin ng thi gip s hng
2S(t) - cos2n
c
t khng i du khi s(t) thay bng s(t) vy s lm tng i bin
tn hiu.Vy khi s hng bc 2 b trit tiu nn tn hiu thu c s l SC-AM
1.3 iu ch n bin (SSB: single sideband)
Ta bit tin tc ch cha trong bin tn, nn ch cn truyn i mt bin tn l
thng tin v tin tc. Qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt di bin tn gi l iu ch
n bin. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng do c th nn ton b hoc mt phn
ti tin trc khi truyn i. Trong cc h thng DSB ni trn khong bng tn cn
thit truyn tn hiu thuc khong fc-fm v fc+fm kh bng tng cng l 2fm v
vy trong phng php SSB ta ch truyn i 1 bng tn trn hoc di.
Biu din trn min thi gian ca cc tn hiu ny l :
U(t) =
A
c
2
m(t)cos(2fct)
A
c
2
m(t)sin(2fct) (1.7)
Trong du tr ng vi USSB-AM cn du cng ng vi LSSB-AM.
25

Tn hiu c k hiu bng m(t) l bin i Hilbert ca m(t), n to ra mt trc i
xng qua v tr ca sng mang. Trn min tn s ta c
u
0SSB
(f) = m(f+fc), fc |f| (1.8)
0 vi mi gi tr khc ca f
u
LSSB
(f) = m(f-fc) |f| fc (1.9)
0 vi mi gi tr khc ca f


Hnh1.20 Biu din ph ca 2 bng cnh USSB v LSSB
Ta thy bng tn ca bin iu SSB ch chim mt phn bng tn c chim ca
DSB.
1.3.1Mt s u im ca iu ch n bin (SSB) so vi DSB
(1) Ph ca tn hiu iu ch LSSB v USSB l mt na rng bng ca DSB
v AM truyn thng do bng vi rng bng thng ca tn hiu bn tin tc l :
Bt= W.
Bi vy trong cng mt di tn s th s i c th b tr tng gp i.
(2) Dng tn hiu SSB s thc hin c s bo mt tt, do nu khng bit tn
s sng mang th s khng thu c tin tc. Do vy my pht v my thu SSB c
s dng rt nhiu trong lnh vc qun s
(3) i vi tn hiu AM trong gii truyn sng ngn, do s phn tn ca c
tuyn pha m xy ra s chia pha cc dao ng trong di bin. iu lm mo tn
hiu truyn v lm gim bin in p u vo b tch sng ca my thu AM.
Tn hao cng sut u ra, do c nh gi l 50%. Cn i vi tn hiu SSB
th mi tin tc iu c pht trong mt di bin nn khng c hin tng chia pha.
(4) Do hin tng pha inh trong truyn sng m tn s sng mang f
0
c th b suy
gim. i vi my thu AM c lc m > 1 s gy mo do qu iu ch. Nu pha inh
rt ln lm mt hn tn s sng mang th my thu s khng thu c g. Cn i vi
26

my thu SSB pha inh lm suy gim hay trit tiu tn s sng mang khng gy nh
hng g.
Tuy c nhiu u im nhng do yu cu k thut kh cao nh mch lc di phi rt
hp v dc ng; vic to li tn s sng mang f0 trong my thu phi rt chnh xc
mi khng mo tn hiu nn my pht v my thu hiu SSB cu to phc tp hn
so vi my pht v my thu AM. Bi vy n ch c dng trong cc my thu pht
thng tin chuyn dng nh trong my pht thoi v pht tn hiu nhiu knh.
1.3.2 Cc phng php iu ch n bin
V bng cnh trn v bng cnh di tch bit v tn s cc mch lc c th dng
chn bng cnh mong mun bng cch thay i thng s ca cc mch lc ngi
ta c th ch nhn c USSB hoc thu c c tn hiu DSB.
Cc phng php iu ch n bin trong thc t:
Phng php u tin to ra tn hiu n bin SSB l t tn hiu iu bin AM
ngi ta dng b lc di tch mt bin tn cn thit ca tn hiu ra. Nhng do
yu cu cht lng cao nn b lc di rt phc tp. Bi vy ngi ta to hai phng
php to tn hiu SSB khc nhau: phng php quay pha v phng php lc pha.
Nhng hai phng php ny li to ra mt s sn phm khng cn thit nh tn s
sng mang f
c
, di bin th hai
Mt khc hai phng php ny khng th to ra b iu ch c ch tiu k thut cao
v n nh, bi vy n cng t c dng. Ngy nay phng php to tn hiu SSB
c s dng rng ri nht l phng php tng hp: to tn hiu SSB bng cc
tn s sng mang khc nhau. c bit l khi b lc thch anh ra i th phng
php ny c s dng rt rng ri.Tn hiu iu ch V
s
v ti tin V
c
c a vo
b iu ch cn bng.Sau b iu ch cn bng ta thu c hai di bin (DSB).
Sau dng b lc di ta s thu uc bin trn hoc bin di nh hnh 1.21.
Nhng do <<
c
nn
c
rt gn
c
, v vy vic lc rt kh khn.
Ta c t S: X=

c
:tn s sng mang.
: Khong cch gia tn s cn lc v tn s cho qua.Ta thy X cng ln, cng d
lc c ngha.l tn s sng mang f
c
cng gn tn s iuch cng d lc

27







.

















Trong thc t ta chn tn s trung gian nm trong khong (100 500MHz) v di
tn s ta c b lc thch anh v b lc c in tt nht. Sau chuyn f
TG
ln
tn s ti tin f
0
ta dng thm mt vi b iu ch cn bng v b lc di cc tn s
khc nhau.Vic s dng tn s trung gian sau khi qua b iu ch u tin gip
nng cao tn s ca tn hiu sau iu ch mt khc gip cho tng b lc mi khu
c d dng hn. Mi ln lc th t s X ln hn nn d thc hin lc hn.
Phng php gi l phng php tng hp.

iu ch cn
bng
B lc di hp
s
min
s
max

c
-
max

c
-
min

c
+
max

0
+
min

c
-
max

c
-
min
4
3
1
2

0


f

f

f

4
3
2
1
Vs

V
c


V
SSB
V
c
,V
s


V
DSB
0

0

0

Hnh1.21: S khi v di ph ca tn
hiu ca phng php lc
28

Phng php tng hp:
























B lc 1 thng l b lc thch anh hay b lc c in cht lng cao v rt nh.
Tn s sng mang th 2 c f
1
>>f
0
v =
1
+
min
kh ln nn d lc hn. V vy
b lc 2 thng l b lc L, C n gin. Nu f
2
cha trong di tn s lm vic th
ta li dng ti tn s th 2 : dng b iu ch cn bng 3. B lc 3 cng n gin
nh b lc 2 v ln: =
1
+
2
+
min
C th cho n khi no ta t c tn s
lm vic f
0
. (Tn s ti tin).
Dao ng n

Dao ng 2
2
Dao ng 1
1

f
1
f
2
f
n
f
0
= f
1
+ f
2
++f
n

C C C C C C
2 = 2
1
+ 2
min

2
+
1
+
min

2
+
1
+
max

2
-
1
-
max

2
-
1
-
min

1
+
min

1
+
max

1
-
max

1
-
min

1
+
min

1
+
max
2
min

min

max

2
f

f

f

f

f

V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
Hnh 1.22: Ph tn hiu theo phng php tng hp
BCB 1

Lc 1
BCB 2
Lc 2 BCB n
Lc n
29

1.4 iu ch bin di bin dt (Vestigial SideBand VSB)
Trong k thut truyn hnh, truyn ti hnh nh bng iu bin AM hoc DSB-
SC, ph tn s ca n qu rng W = 2 x 4,2 = 8,4 MHz.
Nu s dng SSB-AM, th gii php k thut li qu phc tp, gi thnh t.
V vy, ngi ta s dng gii php iu bin rt
Tn hiu VSB c th thc hin t tn hiu AM hoc DSB-SC, nh mt mch lc gii
thng c bit, gi l mch lc bin rt.
Mch lc bin rt c tc dng lm gim (ct ct) phn ln ph bin tn di.



Hnh 1.23 Ph iu ch iu bin rt
Mch lc trong iu ch bin rt khng lc b hon ton mt bin tn m ch lc
bt mt phn di tn s trn hoc di nn khng yu cu chnh xc so vi iu
ch n bin.
Tn hiu VSB c biu din bng biu thc: s
VSB
(t) = u
AM
(t)*h(t)
- u
AM
(t) l tn hiu iu bin AM,
- h(t) l p ng xung ca mch lc bin rt,
- Du * y ch php tch chp.
Ph tn hiu VSB xc nh bng biu thc: S
VSB
(f) = S
AM
(f) . H(f)
- S
AM
(f) - ph bin - tn s ca tn hiu AM,
- H(f) l hm truyn ca mch lc bin rt.
30

1.5 Cc mch iu ch c th
1.5.1 Mch iu ch AM dng diode

Hnh 1.23 S mch iu ch AM dng diode
Phn tch
Vi c tnh V_A ca diode phn tch theo cng thc taylor ta c:
i
D
=f(V
D
)=a
0
+a
1
V
D
+a
2
V
D
2
+a
3
V
D
3
+
V
D
=V
1
+V
2
Ta c i
D
= a
0
+a
1
(V
1
+V
2
)+a
2
(V
1
+V
2
)
2
+a
3
(V
1
+V
2
)
3
= a
0
+ a
1
V
1
+a
1
V
2
+a
2
V
1
2
+
2a
2
V
1
V
2
+ 2a
2
V
2
2
+ a
3
V
1
3
+
c U
AM
(t) = [U
0
+ s(t)]cos(2f
c
t)=U
0
cos(2f
c
t)+s
(t)
cos(2f
c
t)
=a
1
V
1
+2a
2
V
1
V
2
Ta cn c b lc thng di tch hp nhm lc di bng thng ca tn hiu iu bin.
1.5.2Mch iu ch vng
Trong thc t, khng c phn t phi tuyn no l bc 2 thun tu, chnh v vy
to tn hiu DSB v trit tiu cc thnh phn bc 1 v bc 3, ta dng hai mch
AM ghp i xng, gi l mch iu ch vng
Hai mch iu ch AM ging nhau, cng c thnh phn sng mang Accosw
c
t. Tn
hiu tin tc x(t) c o pha v t vo hai ng vo vi pha ngc nhau
Tn hiu tin tc V
2
c dng
V
2
=Uscos(w
s
t)
Tn hiu ti tin V
1
c dng
V1=U
c
cos(w
c
t)Vi mch iu bin cn bng ta c khi D
1
,D
2
dn ta c
V
D1
=V
1
+V
2

V
D2
=V
1
-V
2

31










i
D1
= f(V
1
+V
2
)=a
0
+ a
1
(V
1
+V
2
) + a
2
(V
1
+V
2
)
2
+
=a0+ a
1
V
1
+a
1
V
2
+a
2
V
1
2
+ 2a
2
V
1
V
2
+ a
2
V
2
2
+
i
D2
= f(V
1
-V
2
)=a
0
+ a
1
(V
1
-V
2
) + a
2
(V
1
-V
2
)
2
+
=a
0
+ a
1
V
1
-a
1
V
2
+a
2
V
1
2
- 2a
2
V
1
V
2
+ a
2
V
2
2
+ a
3
V
1
3
+
Vy i(t)=i
D1
-i
D2
=4a
2
V
1
V
2
+2a
1
V
2
+2a
3
V
2
2
+ 6a
3
V
1
2
V
2
+
S dng khung cng hng LC u ra lc ly thnh phn 4a
2
V
1
V
2
, y cng chnh
l tn hiu AM.
-Thnh phn 4a
2
V
1
V
2
= 2U
s
U
c
cos(w
c
-w
s
)+ 2U
s
U
c
cos(w
c
+w
s
)
Trng hp 2 khi D3, D4 dn ta c mch hot ng tng t
u im ca iu ch vng:
loi b c cc thnh phn c di tn khng mong mun
Ngoi ra n cn gim hin tng mo phi tuyn.Mc ch ca phng php iu
bin cn bng c ng dng trong iu ch DSB.Ngoi ra c th thay th diode
D
D
D
D
U
b
U
s
C
B
C
B
U
c

c
-

c

+

c
Hnh 1.24: Mch iu bin vng dng diode.
a) Mch in; b) Ph tn hiu
0
32

trong mch iu bin cn bng vi transistor vi c im u ra bin ln v
mo phi tuyn nh
1.5.3Mch iu bin dng transistor
V nguyn l iu bin bng Transistor cng gm cc loi: Trong trng hp
Transistor lng cc, FET, n in t iu bin, ngi ta phn bit cc loi
mch iu bin sau y: iu bin base, iu bin collector, iu bin ca, iu bin
mng, iu bin anot, iu bin li. Cc loi mch iu bin c tn gi tng ng
vi cc m in p iu ch c t vo
VCC: in p ngun cung cp trong trng hp sng mang khng iu ch














i vi Transistor, in p ca Collector khng c tng qu gi tr an ton cc
i d trong thi gian ngn. Bi vy cn phi tha mn iu kin:
Vs + Vc < V
Cemax
= BV
CEO

