BO CO TI :

MOBILE IP
GVHD : Trng Tn Quang Nhm thc hin : TELECOM Thnh Vin Trn Dng Kha Nguyn Xun Diu Hunh Trng Hiu Nguyn Quang Dng L Quc Lm Nguyn Hng Cng MSSV 0920182 0920159 0920031 0920164 0920055 0920010

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Mc Lc
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V MOBILE IP .................................................................... 3 1.1. 1.2. GII THIU CNG NGH MOBILE IP ......................................................... 3 CC KHI NIM V THUT NG C BN DNG TRONG GIAO MC TIU V YU CU CA MOBILE IP. ................................................ 6 TNG QUAN V MOBILE IP ......................................................................... 7 CC THNH PHN CHNH CA MNG MOBILE IP: ............................... 9 CC C TNH CA MOBILE IP: .............................................................. 10

THC 4 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6.

2. CHNG 2. HOT NG CA MOBILE IPv4 .................................................... 12 3. ........................................................................................................................................ 12 2.1. TNG QUAN V GIAO THC MOBILE IP ..................................................... 12 2.2. A CH CARE OF (CoA) ................................................................................. 12 2.3. NGUYN L HOT NG CA MOBILE IPV4 ............................................. 13 2.4. CU TRC CHUNG CA CC BN TIN TRONG MOBILE IP. .................... 14 2.5. PHT HIN ROUTER I DIN ....................................................................... 17
2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 C ch qung co router i din........................................................................ 18 C ch tm kim router i din: ........................................................................ 23 Hot ng ca i din di ng(FA v HA) ....................................................... 24 Hot ng ca MN .............................................................................................. 25

2.6. C CH NG K ................................................................................................ 28
2.6.1 2.6.2 Khi qut ............................................................................................................. 28 Cu trc bn tin ng k: ..................................................................................... 30 Trng hp MN ti mng gc. ........................................................................ 34 Trng hp MN ri khi mng gc. .................................................................. 35

2.7. QU TRNH TRUYN NHN GI TIN V CC VN TI U. ............. 34

CHNG 3: GIAO THC MOBILE IPv6 ...................................................................... 40 3.1 GII THIU V IPV6. ....................................................................................... 40 Trang 1

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TNG QUAN V MOBILE IPV6. ..................................................................... 42

Cc c tnh ca Mobile IPv6: ............................................................................ 42 Cc bn tin iu khin......................................................................................... 44 Cu trc d liu:.................................................................................................. 45 Pht hin s di chuyn: ....................................................................................... 46 ng k vi i l gc: ....................................................................................... 46 nh tuyn tam gic: ........................................................................................... 47 Ti u ho ng i:........................................................................................... 48 Qun l lin kt: .................................................................................................. 49 C ch pht hin i l gc:................................................................................ 50

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3

3.3

HOT NG CA MOBILE IPV6. .................................................................. 46

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6

3.4

SO SNH MOBILE IPV4 V MOBILE IPV6. ................................................. 53

CHNG 4: NG DNG CA MOBILE IP VO VIC TRUYN S LIU TRONG MNG THNG TIN DI NG ...................................................................................... 55 4.1 4.2 TRIN KHAI MOBILE IP TRONG MNG CDMA 2000. ............................... 55 TRIN KHAI MOBILE IP TRN MNG GPRS. ............................................. 57
Bc 1 - H tr dch v Mobile IP: .................................................................... 58 Bc 2 - Ti u ho ng i............................................................................. 62

4.2.1 4.2.2

4.3

Kt lun: ............................................................................................................... 62

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CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V MOBILE IP

1.1. GII THIU CNG NGH MOBILE IP T Internet gi y tr nn qu thng dng, quen thuc vi mi ngi. Internet kt ni ton b th gii my tnh. Hng ngy, c thm hng nghn ngi dng mi kt ni vo Internet. Cc cng ty s dng Internet kinh doanh, qung co v thc hin cc dch v thng mi khc. Thi i ngy nay l thi i bng n Internet. Vic h tr kh nng di ng cho cc thit b Internet tr nn rt quan trng, do in ton ng (mobile computing) ngy cng pht trin rng ri. S lng my tnh ng d kin s tng ln nhanh chng. Hn th na , c nhng sn phm v in thoi Cellular h tr cc dch v IP da trn WAP hay GPRS, v s lng ca chng ngy cng tng trong thi gian ti. Cc tht b Cellular ca th h 3G s l cc thit b chuyn mch gi , thay v chuyn mch knh nh trc y. Do cc dch v IP s tr thnh mt b phn tch hp trn cc thit b Cellular 3G. Hin nay chng ta phi ng u vi nhiu vn khin cho vic roaming ca cc thit b Internet gp nhiu kh khn. Vn ny bt u ny sinh nu mt ngi no ngt thit b di ng ra khi Internet kt ni n t mt ni khc. Bnh thng th ngi s khng th kt ni nu khng cu hnh li h thng vi mt a ch IP mi, mt mt n mng chnh xc v mt b nh tuyn mc nh mi. Nguyn nhn l do cc c ch nh tuyn ang c s dng hin nay. Cc a ch IP nh ngha mt kiu quan h v cu hnh mng gia cc my tnh c lin kt. Cc phin bn gn y ca giao thc Internet ngm nh rng mi trm ch c mt im lin kt vi Internet. Ngoi ra a ch IP ca trm nh danh mt lin kt n trm (ch khng phi l nh danh trm).Nu mt trm di chuyn m khng thay i a ch IP, s khng c thng tin no trong a ch ch ra rng l mt im lin kt Internet mi. Do cc giao th c Internet ang tn ti s khng c kh nng phn phi cc gi tin mt cch chnh xc. Trn hnh 1.1, cc gi tin c nh tuyn n trm vi tin t mng con l B s lun c chuyn GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 3

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n B. Nu trm ny chuyn n mt ni khc n s khng nhn c gi tin ny, trong khi cc gi tin v n c chuyn n mng B. Cc giao th c nh tuyn hin ti yu cu phi thay i a ch mng khi mt trm di chuyn n mt v tr mi.

Hnh 1. 1: Mt trm di chuyn v khng thay i a ch IP. T chc IETF chun ho mt giao thc h tr cc thit b internet di ng gi l Mobile IP (ngha l giao thc IP h tr kh nng di ng). Giao thc ny cho php cc thit b c th t cu hnh im truy cp Internet ca n. C 2 phin bn giao thc Mobile IP l Mobile IPv4 da trn IPv4 v Mobile IPv6 da trn IPv6, chng ta s ln lt tm hiu v hai giao thc ny. 1.2. CC KHI NIM V THUT NG C BN DNG TRONG GIAO THC a ch gc (Home Address): l a ch IP c gn c nh cho MN trn mng nh. a ch tm (Care of Address): l a ch IP c phn b cho MN khi thit b ny chuyn n mt mng ngoi. Tin t mng con ca a ch IP ny l mt tin t ca mng ngoi. Trong s cc a ch tm v mt MN c th c ti mt thi im

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th ch c mt a ch c ng k vi a ch gc v c coi l a ch tm c bn. Lin kt di ng (Mobility Binding): l s kt hp ca mt b ba gi tr: a ch gc ca MN, a ch tm v thi gian tn ti cn li ca kt hp ny.
CN (Correspondent Node): thit b ngang hng vi mt MN khi trao i thng tin,

thit b tng ng ny c th l mt MN hay mt thit b c nh. ng gi(Encapsulation): l qu trnh st nhp mt gi IP gc vo trong mt gi IP khc lm cho cc trng tiu ca gi IP c tm thi mt i tc dng ca chng. Mng nh (HN Home Network): l mng m tin t mng con gc ca trm di ng c nh ngha. Cc c ch nh tuyn IP chun s chuyn cc gi tin, c ch l a ch gc ca MN, n mng nh ca n. Mng ngoi (FN Foreign Network): l bt k mng no khng phi mng nh ca trm di ng. Tin t mng con gc (Home Subnet Prefix): l bt k tin t mng con no khng phi l tin t ca mng con gc ca MN. i din di ng (Mobility Agent): l mt thit b ( thng l b nh tuyn ) phc v cho trm di ng. i din di ng c th l i din mng nh hoc i din ngoi. i din mng nh (Home Agent): l mt thit b ( Router) trn mng nh ca MN, ni m MN ng k a ch tm hin thi khi thit b di chuyn n mt mng mi, i din mng nh s nhn cc gi tin gi ti MN trn mng nh, ng gi v chuyn cc gi tin n a ch tm m MN ng k. i din mng ngoi (Foreign Agent): l bt k thit b no (Router) trn mng ngoi, ni m MN c c a ch tm. N tr gip cho MN nhn cc gi tin ny c chuyn ti a ch tm. Khi nim i din ngoi ch c trong giao thc Mobile IPv4. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang

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ng k (Home Regitration): l qu trnh qua MN thng bo cho i din mng nh v a ch tm c bn hin thi ca n. S di chuyn (Movement): l s thay i im kt ni Internet n mt mng khc vi mng trc . Nu mt trm di ng khng c ni vo mng nh ca n th trm di ng c gi l ri khi mng nh (away from home). ng ngm (Tunnel): l qu trnh cc gi tin t ngun c ng gi mt ln na v chuyn n ch trung gian ( trong mt s trng hp, ch trung gian cng chnh l ch cui cng). Ti y gi c m ra v chuyn n ch cui cng. 1.3. MC TIU V YU CU CA MOBILE IP. Trong cc mng s dng giao thc IP hin nay, a ch IP ca cc thit b phn bit duy nht qua im m thit b ni vi mng. Chnh v vy m mt thit b phi ni vo chnh mng c quy nh bi a ch IP ca n th mi c th nhn c cc gi IP gi n. Khi m mt thit b thay i im kt ni ca n vo mng m khng mun mt kh nng gi v nhn d liu th trc y c 2 cch gii quyt vn ny: Thit b thay i a ch IP khi thay i im kt ni vi mng. Cc tuyn c bit (bao gm cc thng tin chi tit v ng i ca gi tin ti c my nhn) s c truyn ti cc b nh tuyn trn mng. Tuy nhin c hai hng gii quyt u c nhng nhc dim nht nh ca n. Cch 1: Lm thit b mt kt ni lp giao vn v cc lp cao hn. Cch 2: S gy ra cc vn nghim trng khi tin hnh m rng mng v c bit l khi s lng cc thit b mng tng cao. Mobile IP chnh l gii php c a ra khc phc nhc im cho c hai phng php trn. 1.3.1. Cc mc tiu ca Mobile IP: Mobile IP c th c s dng trn cc link c bng thng nh, t l li truyn cao hn cc kt ni hu tuyn truyn thng. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 6

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Vn tiu th nng lng ca cc thit b di ng l ht sc quan trng. V vy trong qu trnh xy dng cc th tc trong Mobile IP cn gim thiu cc bn tin trao i cng nh kch thc ca chng ti mc ti thiu. 1.3.2. Cc yu cu m Mobile IP phi p ng: Cc thit b di ng phi c kh nng lin lc vi tt c cc thit b khc khi thay i im kt ni m khng lm thay i a ch IP. Cc thit b di ng cng phi c kh nng lin lc vi cc thit b thng thng khc (cc thit b khng hiu Mobile IP). Tt c cc bn tin s dng cp nht thng tin v v tr ca thit b di ng cn phi c xc thc nhm m bo tnh an ton ca thng tin. Mobile IP cho php cc trm di chuyn t mt subnet ny sang mt subnet khc. Do ch hot ng trn lp mng v m khng b bt c yu cu no ln lp lin kt d liu (lp 2 m hnh OSI). Mobile IP h tr kh nng di chuyn qua mi trng ng nht cng nh mi trng khng ng nht. Ngha l Mobile IP to iu kin thun li cho trm di chuyn t mt vng Ethernet ny sang vng Ethernet khc cng nh h tr trm di chuyn t mt vng Ethernet ti mt mng LAN khng dy, v a ch IP ca trm di ng vn khng thay i sau khi di chuyn. 1.4. TNG QUAN V MOBILE IP Giao thc Mobile IP cho php mt thit b ri khi mng nh m vn duy tr mi kt ni hin ti cng nh kh nng kt ni n phn cn li ca Internet. iu ny c thc hin bng cch xc nh a ch gc (hay a ch tnh) ca mi thit b m khng quan tm n im truy cp Internet hin thi ca n. Khi mt thit b di ng ngoi mng nh, n s gi cc thng tin v v tr hin thi n i din trn mng nh, gi l i din mng nh (HA Home Agent). i din mng nh s ng ra nhn cc gi tin gi cho cc thit b di ng, thay i mt s thng tin v chuyn tip nhng gi tin ny n v tr hin thi ca thit b di ng. C ch ny hon ton trong sut i vi cc lp trn lp IP nh: TCP, UDP, cc lp ng dng .. do cc phn t DNS ch cn nh x n a ch gc ca thit GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 7

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b di ng v khng thay i cho d thit b di ng c thay i im truy nhp. Thc t Mobile IP c tc ng n qu trnh nh tuyn, xong giao thc ny hon ton c lp vi cc giao thc c nh tuyn (RIP). Gii php Mobile IP a ra l to ra mt loi a ch gi l a ch tm (CoA Care of Address). Thit b di ng lun c nhn dng bi a ch gc ca n v khng quan tm n im kt ni vi Internet. Khi chuyn n mng mi, thit b di ng s c thm mt mt a ch tm, xc nh v tr hin ti ca thit b. Thit b di ng phi gi a ch tm ny ti mt i din trn mng nh. i din ny ng nhn cc gi tin gi n a ch gc ca thit b di ng v s dng cch ng gi IP In IP lp knh cho cc gi tin i n a ch tm. Nu thit b di ng chuyn ri na, n s tm c a ch tm th 2 v thng bo cho i din mng nh v v tr mi ny. Khi tr v mng nh, thit b di ng phi lin h vi i din mng nh hu b vic ng k. hnh 1.2 minh ho mt thit b di ng chuyn t mng A n mng B. Trn mng mi, thit b di ng c cp mt a ch tm ni phn tin t l mng B.

