1. Gii thi u v thuc bo v thc vt. 1.1. nh ngha.

Thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV) hay nng dc l nhng cht c c ngun gc t t nhin hay ha cht tng hp c dng bo v cy trng v nng sn, chng li s ph hoi ca nhng sinh vt gy hi n ti nguyn thc vt. Nhng sinh vt gy hi chnh gm su hi, bnh hi, c di, chut v cc tc nhn khc. 1.2. Cc nhm thuc bo v thc vt. Vic phn loi thuc BVTV c th thc hin theo nhiu cch nh phn loi theo i tng phng tr (thuc tr su, thuc tr bnh,) hoc phn loi theo gc ha hc (nhm clo hu c, nhm ln hu c,). Cc thuc tr su c ngun gc khc nhau th tnh c v kh nng gy c khc nhau: * Phn loi da trn i tng sinh vt hi: - Thuc tr bnh - Thuc tr nhn - Thuc tr su - Thuc tr tuyn trng - Thuc tr c - Thuc iu ha sinh trng - Thuc tr c - Thuc tr chut * Phn loi theo gc ha hc: - Nhm thuc tho mc: C c cp tnh cao nhng mau phn hy trong mi trng. - Nhm clo hu c: DDT, 666,.. nhm ny c c cp tnh tng i thp nhng tn lu lu trong c th ngi, ng vt v mi trng, gy c mn tnh nn nhiu sn phm b cm hoc hn ch s dng. - Nhm ln hu c: Wofatox Bi- 58,.. c cp tnh ca cc loi thuc thuc nhm ny tng i cao nhng mau phn hy trong c th ngi v mi trng hn so vi nhm clo hu c. - Nhm carbamate: Mipcin, Bassa, Sevin,y l thuc c dng rng ri bi v thuc tng i r tin, hiu lc cao, c cp tnh tng i cao, kh nng phn hy tng t nhm ln hu c. - Nhm Pyrethoide (Cc tng hp): Decis, Sherpa, Sumicidine, nhm ny d bay hi v tng i mau phn hy trong mi trng v c th ngi.

- Cc hp cht pheromone: L nhng ha cht c bit do sinh vt tit ra kch thch hnh vi ca nhng sinh vt khc cng loi. Cc cht iu ha sinh trng cn trng (Nomolt, Applaud,): l nhng cht c dng bin i s pht trin ca cn trng. Chng ngn cn cn trng bin thi t tui nh sang tui li hoc p buc chng phi trng thnh t rt sm: Rt t c vi ngi v mi trng. - Nhm thuc tr su vi sinh (Dipel, Thuricide, Xentari, NPV,....): Rt t c vi ngi v cc sinh vt khng phi l dch hi. - Ngoi ra cn c nhiu cht c ngun gc ha hc khc, mt s sn phm t du m c dng lm thuc tr su. 1.3. Cc dng thuc bo v thc vt. Dng thuc Nh du Ch vit tt ND, EC Th d Tilt 250 ND, Basudin 40 EC, DC-Trons Plus 98.8 EC Dung dch DD, SL, L, AS Bonanza 100 DD, Baythroid 5 SL, Glyphadex 360 AS Bt ha nc BTN, BHN, WP, DF, WDG, SP Viappla 10 BTN, Vialphos 80 BHN, Copper-zinc 85 WP, Padan 95 SP Huyn ph HP, FL, SC Appencarb super 50 FL, Carban 50 SC Basudin 10 H, Regent 0.3 G Vin P Orthene 97 Pellet, Deadline 4% Pellet Thuc phun BR, D Karphos 2 D Ch yu ri vo t, lm b mi. Dng bt mn, khng tan trong nc, rc trc tip Lc u trc khi s dng Dng bt mn, phn tn trong nc thnh dung dch huyn ph Ghi ch Thuc th lng, trong sut. D bt la chy n

Ha tan u trong nc, khng cha cht ha sa

Ht

H, G, GR

Ch yu ri vo t

bt ND: Nh Du, EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate.

DD: Dung Dch, SL: Solution, L: Liquid, AS: Aqueous Suspension.

BTN: Bt Thm Nc, BHN: Bt Ha Nc, WP: Wettable Powder, DF: Dry Flowable, WDG: Water Dispersible Granule, SP: Soluble Powder. HP: huyn ph FL: Flowable Liquid, SC: Suspensive Concentrate. H: ht, G: granule, GR: granule. P: Pelleted (dng vin) BR: Bt rc, D: Dust. 2. c. - LD50: Ch s biu th c cp tnh ca mt loi thuc BVTV i vi ng vt mu nng (n v tnh l mg cht c/Kg trng lng chut). Ch s LD50 chnh l lng cht c gy cht 50% s c th chut trong th nghi m. LD50 cng thp th c cng cao. - LC50: c ca mt hot cht c trong khng kh hoc nc (n v tnh l mg cht c/th tch khng kh hoc nc). Ch s LC50 cng thp th c cng cao. - Ng c cp tnh: thuc xm nhp vo c th mt ln, gy nhim c tc thi biu hin bng nhng triu chng c trng. - Ng c mn tnh: khi thuc xm nhp vo c th vi liu lng nh, nhiu ln trong thi gian di, thuc s tch ly trong c th n mt lc no c th s suy yu, c nhng b phn trong c th b tn thng do tc ng ca thuc pht huy tc dng. * Phn loi nhm c. - Cn c c cp tnh ca thuc, t chc Y t th gii (WHO) phn chia cc loi thuc thnh 5 nhm c khc nhau: Ia (rt c), Ib (c cao), II (c trung bnh), III (t c), v IV ( rt t c). - nc ta, tm thi theo cch phn nhm c ca WHO v ly cn c chnh l LD50 qua ming (chut), phn chia thnh 4 nhm c l nhm I (rt c, gm c Ia v Ib), nhm II (c trung bnh), nhm III (t c) v nhm IV (rt t c). Phn nhm Nhm I: Rt c Nhm II: c trung bnh Nhm III: t c Nhm IV: Rt t c 3. Ngun gc pht sinh. 3.1. T nhin. K hi u Ch en trn di Ch en trn di vng Ch en trn di xanh nc bin Ch en trn di xanh l cy Biu tng u lu xng cho trn nn trng Ch thp en trn nn trng Vch en khng lin tc trn nn trng