Trong :- Vc : in p cao tn cc i collector khi m=1;
- BV
CEO
: in p nh thng cho php cc i;
Khi in p collector thp mi ni collector c phn cc thun bi in p u
vo. Do vy dao ng cao tn trc tip i qua mi ni collector phn cc thun.
Sthay i ca dng collector trong vng 0- a xut hin bi iu ch qu mc khi
tn hiu ln.
0
I
C1
V
C
V
s

V
AM

V
R
V
c
- V
AM
+
c tnh phi tuyn
BCB
V
c
V
CC
Ti tng trc


V
s
Ra

L

C

C
1
C
2
C

L
ch
Hnh1.25: iu bin colector
33

CHNG 2: GII IU CH BIN
2.1 Khi nim tch sng iu bin
Gii iu ch thc cht l qu trnh tch tn hiu bn tin c iu ch. Qu trnh
gii iu ch ty thuc vo kiu iu ch. i vi DSB-AM v SSB-AM, phng
php gii iu ch l gii iu ch kt hp (coherent) yu cu cn phi c mt tn
hiu c cng tn s v pha ging vi tn hiu sng mang ti my thu. i vi AM
truyn thng s dng cc b tch sng ng bao cho gii iu ch. Trong trng
hp ny vic bit chnh xc tn s v pha ca sng mang khng phi l iu thit
yu, cho nn qu trnh gii iu ch d dng hn nhiu. Vic gii iu ch kt hp
i vi DSB-AM v SSB-AM bao gm vic nhn (trn) tn hiu iu ch vi
mt tn hiu cosin c cng tn s v pha vi sng mang, sau cho tn hiu ca
vic nhn qua mt b lc thng thp s thu c dng tn hiu bn tin m(t) ban u.
Vi s gii iu ch trn hay cn c gi l mch hon iu ng b trong
c mch to dao ng S
c
(t) c ng b ha c v tn s ln pha vi sng mang
thu.
2.2 Tch sng DSB-AM
2.2.1 Hon iu cng.
Trc ht xt mch gii iu ch DSB-SC-AM s dng mch hon iu cng

Hnh 2.1 S hon iu cng
Trong P(t) l mt hm cng gm 1 chui xung c dng
P(t)= a
0
+ o
n
cos2nn

n=1

c
t
Vy tn hiu vo khi LPF l
Sm(t).P(t)=S(t)cos(2f
c
t)| au + o
n
cos2nn

n=1

c
t]
Quan tm ti thnh phn bc 1
Sm (t).P(t)= a
0
.S(t).cos(2f
c
t)+
u
1
.S(t)
2
+
u
1
.S(t)cos4n]
c
t
2

Vy u ra ca khi LPF cho bi
34

S
0
(t)=
1
2
o
1
. s(t)
V hon iu c hon tt
Trn y l vic gii iu ch vi sng iu bin kiu DSB-SC cn vi mch gii
iu ch kiu DSB-TC.Ta thy rng u ra mch gii m s c dng
S
0
(t)=
1
2
o
1
|A + s(t)]
Biu thc trnh by tn hiu tin gc b di bi 1 hng
2.2.2 Hon iu bnh phng
Ta kho st hiu qu ca phng php hon iu bnh phng: bng cch cng
sng AM vo sng mang thun ty ri sau bnh phng tng
|Sm(t) + Acos2n
c
t]
2
(2.1)
Trc ht hy xt trng hp sng mang b nn DSB SC cng thc (2.1) s tr nn:
Sm(t)=s(t).cos2n
c
t
|Sm(t) + Acos2n
c
t]
2
=((cos2n
c
t|S(t) + A]) )
2

= cos
2
2f
c
t+|s(t) + A]
2

=
|s(t)+A]
2
+|s(t)+A]
2
.cos4n]
c
t
2

S hng th nht l mt sng AM xung quanh mt sng mang tn s 2f
c
.Vy c th
tch n ra d dng nh mt mch lc LPF.
S hng th hai c th khai trin theo: S
2
(t)+2A.S(t) +A
2

Tuy nhin ta khng th tch c tn s cha S
2
(t) gi s rng ta dng mt mch
LPF tch tt c s hng |s(t) + A]
2
ra khi thnh phn c tn s 2f
c

By gi ta xt gii iu ch sng DSB-TC- vi phng php hon iu bnh
phng.
Trong vic gii iu ch cn thit phi to li mt bn sao hon chnh ca sng
mang.iu ny kh thc hin tr khi sng AM cha mt s hng tun hon c tn
s bng vi tn s ca sng mang,vic ny dn n la chn sng iu ch DSB-TC
rt ph hp.Thc vy vic gii iu ch thc hin vi sng TC-AM khng cn cng
thm mt sng mang(sng mang do my thu to ra)v bn thn sng iu ch theo
phng php DSB-TC c cng thm sng mang tn hiu sau iu ch.
Ta xt bin ca sng mang A ln cho A+s(t) khng m. i vi sng
SCAM cn phi thm mch to sng mang my thu, bn sao ny cn phi ng b
35

ha vi sng mang thu c. thc hin c vic ny my thu cn c mt mch
to dao ng ni.Nhng mt kh khn t ra l vic ng b v pha v tn s ca
mch to dao ng ni v sng mang phc tp nu mt ng b u ra khi tch
sng tn hiu s b mo so vi tn hiu tin tc.
Gi s vi mch dao ng ni b lch pha 1 lng 0 v lch tn mt lng
]

Khi output ca mch nhn s l
Sm(t)cos2n((
c
+
]
)t + 0) = s(t)cos2 n
c
t.|cos2n((
c
+
]
)t + 0)]
=s(t)j
cos (2n
]
t+0)
2
+
cos(2n(2]
c
+
]
)t+0)
2
[ (2.2)
Biu thc trn cng l tn hiu u vo ca mch lc thng thp do vy u ra ca
mch LPF s l
S
0
(t)=S(t)
cos (2n
]
t+0)
2
(2.3)
S hng th hai ca (2.2) c thnh phn tn s 2
c
+
]
nn b loi b.
Trong biu thc (2.3) gi s
]
nh .nh l bin iu ch ra rng c bin i F c
tn s trong khong n f
m
+
]
d LPF c thit k ch cho i qua tn s ln
n f
m
nhng n vn cho i qua f
m
+
]
v f
m
>
]

Gi s loi b s sai khc v tn s ri ch cn sai pha th
S
0
(t)=S(t)
cos 0
2
(2.4)
Vy khng xy ra mo vi S(t).Nhng c ch l khi 0 tin n 90 th tn hiu
thu c s bng 0.
2.2.3 Tch sng khng kt hp (Incoherent detection)
Cc khi hon iu ni trn cn phi to li sng mang my thu v vy tn s
sng mang phi chnh xc v pha phi ng ti b phn tch sng nn sng mang t
i pht xem l thng tin chnh xc v mt thi gian truyn n my thu.
Nhng nu thnh phn sng mang ln trong TCAM ta c th dng kiu tch
sng khng kt hp trong khng cn phi to li sng mang.
Gi s bin sng mang ln sao cho A+s(t) >0 nh hnh 2.2
36


a
Hnh 2.2 a Tn hiu TCAM vi A+s(t)>0
b Mch in tch sng khng kt hp
S phn tch mch tch sng da vo 2 nhn
xt:
+Input khng th ln hn output b
(vi mt diode l tng)
+Output khng bao gi gim vi thi gian iu kin th hai l do t in trong
mch khng c ng x in nn output lun lun bng vi gi tr nh xung thi
im trc
Do Diode ch lm vic vi na chu k dng ca tn hiu AM; khi t c np
n gi tr in p nh, na chu k m t x, in p trn t gim theo hng s
thi gian RC.

a, b,
Hnh 2.3 Biu din s phng np ca t khi gii iu ch
a,khi cha c t in x
b, khi c t in x
D
1

T/H
ra
T/H
vo
C
1

R

37

vic tch sng c chnh xc yu cu hng s w <
1
RC
<
c
vi iu kin ny
th thi gian phng np s ln hn rt nhiu ln chu k ca sng mang nn khi t s
khng b np y vi s t chu k ca sng mang.
2.2.4 Tch sng kt hp (coherent)
Phng php gii iu ch l gii iu ch kt hp (coherent) yu cu cn phi c
mt tn hiu c cng tn s v pha ging vi tn hiu sng mang ti my thu.
Vic gii iu ch kt hp i vi DSB-AM bao gm vic nhn (trn) tn hiu
iu ch vi mt tn hiu cosin c cng tn s v pha vi sng mang, sau cho tn
hiu ca vic nhn qua mt b lc thng thp s thu c dng tn hiu bn tin m(t)
ban u.

Hnh 2.4 S tch sng kt hp
C s ton hc thc hin tch sng kt hp
Trong trng hp DSB, tn hiu sau iu ch c cho bi cng thc :
Ac.m(t)cos(2fct) khi tn hiu ny c nhn (hay trn) vi mt tn hiu cos(2fct)
ta s c biu thc sau sau khi trn nh sau :
Y(t) = Ac.m(t)cos(2fct)cos(2fct)=
A
c
2
m(t) +
A
c
2
m(t) cos(4fct) (2.5)
y Y(t) k hiu cho tn hiu li ra mch trn v bin i Fourier ca biu thc
(2.5) c xc nh nh sau :
Y(f) =
A
c
2
m(f) +
A
c
4
m(f 2fc) +
A
c
4
m(f + 2fc) (2.6)
Nh biu thc (2.6) li ra mch trn c mt thnh phn thng thp (
A
c
2
m(f)) v cc
thnh phn cao tn nm quanh v tr 2fc. Khi cho Y(t) qua mt b lc thng thp
vi rng bng W, cc thnh phn cao tn s b lc b ch cn li thnh phn
thng thp (
A
c
2
m(t)) t l vi tn hiu bn tin. Qu trnh ny c trnh by nh
Hnh (2.4).
2.3Tch sng SSB-AM
Nhc li v dng sng bin i furier ca tn hiu SSB-AM :
38



b
Hnh 2.5 a, Bin i furier ca cc bng cnh
b S khi hon iu SSB-AM
V phng din tn s s lm ri tn ca tn hiu Sm(t) khi bin i furier c chiu
ln v chiu xung
Bin i furier ca ca tn hiu SSB:
V phng din thi gian ta thy:
F
SSB
(t).cos2n
c
t=
S(t)cos
2
2n]
c
t_(t)sn4n]
c
t
2

Du + cho LSB v du thay cho USB, o(t) l bin i hilbert ca S(t)
=
s(t)+S(t)cos
2
2n]
c
t_(t)sn4n]
c
t
4
v vi output ca LPF nh vy kt qu s l
S(t)
4