Hnh 1. 4: Thit b di ng sang mng khc v c cp a ch tm.

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Bo co ti Mobile IP 1.5. CC THNH PHN CHNH CA MNG MOBILE IP: Mobile IP bao gm ba thnh phn chnh sau y: Thit b di ng: Mobile Node (MN). i din mng nh: Home Agent ( HA ). i din ngoi: Foreign Agent (FA).

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Hnh 1.5: Cc thnh phn ca Mobile IP v mi quan h ca chng. Trong : Thit b di ng (MN) l mt thit b nh cell phone, PDAs, (personal digital asisstant) hoc l my tnh xc tay. i din mng nh (HA) l mt thit b nh tuyn trn mng ch, phc v nh l mt im neo trong qu trnh truyn thng tin ca MN. HA tip nhn thng tin gi cho MN v gi tip ti MN thng qua mt ng ngm c thit lp gia HA v FA. i din ngoi (FA) l mt thit b nh tuyn c chc nng nh mt im gn kt ca MN khi n di chuyn vo mng ngoi (Foreign Network).

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Bo co ti Mobile IP 1.6. CC C TNH CA MOBILE IP:

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Mobile IP cung cp kh nng di ng cho cc thit b IP vi cc c tnh sau: Kh nng m rng: Mobile IP c kh nng m rng linh hot bi v ch c cc thit b u cui mi cn hiu Mobile IP, tt c cc thit b trung gian nh cc b nh tuyn u khng cn c s thay i.

Hnh 1. 6: Tnh trong sut ca Mobile IP. Tnh trong sut: Mobile IP trong sut vi cc ng dng chy trn n v n c thc hin lp mng, c lp vi lp vt l v lin kt d liu. Tnh bo mt: mobile IP mang tnh bo mt cao bi v tt c cc gi tin gi i theo hai chiu u c xc thc. Tnh chuyn ng v m (Macro mobility): Thay v c gng x l vic nh v nhanh chng nh trng hp ca h thng Cellular khng dy th Mobile IP tp trung vo vn dch chuyn trong qu trnh di, chng hn nh trong vi gi. Cng hot ng trong IP: Cc my tnh s dng Mobile IP c th tng tc cc my tnh bn s dng phn mm IP thng thng cng nh vi cc tnh ng khc. Hn na, Mobile IP khng i hi phi c vic cu hnh a ch c bit, cc

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a ch gn cho my tnh ng khng khc g vi cc a ch gn cho my tnh c nh. C th Mobile IP c thit k cho nhng di chuyn trong phm vi ln ch khng phi nhng dch chuyn tc cao, v cng vic qun l i hi nhiu thi gian v cng on. Sau khi di chuyn, trm di ng phi nhn bit n ang di chuyn, n phi thng tin vi mng mi ly a ch ph, ri sau lin h vi mt i din mng nh qua Internet b tr vic chuyn d liu.

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2. CHNG 2. HOT NG CA MOBILE IPv4 3.

2.1. TNG QUAN V GIAO THC MOBILE IP
Phn ny s gii thiu mt s khi nim v hot ng ca giao thc Mobile IPv4. Mobile IPv4 c xy dng da trn giao thc IPv4 cho php cc nt mng tip tc nhn c cc gi tin d kt ni vi Internet bt k v tr no. Nhng b xung bao gm cc bn tin iu khin v cc th tc dnh ring cho giao thc. Cc th tc c bn ca giao thc Mobile IPv4 gm c: qung co trm, ng k, v chuyn tip. 2.2. A CH CARE OF (CoA) Khi mt MN ra khi HN, Mobile IP s dng c ch ng hm (tuneling) gi a ch gc ca MN khng b nhm gia HN v v tr hin ti ca trm. a ch care of l im cui ca ng hm. N c th l a ch ca mt FA hay cng c th l a ch ph ca MN. Ti y, gi tin c thit lp li v c gi ti MN nh khi ang HN. Giao thc Mobile IPv4 cung cp hai phng thc nhn a ch care of: a ch care of ca i l ngoi: L a ch care of c cp bi FA thng qua bn tin qung co router. Trong trng hp ny, a ch care of l a ch IP ca FA. Khi , FA s l im cui ca ng hm. Ngay khi nhn c gi tin gi ti t HA, FA s tin hnh m gi to li gi tin ban u ri chuyn n MN. Cch nhn a ch care of nh trn c nhiu u im bi n cho php nhiu MN c th s dng chung mt a ch care of, nh s tit kim c ti nguyn khng gian a ch IPv4 ang ngy cng cn kit. a ch colocated care of: L a ch care of m MN nhn c thng qua mt s phng tin trn FA. MN c th nhn c a ch ny thng GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 12

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qua giao thc DHCP. Khi s dng a ch colocated care of, MN s hot ng vi t cch l im cui ca ng hm v phi thc hin vic m/thit lp li gi tin tunneled ti trm. Vic s dng li a ch colocated care of c u im l cho php MN c th hot ng m khng cn ti FA. Tuy nhin, phng php ny i hi phi cp mt a ch IP (t danh sch cc a ch IP m FN c cp) cho mi MN. 2.3. NGUYN L HOT NG CA MOBILE IPV4 HA v FA s pht bn tin (Agent Advertisement message) qung co s c mt ca n. Mt MN c th hi p li bn tin qung co t HA hoc FA m n trc thuc bng mt bn tin (Agent Solicitation message) xin gia nhp mng. MN nhn Agent Advertisement v xc nh n ang trong vng ca FN hay HN. Khi MN nh v c n ang trong vng ca HN th n hot ng m khng c dch v di ng. Nu MN tr li HN m trc n ng k mt ni khc th MN s hu b ng k vi HA v trao i bn tin gi yu cu ng k (Registration Request) v hi p ng k (Registration Reply) vi HA. Khi MN di chuyn n mt FN, n s c mt a ch tm tr (Care-of Address) trong mng FN. a ch CoA ny c th c xc nh bi s qung co ca FA (FA Care-of Address) hoc bi mt cch t ng t c cu bn ngoi nh DHCP (co-located care-of address). MN ngoi vng HN s ng k CoA vi HA ca n bng vic trao i thng tin yu cu ng k (Registration Request) v hi p ng k (Registration Reply) vi HA, hoc c th thng qua FA. Gi d liu gi n HA ca MN b chn bi HA, c HA ng gi v chuyn n a ch CoA qua c ch ng hm; d liu c nhn ti cui ng hm (c th l FA hoc trc tip ti MN); ti y gi tin s c thit lp li v chuyn n MN.

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Theo hng ngc li, cc gi d liu c gi bi cc MN thng gi n ch ca chng bng cch s dng c ch nh tuyn IP chun. Khng nht thit phi ia qua HA. y cn gi l c ch nh tuyn tam gic.

2.4. CU TRC CHUNG CA CC BN TIN TRONG MOBILE IP. thc hin th tc ng k, Mobile IP nh ngha mt tp hp cc bn tin iu khin mi c gi i bng giao thc UDP trn cng 434. Hin ti, c hai loi bn tin sau y c nh ngha l yu cu ng k v hi p ng k. pht hin FA v HA, Mobile IP s dng bn tin qung co b nh tuyn (Router Advertisement) v tm kim b nh tuyn (Router Solicitation), c nh ngha s dng trong c ch pht hin b nh tuyn ICMP. Mobile IP cng nh ngha mt c ch m rng cho php cc thng tin tu chn c th c truyn ti trn cc bn tin iu khin hay trn cc bn tin pht hin b nh tuyn ICMP. Mi phn m rng ny c m ho theo cu trc Type Length Value (TLV) n gin.

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Trong : Trng Type ch th kiu ca m rng. Trng Length xc nh kch thc (n v: bytes) ca phn d liu. Trng ny c th c gi tr ln hn hoc bng khng v khng bao gm cc bytes ca trng Type v Length. Trng Data c th c gi tr ln hn hoc bng khng. Cu trc v di trng Data c quy nh bi trng Type v trng Length. Trng Type trong cu trc m rng ca IP di ng c th h tr ln n 255 (b qua hoc khng b qua) nh danh cc phn m rng. Khi mt nhm m rng nm trong khong t 0 -127 th vn bt gp nhng khng c cng nhn; bn tin cha phn ny s b b qua. Khi mt nhm m rng nm trong khong t 128-255 b bt gp m khng cng nhn, phn m rng c th b b qua nhng nhng phn m rng cn li v d liu phi tip tc c x l. Trng Length ca phn m rng thng c dng b qua trng Data trong vic tm kim phn m rng k tip. C hai tp ring r cc s xc nh trng Type ca phn m rng s dng trong IPv4: Tp th nht bao gm cc m rng c th xut hin trong cc bn tin iu khin. Hin ti, nhng kiu sau y xc nh s xut hin phn m rng trong cc bn tin ng k: One-byte Padding (m ho m khng c trng Length v trng Data) 32. Nhn thc Mobile home. 33. Nhn thc Mobile foreign. 34. Nhn thc foreign home.

Tp th hai bao gm nhng phn m rng c th xut hin trong cc bn tin pht hin b nh tuyn ICMP:

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0. One-byte Padding (m ho m khng c trng Length v trng Data) 16. Qung co i din di ng. 19. di tin t.

Tr khi cu trc b sung c s dng cho cc loi m rng, s pht trin mi hay b sung cho IP di ng c th yu cu qu nhiu phn m rng m khng gian kh dng cho cc dng m rng c th b hn ch. Hai cu trc m rng mi c xut gii quyt vn trn. Mt s loi cc phn m rng c th c tng hp s dng phn nhm xc nh phn m rng chnh xc; trong nhiu trng hp, iu ny c th lm gim t l phn b cho cc gi tr mi ca trng Type. Cu trc m rng mi to ra cch s dng c hiu qu khng gian cc loi m rng. N khuyn ngh IP di ng theo hai cu trc m rng mi m bt c khi no cng c th nhm cc phn m rng lin quan li vi nhau. Cc cu trc m rng ca IP di ng:

Cu trc m rng di. Cu trc ny c p dng cho cc phn m rng khng th b qua m mang thng tin hn 256 bytes. Phn m rng c th b qua khng bao gi s dng cho cu trc di bi v ngi nhn khng i hi phn tch c php m v c kh nng x l 8bit ngay lp tc sau trng Type v Length. Type : l mt nhm cc phn m rng c chung kiu d liu. Sub-Type: L s duy nht cho mi thnh phn trong dng tp hp. Length: ch ra di ca trng Data khng bao gm trng Type, Sub-Type v Length Data: d liu lin quan n Sub-Type ca phn m rng. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 16

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V trng Length rng 16 bit, nn d liu m rng c th vt qu 256 bytes chiu di. Cu trc m rng ngn. y l nh dng tng thch vi cc phn m rng c th b qua . N khng p dng cho cc phn m rng m c yu cu di qu 256 bytes.