3.2. Nhn to. 4. Phng php gim thi u. 4.1. S dng theo 4 ng. - ng thuc: Cn c i tng dch hi cn dit tr v cy trng hoc nng sn cn c bo v chn ng loi thuc v dng thuc cn s dng. Vic xc nh tc nhn gy hi cn s tr gip ca cn b k thut bo v thc vt hoc khuyn nng. - ng lc: Dng thuc khi sinh vt cn din hp v cc giai on d mn cm vi thuc, thi k su non, bnh chm xut hin, trc khi bng pht thnh dch. Phun tr s km hiu qu v khng kinh t. - ng liu lng, nng : c k hng dn trn nhn thuc, m bo ng liu lng hoc nng pha long v lng nc cn thit cho mt n v din tch. Phun nng thp lm su hi quen thuc, hoc phun qu liu s gy ng c i vi cy trng v lm tng tnh chu ng, tnh khng thuc. - ng cch: Ty vo dng thuc, c tnh thuc v nhng yu cu k thut cng nh ni xut hin dch hi m s dng cho ng cch. Nn phun thuc vo sng sm hoc chiu mt. N u phun vo bui tra, do nhit cao, tia t ngoi nhiu lm thuc nhanh mt tc dng, thuc bc hi mnh d gy ng c cho ngi phun thuc. Nn i trn gi hoc ngang chiu gi. N u phun ng xa nn i hai ngi c th cu gip nhau khi gp nn trong qu trnh phun thuc. 4.2. S dng hn hp thuc. L pha hai hay nhiu loi thuc nhm tr cng mt lc c nhiu dch hi. Tuy nhin cn lu cc im sau: Ch nn pha cc loi thuc theo s hng dn ghi trong nhn thuc, bng hng dn pha thuc hoc s hng dn ca cn b k thut bit r v c tnh ca thuc. Nn hn hp ti a hai loi thuc khc nhm gc ha hc, khc cch tc ng, hoc khc i tng phng tr trong cng mt bnh phun. Hn hp thuc nhm mt trong nhng mc ch sau: M rng ph tc dng. S dng s tng tc c li. Hn ch s mt hiu lc nhanh ca mt s hot cht. Gia tng s an ton trong s dng. Tit kim cng lao ng, tng hiu qu kinh t.

* Lu khi pha thuc hn hp: - Ch hn hp cc thuc c th b sung hiu lc cho nhau v m rng ph tc dng

- Hu ht cc thuc c th hn hp c vi nhau, tr mt s trng hp nh khng hn hp thuc bordeaux (tnh kim cao) khng pha chung vi cc thuc tr su bnh khc; ch phm Bt khng hn hp vi ch phm c ngun gc khng sinh (nh kasumin); thuc tr c cho la hin nay khng c pha chung vi nhau v vi thuc tr su bnh nu khng c hng dn trn bao b; Khng phi hp thuc c tnh acid vi tnh kim. - Nng pha chung: Gi nguyn nng mi loi thuc, chia lng nc nh phun thnh 2-3 phn, pha long 2-3 loi thuc ri chng vo vi nhau, quy k. Pha 2 thuc tr 2 i tng khcnhau (thuc tr su v tr bnh) th bo m nguyn nng ca 1 hoc c 2 loi thuc (gim 50% so vi dng ring), nhng lng nc phun phi yu cu. V d: Bnh bm 12 lt pha 3 loi thuc: Regent 800WG + Tilt supe 300ND + Sasa 20WP, ly 4 lt nc ha vi 1g Regent vo 4 lt nc c 10ml Tilt - supe, sau nt 4 lt nc ho 1 gi Sasa, quy k ri em phun. - Pha hn hp xong phi dng ngay trnh b phn ng phn hu. Th d trn la c th hn hp applaud vi bassa tr ry ni, padan vi validacin, vi fujione. - Hin nay c nhiu loi thuc c pha sn phn no p ng th hiu ca b con nng dn nh thuc tr c Butanil 55 EC, Tilt super 300 ND, Sumibass 75 EC, shepatin tr su cun l la; ametrintox tr su c thn, ry nu Ch : Vic pha 3 - 4 loi thuc vi nhau hiu qu ca tng loi thuc c th b gim. N u thy thuc pha hn hp vi nhau c hin tng dung dch thuc thay i theo hng nng ln hoc kt ta, chng t rng cc hot cht c trong cc loi thuc ny phn ng mnh vi nhau, khng nn s dng.