V c bn mch tch sng n bin cng l mt mch nhn tn hiu thu c (
iu ch) cho nhn vi tn hiu dao ng ni sau c lc thng thp vi di
bng thng bng di tn s w ca tn hiu tin tc.
Khi tn hiu dao ng ni c ng b v tn s cng nh pha ca sng mang ta
c mch tch sng ng b gip gim mo tn hiu khi thu c sau b lc.
Vi phng php tch sng n bin dng mch tch sng ng bao c th tn
dng u im n gin ca mch gii iu ch nhng ng thi cng phi ng b
c sng mang ca bn pht vi bn nhn do cn phi dng mch to sng mang
ti to bin tn hiu sau mi dng mch tch sng ng bao.
Chnh v l do cn phi ng b sng mang gia dao ng ni (hoc mch to sng
mang) m iu ch n bin c u tin s dng trong lnh vc qun s.
a,
39

CHNG 3: NG DNG IU BIN TRONG MY PHT HNH, PHT
THANH
3.1 NG DNG IU BIN TRONG MY PHT HNH
-My pht phi pht i cng sut ln cung cp t s tn hiu trn nhiu (S/N)
ln cho my thu.
-My pht phi s dng s iu ch chnh xc cc thng tin c pht i, khng
b bin dng qu mc.
-Tn s hot ng ca my pht c chn da vo cc knh v vng ph sng theo
qui nh ca Hip hi thng tin quc t (ITV). Cc tn s trung tm ca my pht
phi c n nh cao.
-Cc yu cu v ch tiu k thut ca my pht l: Cng sut ra, tn s lm vic,
n nh tn s, di tn s iu ch.
-Phn loi my pht:
a. Phn theo cng dng: Ta c My pht thng tin c nh hoc di ng; My pht
theo chng trnh nh pht thanh, truyn hnh...
b. Phn theo tn s
c. Phn theo phng php iu ch
V d:
+ My pht iu bin (AM)
+ My pht n bin (SSB)
+ My pht iu tn (FM),
+ My pht iu tn m thanh ni (FM Stereo)
+ My pht iu pha (PM)
+ My pht kho dch bin ASK, QAM
+ My pht kho dch pha PSK, QPSK
+ My pht kho dch tn FSK
d. Phn theo cng sut
My cng sut nh P
ra
<100W
My cng sut trung bnh 100W<P
ra
<100KW
My cng sut ln 100KW<P
ra
<1000KW
My cng sut cc ln P
ra
>1000KW
- Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu truyn hnh
40

+ Tn hiu audio: Mang thng tin v ting ng,ca nhc, li thut minh, ting ni
ca nhn vt.Tn hi ting c ph rng: 0 - 20khz, tai ngi cm th tt nht trong
khong 16 hz- 16000hz.Thc hin iu ch fm i vi tn hiu audio.
+Tn hiu video: Mang thng tin v hinh nh v mu sc.
Tn hiu video c ph rng: t 0-6 MHz.
Mt ngi cm th tn hiu en trng tt hn tn hiu mu.
Thc hin iu ch am i vi tn hiu video.
+ Cc tn hiu ng b:
ng b mu, ng b ngang, ng b dc
V d: trong truyn hnh theo tiu chun NTSC tn hiu chi c ph tn t 0-
4,2Mhz.
Cng thc ca tn hiu chi: Ey=0, 30Er+0, 59Eg+0,11E
b
.
Tn hiu mu l hai thnh phn mu iu ch bin nn trit sng mang v vung
pha vi nhau l I
i
v I
q
.ph tn hiu mu 1,3 Mhz . Tn s sng mang mu 3,58Mhz

Hnh 3.1 ph ca tn hiu NTSC
Qua bng 3-2ta thy cc h truyn hnh trn th gii khc nhau v cc thng s
k thut c bn nh: rng ca mt knh truyn hnh; rng ca di tn s
hnh; khong cch gia ti tn hnh v ti tn ting; kiu iu ch hnh v ting;
s dng trong mt mt; tn s dng v tn s mt
Gii thng s dng cho truyn hnh qung b l t 48 MHz-960 MHz bao gm 5
di:
Di bng tn th nht: 48-64 MHz
Di bng tn th 2:76-100 Mhz
Di bng tn th 3:174-230 Mhz
Di bng tn th 4:470-606 Mhz
Di bng tn th 5:606- 958 MHz
41

Bng tn trong h thng truyn hnh mt t
S
TT
CC THNG S K
THUT
CC H TRUYN HNH
BBC RTF FCC CCIR OIRT

1

rng ca ti tn
hnh(MHz)


-3


10,4


4


5


6
2 rng knh (MHz) 5 13,15 6 7 8
3 Tng s dng trong mt mt 405 819 -525 625 625
4 Tn s mt (MHz) 50 50 60 50 50
5 Tn s dng (MHz) 10125 20475 15705 15625 15625
6 Thi gian qut 1 dng (ms) 98,7 48,8 63,5 64 64
7 Thi gian qut mt (ms) 20 20 16,4 20 20
8 Xung xo dng (%H) 15 16 16 18 18
9 Xung xo mt (H) 14 41 13-20 19-30 19-30
10 Xung cn bng trc (%H) 0 7 6 4,5 4,5
11 Xung cn bng sau (%H) 0 7 6 4,5 4,5
12 Khun hnh X : Y 4:3 4,12:3 4:3 4:3 4:3
13 iu ch hnh AM+ AM+ AM+ AM- AM-
14 Mc en (% bin sng
mang)

30 3

252,5

752,5

752,5

752,5
15 Mc trng (% bin sng
mang)

100

100

15

10 5

10 5
16 Chn tn bin trn (MHz) Cao Thp Thp Thp Thp
17 rng bin trn (MHz) +1,25 1,75 -1,25 -1,25 -1,25
18 Khong cch gia sng
mang hnh v ting (MHz)

-3,5

+11,15

4,5

5,5

6,5
19 iu ch sng mang ting

AM AM FM FM FM

Bng 3.2 Cc thng s k thut ca cc h.

42

-CC H TRUYN HNH.
Trn th gii, tu theo tng khu vc, tu theo tng nc khc nhau c cc h
khc nhau v truyn hnh en trng v truyn hnh mu.
Mi mt h truyn hnh c cc thng s k thut ring ca n.
- H FCC ca M.
- H OIRT (Organisation Intenational Radio and Television) ca T chc
pht thanh v truyn hnh quc t.
- H CCIR (Colsultative Commitee International de Radio) ca U ban t
vn pht thanh quc t.
3.1.1 Chc nng v nhim v ca my pht hnh.
-Chc nng
My pht hnh l thit b to ra nng lng di dng sng v tuyn
in c cha thng tin v hnh nh v m thanh ri qua h thng anten truyn
thng tin ny vo khng trung. Tn hiu thu c li ra my pht c gi l
tn hiu truyn hnh. Cht lng tn hiu tt hay xu ph thuc rt nhiu vo
cng sut, cht lng v n nh sng ra ca my pht hnh.
-Nhim v
Tn hiu hnh v ting sau khi gia cng, x l c a vo u vo
ca my pht hnh. Hai tn hiu ny tip tc c sa, b, ghim mc m bo
cht lng tn hiu, khuch i mc cn thit. iu ch AM sng mang
hnh, iu ch FM sng mang ting c tn s cao tn knh pht. Cao tn hnh,
ting iu ch c khuch i ti cng sut yu cu, lc, qua cp cao tn
a ln h thng anten, bc x vo khng trung di dng sng v tuyn in.
3.1.2 S khi c bn ca my pht hnh
My pht hnh (= TV Transmitter) l thit b tip nhn tn hiu video, tn
hiu audio iu bin vo sng mang hnh, sng mang ting to ra tn hiu cao tn
hnh AM, tn hiu cao tn ting FM tng ng vi 1 knh truyn hnh.
S khi my pht hnh rt a dng, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh mc
cng sut dng iu bin sng mang hnh, cng sut pht sng, knh pht sng,
linh kin in t tch cc c s dng cho tng cng sut, hng sn xut, mc ch
s dng Phn ny gii thiu 2 dng s khi tiu biu cho 2 khuynh hng iu
bin hnh: iu bin mc cng sut ln v iu bin mc cng sut nh. Vi
43

mc ch tp trung trc tin vo phn tn hiu ca s khi, mt s khi mch
nh khi cp ngun, khi iu khin hin th, khi o lng kim tra, khi
thng gi lm mt s c xem xt sau.
Xem Hnh 3.3.
Nhim v cc khi:
Khuch i video vo: Khuch i v phi hp tr khng tn hiu video u vo
(thng c mc in p khong 1V
pp
, tr khng 75 Ohm i xng hoc khng i
xng).
X l video: Bao gm mt s mch x l, hiu chnh tn hiu video m bo
trung thc v chun xc ca hnh nh. Mch ghim (= clamp) dng ghim cc nh
xung ng b cho ngang hng, khi phc li in p DC cho tn hiu video, m
bo chun xc ca cc mc xm trn hnh nh. Mch tch v sa dng xung
ng b hoc mch to li xung ng b hiu chnh li xung ng b... Mch
ALC dng t ng gi n nh bin tn hiu video, do n nh c
tng phn v bo ho mu ca hnh nh. Mch cn bng tr nhm (= group
delay equalizer) dng b tr trc tr ca cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau
trong tn hiu video do nh hng ca cc mch K v nh hng ca mch trung
hp pha sau, m bo tnh trung thc ca hnh nh. Mch sa trc khuch i
vi sai, mch sa trc pha vi sai dng sa trc bo ho mu, sc iu ca
hnh nh

44


K
Video
vo
X l
video
K
Video 1
K
Video 2
K
Video 3
Trung
hp
Lc
sng hi
Dao
ng
ting
iu
bin
FM
X l
audio
Nhn
tn
ting
K cao
tn
ting
KCS
cao tn
ting
Dao
ng
hnh
Nhn
tn hnh
K
cao tn
hnh
AM v
KCS
CT hnh
Tn hiu Video 1V
pp
Tn hiu Audio
0dBm
Dao ng cao tn ting c
bn
T.h. cao tn ting c bn FM
T.h. cao tn ting FM
Tn hiu Video vi trm
V
pp
Dao ng cao tn hnh c
bn
Dao ng cao tn
hnh
T.h. cao tn hnh AM
T.h. cao tn ting FM
T.h. cao tn hnh AM v
t.h. cao tn ting FM
ca 1 knh truyn hnh
Anten pht
Dy
truyn
sng
45


Hnh 3.3 S khi my pht hnh iu bin mc cng sut ln
Khuch i video 1, 2, 3: Cc mch K di rng tn hiu video t mc 1V
pp
ln n
hng trm V
pp
vi cc tnh theo yu cu (m hoc dng) cung cp cho khi
mch iu bin AM mc cng sut ln.
Dao ng hnh: To dao ng cao tn hnh c bn c tn s
Khuch i cao tn hnh: Gm nhiu mch khuch i cao tn c nhim v nng
cao dao ng cao tn hnh ln mc in p cn thit kch khi AM & KCS cao
tn hnh.
AM v khuch i cng sut cao tn hnh: iu bin AM cc tnh m tn hiu video
vo dao ng cao tn hnh to ra tn hiu cao tn hnh AM (f
h
) v khuch i
cng sut di rng tn hiu ny ln mc cng sut hnh ra danh nh ca my pht
hnh.
X l audio: Khuch i v phi hp tr khng tn hiu audio u vo (thng c
mc in p 0dBm, tr khng 600 Ohm) kt hp vi nng tn cao (= preemphasis)
tng kh nng chng nhiu trong qu trnh truyn sng FM sau ny.
Dao ng ting: To ra dao ng ting c bn, c tn s .
Bin iu FM: iu bin FM tn hiu audio vo dao ng cao tn ting c bn to
ra tn hiu cao tn ting c bn FM.
Khuch i cng sut cao tn ting: khuch i cng sut tn hiu cao tn ting FM
ln mc cng sut ting ra danh nh ca my pht hnh.
Trung hp(= Diplexer): Phi hp tn hiu cao tn hnh AM (f
h
) tc l sng mang
hnh AM v tn hiu cao tn ting FM (f
t
) tc l sng mang ting FM mc cng
sut ln, to ra sng cao tn ca 1 knh truyn hnh.
Lc sng hi: Lc b cc thnh phn hi tn, cc thnh phn tn s phch khng
mong mun ang c ln trong sng cao tn ca knh truyn hnh ang pht
Nhn tn hnh: Nhn tn s ca dao ng cao tn hnh c bn ln n ln to ra dao
ng cao tn hnh c tn s f
h
.
* Phn my pht hnh.
- Ti tn hnh knh cn pht c to ra v khuch i mc cho iu ch
ngay sau cc b nhn tn v cc tng khuch i cao tn RF
46