Cu trc dng m rng ngn yu cu cc trng tip theo c qui nh c th nh trng u tin ca phn m rng. Type : l mt nhm cc phn m rng c chung kiu d liu. Sub-Type: L s duy nht cho mi thnh phn trong nhm. Length: 8 bit s nguyn khng du. Chiu di ca phn m rng n v l byte, bao gm trng Type v trng Length. Trng ny phi c thit lp cng 1 vi tng chiu di ca trng Data. Data: d liu lin quan n phn m rng ny. D liu ny khng t bt c cu trc b sung no vo d liu Sub-Type.

2.5. PHT HIN ROUTER I DIN L c ch m qua MN xc nh c n ang kt ni vi HN hay FN, nh vy MN c th bit c khi no n chuyn t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. Phn ny gii thiu cc c ch pht hin router i din. Phn ny cng miu t chi tit cc bn tin c s dng bi cc trm v cc i din di ng pht hin s hin din ca nhau. Vic trao i cc bn tin ny c thc hin da trn giao thc ICMP v c ch pht hin b nh tuyn thng thng, trong c b xung thm mt s phn m rng. iu c GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 17

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ngha l Mobile IPv4 s dng phn m rng qung co i din di ng (Mobile Agent Advertisement Extension) trong cc bn tin pht hin b nh tuyn ICMP lm c ch pht hin router i din. 2.5.1 C ch qung co router i din Cc router i din di ng s nh k gi cc bn tin qung co thng bo v cc im dch v trn mng. MN s s dng bn tin qung co ny xc nh im kt ni hin ti ca n vi internet. Bn tin qung co c hnh thnh t: Bn tin qung co b nh tuyn ICMP. Phn m rng qung co router i din. C th thm phn m rng prefix length hoc phn m mt byte hay cng c th l cc m rng khc c nh ngha sau ny.

Hnh 2.5.1a: Cu trc bn tin qung co router i din Cn lu rng, bn tin ICMP c t trong trng d liu ca gi tin IP. Do vy, cc trng nh a ch ngun, a ch ch, ca bn tin qung co router i din s c xc nh trong phn tiu ca gi tin IP.Trng a ch ch c th l a ch multicast n ton b h thng (224.0.0.1) hoc a ch broadcast trc tip (255.255.255.255) trn ton b h thng. Trng hp bn tin qung co l tr li cho bn tin tm kim router i din th trng a ch ch s l a ch unicast ca trm yu cu. Trng TTL (Time To Live) cn phi c thit lp 1 cho tt c cc bn tin qung co router i din. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 18

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M (Code): Trng m ca bn tin qung co router i din c cc gi tr. 0: i din di ng ch ng vai tr nh cc b nh tuyn cho cc gi tin IP, khng c lin quan g ti cc MN. 16: i din di ng c th khng thc hin vic nh tuyn cc lu lng IP thng thng. Tuy vy, cc FA phi chuyn tip (c th l ti mt b nh tuyn mc nh) bt k gi tin no m n nhn c t mt MN ng k.

Thi gian tn ti (Lifetime) l khong thi gian ti a m mt bn tin qung co c xem l hp l, khi cha xut hin cc bn tin qung co tip theo. S lng a ch (Num Addrs) chi ra s lng a ch ca cc b nh tuyn c qung co trn bn tin ny. Trng ny c th c gi tr l 0 Kch thc ca mi a ch (Addr Entry Size): C gi tr l 32 ch trng a ch b nh tuyn l 32 bit. ICMP Checksum: l s b 1 ca ton b bn tin ICMP, bt u t trng kiu. tnh checksum, gi tr ca trng ny cn phi c thit lp 0.

a ch ca mi b nh tuyn qung co trong bn tin ny thng km theo mt gi tr u tin biu th kh nng cung cp dch v cho cc trm mi. Thng thng b nh tuyn no c mc u tin cao s c chn.

Cc bn tin qung co i din c gi i theo nh k. Khi khong cch gia cc ln gi nn c thit lp bng 1/3 thi gian tn ti ca bn tin. iu ny cho php MN b qua 3 bn tin qung co i din lin tip trc khi xo mt i din khi danh sch cc i din hp l ca n. Ngoi ra thi gian truyn thc t ca mi bn tin qung co c thc hin mt cch ngu nhin trnh s trng lp v ng vi qung co ca cc i din khc. Cn lu rng, trng Lifetime khng lin quan g ti trng thi gian tn ti ca ng k GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 19

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(Registration Lifetime) trong phn m rng qung co i din di ng, c nh ngha di y. a. Phn m rng qung co i din di ng : Phn m rng qung co i din di ng c t tip theo sau bn tin qung co b nh tuyn ICMP v c i din di ng s dng thng bo s c mt ca n. Khng c mt kiu bn tin ICMP ring no dnh dnh cho phn m rng ny. Thay vo , MN s bit rng c s m rng nu chiu di ca gi tin, xc nh trong phn u IP, ln hn di ca bn tin qung co b nh tuyn ICMP.

Hnh 2.5.1b: M rng qung co i din di ng ngha ca mi trng trong m rng ny c nh ngha nh sau: Kiu (Type): 16. di (Length): C gi tr l (6+4*N) bytes, trong N l s lng a ch care of c qung co. S th t (Sequence number): S hu ca bn tin qung co i din c gi i k t khi i din c khi to. Thi gian tn ti ca ng k: l khong thi gian ti a (tnh bng giy) m i din ny sn sng nhn bt k yu cu ng k no. Nu tt c cc bt ca trng ny u c gi tr l 1, n biu th thi gian tn ti ca ng k l v tn. R: Yu cu ng k. Bit ny ch th rng MN phi thc hin ng k vi i l ngoi ny ( hoc vi vi mt i l ngoi khc trn cng tuyn) thay cho vic s dng a ch colocated care of. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 20

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B: Bn. Nu bit ny c thit lp, FA s khng chp nhn vic ng k thm bt k mt MN no na. H: HA. i l ny s thc hin chc nng ca mt i l gc trn tuyn m bn tin qung co c gi i. F: FA. i din ny s thc hin chc nng ca mt FA trn tuyn m bn tin qung co c gi i. M: ng gi ti thiu. i din ny s nhn cc gi tin c gi i (tunnel) theo phng php ng gi ti thiu. G: ng gi GRE. i din ny s nhn cc gi tin c gi i (tunnel) theo phng php ng gi GRE. r: Gi bit 0 v c b qua khi nhn. T: FA h tr ng hm ngc. U: i din di ng cho php gi UDP qua ng hm. X: FA h tr thu hi ng k. I: FA h tr khu vc ng k. D tr (Reserved): Trng ny c thit lp 0 khi gi v c b qua khi nhn. a ch care of: C th l mt hay nhiu a ch care of m FA ny c th cung cp. Nu bit F c thit lp th bn tin qung co i din (FA) phi cha t nht mt a ch care of c quyt nh bi trng di ca quyt nh ny.

HA phi lun c chun b phc v cho cc MN ca n. Ni cch khc, HA khng bao gi c t ra qu bn khi phc v cc MN trn HN. Ngoi ra, trnh hin tng qu ti c th s dng nhiu HA. Vi FA, i khi n c th rt bn do phi phc v thm cc MN mi n. Mc d vy, n vn phi tip tc gi i cc bn tin qung co i din bt k MN no ng k vi n cng u bit chng di chuyn ra ngoi vng phc v ca FA hay cha v FA vn hot ng binh thng. FA cng c th ch th rng hin n GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 21

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ang qu bn, tm thi ngng vic ng k cho cc MN mi n, bng cch thit lp bit B trong cc bn tin qung co i din. Mt bn tin qung co i din khng c php t bit B nu bit F khng c thit lp. V trong bt k bn tin qung co i din no ch c mt trong 2 bit F hoc H c s dng. Khi mun yu cu MN thc hin vic ng k (thm ch c vi cc MN c a ch care of), FA s t bit R 1. Do bit ny ch p dng i vi cc a ch ngoi nn mt i din ch c php t bit R 1 nu bit F cng c t 1. b. M rng di tin t: Phn m rng di tin t (Prefix length) c th c t tip theo phn m rng qung co i din di ng. N c s dng ch ra s lng cc bit ca phn tin t mng trong trng Router Address ca bn tin qung co i din. Lu rng, di tin t khng p dng vi a ch care of, c lit k trong phn m rng qung co i din di ng.

Hnh 2.5.1c: M rng di tin t M rng di tin t c nh ngha nh trn hnh, trong : Kiu (Type): 19. di (Length): N, Trong N l gi tr ca trng s lng a ch (Num Addrs) trong phn qung co b nh tuyn ca bn tin qung co i din. di tin t (Prefix-Length): S lng cc bit ca phn nh danh mang trong a ch ca cc b nh tuyn c lit k trong phn qung co b nh tuyn ca bn tin qung co i din. Prefix Length cho mi a ch router c m ho nh mt byte ring bit, theo th t c lit k trong bn tin qung co b nh tuyn ICMP.

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Nu di ICMP ca mt bn tin qung co i din l l th c th b xung thm byte m m rng lm cho di ICMP ny chn. Mt qung co i din khng bao gi c php c nhiu hn mt byte m v nu c th byte m ny nn l phn m rng cui cng trong bn tin qung co i din.

Lu rng khng ging nh cc m rng khc s dng trong IPv4, byte m ny khng c trng di cng nh trng d liu, m ch bao gm trng kiu, trong cc bit u c gi tr 0. 2.5.2 C ch tm kim router i din: Bn tin tm kim i din (Agent Solicitation) c khun dng ging vi bn tin tm kim b nh tuyn ICMP (ICMP Router Solicitation). Tuy nhin, c thm mt rng buc l trng TTL, trong phn tiu ca gi tin IP, phi c thit lp 1 v trng a ch IP ch phi l a ch multicast n tt c cc b nh tuyn trn mng (224.0.0.2) hoc a ch broadcast trc tip (255.255.255.255). Bt k router i din no khi nhn c bn tin ny s tr li bng mt bn tin qung co router i din trc tip ti a ch unicast ca trm yu cu. MN s l bn tin ny ging nh cc bn tin qung co khc gi theo a ch multicast hay broadcast.

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Hnh 2.5.2 :Cu trc bn tin tm kim router i din 2.5.3 Hot ng ca i din di ng(FA v HA) Bt k i din di ng no m khng th c pht hin bng giao thc lp lin kt u phi gi i cc bn tin qung co i din. Vi i din m giao thc lp lin kt c th pht hin ra cng nn thc hin vic qung co. Tuy nhin, ch cn gi i cc qung co ny khi MN c yu cu phi ng k (bit R c thit lp) hoc khi cn tr li cc bn tin tm kim i din. Cc th tc, cc gi tr mc nh v cc hng s trong bn tin qung co i din c s dng ging nh trong bn tin qung co b nh tuyn ICMP. Tuy nhin c mt s ngoi l sau: i din di ng phi hn ch tc gi cc bn tin qung co. Tc ti a theo khuyn ngh thng l mt ln trong mt giy. FA phi chp nhn cc bn tin tm kim i din ngay c khi a ch IP ca ngun gi thuc v mt subnet khc. i din di ng c th c cu hnh ch gi i bn tin qung co i din khi cn tr li cho bn tin tm kim i din. Nu HN khng phi l mt mng o th HA ca MN cn phi c t trn tuyn c xc nh bi a ch gc ca MN. V trong cc bn tin qung co m HA gi i trn tuyn ny, bit H cn phi c thit lp. Bng cch ny, cc MN c kh nng pht hin liu chng thc s nm trn HN hay cha. Nu HA c lin kt vi nhiu tuyn, n s gi i cc bn tin qung co i din vi bit H c thit lp trn nhng tuyn no m n hot ng vi t cch l mt HA.