- Tn hiu hnh sau khi c sa v khuch i ti hng trm vn nh nh ri
a vo iu ch.
- Sng mang hnh RF
h
sau khi c iu ch AM c khuch i ti mc cng
sut danh nh, a sang b trung hp.
Trong trng hp khuch i cao tn RF hnh, ting chung th khng cn b
trung hp na.
* Phn my pht ting.
- m tn ting qua b sa c a sang b iu ch FM.
- B iu ch FM l ch sng to ti tn ting c bn, ng thi thc hin
iu ch FM y lun, y gi l trung tn ting. Trung tn ting tip tc
c a sang b trn to trung tn ting.
- Ch sng trn a ti b trn ting, phch vi trung tn ting to
trung tn ting knh pht. Sau cao tn ting RF
t
qua khuch i kch ti
tng cng sut cui cng, a ti b trung hp, qua b lc hi, cp cao tn ra
anten .
3.1.3 c im ca loi my pht iu ch mc cng sut ln.
* Nhc im.
Do sng mang hnh cao tn ca knh pht c tn hiu hnh iu ch
tng cng sut cui cng, do cn thit phi c bin tn hiu hnh ln tu
theo cng sut ra ca my pht m phi c hng lot mch khuch i tn hiu
video va m bo di tn rng ca tn hiu hnh 6MHz. iu ny v mt k
thut thc hin rt kh khn, y l nhc im chnh ca loi my pht ny.
Ngoi ra gi thnh tng thm do phi c thm mt tng cng sut cui cng ca
video tng ng vi my pht hnh c 2 khi cng sut K
8
trng K
4
.
*u im.
iu ch mc cao c u im ni bt l ch cn mt tng cng sut ra cao
tn mang hnh lm vic vi di tn rng 6MHz. Sau khi iu ch mc cao
ca tn hiu hnh cc tng khuch i cao tn trc n lm vic ch C vi
di tn s hp do thc hin t hiu sut cao, t c tuyn tnh cao
khi cn ch iu chnh ch lm ch B va m bo tuyn tnh v
m bo hiu sut ra ca my pht.So vi my pht cng sut thp my pht cng
47


sut cao cn c cc tng khuch i tn hiu hnh c mc in p co chnh v vy
kh t c tuyn tnh trong di tn s di ph.
3.1.4 Khi ch sng hnh.
* Nguyn l.
Ch sng hnh l b t to dao ng to ra in p hnh sin, c tn s
dao ng bng tn s sng mang hnh hoc tn s c bn ca sng mang hnh.
Ch sng hnh rt quan trng, n quyt nh cht lng hnh ca knh
pht. Tu theo nhng hng sn xut v tu theo th h, my pht hnh c ch
sng hnh khc nhau.
Ch sng hnh to dao ng c tn s bng tn s knh pht f
n
[MHz] Th
d knh 6 c tn s mang hnh: f
h
=175,25MHz.
Ch sng to dao ng c tn s c bn f
o
, sau bi tn c tn s
sng mang hnh ca knh pht.
f
h
= nf
o
[MHz]
n : s ln bi .
Loi iu ch trung tn gm hai ch sng:
- Ch sng to ra dao ng c tn s trung tn hnh f
T1.
- Ch sng to ra dao ng c tn s cao tn f
RF
sau khi trn
(cng hoc tr) vi tn s trung tn hnh to ra tn s sng mang ca
knh pht :
f
h
=

f
RF
f
T1
[MHz]
f
RF
: tn s dao ng cao tn
f
T1
: tn s dao ng trung tn hnh.
Ch tiu c bn ca ch sng hnh :
- Bo m n nh, chnh xc v bn vng ca tn s t dao ng c
bn.
- Bo m bin sng mang c bn mc danh nh kch thch cho tng
khuch i k tip.
- Trnh khng b can nhiu t bn ngoi vo.
* Cc bin php k thut t ch tiu cho ch sng hnh.
- Thit k chn mch t dao ng bng thch anh, c n nh,
chnh xc cao.
48


- C mch sa cho mch t dao ng, gi c n nh nht nh,
khng b tc ng nhit bn ngoi lm thay i cc tham s thnh phn tham
gia dao ng, nht l thch anh v cc phn t tch cc.
- Bc kim thnh tng ngn v bc kim ton b ch sng trnh can nhiu
ln nhau v trnh can nhiu t ngoi vo.
- Chn phn t tch cc (n, transistor ) c cng sut nh trnh b
tc ng nhit .
- Chn cc linh kin phi tht ngn trnh gy cm khng, dung khng
tp tn nh hng n tn s dao ng v phi c hn chc chn, nhm
chng rung ng.
- Cc ch s linh kin th ng phi chnh xc, sai s khng ln hn 0,1
%.
- in p ngun cp cho b ch sng phi c n nh, phi c n p
mt chiu v chng nhiu.
- Dng dy ng trc c tr khng ra nh ghp vi cc tng.
* Mch in in hnh ca ch sng hnh.
Mch in hnh 3.4 l mch in c bn ca ch sng hnh. Mch t
dao ng bng thch anh X. Thch anh X c tn s dao ng bng tn s cn c
ca sng mang hnh knh pht.

Hnh 3.4Mch to dao ng tn hnh

R13
C9
+V
C8
C7 C3
C2
C1
C5
T3
T2
X
L
C4
C6
T1
R14
R11 R12
R2
R1
R8 R6
R5
R4
R10
R7 R3
R9
49


Nguyn l hot ng ca mch;
Khi u T
2
lm vic nh mch khuch i mt chiu do R
5
v R
6
nh
thin ch cng tc. in p mt chiu emit U
E
p vo mt m ca thch
anh X lm cho n t dao ng tn s ca n, m kia truyn dao ng
qua t C
5
vo emit ca T
1
khuch i cao tn mc baz chung. Ti cao tn ca
dao ng ly ra mch cng hng song song L//(C
2
+C
3
), C
3
tinh chnh cng
hng c ng tn s sng mang. R
1
, R
2
nh thin ch lm vic cho
T
1
. Sau a ti khuch i cao tn tip T
2
. Ti ly ra colect ri qua t
C
6
, R
9
vo T
3
mc ti emit(nh thin bi R
10
,R
11
) sau qua t C
7
sang tng
tip theo. Cao tn ca ch sng ra im R.
Ngun cung cp E
c
qua in tr R
14
, t xuyn C
9
v c st p trn
in tr R
13
cung cp cho c 3 tranzito ca ch sng. T C
8
, C
1
thot cao tn
xung t.
ng t nt th hin bc kim cho ch sng trnh can nhiu t bn
ngoi vo.
3.1.5 Mch trn tn to cao tn hnh
Trong cc my pht hnh th h mi u c s dng cc mch trn tn s to
ra tn s sng mang (hnh v ting ca knh pht).
* Trn tn to tn s mang hnh knh pht.
f
h
= f
cs
- f
AMTT
= f
CS
- 38MHz
Trong : f
h
-Tn s sng mang hnh
f
CS
- Ch sng thch anh
f
AMTT
- Tn s trung tn hnh 38MHz c iu ch
Nh vy l u vo ca b trn tn c hai in p: mt cao tn do ch
sng chnh to nn c tn s ln hn tn s knh pht v mt in p trung tn
hnh c iu ch (bin ly ra t b iu ch). Hai tn hiu ny thc
hin trn to ra tn hiu mi c tn s bng hiu tn s ca hai u vo -
ng bng tn s ca sng mang hnh ca knh my pht. Yu cu ca b trn
sao cho tn s sng mang c to ra n nh v mc cng sut cn thit.

50



Hnh 3.5 Mch in trn tn.
Mch in trn tn hnh 3.5 thc t l mch khuch i cao tn. in p cao
tn ch sng chnh c tn s f
CS
a vo baz ca tranzito, c mch L
1
//C
2

cng hng ng tn s f
CS
. in p trung tn hnh AM c cng hng
mch emit bi L
3
//C
7
ng tn s 38MHz. Di tc dng ca hai tn hiu ny
lm mo dng dng ng I
C
m gc thng dng ng vi hiu tn s ca
chng. Mch cng hng L
4
//

C
5
colect cng hng ng tn s ca sng
mang hnh knh pht f
h
= f
cs
- 38MHz.
* phn pht ting i vi my pht hnh iu ch mc cng sut thp
tn s trung tn cn thit c hai b trn: trn to tn hiu trung tn v trn to
cao tn sng mang ting ca knh pht.
- Trn to tn s trung tn ting.
u vo ca b trn ny c tn s f
TTh
= 38MHz (h OIRT) ly t ch
sng trung tn hnh.
Tn hiu iu ch FM tn s bng khong cch gia tn s mang hnh v
mang ting (i vi h OIRT l 6,5MHz, h CCIR l 5,5MHz, h FCC l
4,5MHz).
u ra ca b trn tn hiu trung tn c tn s l:
f
TTt
= f
TTh
- f
FMf

f
FMf
: khong cch gia tn s mang hnh v mang ting ca
knh pht.
i vi h OIRT, PAL-D tn s trung tn ting l 31,5MHz.
fh = fcs-38Mhz
38Mhz
AMTT
f
f
cs
+Vc
C
C1
L1
C2
1uF C4 L2
C3
C6
C7
+
C8
C5
L3
T
R2
R1
R3
R4
51


Mch in hnh 3.6 l mch trn to tn s trung tn ting.
Mch in trn tn dng diode:


Hnh3.6 Mch trn to tn s trung tn ting
Mch trn c cu to bi 4 diot lm vic ch cao tn mc theo kiu cu.
in p xoay chiu trung tn hnh 38MHz qua t C
2
,in p iu ch FM
ting qua mch cng hng ni tip L
1
C
1
cng a vo im A v B ca cu.
Cu diot D
1
D
4
lm vic nh tch sng pha sao cho dng thng cc diot c
pha lch so vi hai tn s a vo, tc l tn s ra bng hiu ca tn s trung
tn hnh v tn s f
FM
.
- Trn to tn s mang ting knh pht.
B ny c nhim v trn trung tn ting vi cao tn do ch sng chnh
to ra (sau khuch i ln mc cng sut ra a vo b trn) u ra
ca b trn c tn s cao tn sng mang ting ca knh pht.
f
t
= f
cs
- f
TTt

f
t
: tn s sng mang ting

f
cs
: tn s ca ch sng hnh
f
TTt
: tn s trung tn ting.
3.1.6 Mch bi tn.
Bi tn hay nhn tn l mch khuch i cao tn, trong s dng cc
bin php k thut u ra c in p cao tn ln nht vi tn s c nhn
ln n ln tn s gc.
52


Chc nng chnh ca bi tn l: nhn tn s ca tn hiu cao tn c bn
do ch sng to ra t c tn hiu cao tn c tn s sng mang hnh ca
knh pht.
f
h
= nf
0
f
h
: tn s knh pht
n: s ln bi (nhn )
f
0
: tn s c bn do ch sng to nn.
Tu theo tn s c bn ca b ch sng v tu theo tn s mang hnh
knh pht m c bi s nhiu hay t v c cc tng nhn k tip nhau tng
hp cc tng nhn li c n ln tn s gc c bn.
* u im ca nhn tn.
- Dng ch sng tn s thp d n nh hn.
- Trong b nhn tn, tn s ra v tn s v cch xa nhau. Do tng n
ghp vi tng kia khng gy nh hng ln nhau, my n nh.
- Khng phi dng thch anh c tn s cao ch sng, m loi thch anh
ny mng, va d v, va dao ng yu, ch cn ch sng n tn s gc c bn
(thp) m sau khi nhn tn ta c tn s sng mang (gp n ln theo mun)
n nh.
- M rng c di tn nhiu ln hn, khi ch sng di tn khng rng.
- V tn s cch xa nhau, cc tng khng b gy nhiu cho nhau, khng
cn

Hnh3.7 Mch in bi tn
53


3.1.7 Mch khuch i v sa m tn
Tn hiu ting a ti my pht, trc khi a vo iu ch u phi c
x l. Cc mch sa, khuch i m tn ny c nhim v:
- Khuch i mc in p v cng sut cp cho iu tn ting.
- Sa tn s di tn m thanh m bo c tuyn ca chng, l tng
t 20Hz 20.000Hz.
Trong mch khuch i m tn c chit p iu chnh m lng, su
iu ch FM.
3.1.8 B tin iu ch.
Ngn tin iu ch bao gm cc loi mch sa, hiu chnh, khuch i tn hiu
hnh mu ton phn tiu chun k thut iu ch sng mang hnh.
Tn hiu hnh mu ton phn trung tm (studio) ra tiu chn k
thut. Qua ng truyn dn (cp, viba...) n my pht hnh, tn hiu b tn
hao, mo nn nht thit phi c x l li. Cc thng s v mc, v thi gian,
v di tn video, sng mang mu, xung...u phi sa v b. Trong ngn iu
ch c cc loi mch x l cc vn trn. Ngn tin iu ch l cc k
quan trng, n quyt nh cht lng hnh nh truyn ti ngi xem.
-Mch in ca b tin iu ch.
Mch ghim khi phc thnh phn mt chiu.

Hnh3.8 Mch ghim dng transistor
Tranzito T
1
l n ghim, T
2
l tng ti emit. C hai tranzito u dng loi npn.
Tn hiu hnh trn dng truyn dn ti my pht cng nh qua cc mch , t
ngn, t ni tng b mt thnh phn mt chiu( chi trung bnh) lm cho hnh
nh km trung thc. Do cn phi c hi phc li. Tn hiu ny a vo
54


u V qua t ghim C
1
ti Baz ca T
2
. Nu khng c mch T
1
th tng ti emit
T
2
khng lm vic. T
1
lm vic nh mt kho in t. Xung ghim cc tnh
dng c rng 3,5s, bin 7Vdd qua t C
2
vo baz ca T
1
. Ti thi
im c xung dng T
1
m (in tr trong rt nh), t C
1
np rt nhanh vi
hng s thi gian:

m
= R
m
C
1
3,5s
R
m
: in tr trong khi T
1
m ( rt nh ).
C
1
: t ghim v ni tng tn hiu hnh.
T C
1
c np ti in p mt chiu xc nh bng mc ghim, mc ghim
iu chnh bng chit p R
3
.
Thi gian khng xung (thi gian qut thun ca dng), T
1
ng, t C
1

phng in qua in tr trong ca T
1
v R
d
c tr s in tr trong rt ln, nn
dng phng rt chm. Ti baz ca T
2
lun gi mc in p mt chiu bng
mc ghim, mc in p ny ng thi cng l thin p lm vic cho n T
2
.
Tng ti emit T
2
hot ng bnh thng, tn hiu ly ra emit (ti R
5
) ti
im V
r
c khi phc thnh phn mt chiu.
Hng s thi gian T
1
ng l:

d
= R
d
.C
1
52s
R
d
: in tr rt ln khi T
1
ng.
iu kin mch ghim lm vic tt, bn vng l:
- R
m
< R
d

- T
1
chn sao cho nh kho tt m dt khot c thi gian chuyn
tip cc nhanh.
- Xung ghim m bo mc in p v rng.
- Nu T
1
l loi pnp th xung ghim c cc tnh m.
- T C
1
chn tr s t 01 03F v l t thng.
3.1.9 Tnh ton mch iu ch AM
B iu ch thc hin iu bin (AM) sng mang hnh ca knh pht
bng tn hiu hnh ton phn c sa tng tin iu ch a sang.
* Yu cu k thut.
- t su iu ch d dng.
- Bo m rng knh 8MHz v di thng tn ca tn hiu hnh 6MHz.
55


- c tuyn tn s knh truyn bin di -1,25MHz t -20dB n
-35dB.
- Bin sng mang sau khi iu ch bo m cng sut danh nh ca
su iu ch.
- Trnh can nhiu ca bn ngoi, cng nh cc tng khc trong my.
- Sau khi iu ch vn m bo tuyn tnh.


Hnh 3.9 Mch in iu bin AM cn bng dng transistor v diode
Tranzito T
1
khuch i cao tn sng mang hnh mu qua bin p cao tn
mch colect ca n, tn hiu sng mang ny c ly ra hai cc tnh ngc
pha nhau 180
0
a vo b iu ch cn bng. Hay ni cch khc bin p Tr1
phi hp gia sng mang khng i xng sang i xng, m im t C l tn
hiu hnh ton phn a vo, yu cu bin p cao tn qun tht cn nhau v
cun cm c m bc. Mch iu bin cn bng c to bng cc diot c tn
s lm vic siu cao.
Ti hai im i xng cho cao tn, a vo tn hiu mu ton phn
(sau khi c sa, b tin iu ch) +b(t) v -b(t).
Khi khng c tn hiu hnh - tn hiu iu ch ngc cc tnh nhau th
u ra khng c sng mang. Khi c +b(t), -b(t) th dn ca cc diot cao tn
D
1
D
4
s thay i khc nhau theo bin iu ca tn hiu hnh lm cho mch
56


iu ch cn bng. Do dng in cao tn bin thin qua cc diot dn ti
dng sng mang n mch ra (bin p Tr2) bin i khng u v bin na
m theo dng tn hiu iu ch. Tn hiu hnh ton phn mch ra b trit tiu
do tn hiu a vo ngc pha nhau 180
0
.
Nh vy iu bin sng mang hnh c thc hin tip tc qua tng m
emit T
2
ti tip cc tng sau. Mch iu ch AM cn bng m bo bn
vng, d t c su iu ch 100%, tuyn tnh, sng mang mu khng
b suy gim, cht lng mu tt.
3.1.10 Chc nng v c tnh cc tng khuch i cao tn.
Do iu ch mc cng sut thp, nn sng mang hnh, mang ting sau
khi c iu ch phi c mt lot cc tng khuch i cao tn khuch
i dn ln ti khi kch thch cui cng.
Cc tng khuch icao tn hnh ngoi khuch i sng mang, cn m
bo di tn Video 6,5MHz. l kh khn ca loi iu ch mc thp. Do
phi c mt lot cc bin php k thut x l nhm tho mn yu cu trn,
cc mch lm vic ch B hoc ch BC.
Cc tng khuch i cao tn ting d thc hin hn v di tn m thanh
khng ln, c th lm vic ch C hiu sut cao.
Cc tng khuch i cao tn ting v hnh cn phi bo m:
- Khuch i mc danh nh, mi tng khuch i t 1020 ln.
- n nh sng mang.
- Bo m di tn s ca tn hiu hnh 6MHz, tn hiu m thanh
30Hz15KHz.
- Lc tt, loi tr cc hi khng c ch ngoi knh pht.
- Chng c can nhiu t bn ngoi v gia cc tng vi nhau.
- Bo m phi hp tr khng gia cc tng.
- Trch mt phn cng sut tch sng kim tra.
V cu to mch, cc tng khuch i cao tn hnh v ting c bn ging
nhau, ch khc cc phn t cng hng cho mi loi sng mang khc nhau
nn tr s khc nhau.
H s khuch i ca tng khuch i cao tn c xc nh bng biu
thc:
57


A = SZ
a
= S /2B
tr
C
Trong : A - h s khuch i.
S - dc ng( h dn) ca n.
Z
a
- tr khng mch ra ( anot hoc colect)
B
tr
- tn s bin trn ca n hiu truyn.
C - ti dung khng.
T biu thc trn ta thy r rng i vi di tn ca tn hiu cn truyn
cng ln th h s khuch i A cng gim. V cng rt kh khn cho vic hiu
chnh m bo ng thi sng mang v di tn tn hiu.
t c di rng cn thit ca cc tng khuch i cao tn hnh lm
vic ch B, ta chn mt trong cc bin php k thut sau y:
- Suy gim ng b cc tng cng hng.
- Cng hng ring r tng phn ring bit.
- S dng cc mch ghp.
3.1.11 B trung hp v mch lc hi
-B trung hp
Nh ta bit, my pht hnh dc cu to gm my pht hnh v pht
ting ng b vi nhau. Nu trc tip a cao tn AM ca my pht hnh v
FM ca my pht ting ra cng chung mt anten th khng th c, v cao tn
u ra ca my pht hnh s gy nh hng lm mo dng c tuyn ca tng
cng sut RF cui ting v ngc li. Do phi c gii php k thut l dng
b phi hp sao cho ch s dng mt anten cho c hnh v ting. B phi hp
ny gi l b trung hp (diflexer).
- Mch lc hi
B lc hi (Filter- harmonic ) c cu to nh b thng tn thp, nhim
v ca n l loi tr, chn tt c cc cao tn hi c tn s bi tn s sng mang
hnh v mang ting.
Trong cc mch cao tn, t tng c cng sut thp n tng cng sut
cui cng ngoi sng mang ca knh pht cn c hi bi hai, hi bi ba... gy
nn nhiu sang cc knh khc nn cn thit phi c lc, chn c tuyn
suy gim t -26dB. Th d hi bc ba ca knh 2: tn s mang hnh knh 2 l
59,25MHz, bi ba ln l 175,25MHz nm ng trong di tn ca knh 6 (tn s
58


mang hnh 175,25MHz ). Nu khng c lc v chn hi ny th s nhiu sang
my pht knh 6.

Hnh 3.10Mch in tng ng ca b lc hi
iu chnh cc hc cng hng v vn cc bu lng A, B, C, G s t c
di thng cn truyn, lc v chn cc hi ngoi knh.
3.1.12 Dy dn cao tn v Anten.
-Dy dn cao tn
Dy dn cao tn thng gi l fid dn sng cao tn t u ra ca my
pht ti anten pht. Tu theo cng, tn s knh pht, tr khng c tnh m c
loi dy dn cao tn kch c khc nhau.
Dy dn cao tn l dy dn ng trc v dy dn gia v dy dn ngoi
u hnh trn v c cng mt tm. Dy dn gia bng ng dn sng, dy dn
ngoi l ng bc kim hnh tr trn ng tm vi dy gia. Dy ngoi c
ni vi t, v my, ct anten kn mch cao tn. Gia hai dy l cht cch
in cao tn, chu c in p cao tn, c th l khng kh, c th l teplon
cao tn, yu cu cch in cao. Ngoi cng l lp nha bo v.
-Anten.
Anten l ti ca my pht, l lin kt gia my pht vi mi trng
khng trung m trong sng cao tn lan truyn ti my thu. Anten bc x
sng cao tn ( c iu ch mang tn hiu thng tin cn truyn ) ca my
pht vo khng trung.
Anten pht v thu khc nhau. Anten pht l ti ca my pht, anten thu l
ngun cp cho my thu. S khc bit c bn l chc nng, cu to. Anten pht
59