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Nu HN l mt mng o, th s khng c lin kt mng vt l HA gi i cc bn tin qung co i din. Trong trng hp ny cc MN lun c x l nh khi ang mng ngoi. S sequence v vic x l quay vng S sequence ca bn tin qung co i l nm trong di t 0 n 0xffff. Sau khi khi ng, i din s s dng 0 cho bn tin qung co u tin ca mnh. Sau mi bn tin qung co, s sequence li c tng ln mt n v, ngoi tr sau s 0xffff phi l s 256 do vic x l quay vng. Bng cch ny, cc trm di ng c th phn bit c vic gim s sequence l do khi ng li hay do vic x l quay vng. Nu l x l quay vng, MN khng cn thc hin ng k li. Tuy nhin, nu FA khi ng li v khi to s th t bt u l 0, th MN bt buc phi ng k li FA mt ln na nhn ra s c mt ca n. Ngoi ra, trng hp MN nhn c mt bn tin qung co vi s th t nh hn s th t ca bn tin qung co trc gi n t cng mt i din, nm trong di t 0 n 255, trm di ng cng phi thc hin ng k li. 2.5.4 Hot ng ca MN Mi MN phi thc hin tm kim i din, bn tin tm kim ch nn c gi khi khng c bn tin qung b i din hoc khi khng xc nh c a ch CoA thng qua giao thc lp lin kt hoc qua phng tin khc. MN cng s dng cc th tc, cc gi tr mc nh v cc hng s trong bn tin tm kim i din ging nh trong bn tin tm kim b nh tuyn ICMP, ngoi tr MN c th pht bn tin tm kim nhiu hn nh k 3 giy v l MN hin ti khng kt ni vi bt k FA c th pht bn tin tm kim nhiu hn s ln tm kim ti a. Tc pht bn tin tm kim c gii hn bi MN. MN c th gi ba bn tin tm kim u tin vi tc cc i mt ln trn giy, sau t l ny phi b gim hn ch nhng hao ph trn ng truyn.Tip theo, bn tin tm kim phi c gi s dng c ch nh phn hm s m li, tng gp i khong thi gian gi hai bn tin tm kim lin tip, n mt khong thi gian ti a. Khong thi gian ti a GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 25

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c chn thch hp da trn cc c im ca phng tin truyn thng m MN c mi. Khong thi gian ti a ny t nht l mt pht. Trong khi vn ang c gng tm kim mt i din, MN khng c php tng tn sut gi cc bn tin tm kim tr khi trm ny nhn c du hiu tch cc cho thy n di chuyn n mt tuyn mi. V MN cng ch c tng tc gi bn tin tm kim khi n cn tm mt i din mi ng k. Tc gi c th tr li mc cc i nhng sau cng phi gii hn theo nh m t trn. Trong tt c cc trng hp, khong thi gian gi bn tin l mt gi tr c qui nh. MN phi ngu nhin ho s ln gi bn tin tm kim xung quanh gi tr qui nh. Nu c nhiu hn mt a ch qung co, MN nn chn a ch u tin cho ln ng k ban u ca n. Nu c gng ng k tht bi vi mt m t chi bi FA, MN s c gng th ng k vi cc a ch qung co tip theo. Khi nhiu phng php pht hin i din c s dng, MN c gng gi bn tin ng k vi i din c cha phn m rng qung co i din di ng trong bn tin qung b ca chng, u tin cc phng thc pht hin i din khc. Khi s u tin ny t hp l cc i s ng k s c tha nhn do gim thiu c s lng ng k. MN phi b qua cc bit dng ring trong bn tin qung co i din, tri ngc vi loi b qung co. Bng cch ny, cc bit mi c th c nh ngha sau, m khng nh hng n kh nng cho cc MN s dng cc bn tin qung co thm ch khi cc bit c nh ngha mi khng hiu r. a. ng k khi c yu cu Khi nhn c bn tin qung co i l vi bit R c thit lp 1. MN phi thc hin ng k thng qua FA, ngay c khi MN c th yu cu hay ang s dng mt a ch colocated care of. c trng ny thng c p dng trn nhng ch cn thit lp cc chnh sch bo mt, nh yu cu cc CN thc hin th tc nhn thc trc khi c php truy nhp vo mng.

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Nu cc bit dnh ring trc yu cu mt vi dng theo di/thc thi ti lin kt ngoi. FA thc hin cc c im k thut mi khi cc bit dnh ring trc c thit lp bit R. iu ny buc cc MN phi ng k thng qua FA, v vy FA c th gim st/thc thi chnh sch. b. Pht hin s dch chuyn C hai c ch chnh c s dng pht hin s di chuyn. Mt vi c ch khc cng c s dng. Khi MN pht hin s di chuyn n s ng k mt a ch CoA thch hp trong FN mi, tuy nhin khng c ng k qu mt ln trn giy. Thut ton 1 Phng php u tin da trn trng Lifetime trong phn chnh ca bn tin qung co b nh tuyn ICMP. MN ghi li cc Lifetime nhn c t bt k bn tin qung co i din cho n khi Lifetime kt thc. Nu MN tht bi trong vic nhn bn tin qung co cng mt i din trong Lifetime qui nh. N gi nh rng mt lin h vi i din . Nu trc MN nhn mt bn tin qung co i din t mt i din khc m trng Lifetime cha ht hn, MN s ngay lp tc ng k vi i din khc. Hay ni cch khc l MN s c gng ng k vi mt i din khc. Thut ton 2 Phng php th hai s dng tin t mng. Phn m rng di tin t c s dng trong mt s trng hp xc nh c hoc khng c mt bn tin qung co mi c nhn c cng ng mng vi a ch CoA hin ti ca MN. Nu tin t khc, MN gi nh n di chuyn. Nu hin ti MN ang s dng mt a ch FA CoA, MN s khng s dng phng php ny pht hin s dch chuyn tr khi c i din hin ti v i din mi cha phn m rng di tin t trong bn tin qung co i din tng ng. Nu phn m rng ny khng c mt hoc c hai i din th phng php trn cng khng c s dng. iu ny cng tng t khi MN ang s dng a ch Co-located CoA. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 27

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Khi qu trnh ng k ca MN ht hn, nu cch trn nhn thy MN di chuyn ch khng phi ng k li a ch CoA hin ti, MN s chn ng k vi FA ang gi bn tin qung b mi vi tin t mng khc. c. Tr v HN: MN c th pht hin ra l n tr v HN khi nhn c cc bn tin qung co t HA ca n. Nu ng nh vy, MN s thc hin hu ng k vi HA ca mnh. Trc khi hu ng k, MN s cu hnh bng nh tuyn ph hp vi HA ca n. d. S sequence v vic x l quay vng : Nu MN pht hin hai gi tr ca s sequence trong bn tin qung co i din t FA n ng k, s th hai nh hn s th nht v nm trong khong 0 -255 th MN phi ng k li, cn nu ln hn hoc bng 256 th MN cho rng s sequence vt qua khong gi tr cc i ca n (0xffff) v vic ng k li l khng cn thit.

2.6. C CH NG K 2.6.1 Khi qut Mobile IPv4 cung cp mt c ch ng k linh hot v tin cy cho php cc MN c th trao i cc thng tin cn thit vi HA. y l phng php m qua MN c th: Yu cu chuyn tip cc dch v khi ang FN. Thng bo vi HA v a ch CoA hin thi ca n. ng k li khi ht hn. Hu ng k khi tr v HN. Cc bn tin ng k trao i thng tin gia MN, HA, FA. C ch ng to ra hoc thay i lin kt di ng vi HA, mc ni HoA ca MN vi CoA ca n. Mobile IPv4 nh ngha hai th tc ng k khc nhau: mt l s dng FA chuyn tip cc bn tin ng k; hai l cho php MN ng k trc tip vi HA ca GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 28

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n. Cc quy tc sau xc nh th tc ng k no s c s dng trong cc trng hp c th: Nu MN ng k a ch CoA ca mt FA th MN phi thc hin ng k thng qua FA . Nu MN s dng a ch colocated CoA th n c th gi yu cu ng k trc tip n HA. Trong bt k tnh hung no, nu MN nhn c mt bn tin qung co t mt FA, vi bit R c thit lp, th MN buc phi ng k thng qua FA. Nu MN tr v HN n s gi bn tin ng k trc tip ti HA hu b vic ng k.

Hnh 2.6.1 :Th tc ng k thng qua FA MN gi yu cu ng k ti FA bt u qu trnh ng k. FA x l yu cu ng k ri chuyn tip yu cu ti HA. a ch ca HA c xc nh bn trong bn tin yu cu ng k. HA gi bn tin tr li ng k n FA chp nhn hoc t chi ng k ny. FA x l bn tin tr li ng k ri chuyn tip ti MN thng bo v kt qu ca ng k. Khi MN ng k trc tip vi HA, th tc ng k ch bao gm hai bc sau: MN gi yu cu ng k ti HA. Trang 29

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HA gi bn tin tr li ng k n MN thng bo vic chp nhn hoc t chi ng k ny.

2.6.2 Cu trc bn tin ng k: Cc bn tin ng k trong Mobile IP s dng giao thc truyn ti UDP thay cho giao thc TCP. Nguyn nhn l do Mobile IP khng cn s dng cc c ch nh: ca s trt, iu khin lung, iu khin tc nghn, m giao thc TCP cung cp. Cc i din s lng nghe ti cng UDP 434. a. Yu cu ng k (Registration Request)

Hnh 2.6.2a: Cu trc ca bn tin ng k Cc trng IP a ch ngun: thng thng l a ch t ni gi bn tin. a ch ch: a ch ca FA hoc HA Cc trng UDP Source Port: thay i Destination Port: 434

Hnh sau minh ho cu trc ca bn tin yu cu ng k, trong bao gm cc trng c nh ngha nh sau:

Hnh 2.6.2b : Cu trc ca UDP header trong Mobile IP ca bn tin yu cu ng k.

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Bo co ti Mobile IP Type: 1 (Registration Request)

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S: Cc lin kt ng thi (Simultaneous bindings). Nu bit ny c thit lp, MN yu cu HA b xung thm lin kt v khng xo i cc lin kt trc .

B: Cc gi tin qung b (Broadcast Datagram): MN yu cu HA chuyn cho n tt c cc gi tin c qung b trn tuyn gc. D: MN thc hin m gi (Deencapsulation): Bit ny c thit lp nu MN ang s dng a ch colocated CoA. M: MN yu cu HA s dng phng php ng gi ti thiu chuyn qua ng hm n MN. G: MN yu cu HA s dng phng php ng gi GRE. V: Yu cu i l di ng s dng phng php nn tiu Van Jacobson. r: Gi cng nh khng, b qua khi nhn. c dng cho mc ch khc. T: Yu cu o ngc ng hm. x: Gi cng nh khng, b qua khi nhn. Lifetime: Xc nh khong thi gian (tnh bng giy) m thng tin ng k c xem l hp l. Gi tr 0 ch ra rng trm di ng mun hu ng k. Gi tr 0xffff s to ra mt ng k khng bao gi ht hn.

Home Address: a ch IP ca MN. Home Agent: a ch IP ca HA ca MN. Care of Address: a ch IP im cui ca ng hm. Indentification: L s nh danh gm 64 bit, c pht sinh bi MN v c s dng so khp gia bn tin yu cu vi tr li ng k ngn nga vic trm di ng chp nhn cc bn tin c, chng li tn cng replay attack.

Extensions: Phn c nh ca bn tin yu cu ng k.

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Bo co ti Mobile IP b. Tr li ng k (Registration Reply) Cu trc tng t vi bn tin yu cu ng k.

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Cc trng IP: a ch ngun: Ly t a ch ch ca bn tin yu cu ng k. a ch ch: Ly t a ch ngun ca bn tin yu cu ng k. Cc trng UDP: Source Port: 434 Destination Port: Ly t port ngun ca bn tin yu cu ng k.

Hnh sau minh ho cu trc ca bn tin tr li ng k, trong bao gm cc trng c nh ngha nh sau:

Hnh 2.6.2c : Cu trc ca UDP header trong Mobile IP ca bn tin tr li ng k Type: 3 (Registration Reply) Code: mt gi tr tr v kt qu ca bn tin yu cu ng k. Lifetime: Nu trng Code kt qu chp nhn, trng Lifetime s c t thi gian (giy) cn li trc khi qu trnh ng k kt thc. Home Addres: a ch IP ca MN Home Agent: a ch IP ca HA ca MN. Identification: L s nh danh gm 64 bit, c pht sinh bi MN v c s dng so khp gia bn tin yu cu vi tr li ng k ngn GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 32

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nga vic trm di ng chp nhn cc bn tin c, chng li tn cng replay attack. Gi tr ny da trn trng Identification ca bn tin yu cu ng k t MN. Extensions: Phn c nh ca bn tin tr li ng k.

Cc gi tr trong trng Code tr li kt qu ng k: ng k thnh cng 0: chp nhn ng k. 1: chp nhn ng k, nhng khng h tr cc lin kt di ng ng thi.

T chi ng k bi FA 64: L do khng xc nh. 65: cm bi quyn qun tr. 66: Khng ti nguyn. 67: MN chng thc tht bi. 68: HA chng thc tht bi.