yu cu nghim ngt v cc thng s ch tiu k thut, phi chnh xc di c
kh, xy dng ct anten, lp t ct anten s phc tp tn km rt nhiu.
Do tnh cht lan truyn ca sng cao tn vi cc bc sng khc nhau,
nn c nhiu loi anten tng ng vi di tn ring bit.
Trong k thut truyn hnh, mi knh c anten ring ca n, hoc anten
di rng dng cho c bng. Anten di rng dng cho bng III c tn s t
174MHz n 230MHz.
3.2 ng dng iu ch AM trong my pht thanh
Gii thiu chung
Tn hiu thng tin c truyn t my pht ti my thu thng qua mi trng
truyn .Tuy nhin tn hiu thng tin gc t khi ph hp vi mi trng truyn cho
nn chng ta phi bin i t dng thng tin ban u thnh dng tn hiu ph hp
vi m trng truyn. my pht thanh AM s thc hin qu trnh lm thay i
bin ca tn hiu sng mang kt hp vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch(tn hiu
tin tc).
B iu ch bin AM l thit b c rp t nhng linh kin phi tuyn vi hai
ng vo. Mt sng mang c bin c nh tn s cao v tn hiu thng tin tn s
thp.Tn hiu sng mang phi c tn s cao anten bc x mt cch c hiu qu
v truyn xuyn qua khng gian t do thng c gi l tn s radio hoc n
gin l RF. Tn hiu thng tin c th l tn s n hay phc hp ca nhiu tn
s.Mc d mang nhng c im chung ca iu ch bin qu trnh truyn sng
mang hai bin cnh DSB-TC thng c s dng nhiu nht. iu ch DSB-TC
i khi cn c gi l iu ch bin truyn thng hay n gin l AM.
Bng tn c s dng trong h thng pht thanh AM
Bng sng di: 300-500 KHz.
Bng sng chung: 550-1650 Khz.
Bng sng ngn: 1, 8 Mhz- 18, 5 MHz.
Phn loi my pht thanh AM
-My pht AM mc cao
-My pht AM mc thp
3.2.1 Kho st my pht AM mc thp
Hnh 3.11 v dng s khi my pht AM DSB-TC mc thp.Khi ta truyn ging
ni ca con ngi hoc m nhc l ngun gc ca tn hiu iu bin. Mt cch
60


tng qut n l mt b chuyn i m thanh nh microphone bngs t a CD my
ht a. Mch tin khuch i phi c nhy tng i cao l mch khuch i
in p tuyn tnh loi A vi tr khng ng vo cao. Chc nng ca mch tin
khuch i l tng bin ca ngun tn hiu thng tin n mc c th s dng
c, trong khi li pht sinh nhiu v tuyn rt nh khng ng k ng thi phi
khc phc nhiu nhit sao cho cng nh cng tt. Mch iu khin tn hiu iu
ch cng l mch khuch i tuyn tnh nhng c th iu khin c mch iu
ch.












Hnh 3.11 s khi my pht thanh AM mc thp.
Mch do ng to sng mang RF ca my pht c yu cu phi tht chnh xc,
n nh cao. Do thng s dng thch anh to dao ng trong mch in.
Mch khuch i m c h s khuch i tht thp l mch khuch i tuyn tnh
ng vo c tng tr cao, nhim v ca mch khuch i m l cch ly mch dao
ng vi mch khuch i cng sut cao. Mch m cung cp mt ti c nh ti
mch dao ng, mch m gip gim s bin thin tn s ca tn hiu, mch t hp
opamp thng c s dng trong mch m.Mch khuch i tc thi v mch
khuch i cng sut tng cui thng dng mch khuch i loi A hoc khuch
i y ko loi B.H thng anten phi tng ng vi tng tr ra ca mch khuch
i cng sut tng cui. H thng pht AM mc thp c s dng rng ri trong
Khuch
i cng
sut
Khuh
i
m
iu
khin
sng
mang
Ngun
tn hiu
iu ch
Tin
khuch
i
iu khin
tn hiu
iu ch
Mch
iu ch
Mch
dao
ng RF
Mch
ghp
Anten
61


h thng pht cng sut thp. Nhng h thng pht cng sut thp nh h thng lin
lc v tuyn, remote iu khin, my b m phm vi gn.
3.2.2 My pht AM mc cao
Hnh 3.12 s my pht AM mc cao tn hiu iu ch cng c x l tng t
my pht AM mc thp ngoi tr c mch khuch i cng sut . i vi my pht
AM mc cao cng sut ca tn hiu iu ch phi cao hn trong my pht AM ln
xy ra iu ch thng thng tn hiu iu ch phi c bin tht cao t
c phn trm iu ch l 100%


Hnh 3.12 s my pht AM mc cao.
Mch do ng to sng mang RF cng c kt hp vi b m v b kch thch
sng mang ging my pht AM mc thp. Tuy nhin my pht mc cao th tn hiu
sng mang phi c khuch i cng sut trc khi n tng iu ch v khuch
i cng sut cui cng.
i vi my pht AM mc cao mch iu ch c 3 chc nng chnh : cung cp
mch in cn thit xy ra iu ch, mch khuch i cng sut sau cng, tc
chuyn mch cao.

62


3.2.3 Mt s mch in c bn trong my pht thanh AM
Ti my pht ni xy ra qu trnh iu ch phi c mch in xc nh my pht
mc cao hay mc thp. i vi my pht mc thp yu cu t ra l phn trm iu
ch phi cao.
i vi my pht mc cao s iu ch c thay cho phn sau ca tng cui, ni c
bin sng mang t gi tr cc i.V vy yu cu bin tn hiu phi ln hn
t c phn trm iu ch ti a.vi iu ch mc cao tn hiu sau iu ch
phi c khuch i cng sut tt c cc di bin. Cng sut di bin phi ln hn
33% tng cng sut pht
Mch iu ch AM mc thp
Mt tn hiu nh c khuch i loi A c biu din nh hnh 4.4a c th c
s dng iu ch bin

Hnh 3.13 a, Mch iu bin cc E dng mt transistor
b, Dng sng ng ra ca mch
mch khuch i trn c hai ng vo. Ng vo th nht l tn hiu sng mang, ng
vo th hai l tn hiu tin tc. Khi khng c tn hiu tin tc th mch hot ng nh
mch khuch i loi A ng ra l tn hiu sng mang c khuch i bi li
p tnh.
63


Tuy nhin khi t tn hiu vo mch, mch khuch i hot ng khng tuyn tnh
v xy ra qu trnh nhn tn s tn hiu .Tn hiu sng mang c a vo cc B
ca transistor tn hiu iu ch c a vo cc E tn hiu iu ch thay i theo
li ca mch khch i di dng hnh sin v bng tn s ban u ca tn hiu
iu ch.
li p ca mch iu hp cc pht c minh ha bi biu thc sau:
Av = Aq (1 + m.Sin2fm.t) (3.1)
Av l hs khuch i p khi c tn hiu iu ch.
Aq l h s khuch i p tnh (khng c tn hiu iu ch)
Sin2fmt thay i t gi tr cc i +1 n gi tr cc tiu -1 cho nn (3.1) c th
c vit nh sau:
Av = Aq (1 m)
Trong : m l h s iu ch, khi iu bin 100% th m =1.
Trong mch iu ch trn tn hiu tin tc c a vo thng qua bin p T
1
sng
mang v
c
c a vo cc B Tn hiu iu ch s iu khin mch trn hot ng
hai trng thi dn bo ho v ngng dn. Cho nn, cn thit phi to ra s khuch
i phi tuyn khi xy ra qu trnh iu ch. T in C2 c nhim v l di chuyn tn
s tn hiu iu ch t dng sng AM ra. V vy sinh ra bao hnh AM i xng ti
Vout
Vi mch iu hp cc E, bin tn hiu ng ra ph thuc vo tn hiu sng mang
ng vo v li p ca mch khuch i. H s iu ch hon ton ph thuc vo
bin ca tn hiu iu ch. Nhng nhc im chnh ca mch iu hp cc pht
l mch hot ng ch A, m ch ny th h s khuch i khng cao.
Mch iu hp cc pht cng c nhc im l tiu th cng sut ln dng sng
ng ra.
Mch iu bin AM cng sut trung bnh:
My pht AM cng sut trung bnh v cao b hn ch bi vic s dng n chn
khng, l nhng linh kin th ng. Tuy nhin k t gia nm 1970, my pht s
dng linh kin bn dn c a vo s dng, t cng sut ra c nng cao n
hng ngn Watts. Nhng thit b ny dn dn c ci tin bng cch thay th
nhng mch khuch i cng sut song song vi vic phi hp pha ca tn hiu ng
ra.
64


Hnh 3.14 trnh by s nguyn l ca mch iu ch AM cng sut trung bnh
dng 1 transistor. Qu trnh iu ch c thc hin ti cc thu l thnh phn tn
hiu ra ca transistor.

a,

b,
Hnh 3.14 a, mch iu ch AM cng sut trung bnh
b,Dng tn hiu iu ch khi cha c tin tc.
Nh vy, nu y l tng lm vic cui cng ca my pht th l iu bin mc
cao (khng c s khuch i cng sut iu ch v Anten). mch lm vic c
hiu qu, t cng sut cao. Mch iu chAM cng sut trung bnh v cao thng
hot ng ch C. Do cng sut thc t ca mch c th t hn 80%. S
mch in 3.14 l mch khuch i ch C vi hai ng vo: Ng vo sng mang
(Vc) v ng vo tn hiu iu ch n tn (Vm).
V transistor phn cc ch C nn hot ng khng tuyn tnh v c kh nng
mch cng trn khng tuyn tnh. Mch ny c gi l mch iu hp cc thu (C)
65


bi tn hiu iu ch c a trc tip vo cc thu C. RFC l cun cn tn s sng
v tuyn, n hot ng nh sau: H mch i vi thnh phn DC ng thi ngn
mch i vi tn s RF.
Cho nn, RFC ngn cch ngun cung cp DC gia sng mang cao tn vi tn s
bin, trong khi vn cho php tn hiu tn s thp iu ch ti cc thu ca Q1.
Hot ng ca mch in nh sau:

Hnh 3.14c Dng tn hiu sau iu ch
Khi bin ca sng mang ln hn 0.7 v vi transistor silic Q
1
dn sinh ra dng
cc C I
c
.Khi in p sng mang nh hn 0.7 v th ng ngha vi khng c dng
cc C Q
1
ngng dn.Trng thi dn v ngng dn ca Q
1
c iu khin bi sng
mang mt khc dng cc C lun nh hn 180 chu k sng mang v hot ng
ch C. Dng sng in p cc C lp li ging nh 1/2 dng sng ca tn hiu
chnh lu vi tn s c bn bng fc. Khi tn hiu c a vo cc C mt cch lin
tc vi ngun cung cp DC m v dng (Vcc) th dng sng thu c s to ra
sng iu ch vi bin cc i Vcc
Bi v, Q1hot ng khng tuyn tnh, nn dng sng cc C ca Q1cha hai tn
s ng vo ban u( fc v fm) tng v hiu tn s ca chng l fc fm. V dng
sng ng ra cng cha nhng hm iu ho tn s cao hn v nhng thnh phn
bin iu tng h c gii hn li fm = fc trc khi pht i. Mt mch in thc
66


t hn pht cng sut trung bnh, tn hiu iu ch AM DSB-TC c v trn hnh
3.14a v c tuyn dng sng v trn hnh 3.14b. mch in ny cng l mch iu
hp cc C vi bin nh cc i ca tn hiu iu ch V
m(max)=
V
cc


Hnh 3.15 Mch iu ch AM DSB-TC
a, S nguyn l
Hot ng ca mch cng tng t nh mch n bin hnh 3.14a ngoi tr c
thm mch cng hng L
1
C
1
ti cc thu ca Q1. Bi v transistor hot ng trng
thi bo ho v ngng dn, dng cc thu khng ph thuc vo in p iu khin
cc nn B. in p ca mch tng ln thng qua mch cng hng c xc nh
bi thnh phn AC ca dng cc thu, gy nn tnh cht tr ca mch cng hng ti
tn s cng hng. Vi s ph thuc vo cht lng ca cun dy, dng sng ca
tnhiu sng mang c iu ch v dng cc thu cng ging nh phn trc.
in p ra l tn hiu AM DSB-TC i xng vi in p trung bnh l 0V, bin
nh cc di dng l 2Vcc, bin nh m cc tiu l -2Vcc. Bn k dng ca
sng ra c to ra trong mch cng hung bi hiu ng Flywheel. Khi Q1dn, t
C1 np n gi tr Vcc+ Vm(gi tr cc i l 2Vcc). Khi Q1 ngng dn t C1x
in thng qua cun L1. Khi L1 x C1 np n gi tr cc tiu l -2Vcc. Qu trnh
trn to ra bn k dng ca bao hnh AM . Tn s cng hng ca mch cng
hng bng tn s sng mang v bng thng c gi tr t fc- fm n fc+ fm. Thng
67


thng tn hiu iu ch l mt hm iu ha. Khi phn trm iu ch t 100% th
bin nh ca tn hiu iu ch bng Vcc.
Cu to chung ca mch c biu din trn hnh 3.15a. R1 l in tr phn cc
cho Q1, R1v R2 l dng mch ghim to nn s phn cc trong mi ni vi hng
ro th ca transistor xc nh in p m ca Q1. Thng thng Q1 c phn
cc sao cho ch dn trong bn k dng ca in p song song. S phn cc ny to
ra dng sng dng cc thu nh v nng cao hiu sut ca mch khuch i hng
C.C3 l t in lin lc, n ngn mch i vi tn s tn hiu iu ch v ngn tn
hiu thng tin vo ngun cung cp DC. C
be
l t dn tn hiu t cc nn n cc thu
ca Q1. Ti tn sv tuyn, nhng t dn tn hiu nh v trong transistor l rt quan
trng. Nu dung tch ca t C
bc
ln th tn hiu cc thu c th c phn hi v
cc nn ca Q1vi bin va ln Q1bt u dao ng. Cho nn mt tn hiu
bng nhau v bin cng nh tn s v lch pha nhau 180 s phn hi v cc nn
ca Q1hoc l trung ha gia cc ca in dung phi hi. C
N
l t in trung ha.
Nhim v ca n l to ng phn hi cho tn hiu c bin v tn s bng
nhau nhng lch pha vi ng ra 180 c phn hi v thng qua C
bc
.
C4 l t in lin lc RF hot ng ca n cng tng t nh t C3, ti tn s sng
mang C4 xem nhn gn mch ngn sng mang r vo ngun cung cp iu chnh
hot ng mch iu ch tn hiu v c phn b khp trn my pht.

Hnh 3.15b Dng sng trn cc C v ng ra
Mch to dao ng sng mang
Mch to dao ng sng mang cn c chnh xc cao v phi tht n nh nh vo
c tnh p in ca thch anh m thc t nhng my pht thanh thng s dng
mch to dao ng bng thch anh
Tc dng ca cc linh kin:
68


+ L1,C1 khung cng hng
+L2 hi tip
+R1,R2 nh thin phn p cho transistor Q
+R3 n nh nhit
+C2,CF hi tip dng
+C3 t lc ngun.

Hnh 3.16 Mch dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip.
-Nguyn l hot ng ca mch
Khi c cp ngun mch dao ng vi tn s cng hng dao ng ring ca
khung C1,L1. Trong khung cng hng c dao ng vi tn s cng hng ng
bng tn s cng hng ni tip ca thch anh, tr khng ca thch anh nh thnh
phn hi tip v cc B ln. Nh vy mch to c dao ng vi tn s bng tn s
cng hng ni tip ca thch anh










69


Chng 4: M PHNG IU CH AM DNG MATLAB
4.1 Gii thiu chng trnh MATLAB:
Chng trnh MATLAB l mt chng trnh vit cho my tnh PC nhm h tr cho
cc tnh ton khoa hc v k thut vi cc phn t c bn l ma trn trn my tnh c
nhn do cng ty "The MATHWORKS" vit ra.
Thut ng MATLAB c c l do hai t MATRIX v LABORATORYghp
li. Chng trnh ny hin ang c s dng nhiu trong nghin cu cc vn
tnh ton ca cc bi ton k thut nh: L thuyt iu khin t ng, k thut thng
k xc sut, x l s cc tn hiu, phn tch d liu, d bo chui quan st, v.v
MATLAB c iu khin bi cc tp lnh, tc ng qua bn phm. N cng
cho php mt kh nng lp trnh vi c php thng dch lnh cn gi l Script file.
Cc lnh hay b lnh ca MATLAB ln n s hng trm v ngy cng c m
rng bi cc phn TOOLS BOX( th vin tr gip) hay thng qua cc hm ng
dng c xy dng t ngi s dng. MATLAB c hn 25 TOOLS BOX tr
gip cho vic kho st nhng vn c lin quan trn. TOOL BOX SIMULINK l
phn m rng ca MATLAB, s dng m phng cc h thng ng hc mt
cch nhanh chng v tin li.
Bn cnh MATLAB cn cung cp mt s lnh x l ha. N bao gm
nhng lnh cp cao cho d liu hai chiu v ba chiu, x l nh ng v cc biu
din ha. N cng bao gm nhng lnh cp thp m cho php ta ty chn s
xut hin ca ha ging nh l vic xy dng mt giao din s dng ha hn
ho trong nhng ng dng MATLAB ca mnh.
Ngoi ra c th ni MATLAB l phn mm va cung cp cng c phn tch xy
dng x l d liu ng thi nhng th vin hm ton hc phong ph gip ngi
dng thun tin trong vic m phng nhng v d mt cch chnh xc cao v d
dng trin khai trong nhng d n ln vi nhng yu cu phc tp
MATLAB 4.0, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2 hot ng trong mi trng WINDOWS. Cc
version 4.0, 4.2 mun hot ng tt phi s dng cng vi WINWORD 6.0. Hin
ti c version 8.1 (kham kho t Website ca cng ty). Chng trnh Matlab c
th chy lin kt vi cc chng trnh ngn ng cp cao nh C, C++, Fortran
Vic ci t MATLAB tht d dng v ta cn ch vic dng thm vo cc th
vin tr gip hay mun lin kt phn mm ny vi mt vi ngn ng cp cao.
70


4.2 Gii thiu v chng trnh m phng
Chng trnh m phng c vit bng phn mm Matlab.
Trong phn m phng s cp ti cc phng php iu ch m cc chng trc
ni n nh iu ch bin gm c: DSB-TC, DSB-SC, SSB vi tn hiu tin
tc c th chn mt trong hai loi: sng sin hoc file c nh dng .wav

Hnh 4.1 Giao Menu ca chng trnh gii thiu
4.2.1 M phng iu bin vi tn hiu sng sin
Chng trnh m phng iu ch DSB-TC, DSB-SC,SSB gm c 5 phn
l :
- Phn thanh iu khin cho php ngi dng c th thay i cc gi tr ca
bin , tn s ca tn hiu bn tin v tn hiu sng mang.
- Phn Menu cho php ta c th chuyn i cc kiu iu ch nh chuyn sang
iu ch vi tn hiu sng sin hoc file .wav
- Phn tn hiu iu ch trong phn ny cho ta nhn thy cc dng sng tn
hiu bn, tn hiu sng mang, tn hiu sau iu ch v ph ca tn hiu sau
iu ch.
-Trong giao din cng c h thng cho php ngi dng chn h s tn hiu so
vi nhiu gauss v c phn hin th su iu ch m.
71


-Vi vic h tr vic to dao din bn cnh vic vit lnh trn comand
window hoc scrip file gip cho vic tng tc gia ngi dng c d dng
hn.
-Cc kt qu c a ra thng qua h thng cc nt lnh iu khin cho tng
mc ch hin th khc nhau.Vic th hin nhiu gauss (nhiu trng) s phn
nh mt phn tc ng trong thc t ca vic truyn tin

Hnh 4.2 M phng tn hiu nhiu gauss
Xem hnh 4.2 ta thy tn hiu tin tc b nh hng ln nu t l tn hiu so vi nhiu
l 1dB v ngc li tn hiu hu nh khng b tc ng nu t l SNR l 50dB.
S thut ton














Bt u
Sng sin
File wav
Chn thng s tin
tc, sng mang
Gii iu
ch
iu ch
Hin
th
Kt thc
Tip tc
S S



72


+M phng iu ch DSB-TC
m phng iu ch song bin truyn sng mang ngi dng chn cc gi tr ca
sng mang v ca tin tc,loi iu ch loi tin tc l sng sin sau h thng s t
ng tr v su iu ch cng nhng cho php ngi dng chn t l tn hiu so
vi nhiu kt qu s c a ra do ty chn trong menu kt qu. Vic hin th
dng sng s th hin trn 5 trc ta nh hnh 4.3
Trong giao din m phng iu ch DSB-TC tn s ca sng mang, tin tc hoc
bin ca sng mang, tin tc c m phng bng cc Slider tin dng cho vic
thay i gi tr iu ch cng nh cho thy c s thay i tn hiu sau iu ch
theo su iu ch.
Trong chng trnh m phng iu ch v gii iu ch trn s dng code da
theo m hnh iu ch bn cnh matlab cn cung cp cho ngi dng hm phn
tch iu ch DSB-TC nh sau:
-ammod(x, Fc, Fs, ini_phase, carramp)
Trong :
X: Tn hiu tin tc
Fc: Tn s ca sng mang
Fs: Tn s ly mu ca tn hiu ca sng mang v tn hiu sau iu ch.
ini_phase: Pha ban u ca tn hiu sau iu ch
carramp: Bin ca tn hiu sng mang.

73



Hnh 4.3 M phng iu ch DSB-TC vi tn hiu tin tc l sng sin
+M phng iu ch DSB-SC
S khc bit so vi m phng iu bin DSB-TC l vic khng truyn i thnh
phn sng mang gy lng ph cng sut my pht ng thi th hin c s khc
bit trong s phn b ph ca tn hiu gm 2 thnh phn nh hnh 4.4.
Vi iu ch DSB-SC matlab cung cp hm phn tch tng t vi iu ch DSB-
TC ch khc bin sng mang mc nh bng 1 ln khng cn xut hin trong biu
thc.
Mt khc gip ngi dng phn tch tn hiu sau gii iu ch bin trong
communication toolbox ca matlab c hm gii iu bin c c php nh sau:
amdemod(y,Fc,Fs,ini_phase,carramp)
Vi gii iu ch DSB-TC sng mang c bin c biu din bi carramp, vi
DSB-SC bin sng mang mc nh l 1;

74



Hnh 4.4 M phng iu ch DSB-SC tn hiu sng sin
+M phng iu ch n bin USSB

Hnh 4.5 M phng iu ch n bin USSB
75


C hai hm xy dng sn phn tch iu ch n bin l
-SSBMOD(X,Fc,Fs,INI_PHASE,'upper')
- SSBDEMOD(Y,Fc,Fs,INI_PHASE,NUM,DEN)
Trong :
[NUM,DEN] = butter(5,Fc*2/Fs)
Ta c th chn loi iu ch bin trn hoc bin di vi lnh 'upper'
hoc 'lower'.
Mc nh vic gii iu ch s ly h s bc ca b lc butter l bc 5 hoc c th
ty chn theo cng thc
[NUM,DEN] = butter(bc b lc,Fc*2/Fs)
4.2.2 M phng iu ch vi tn hiu file wav
H thng s c menu iu khin chn file wav t th mc ty chn sau s
phn tch tn hiu iu ch tng t vi sng sin.
Khi phn tch tn hiu dng file .wav matlab cung cp cho ngi dng hai cng c
hu hiu l 2 hm
- wavread( tn file wav) s tr v kt qu l tn s ly mu, s bit dng m
ha tn hiu,bin ca tn hiu ly mu.
- wavwrite(ten file wav) ghi d liu theo nh dng wav tn s ly mu s bit
biu din thng thng :8,16 hoc 32bit.
-Vic m phng iu bin vi tin tc l file wav tng t vi tn hiu sng sin
nhng kt qu h s iu ch c gin lc do kh xc nh c bin ca
tin tc. Mt khc cng c cng cho php ngi dng phn tch ph ca tn hiu
tin tc v hnh nh theo min thi gian ca tn hiu file wav.
Hnh nh ca iu ch bin DSB-TC c th hin hnh 4.6

76



Hnh 4.6 m phng iu ch v gii iu ch file .wav


77


KT LUN
e ee e
Vi cc kin thc c hc v vin thng, v sau thi gian thc hin ti
em tm hiu c c bn v cc phng php iu ch tn hiu cn bn nh
iu ch cc tn hiu tng t v cc tn hiu s. Cc kt qu t c ca bo
co p ng c yu cu ra t u l lm r v iu ch bin sao cho
d hiu v c c s nh gi trc quan nht bng vic s dng cc cng c h
tr vic m phng. T nhng phng php iu ch c bn ny ta c th m
rng ln cc phng php iu ch cao hn mang tnh hiu qu cao hn v ng
dng nhiu hn na trong cc h thng vin thng.
-Hng pht trin ca ti :
Do trnh hiu bit cn hn ch, cng nh thi gian thc hin ti v
ngun ti liu c hn nn trong ti khng cp ti tt c cc phng php
iu ch tn hiu c m mi ch gii quyt c vn iu ch bin trong
cc phng php iu ch.V vy hng pht trin ca ti l xy dng c
mt chng trnh m phng c y cc phng php iu ch ang c s
dng hin nay.Mt khc cc thng s c th thay i mt cch linh hot nht,
ngi dng c th thao tc mt cch d dng khi s dng.
Chnh v vy em rt mong c s ng gp , ch bo ca thy c v nhng
vn cn thiu st.
C c kt qu ny, mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n hai c: INH TH
KIM PHNG PHAN TH THU HNG v cc thy c trong khoa in T
trc tip hng dn v gip em trong qu trnh thc hin ti.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!