69: Lifetime yu cu qu di. 70: dng yu cu km 71: hnh thc tr li km. 72: yu cu ng gi khng kh dng. 73: dnh ring v khng kh dng 77: CoA khng hp l. 78: ht thi gian ng k. 80: khng th n HN (ICMP error received) 81: khng th n host HA (ICMP error received) 82: khng n c port ca HA (ICMP error received) 88: khng th n HA (other ICMP error received) 194: HoA khng hp l. Trang 33

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Bo co ti Mobile IP T chi ng k bi HA 128: nguyn nhn khng xc nh. 129: cm bi quyn qun tr. 130: khng ti nguyn 131: MN chng thc tht bi. 132: FA chng thc tht bi. 133: ng k Identification khng ph hp. 134: dng Request km 135: qu nhiu lin kt di ng ng thi. 136: khng bit HoA.

Nhm Telecom

2.7. QU TRNH TRUYN NHN GI TIN V CC VN TI U. Phn ny m t MN, HA v FA s hot ng nh th no nh tuyn gi tin n MN hoc i t MN c kt ni vo mt FA. 2.7.1 Qu trnh truyn nhn gi tin Trng hp MN ti mng gc. Khi MN mng thng tr, qu trnh lin lc din ra bnh thng m khng c bt k mt c ch di ng no. Ngha l vic truyn v nhn gi tin ti 1 trm c nh khc din ra nh gia 2 my tnh c nh vi nhau.

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Hnh 2.7.1a : Truyn v nhn tin khi MN mng gc.

Hnh 2.7.1b : Qu trnh trun nhn gi tin khi MN mng thng tr. Trng hp MN ri khi mng gc. Nh cp trong phn 5.3.1.2 (Nguyn l hot ng ca Mobile IPv4), sau khi ng k vi i l gc, trm di ng c th trao i thng tin vi bt k trm no khc. Qu trnh lin lc din ra nh sau: Cc gi tin nu c gi t trm di ng s i trc tip theo con ng ngn nht n a ch ch m khng cn thng qua mng gc HA. Tuy nhin, li p s khng c gi theo con ng ngn nht trc tip n trm di ng. Thay vo , li p s c chuyn n mng gc HA ca trm di ng . i l gc, bit c v tr ca trm di ng

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t th tc ng k, s dng cch ng gi IP trong IP chuyn tip cc gi tin ny n a ch care of ca trm di ng. Qu trnh nh tuyn nh trn c gi l nh tuyn tam gic.

Hnh 2.7.1c : nh tuyn tam gic. Hnh 2.7.1d m t cc bc truyn v nhn gi tin IP gia trm di ng v mt trm tng ng. Trong qu trnh trao i thng tin c thc hin thng qua mt i l ngoi.

Hnh 2.7.1d: Cc bc truyn v nhn d liu khi MN ra khi mng gc.

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M t trn cng nu ln khuyt im ca giao thc Mobile IPv4, l tnh khng hiu qu trong vic nh tuyn. Nguyn nhn bt u t vic trm di ng s dng a ch gc ca n trong trng a ch ngun, nn cc gi tin gi cho trm di ng s c chuyn ln mng gc ca n. Sau i l gc s thc hin chuyn tip cc gi tin ny n trm di ng. Khi MN trao i vi mt trm tng ng CN nm mt mng ngoi khc, nh tuyn nh trn c v l hp l. Tuy nhin, vn ny c bit nghim trng khi c MN v CN cng nm trn mt phm vi cc b. iu dn n gi tin phi i vng ra ngoi ri li c nh tuyn ngc tr li phm vi c. Hnh 4.11 l minh chng v kh nng yu km ca Mobile IPv4 trong vic x l phm vi cc b.

Hnh 2.7.2: Trng hp MN v CN cng nm trong 1 mng chung. Nh hnh trn ta thy trm di ng M di chuyn t mng gc n mng ngoi. Gi s trm di ng ng k vi i l gc R1 ca n v i l gc sn sng chuyn gi tin i. By gi ta xem xt vic thng tin lin lc gia trm di ng v ch D, hin ang cng mt mng vi trm di ng. Cc gi tin t M n D s i qua b nh tuyn R4 sau c pht n D. Tuy nhin do cc gi tin gi t D n M c a ch ch l a ch gc ca M, chng s tun theo con ng i qua R3 v qua Internet n mng gc ca trm di ng. Khi cc gi tin ny ti i l gc (R1), chng c lp knh ngc tr li internet n mng ngoi (c th c gi trc tip ti M hoc thng qua i l ngoi).

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Bi v vic i qua Internet tn km hn nhiu so vi vic chuyn pht cc b, y l vn i qua hai ln.

2.7.3 Ti u ho ng i. Mobile IPv4 b xung thm chc nng ti u ho ng i nhm khc phc vn i qua hai ln hay qu trnh nh tuyn tam gic. Gii php m Mobile IPv4 a ra l mi trm phi c yu cu duy tr mt kho cha lin kt, bao gm a ch care of ca mt hay nhiu trm di ng. iu ny ng ngha vi mi trm (d khng phi l trm di ng) mun h tr chc nng ny cn phi nng cp v phn mm (ngoi phn mm IPv4 thng thng). Khi cn gi mt gi tin cho trm di ng, nu ni gi c mt phn t tng ng ca trm di ng trong kho cha lin kt, n s thc hin ng gi v chuyn trc tip gi tin ny ti trm di ng, bng cch ly a ch care of trong lin kt di ng.

Hnh 2.7.3. Gii quyt vn lp li 2 ln. Nu khng tm thy phn t no trong kho cha lin kt, gi tin ny s c gi i nh bnh thng. Ngha l gi tin s c nh tuyn n mng gc ri sau mi c chuyn n a ch care of ca trm di ng. Khi nhn c gi tin ny, i l gc s bit rng trm ngun cha c a ch trong kho cha lin kt ca trm di ng, v gi GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 38

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mt bn tin cp nht lin kt ti trm . Trm ngun s to mi mt phn t trong kho cha.T lc ny, n gi cc gi tin trc tip ti a ch care-of ca trm di ng m khng cn thng quan trm gc ca trm di ng na. Trong phn IPv6 cp n vn ny r hn.

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CHNG 3: GIAO THC MOBILE IPv6

Phn ny gii thiu v hot ng ca cc trm s dng giao thc IPv6 c h tr kh nng di ng (cn c gi l Mobile IPv6). Vi mc ch tm hiu v nguyn l hot ng v cc c trng c bn ca giao thc Mobile IPv6, cc bn tin iu khin v cc cu trc d liu s khng c cp chi tit. 3.1 GII THIU V IPV6. Mt trong nhng c im ni bt ca giao thc IPv6 l m rng cu trc a ch. Vi thit k mi, IPv6 cho php tng chiu di mt a ch t 32 bit ln 128 bit. ng ngha vi vic tng khng gian a ch ln con s v cng ln. Do vy khc phc c hn ch v s lng a ch ca IPv4. Nhng thay i t IPv4 ln IPv6 bao gm cc phn c bn sau: Tng dung lng a ch: IPv6 tng kch thc a ch t 32 bit ln 128 bit h tr nhiu mc phn cp a ch hn, vic cu hnh a ch t ng n gin hn. IPv6 cn nh ngha thm mt kiu a ch mi c tn l a ch Anycast, c s dng gi cc gi tin n mt trm bt k trong mt nhm cc trm. n gin ho cu trc ca phn tiu : Phn tiu trong gi tin IPv4 dnh ch cho cc trng tu chn. Cc trng ny khng thng xuyn c s dng, song li c x l i vi tng gi tin dn n lm gim hiu qu lm vic ca b nh tuyn. IPv6 thay cc trng ny bng cc m rng, da trn nguyn tc: n gin ho vic x l cc gi tin. H tr cc thng tin tu chn mt cch hiu qu v linh hot: Cc tu chn c truyn trong cc phn tiu m rng ca gi tin IPv6 theo mt khun dng xc nh cho php vic chuyn tip gi tin c thc hin hiu qu hn v linh hot tng ln cho php a ra cc tu chn mi trong tng lai. Kh nng ghi nhn lung: Mt kh nng mi l cho php ghi nhn cc gi tin thuc v cng mt lung lu lng nht nh t ni gi c th a ra GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 40

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nhng yu cu x l c bit i vi cc gi ny, chng hn nh yu cu dch v thi gian thc hay cc dch v vi cc mc QoS theo yu cu. Nhn thc v bo mt: a ra cc phn m rng cho php nhn thc, m bo tin cy v tnh ton vn ca d liu. n gin ho vic x l cc gi tin v to kh nng m rng sau ny, IPv6 a cc thng tin tu chn vo cc tiu m rng. Di y l mt s tiu m rng hay hay c s dng trong IPv6. Tiu nh tuyn (Routing header): c s dng bi trm ngun IPv6 xc nh danh sch a ch IP ca tt c cc trm m gi phi i qua trn ng ti ch. Tiu nh tuyn c nhn dng bi trng Next Header vi gi tr l 43. C th c nhiu kiu khc nhau, hin ti ang s dng kiu 0. Tiu phn mnh (Fragment header): c s dng bi trm ngun IPv6 cha cc thng tin iu khin trong trng hp gi tin mc trn c chia thnh nhiu gi tin IP. Trong IPv6 gi tin ch c phn mnh mt ln ti trm ngun v c x l bi trm ch. Tiu phn mnh c nhn dng bi trng Next Header vi gi tr l 44. Tiu nhn thc (Authentication header): c s dng mang cc thng tin iu khin to ra bi trm ngun v c s dng bi trm ch nhn thc ni gi gi tin IP. Kiu tiu ny c nhn dng bi trng Next Header vi gi tr l 51. Tiu cc tu chon ch (Destination Options Header): c s dng mang cc thng tin b xung cn phi c x l bi trm ch. Kiu tiu ny c nhn dng bi trng Next Header vi gi tr l 60. y cng chnh l tiu c s dng ch yu trong IPv6. Mi gi tin IPv6 c th c 0, 1, hoc nhiu m rng. Mi m rng c kch thc l bi s ca 8 octer (64 bit). Cc m rng phi c x l theo th t m chng xut hin trong gi. Hu ht cc tiu m rng c x l bi trm ch (V d cc m rng lin quan n bo mt), do chng khng lm nh hng n tnh nng ca GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 41

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cc b nh tuyn. Ch duy nht mt kiu m rng c x l bi tt c cc trm trn ng i ca gi tin, l tiu Hop by Hop Options. 3.2 TNG QUAN V MOBILE IPV6. 3.2.1 Cc c tnh ca Mobile IPv6: Kh nng h tr tnh ng trong Mobile IPv6 (Mobile IPv6) c xy dng da trn cc kinh nghim c c t giao thc Mobile IPv4 cng vi nhng ci tin ca IPv6. Bi vy, Mobile IPv6 s c nhiu c trng ging vi Mobile IPv4. Tuy nhin giao thc ny c tch hp hon ton trong IPv6 v c tng cng thm nhiu tnh nng mi. Di y l mt s s khc nhau c bn gia Mobile IPv6 v Mobile IPv4: 1. Chc nng ti u ho ng i c tch hp vo trong giao thc. Trong Mobile IPv4, chc nng ny c b xung di dng cc tu chn m rng m c th khng c h tr bi tt c cc trm Mobile IPv4. Vic tch hp ny cho php cc qu trnh nh tuyn c th thc hin mt cc trc tip t mt trm tng ng bt k ti mt trm di ng. Do , trnh c vn nh tuyn tuyn tam gic (hay vn i qua hai ln) nh cp trong phn Mobile IPv4. Chc nng ng k v ti u ho ng i trc y trong Mobile IPv4 c thc hin trn hai giao thc ring bit th nay c tch hp vo trong mt giao thc duy nht. 2. Trong Mobile IPv6, trm di ng s dng a ch care of ca n l a ch ngun trong phn tiu ca cc gi tin m trm gi i. Cc a ch gc ca trm di ng c mang trong tu chn ch Home Address. N cho php s dng a ch care of trong gi tin mt cch trong sut i vi cc lp trn lp IP. Ngoi ra, giao thc cng yu cu tt c cc trm IPv6, d l di ng hay c nh, my tnh hay b nh tuyn, u phi c kh nng x l tu chn a ch gc trong gi tin nhn c. 3. Vic s dng cc tiu m rng ca IPv6 cho php ton b lu lng iu khin ca Mobile IPv6 c t trn cc gi tin IPv6 sn c. Trong khi , vi Mobile IPv4, mi bn tin iu khin phi s dng cc gi tin UDP ring bit.

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4. Khng cn trin khai cc trm thc hin chc nng ca i l ngoi nh trong Mobile IP v4. Trong Mobile IPv6, cc trm di ng s dng cc c trng ca IPv4, nh: pht hin trm cng tuyn (neighbor Discovery [20]) v cu hnh a ch t ng (Address Autoconfiguration [21]), hot ng trn bt k v tr no khi ri xa tuyn gc m khng i h tr c bit no t b nh tuyn cc b. 5. C ch pht hin s di chuyn trong Mobile IPv6 cung cp s xc nhn c hai chiu cho tt cc gi tin trao i gia trm di ng v b nh tuyn mc nh hin thi ca n. C ch ny cung cp kh nng pht hin tnh hung back hole, mt hin tng thng xy ra trong mi trng v tuyn; trong cht lng truyn dn khng bnh ng trn hai hng. Trong trng hp , trm di ng c th tm mt b nh tuyn khc v s dng a ch care of mi. Trong Mobile IPv4, ch c cc gi tin theo hng t b nh tuyn tuyn n trm di ng l c xc nhn. 6. Trong Mobile IPv6, hu ht cc gi tin gi n trm di ng (khi ri xa tuyn gc) u c gi i bng cch s dng tiu nh tuyn m khng dng phng php ng gi IP trong IP nh trong IPv4. Vic s dng tiu nh tuyn yu cu t hn s byte phi thm vo phn tiu ca gi tin, do s gim c kch thc gi tin Mobile IP cng nh cc yu cu phi x l i vi phn tiu . Mc d vy, trnh vic thay i d liu trn ng truyn, cc gi tin chuyn tip bi i l gc vn s dng phng php ng gi IP trong IP. 7. Khi ri xa tuyn gc, i l gc s ng ra nhn tt c cc gi tin gi cho trm di ng trn tuyn gc, bng cch s dng c ch pht hin trm cng tuyn (Neighbor Discovery) thay v s dng giao thc ARP nh trong Mobile IPv4. iu ny lm n gin ho vic thc thi giao thc Mobile IP do khng ph thuc vo lp lin kt nh ARP. 8. Trong Mobile IPv6 do c ch pht hin i l gc s dng gi tin anycast nn ch c mt li p ca mt i l gn nht gi v cho trm di ng. Trong khi c ch pht hin i l gc ca Mobile IPv4 s dng gi tin broadcast trc tip, v trm di ng s phi nhn c li p t tt c cc i l gc c mt trn tuyn. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 43

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Bi vy c ch pht hin i l gc trong Mobile IPv6 t ra hiu qu v tin cy hn, do ch c mt gi tin gi li trm di ng. Khi chuyn n tuyn mi, trm di ng s nhn c a ch care of nh vic nhn cc bn tin qung co ca b nh tuyn (trng hp s dng phng php cu hnh a ch t ng phi trng thi stateless address autoconfiguration). Cc gi tin IPv6 gi ti a ch gc ca trm di ng s c nh tuyn mt cch trong sut n a ch care of ca n. Giao thc cng cho php cc trm IPv6 lu li (cache) mi lin kt gia a ch gc v a ch care of ca trm di ng, sau chng c th gi trc tip cc gi tin n trm di ng ti a ch ny. 3.2.2 Cc bn tin iu khin. Tt c cc bn tin dng trong Mobile IPv6 u c nh ngha di dng cc tu chn ch ca giao thc IPv6. Mobile IP nh ngha ba kiu cu trc d liu lu tr cc thng tin cn thit phc v cho qu trnh trao i thng tin ng. Cp nht lin kt: Bn tin cp nht lin kt c s dng bi trm di ng thng bo cho i l gc hoc bt k trm tng ng no khc v a ch care of hin thi ca n. Bt k gi tin no c cha bn tin cp nht lin kt cn c gi i vi phn a ch ngun l a ch care of ca trm di ng. V phi c km theo mt tiu nhn thc AH[18] hoc mt tiu bo mt ESP[19]. Xc nhn lin kt: Bn tin xc nhn lin kt c s dng xc nhn vic ng cp nht lin kt. Nu mt trm nhn c gi tincha bn tin cp nht lin kt vi bit A c thit lp th n phi tr li bng mt bn tin xc nhn lin kt. Bn tin xc nhn lin kt c gi n a ch ngun ca bn tin cp nht lin kt, v phi c km theo mt tiu nhn thc AH [18] hoc mt tiu bo mt ESP [19].

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Bn tin yu cu lin kt c th c s dng bi bt k trm no yu cu lin kt ca mt trm di ng. Mt gi tin cha bn tin yu cu lin kt phi c gi n trm di ng ging nh gi mt gi tin bt k. a ch gc: Tu chn a ch gc c s dng trong mi gi tin gi i t trm di ng thng bo cho ni nhn v a ch gc ca n. 3.2.3 Cu trc d liu: c t Mobile IPv6 gii thiu 3 cu trc d liu sau: Kho cha lin kt: Tt c cc trm IPv6 u c mt kho cha lin kt, c s dng lu lin kt n cc trm di ng. Khi mt trm di ng nhn c mt bn tin cp nht lin kt, n s b xung lin kt ny vo kho cha. Mi ln gi i mt gi tin, kho cha s c s dng tm ra phn t lin kt thch hp. Nu tm thy mt phn t, gi tin s c gi n a ch care of ca trm di ng bng cch s dng tiu nh tuyn. Danh sch cp nht lin kt: Tt c cc trm di ng u c mt danh sch cp nht lin kt, c s dng lu thng tin v tng bn tin cp nht lin kt c gi i t trm ny m trong thi gian tn ti cn li (lifetime) ca lin kt vn cha ht hn. Danh sch cp nht lin kt bao gm cc lin kt c gi i t trm di ng: Cc lin kt gi n cc trm tng ng, cc lin kt gi n i l gc ca trm di ng, v cc lin kt gi n mt i l gc trn tuyn ngoi m trm di ng ving thm trc (tng ng vi a ch care - of trc ca trm di ng.

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Trn tuyn gc, mt trm (thng l b nh tuyn) c th hot ng vi t cch l mt i l gc v n s to ra mt danh sch lu tr thng tin v tt c cc i l gc khc trn tuyn. Thng tin ny c nhn t nhng bn tin qung co b nh tuyn, c gi i t cc i l gc (bit i l gc c thit lp) trn tuyn . Nu trm ny c kt ni n nhiu tuyn, n s duy tr mt danh sch i l gc trn mi tuyn m n ng vai tr ca mt i l gc. Trm di ng c th ly thng tin v cc i l gc bng cch s dng c ch pht hin i l gc ng. Nh trm di ng c th thng bo cho i l gc trn tuyn gc hoc trn tuyn m n ving thm trc vic di chuyn sang mt tuyn mi. 3.3 HOT NG CA MOBILE IPV6. 3.3.1 Pht hin s di chuyn: Mt trm di ng c th s dng kt hp cc c ch pht hin ra khi no n di chuyn n mt tuyn mi. Mt kh nng l i cc bn tin qung co b nh tuyn c pht i theo nh k. Sau khi tm c mt b nh tuyn mc nh, trm di ng vn tip tc nhn cc bn tin qung co gi n t b nh tuyn ny. Nu trm di ng khng nhn c mt bn tin qung co no trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, n s cho rng b nh tuyn mc nh ny l khng th vi ti c v quyt nh chuyn sang mt b nh tuyn khc m hin ti n nhn c cc bn tin qung co. Da vo phn tin t mng con trong trng a ch ca bn tin qung co, trm di ng c th nhn bit c n chuyn sang tuyn khc hay cha. 3.3.2 ng k vi i l gc: Ngay khi pht hin di chuyn sang tuyn mi v tm c mt b nh tuyn mc nh, trm di ng s thc thi qu trnh cu hnh a ch t ng phi trng thi (stateless) hoc c trng thi (stateful), v s dng a ch mi ny lm a ch care of. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 46

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Tin t ca a ch care of chnh l tin t ca tuyn m trm di ng ang kt ni n. Mi gi tin gi n a ch care of ny s c chuyn n trm di ng trn tuyn hin thi.

Hnh 3. 1: ng k vi i l gc trong Mobile IPv6. Trm di ng phi ng k a ch care of mi ca n vi mt i l trn tuyn gc bng cch gi i mt gi tin cha bn tin cp nht lin kt n i l gc. i l gc ng k lin kt ny v gi tr li mt gi tin cha bn tin xc nhn lin kt ti trm di ng, hnh 5.15. 3.3.3 nh tuyn tam gic: K t lc ny , i l gc s ng ra nhn tt c cc gi tin gi n a ch gc ca trm di ng. Do n s s dng c ch proxy Neighbor Discovery. Ngha l a l gc s i din cho trm di ng pht qung b cc bn tin qung co ca trm (Neighbor Advertisement), cha a ch gc ca trm di ng, trn tuyn gc. i l gc cng i din cho trm di ng nhn v gi li p cho cc bn tin tm kim trm (Neighbor Solicitation). Mi gi tin b chn li s c ng gi vo mt gi tin IPv6 mi v chuyn n a ch care of m trm di ng ng k.

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Nu mt trm di ng gi cc gi tin n bt k trm no khc, n s gi trc tip n trm . Trm di ng s t phn a ch ngun ca gi tin ny l a ch care of hin thi v gi km theo mt tu chn Home Address. Bi a ch gc l c nh (cn a ch care of l hin thi), vic s dng a ch care of l hon ton trong sut i vi cc lp trn lp IP trm tng ng. Cc lp trn bao gm c lp ng dng, khng nhn ra a ch care of, chng ch nhn ra a ch gc ca trm di ng.

Hnh 3. 2: nh tuyn tam gic. Khi ngoi tuyn gc, nu trm di ng trao i thng tin vi mt trm tng ng, cc gi tin s c nh tuyn t trm tng ng ti i l gc, t i l gc chuyn n trm di ng v t trm di ng gi trc tip ti trm tng ng. Qu trnh ny c gi l nh tuyn tam gic, hnh 5.16. 3.3.4 Ti u ho ng i: trnh vic nh tuyn tam gic, trm di ng cn phi gi cc bn tin cp nht lin kt n trm tng ng. Trm tng ng s lu a ch care of hin thi ca trm di ng vo kho cha lin kt. T lc ny n s gi cc gi tin trc tip n trm di ng.

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Bt k trm IPv6 no, trc khi truyn mt gi tin, u tm trong kho cha lin kt a ch ch ca gi tin ny. Nu tm thy mt phn t, n s gi gi tin ti trm di ng bng cch dng tiu nh tuyn (ch khng dng phng php ng gi IP trong IP). Nu khng tm thy phn t no trong kho cha lin kt, gi tin s c nh tuyn ti tuyn gc ca trm i ng. Ti y gi tin s c nhn bi i l gc, c ng gi vo mt gi tin IP khc v c chuyn n trm di ng. 3.3.5 Qun l lin kt: Sau khi cu hnh mt a ch care of mi, trm di ng phi ng k a ch mi ny vi i l gc v vi cc trm tng ng (cc trm m c thng bo v lin kt ca trm di ng). thc hin iu ny trm di ng gi mt bn tin cp nht lin kt c cha lin kt mi ca n. N c th yu cu ni nhn gi mt bn tin xc nhn cp nht lin kt. Sau khi nhn c bn tin tr li, n thit lp bit ACK trong bn tin cp nht lin ktv tip tc pht i bn tin ny theo nh k . Trng hp trm di ng nhn c gi tin t mt trm tng ng. N c kh nng pht hin ra trm gi c mt phn t trong kho cha lin kt hay cha. C th, nu trm tng ng c mt phn t cha lin kt ca trm di ng, trm tng ng s gi trc tip gi tin n a ch care of ca trm di ng. Nu khng gi tin ny s c gi n i l gc ca trm di ng v c chuyn n ch. Trong trng hp ny, trm di ng s nhn c mt gi chuyn tip.N c th quyt nh gi mt bn tin cp nht lin kt n trm tng ng cho phep trm ny gi trc tip cc gi tin bng cch s dng tiu nh tuyn, khng cn thng qua i l gc. Trm di ng cn phi c thit lp bit ACK trong cc bn tin cp nht lin kt gi n i l gc. N cng c th thit lp bit ny khi gi cc bn tin cp nht lin kt n cc trm tng ng. Trm tng ng c th khng nhn c bn tin cp nht lin kt no, v trm di ng s pht hin ra iu ny khi n vn tip tc nhn c cc gi tin chuyn tip t i l gc.