78


TI LIU THAM KHO
e ee e
[1] Thi Hng Nh, Phm Minh Vit, H thng vin thng, Nh xut bn gio
dc.
[2] Phm vn Tn, Gio trnh c s vin thng, Nh xut bn khoa hc k
thut.
[3] V c Th, Thng tin di ng s cellular, Nh xut bn gio dc
[4] ng Vn Chuyt, Nguyn Tun Anh, C s l thuyt truyn tin, Nh xut
bn gio dc.
[5] Nguyn Quc Bnh, Cc h thng thng tin hin nay, Nh xut bn khoa
hc k thut.
[6] Ngun internet :
http://www.dientuvietnam.com
http://www.dientuvienthong.com
http://www.google.com
http://www.hauioline.com
http://www.vntelecom.org


79


Ph lc
e ee e
Code m phng iu ch v gii iu ch bin
x1=get(handles.radiobutton1,'Value');
x2=get(handles.radiobutton2,'Value');
x3=get(handles.radiobutton3,'Value');
x4=get(handles.radiobutton4,'Value');
x5=get(handles.radiobutton5,'Value');
a=get(handles.popupmenu1,'value');
b=get(handles.popupmenu2,'value');
c=get(handles.popupmenu4,'value');
fc=get(handles.slider2,'value');
ac=get(handles.slider3,'value');
fm=get(handles.slider4,'value');
am=get(handles.slider5,'value');
ts=1/(fc*10);fs=1/ts;
t=[0:ts:1];
vs =am*cos(2*pi*t*fm);
vsc=ac*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
df=0.3;
if c==1
vtt=awgn(vs,1,'measured');
end

if c==2
vtt=awgn(vs,5,'measured');
end
if c==3
vtt=awgn(vs,10,'measured');
end
if c==4
vtt=awgn(vs,50,'measured');
end
if x1==1 & b==2

axes(handles.axes1)
zoom on;
hold off;
plot(t,vtt)
axis([0 4/fm -5 5]);
xlabel('Thoi gian')
title('tin hieu tin tuc')
end
if x2==1
axes(handles.axes1)
hold off;
80


zoom on;
plot(t,vsc);
axis([0 4/fc -5 5]);
xlabel('Time')
title('tin hieu song mang ')
end

if x3==1 & b==2 & a==2
axes(handles.axes2);
hold off;
zoom on;
vout=(ac+vtt).*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
plot(t,vout);
axis([0 4/fm -10 10]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che DSB-TC')
end

if x3==1 & b==2 & a==1
axes(handles.axes2);
hold off;
zoom on;
vsc=ac*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
vout=vtt.*(ac*cos(2*pi*t*fc));
plot(t,vout);
axis([0 4/fm -14 14]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che DSB-SC')
end

if x3==1 & b==2 & a==4
axes(handles.axes2);
hold off;
zoom on;
u=vtt.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)+imag(hilbert(vtt)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
plot(t,u);
axis([0 4/fm -10 10]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che LSB')
end
if x3==1 & b==2 & a==3
axes(handles.axes2);
hold off;
zoom on;
u=vtt.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)-imag(hilbert(vtt)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
plot(t,u);
axis([0 4/fm -10 10]);
81


xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che USSB')
end
if a==1 & b==2 & x4==1
u=vtt.*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
c=cos(2*pi*fc.*t);
y=u.*c;
y=y';
[B,A] = butter(5,fc/fs,'low');
d = filtfilt(B,A,y);
axes(handles.axes3);
plot(t,vs,'b',t,d,'r');
axis([0 4/fm -14 14]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu sau giai dieu che DSB-SC')
end
if a==2 & b==2 & x4==1
c=cos(2*pi*fc.*t);
u=(vtt+ac).*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
y=u.*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
[B,A] = butter(5,fc/fs);
d = filtfilt(B,A,y);
axes(handles.axes3);
plot(t,vs,'b',t,d,'r');
axis([0 4/fm -14 14]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu sau giai dieu che DSB-TC')
end

if a==3 & b==2 & x4==1
v=vtt.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)-imag(hilbert(vtt)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
u=v.*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
[b,a] = butter(5,fc/fs);
u = filtfilt(b,a,u);
axes(handles.axes3);
plot(t,vs,'b',t,u,'r');
axis([0 4/fm -5 5]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu giai dieu che USSB')
end
if a==4 & b==2 & x4==1
v=vtt.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)+imag(hilbert(vtt)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
u=v.*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
[b,a] = butter(5,fc/fs);
u = filtfilt(b,a,u);
axes(handles.axes3);
plot(t,vs,'b',t,u,'r');
82


axis([0 4/fm -10 10]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu giai dieu che LSSB')
end
if x5==1 & b==2 & a==1
axes(handles.axes4);
hold off;
zoom on;
vout=vtt.*(ac*cos(2*pi*t*fc));
a=length(t);
u=fft(vout,a);
u=u/fs;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs/length(u)/2;
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so');
title('pho cua DSB-SC');
end
if x5==1 & b==2 & a==4
hold off;
zoom on;
vout=vtt.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)+imag(hilbert(vtt)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
a=length(t);
u=fft(vout,a);
u=u/fs;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs/length(u)/2;
axes(handles.axes4);
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cua tin hieu LSSB')
end
if x5==1 & b==2 & a==3
axes(handles.axes4);
hold off;
zoom on;
vout=vtt.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)-imag(hilbert(vtt)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
a=length(t);
u=fft(vout,a);
u=u/fs;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs/length(u)/2;
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cua tin hieu USSB')
end

83


if x1==1 & b==1
load file
a=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
y=y';
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes1)
hold off;
zoom on;
plot(t,y);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu tin tuc wav')

end
if b==1 & a==2 &x3==1
load file
c=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(c);
y=y';
t1=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes2)
hold off;
zoom on;
u=(y+ac).*cos(2*pi*fc*t1);
plot(t1,u);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che DSB-TC wav')
end
if b==1 & a==1 & x3==1
load file
a=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
y=y';
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes2)
hold off;
zoom on;
vout=y.*(ac*cos(2*pi*t*fc));
plot(t,vout);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che DSB-SC wav')
end

if x3==1 & b==1 & a==4
load file
c=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(c);
84


y=y';
t1=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes2)
hold off;
zoom on;
u=y.*cos(2*pi*fc*t1)+imag(hilbert(y)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t1);
plot(t1,u);
axis([0 4/fm -14 14]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che LSB wav')
end
if x3==1 & b==1 & a==3
load file
c=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(c);
y=y';
t1=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes2)
hold off;
zoom on;
u=y.*cos(2*pi*fc*t1)-imag(hilbert(y)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t1);
plot(t1,u);
axis([0 4/fm -14 14]);
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu dieu che USSB wav')
end
if x5==1 & b==2 & a==2
axes(handles.axes4);
hold off;
zoom on;
vsc=ac*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
vout=(ac+vtt).*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
a=length(t);
u=fft(vout,a);
u=u/fs;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs/length(u)/2;
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cua tin hieu DSB-TC')
end

if a==1 & b==1 & x5==1
load file
a = [file];
[y, fs] = wavread(a);
y=y';
85


t=[1/fs:1/fs:length(y)/fs];
axes(handles.axes4)
hold off;
zoom on;
v=y.*(ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t));
c=length(t);
u=fft(v,c);
u=u/fs;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs/length(u)/2;
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cua tin hieu DSB-SC wav')
end
if a==2 & b==1 & x5==1
load file
a = [file];
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
y=y';
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes4)
hold off;
zoom on;
v=(y+ac).*(ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t));
c=length(t);
u=fft(v,c);
u=u/fs1;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs1/length(u)/2;
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cua tin hieu DSB-TC wav')
end
if a==3 & b==1 & x5==1
load file
a=[file];
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
y=y';
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes4)
hold off;
zoom on;
v=y.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)-imag(hilbert(y)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
c=length(t);
u=fft(v,c);
u=u/fs1;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
86


f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs1/length(u)/2;
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cua tin hieu USSB')
end
if a==4 & b==1 & x5==1
load file
a=[file];
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
y=y';
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
axes(handles.axes4)
hold off;
zoom on;
v=y.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)+imag(hilbert(y)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
c=length(t);
u=fft(v,c);
u=u/fs1;
u = abs(u(1:length(u)/2+1));
f = [0:length(u)-1]*fs1/length(u)/2;
plot(f,u);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cua tin hieu LSSB wav')
end
if b==1 & x1==1 & x5==1
load file
a=[file]
[y, fs] = wavread(a);
n=length(y)-1;
f=0:fs/n:fs;
yfft=abs(fft(y));
axes(handles.axes4)
plot(f,yfft);
xlabel('tan so')
title('pho cu tin hieu tin tuc wav')
end

if b==1 & a==1 & x4==1
load file
a=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
if fc > fs1
questdlg('Tan so song mang > tan so lay mau','ERROR','nhap lai tan so song
mang''yes') ;
set(handles.slider2,'value',0.4*fs1);
h1=sprintf('%1.1f Hz',0.4*fs1);
set(handles.edit2,'string',h1)
87


end
y1=y';
n=length(y1)-1;
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y1)/fs1];
vout=y1.*cos(2*pi*t*fc);
v=vout.*cos(2*pi*t*fc); % tron
[B,A] = butter(5,fc/fs1);
d = filtfilt(B,A,v);
axes(handles.axes3);
plot(t,d,'r');
hold off;
zoom on;
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu giai dieu che DSB-SC wav')
end
if b==1 & a==2 & x4==1
load file
a=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
if fc > fs1
questdlg('Tan so song mang > tan so lay mau','ERROR','nhap lai tan so song
mang''yes') ;
set(handles.slider2,'value',0.4*fs1);
h2=sprintf('%1.1f Hz',0.4*fs1);
set(handles.edit2,'string',h2)
end
y=y';
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
hold off;
zoom on;
vout=(y+ac).*(cos(2*pi*t*fc));
y=vout.*cos(2*pi*t*fc); % tron
[B,A] = butter(5,fc/fs1);
d = filtfilt(B,A,y);
axes(handles.axes3);
plot(t,d,'r');
xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu giai dieu che DSB-TC wav')
end
if b==1 & a==3 & x4==1
load file
a=[file]
[y, fs1] = wavread(a);
if fc > fs1
questdlg('Tan so song mang > tan so lay mau','ERROR','nhap lai tan so song
mang''yes') ;
set(handles.slider2,'value',0.4*fs1);
88


h3=sprintf('%1.1f Hz',0.4*fs1);
set(handles.edit2,'string',h3)
end
y=y';
t=[1/fs1:1/fs1:length(y)/fs1];
vout=y.*cos(2*pi*fc*t)-imag(hilbert(y)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
y=2*vout.*cos(2*pi*t*fc); % tron
[B,A] = butter(5,fc/fs1);
d = filtfilt(B,A,y);
axes(handles.axes3);
plot(t,d,'r');

xlabel('thoi gian')
title('tin hieu giai dieu che USSB wav')
end

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