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Trc khi mt phn t trong kho cha lin kt ht hn, trm tng ng pha khi to qu trnh lm ti lin kt bng cch gi i mt bn tin yu cu lin kt n trm di ng. Nhn c yu cu ny trm di ng phi tr li bng mt bn tin cp nht lin kt. Ti mt thi im, trm di ng c th c nhiu hn mt a ch care of. Mc d vy ch c mt a ch care of c ng k vi i l gc, gi l a ch care of c s. i l gc s chuyn tip tt c cc gi tin gi cho trm di ng trn tuyn gc, n a ch care of c ng k. Tuy nhin trm di ng s chp nhn cc gi tin m n nhn c ti bt k a ch care of no m n ang c. iu c bit c li cho qu trnh chuyn giao (handoff) khi trm di ng di chuyn t mt tuyn khng dy sang mt tuyn khng dy khc. Nu mi tuyn trong cc tuyn ny c kt ni vi Internet qua mt trm gc ring bit th trm di ng c th duy tr kt ni ti ng thi hai tuyn. Vng truyn dn v tuyn gia hai tuyn ny c gi l vng chng ln. Trong trng hp ny khi chuyn sang tuyn mi, trm di ng s nhn c mt a ch care of mi trc khi ra khi vng chng ln v hu kt ni vi tuyn c. Do , trm di ng vn c th nhn c cc gi tin ti a ch care of c trong khi thc hin cp nht lin kt mi vi i l gc v cc trm tng ng. Nh c kho cha lin kt ti cc trm tng ng, cc gi tin xut pht t cc trm ny s c nh tuyn trc tip n a ch care of ca trm di ng. Do vy s gim bt c cc cng vic x l ti i l gc. y chnh l c s m bo cho s n nh, tin cy, v gim thiu lng ti trn ton b mng. 3.3.6 C ch pht hin i l gc: Trng hp trm di ng khng bit a ch ca i l gc, Mobile IPv6 cung cp mt c ch cho php trm di ng c th t pht hin a ch ca mt i l gc trn tuyn gc v c th ng k a ch care of ca n vi i l ny khi ra ngoi tuyn gc.

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Hnh 3. 3: Pht hin a ch ca i l gc ng. Trc tin, trm di ng gi mt bn tin cp nht lin kt n a ch anycast gm cc i l trn tuyn gc, do s tm c mt trong s cc b nh tuyn hin ang hot ng nh mt i l gc. i l gc ny t chi cp nht lin kt ca trm di ng v gi tr li mt danh sch gm tt c cc i l trn tuyn gc, hnh 5.17. Danh sch ny c duy tr bi mi i l trn tuyn gc v nhn c bng cch hc t cc bn tin qung co b nh tuyn, c qung b theo nh k. a ch IP ca i l gc trong danh sch ny c sp xp theo th t gim dn ca gi tr u tin. Trm di ng s gi tip mt bn tin cp nht lin kt n mt trong cc a ch trong danh sch v i nhn c bn tin xc nhn lin kt tng ng. Nu khng nhn c bn tin xc nhn lin kt hoc b t chi cp nht lin kt, trm di ng c th th ng k vi mt i l khc trong danh sch. N s th vi tng a ch IP theo ng th t lit k trong danh sch, bi a ch u tin bao gi cng l i l thch hp nht v a ch cui cng l i l km thch hp nht. Ton b c ch hot ng ca Mobile IPv6 c m t trn hnh 5.4:

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Bo co ti Mobile IP
B nh tuyn (R2)

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Trm di ng (MN)

B nh tuyn (R3)

i l gc (HA)

Trm tng ng (CN)

MN di chuyn Qung co b nh tuyn sang a ch mng con tuyn B To a ch ca tuyn B

Tu chn ch Home Address

COA1

MN truy cp ti CN

< Cp nht lin kt> (COA1, a ch ca HA, (a ch gc)) Tiu nh tuyn <Xc nhn lin kt> (a ch ca HA, COA1, (a ch gc)) <TCP SYN + <Cp nht lin kt>> (COA1, a ch ca CN, (a ch gc)) TCP SYN +ACK+<Xc nhn lin kt> (a ch ca CN, COA1, (a ch gc)) <TCP ACK>
Gi thit CN cha c phn t trong kho cha lin kt cho MN

Kho cha lin kt: -a ch gc,COA1,..

<<TCP SYN>>: Gi tin IP trong IP. a ch ca HA, COA1,IP(a ch ca CN,a ch gc) TCP SYN + ACK + <Cp nht lin kt> (COA1, a ch ca CN, (a ch gc)) TCP ACK + <Xc nhn lin kt> (a ch ca CN, COA1,(a ch gc))
MN di chuyn sang C

TCP SYN (a ch ca CN, a ch gc). Tu chn ch Home Address Tiu nh tuyn

TCP DATA

...... <Qung co b nh tuyn> a ch mng con ca tuyn C To a ch COA2 <Cp nht lin kt> COA2, a ch ca HA, (a ch gc) <Xc nhn lin kt>

(a ch HA, COA2. (a ch gc))

<Cp nht lin kt> (COA2, a ch ca CN, (a ch gc)) <Xc nhn lin kt>
(a ch ca CN, COA2, (a ch gc))

Kho cha lin kt: - a ch gc, COA2,..

<TCP DATA>

Hnh 3. 4: Hot ng ca Mobile IPv6.

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Bo co ti Mobile IP 3.4 SO SNH MOBILE IPV4 V MOBILE IPV6.

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Kh nng h tr tnh di ng trong Mobile IPv6 c xy dng trn cc kinh nghim c t giao thc mobile IPv4 cng vi nhng ci tin ca IPv6. Bi vy Mobile IPv6 s c nhiu c trng ging vi Mobile IPv4. Tuy nhin giao thc ny c tch hp hon ton vo trong IPv6 v c tng cng thm nhiu tnh nng mi.Sau y l mt s im khc nhau c bn gia Mobile IPv4 v Mobile IPv6: Trong IPv4 chc nng nh tuyn ti u c b xung di dng cc tu chn m rng m c th khng c h tr bi tt c cc trm IPv4. Cn trong Mobile IPv6 chc nng ny c tch hp trong giao thc.N cho php qu trnh nh tuyn c th thc hin mt cch trc tip t mt thit b tng ng n bt k mt MN no m khng cn phi i qua mng gc ca MN.Do trnh c vn nh tuyn tam gic nh cp n trong Mobile IPv4 c thc hin trn hai giao thc ring bit th nay c tch hp vo mt giao thc duy nht. Trong Mobile IPv6, MN s dng a ch COA l a ch ngun trong phn tiu ca cc gi tin m thit b gi i. Cn a ch gc c mang trong tu chn ch Home Address. N cho php s dng COA trong gi tin mt cch trong sut vi cc lp trn lp IP. Ngoi ra giao thc Mobile IPv6 cng yu cu tt c cc thit b d l di ng hay c nh, my tnh hay b nh tuyn, u phi c kh nng x l tu chn a ch gc trong gi tin nhn c. Vic s dng cc tiu ca IPv6 cho php ton b lu lng iu khin ca Mobile IPv6 t trn cc gi tin IPv6 c sn. Trong khi , vi Mobile IPv4 mi bn tin iu khin phi s dng cc gi tin UDP ring bit. Khng cn trin khai cc thit b thc hin chc nng ca i l ngoi nh trong Mobile IPv4. Trong Mobile IPv6 cc MN s dng cc c trng caIPv6 nh: Pht hin thit b cng tuyn v cu hnh a ch t ng, hot ng trn bt k v tr no khi ri xa tuyn gc m khng i hi s h tr c bit no t b nh tuyn cc b. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 53

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C ch pht hin s di chuyn trong Mobile IPv6cung cp s xc nhn c hai chiu. cho tt c cc gi tin trao i gia MN v b nh tuyn mc nh hin thi ca n. C ch ny cung cp kh nng pht hin tnh hung back hole, l tnh hung m cht lng truyn dn khng ng u trn hai hng. Trong trng hp MN c th th tm mt b nh tuyn khc v s dng COA mi. Trong Mobile IPv4 ch c cc gi tin t b nh tuyn n MN l c xc nhn.

Trong Mobile IPv6, hu ht cc gi tin gi n MN (khi ri xa mng gc) u c gi i bng cch s dng tiu nh tuyn m khng dng phng php ng gi IP trong IP nh trong Mobile IPv4. Vic s dng tiu nh tuyn yu cu t hn s byte phi thm vo phn tiu ca gi tin, do s gm c kch thc gi tin IP cng nh cc yu cu phi x l i vi phn tiu . Mc d vy trnh vic thay i d liu trn ng truyn, cc gi tin chuyn tip bi HA vn s dng phng php ng gi IP trong IP.

Khi ri xa mng gc, HA s ng ra nhn tt c cc gi tin gi cho MN bng cch s dng c ch pht hin thit b cng tuyn thay v s dng giao thc ARP nh trong Mobile IPv4. iu ny lm n gin ho vic thc thi giao thc Mobile IP do khng ph thuc vo lp lin kt nh ARP.

Trong Mobile IPv6 do c ch pht hin HA s dng gi tin anycast nn ch c mt li p ca mt i l gn nht gi cho MN. Trong khi c ch pht hin i l gc ca Mobile IPv4 s dng gi tin broadcast trc tip v MN phi nhn li p t tt c cc HA c mt trn tuyn. Bi vy c ch pht hin i l gc ca Mobile IPv6 t ra hiu qu v tin cy hn do ch c mt gi tin gi tr li MN.

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CHNG 4: NG DNG CA MOBILE IP VO VIC TRUYN S LIU TRONG MNG THNG TIN DI NG
Vi s bng n ca cc thit b di ng c nhn th dch v thoi truyn thng tr nn n iu. Hai xu hng mang tnh ton cu trong th gi cng ngh hin nay chnh l Internet v thng tin di ng. Vic trin khai cc dch v IP cho mng thng tin di ng s l mt tt yu. N cho php ngi dng c th duyt Web, gi mail, v lm nhiu vic khc vi my di ng ca mnh.Cc thit b di ng th h 3 (gi tt l 3G) s l cc thit b chuyn mch gi, thay v chuyn mch knh nh trc y. Do , cc dch v IP s tr thnh mt b phn tch hp ca thit b di ng th h 3. trin khai cc dch v IP cho 3G, cc giao thc Internet cn phi thay i cho ph hp vi vic cung cp chc nng 3G, nh cc dch v chuyn giao thi gian thc v m bo cht lng dch v. 4.1 TRIN KHAI MOBILE IP TRONG MNG CDMA 2000. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA l mt h thng thng tin hin i, vi nhiu tnh nng u vit. Bng vic ng dng k thut CDMA em li cho ngi dng nhiu tin li, cng nh em li cho khai thc kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v hu ch. Ngoi kh nng cung cp dch v thoi thng thng, CDMA cn cung cp nhiu dch v khc nh: SMS, hp thoi, fax, audio,Mt trong nhng u im ln nht ca CDMA2000 1x l cung cp dch v truyn d liu tc cao 144kbps n 2Mbps. s dng c cc dch v ca Mobile IP, th ngoi vic trin khai Mobile IP vo trong h thng, cc mng di ng th h 3 u h tr giao thc Mobile IP. u c kh nng truy cp Web, gi th, truyn ti d liu,Trong trng hp ny cc trm di ng chnh l cc MN. Cc MN kt ni vi mng IP thng qua mng v tuyn v cc nt dch v s liu gi (PDSN). PDSN l im kt ni MN vi mng IP v n hot ng nh l mt FA. N s dng giao thc PPP thit lp, duy tr v kt thc mt lin kt vi MN. PDSN hin thi cng c th tu chn nh hng vi PDSN trc h tr chuyn giao gia cc PDSN, iu ny GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 55

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khng bao gm mng gc.PDSN c th nh tuyn cc gi tin n mng IP hoc c th nh tuyn trc tip cc gi tin n HA (trng hp ng ngm hng ngc). N cng gim st a ch ngun ca cc gi tin gi i t MN, nu a ch ngun khng hp l (cha c ng k) th PDSN s hu cc gi tin v khi ng li lin kt vi MN (s dng giao thc PPP). Mng gc ca MN l mt mng my tnh truyn thng c truy nhp Internet, mt i l gc c cu trc nh mt b nh tuyn thng thng c thm chc nng giao thip vi PDSN v cc chc nng lin quan n vic qun l v iu khin hot ng ca cc MN thng qua giao thc Mobile IP. Trung tm nhn thc, cp php v tnh cc AAA l mt my ch lu tr chi tit v thu bao, n c s dng cp giy php ngi dng v kim tra kh nng s dng cc dch v yu cu. Trong trng hp ny n hot ng tng t nh HLR, n cng c th lu tr v truyn ti cc thng tin v ti khon ngi dng.

Hnh 4. 1: M hnh mng CDMA 2000 1x vi Mobile IP.

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Bo co ti Mobile IP Qu trnh ng k Mobile IP trong CDMA 2000 din ra nh sau:

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1) MN di chuyn sang mt mng mi v gi mt thng bo yu cu dch v n BTS. BSC kim tra s tn ti ca lin kt v chuyn tip yu cu n PSDSN. 2) MN s dng giao thc PPP lin kt vi PDSN ri gi ID v d liu bo mt ca n cho PDSN. 3) PDSN s dng ID ca MN nh v AAA gc v yu cu AAA gc cp php ngi dng. 4) AAA yu cu xc nhn xem MN c ngg k s dng dch v Mobile IP khng? (thng qua d liu bo mt ca MN). 5) HA tr li AAA. 6) Nu MN c ng k s dng dch v Mobile IP th AAA s cp php cho ngi dng. 7) MN tm kim FA v PDSN p li bng bn tin qun b. T bn tin qung b MN nhn c a ch tm COA. 8) MN ng k a ch COA vi HA. Vic trin khai giao thc Mobile IP trong mng CDMA 2000 gip cho ngi dng c th duy tr kt ni vi mng gc lin tc.Nh m ngi dng c th s dng bt c dch v no m mng gc cung cp nh: truy cp Internet, truy cp vo h thng qun l, c s d liu ca mng gc. 4.2 TRIN KHAI MOBILE IP TRN MNG GPRS. Mc d Mobile IP c kh nng h tr nhiu giao thc lp mng khc nhau (IP, X25,), nhng vic s dng giao thc IP t ra vt tri hn c. Xu hng hin nay l cc mng u h tr giao thc IP. Vic la chn giao thc IP cho mng v tuyn cng c nhiu l do khc nhau: Th nht, bng vic xy dng cc mng trn c s IP, cc ng dng c vit cho mng d liu hu tuyn c th hot ng c trn mng v tuyn. Th hai, gim chi ph nh vic tch hp v qun l tp trung cc mng hu tuyn v v tuyn.Th ba, nhng ci tin trn cng ngh IP nh cht lng dch v GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 57

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(QoS),c th c p dng trc tip trn mng v tuyn. Ngoi ra vic hng ti mt mng IP cho php pht trin v a ra cc dch v theo yu cu rt d dng, cho php cc dch v c mt mi ni, bt k s khc bit hay cc tr ngi v k thut trn h tng mng. Ngi dng c th thc hin cc kt ni IP t bt k mng truy nhp no, bao gm c GPRS. Ni cc khc khng c s khc bit no gia vic s dng mng Ethernet, WLAN, hay GPRS,khi truy cp Internet v ngi dng c th di chuyn t h thng ny sang h thng khc m vn duy tr c cc kt ni trn lp IP. y cng chnh l iu m Mobile IP c th lm c trn GPRS. Phn ny s gii thiu v cch trin khai Mobile IPv4 trn mng GPRS. Hai bc cn c thc hin pht trin h thng GPRS theo hng h tr Mobile IP: Trong bc u tin ch cn thc hin mt s thay i nh l c th cho php ngi s dng di chuyn gia cc GPRS h tr Mobile IP. Bc tip theo l ti u ho ng i gip cho vic trao i thng tin hiu qu hn. 4.2.1 Bc 1 - H tr dch v Mobile IP: Trong bc ny dch v Mobile IP c a vo h thng GPRS mt cch tch hp chc nng i l ngoi (FA) vo nt GGSN. Khi trong trng hp chuyn vng, mt trm di ng (MS, c cp c nh mt a ch IP cng cng) c th yu cu s dng v kt ni qua GGSN ca PLMN khch. Nu PLMN khch khng h tr tnh nng ny th GGSN trn PLMN gc s c s dng; ngha l MS c kt ni qua giao din Gp. n gin bc ny ch cp n trng hp MS s dng cng mt GGSN, trn mi PLMN trong sut qu trnh kt ni. Hnh 6.1 miu t cu trc in hnh ca mt mng GPRS h tr dch v Mobile IP. Trong mt firewall c s dng ngn chn cc lu lng khng mong mun t Internet.

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Hnh 4. 2: Kin trc mng GPRS h tr Mobile IP. h tr dch v Mobile IP, mi mng GPRS ch cn mt nt GGSN thc hin chc nng ca FA, ch cn ci t thm phn mm m khng yu cu nng cp thm phn cng, v c k hiu l GGSN/FA hay FA cng (GFA Gateway FA). Trn PLMN gc, cn b xung thm mt nt (thng l b nh tuyn) thc hin chc nng i l gc (HA). a ch care of m MS ng k vi HA l a ch IP ca GFA. MS cng c th yu cu mt a ch colocated care of t mt my ch DHCP trn mng dch v ca PLMN khch. Mc d a ch colocated care of c cp ring cho MS song theo cu trc ny MS buc phi ng k vi HA thng qua GFA. S c mt ca GFA to ra mt s phn cp trong qun l di ng. Trong , Mobile IP l giao thc qun l tnh ng (macro mobility) trong mng dch v. N c s dng qun l tnh ng ca lp IP, gia hai mng truy nhp (c th l hu tuyn hay v tuyn). Chc nng qun l di ng (micro mobility) c thc hin trong ni b ca mng truy nhp (WLAN, GPRS,). Chc nng ny hon ton trong sut i vi cc giao thc IP v Mobile IP ca mng dch v. Nu nhn t mng ngoi, s khng c s khc bit no gia mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn. Ngha l ngi s

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dng c th kt ni vi Internet t bt k mng truy nhp no, c h tr Mobile IP, m khng phi cu hnh li thit b di ng ca minh. Trong trng hp chuyn vng, Mobile IP khng kh nng nhn dng v xc nh quyn truy nhp ca ngi s dng. V l do ny, cc my ch AAA(v d nh RADIUS) c s dng nhn thc, cp quyn v to ti khon gia cc Domain qun tr khc nhau. Tiu chun thit k ca h thng ny l phi m bo sao cho cc ti nguyn v tuyn v ti nguyn a ch IPv4 c s dng mt cch tit kim v hiu qu; gim ti thiu cc bn tin bo hiu vi MS. Bin php tt nht l MS c phn b a ch care of ca FA. Bi trong trng hp ny, ng hm nh tuyn ca giao thc Mobile IP ch c thit lp gia HA v FA, do gim lng thng tin trao i qua mi trng v tuyn (nh cc thng tin b xung do cc gi tin IP c ng gi ln th 2 ch c truyn gia HA v FA) v khng yu cu thm a ch IP cp cho cc thit b di ng. Hnh 6.2 m t th tc ng k ca MS vi mng gc. Trc tin thit b u cui s liu (TE) gi lnh AT truyn cc tham s ti thit b di ng (MT). Mt trong nhng tham s c truyn l tn im truy nhp (APN), c s dng chn ra GGSN thch hp. Bng cch s dng chui APN vi gi tr l: MIPv4FA, ngi dng trc tip yu cu kt ni qua GGSN h tr FA. MT s gi yu cu kch hot giao thc s liu gi, cng vi chui APN, ti GGSN. Thng thng yu cu ny s bao gm mt a ch IP. Tuy nhin nu s dng dch v Mobile IP, trng a ch ny s khng c s dng v c cp nht khi GGSN nhn c bn tin tr li ng k t HA ca MS. Ngay khi nhn c yu cu, SGSN s phi tm ra a ch IP ca mt GGSN thch hp v gi yu cu to kt ni vi GGSN va tm c. Cc bc tip theo c thc hin nh trong th thc kch hot giao thc s liu gi GPRS.

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Hnh 4. 3: Th thc ng k Mobile IP trong GPRS. Bnh thng MS (thc cht l MN hay TE c kh nng di ng) phi gi i cc bn tin tm kim i l ly cc thng tin cn thit trc khi bt u th tc ng k vi HA. Tuy nhin do GGSN pht hin c vic MS mi di chuyn vo vng mng nn ngay khi c yu cu v thit lp kt ni, GGSN/FA cng ng thi gi i bn tin qung co i l ti MS. Cch lm ny s gim lu lng trn giao din v tuyn v qu trnh ng k c din ra nhanh hn. T bn tin qung co, MS s nhn c a ch care of ca FA v gi yu cu ng k ti GGSN di dng lu lng ngi dng (ti tin).GGSN tch a ch ca HA t yu cu ng k, ng gi, v chuyn tip yu cu ti HA. Khi nhn c bn tin tr li ng k t HA, GGSN tch a ch gc ca MS cp nht trng a ch m c b qua khi thc hin th tc kch hot giao thc s liu gi, ri chuyn tip bn tin ny n MS. Cu trc ca cc bn tin trong th tc ng k hon ton ging nh trong th tc ng k Mobile IP thng thng.

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Bo co ti Mobile IP 4.2.2 Bc 2 - Ti u ho ng i.

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Trong phn trc chng ta gi thit rng mi kt ni ca MS ch c thc hin thng qua mt GGSN duy nht. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp, mt PLMN c th c nhiu GGSN khc nhau. Vn xy ra nu MS duy tr kt ni trong mt khong thi gian di v di chuyn gia nhiu SGSN khc nhau. Vic nh tuyn s khng thc s hiu qu nu cc SGSN ny khng c phc v bi cng mt GGSN.Trng hp ny tng t nh vn nh tuyn tam gic c trnh trong phn Mobile IP. Nu MS khng truyn s liu ti thi im tin hnh chuyn giao (handover) t mt SGSN ti mt SGSN khc, mt kt ni logic s c thit lp gia SGSN mi v GGSN phc v SGSN . Khi MS s nhn c mt care of mi. Nu qu trnh trao i d liu ang tip din trong khi tin hnh chuyn giao, MS s chuyn sang SGSN mi nhng nhng vn gi nguyn kt ni vi GGSN c. Sau khi d liu c truyn xong, kt ni logic s c chuyn qua GGSN phc v SGSN mi ny. Trong mt s trng hp GGSN mi c th t chi kt ni (v d GGSN mi khng h tr FA) v chuyn kt ni tr v GGSN c. Khi trn GGSN c phi c mt b nh thi m bo rng cc gi tin khng b xo v kt ni cn c duy tr trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. 4.3 Kt lun: Cng vi cc kh nng chuyn vng IP hin c, vic h tr Mobile IP gip cho nh cung cp c th cung cp gii php kt ni IP ton din cho h thng GPRS, nh hnh 6.3. Mt trm di ng t PLMN A chuyn n PLMN B. truy nhp Internet, trm di ng c th kt ni qua mng ng trc lin mng (Giao din Gp) (1).Trng hp ny thng xy ra khi trm di ng c gn a ch IP c nh v chuyn vng n mng khng h tr Mobile IP. Ngi dng cng c th yu cu kt ni vi Internet thng qua VGGSN v ch s dng cc ti nguyn cc b (2). Khi MS phi c gn mt a ch IP ng. Trng hp ny thng p dng vi cc dch v truy cp Internet thng thng. GVHD: Trng Tn Quang Trang 62

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Hnh 4. 4: Cc trng hp chuyn vng trong GPRS. Cng vi cc mng truy cp khc, vic h tr Mobile IP trong GPRS l rt quan trng. N khng ch cho php cc thit b u cui di chuyn t mt PLMN ny sang mt PLMN khc m cn cho php cc thit b ny c th c s dng thng qua nhiu mng truy cp khc nhau, bao gm c mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn. im quan trng l khi di chuyn nh vy a ch IP ca trm khng thay i. Nh vy thng tin c th c trao i theo hng i/n trm di ng, bt k lc no, bt k u v ngi s dng khng phi cu hnh li thit b di ng ca minh. Vi GPRS, thu bao chuyn vng ch cn s dng ti nguyn ni b trn PLMN khch, do gim c chi ph v tng hiu qu truyn dn.

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