3. Giáo Trình Kỹ Thuật Thủy Khí - Pgs.Ts.Hoàng Đức Liên, 276 Trang

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI
Pgs.ts. Hong c lin
Gio trnh
K thut
Thu kh
H ni 2007
Li ni u
Nhm p ng yu cu ging dy v hc tp ca gio vin v sinh vin
thuc ngnh K thut c kh nng nghip ca cc trng i hc k thut,
chng ti bin son cun gio trnh k thut Thy kh Theo chng
trnh khung Gio dc o to 3 c B Gio dc v o to duyt, vi
khi lng 3 tn ch (credits). Gio trnh c trnh by ngn gn, d hiu,
cp nhng ni dung c bn trng tm ca mn hc: C hc cht lng i
cng, My thu kh. Trong mi chng ca gio trnh c a thm phn v
d v bi tp sinh vin tham kho, lm bi tp thc hnh v cng c l
thuyt..
Ngoi ra cun sch ny c th dng lm ti liu hc tp, tham kho
cho sinh vin cc ngnh i hc khc, sinh vin h cao ng k thut c kh..
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp kin qu bu ca
GS.TSKH. V Duy Quang - nguyn trng b mn Thu kh k thut v Hng
khng, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni cng cc ng nghip.
Tuy nhin do trnh c hn nn khng trnh khi thiu st, rt mong
c cc c gi ph bnh gp .
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp kin ca cc c gi!
H Ni, thng 02 nm 2008
Tc gi
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh K thut Thu kh .ii
mc lc
Trang
phn A : c hc cht lng i cng
Chng I: m u
1.1. i tng, phng php nghin cu mn hc ..
1.2. S lc v lch s pht trin mn hc, ng dng ..
1.3. Mt s tnh cht c l c bn ca cht lng ..
1.4. V d v Bi tp
14
Chng II: Tnh hc cht lng
16
2.1. p sut thu tnh ..
16
2.2. Phng trnh vi phn ca cht lng cn bng .
17
2.3. Phng trnh c bn ca thu tnh hc .
19
2.4. Tnh tng i
22
2.5. Tnh p lc thu tnh ..
23
2.6. Mt s ng dng ca thu tnh hc
27
2.7. Tnh hc cht kh
32
2.8. V d v Bi tp
35
Chng III: ng lc hc cht lng
43
3.1. Khi nim chung
43
3.2. Phng trnh lin tc ca dng chy
45
3.3. Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng l tng

- phng trnh le ng .
48
3.4. Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc

- Phng trnh Navie- Stokes .
49
3.5. Phng trnh Becnuli vit cho dng nguyn t

cht lng l tng ..
52
3.6. Phng trnh Becnuli vit cho dng cht lng thc .
56
3.7. Mt s ng dng ca phng trnh Becnuli ..
59
3.9. Phng trnh bin thin ng lng i vi chuyn ng dng ..
60
3.10. V d v Bi tp .
66
Chng IV: Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng

khng nn c
76
iii
4.1. Hai trng thi chy ca cht lng. S Rynn
76
4.2. Tn tht nng lng dng chy ..
77
4.3. Dng chy tng trong ng. Dng Hagen - Poadi .
82
4.4. Dng chy ri trong ng .
84
4.5. Dng chy tng trong cc khe hp .
85
4.6. Dng chy trong khe hp do ma st - C s l thuyt bi trn thu ng
86
4.7. V d v Bi tp
89
Chng V: Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh
96
5.1. Cc phng trnh c bn ca cht kh ..
96
5.2. Cc thng s ca dng kh : vn tc m, dng h^m, dng ti hn ..
98
5.3. Chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng phun ..
100
5.4. Tnh ton dng kh bng cc hm kh ng v biu ..
103
5.5. V d v Bi tp
108
Chng VI: Tnh ton thu lc v ng ng
112
6.1. C s l thuyt tnh ton ng ng .
112
6.2. Tnh ton thu lc ng ng n gin .
114
6.3. Tnh ton thu lc ng ng phc tp .
115
6.4. Phng php dng h s c trng lu lng K ..
120
6.5. Phng php th tnh ton ng ng ..
122
6.6. Va p thu lc trong ng ng ..
124
6.7. Chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng dn
126
6.8. V d v Bi tp .
132
Chng VII: Vt ngp trong cht lng chuyn ng
146
7.1. Lc nng : cng thc tng qut - lc nng - nh l Giucopski Ktta
146
7.2. Lp bin
148
7.3. Mt s bi ton lp bin ..
153
7.4. Lp bin nhit ..
159
7.5. V d v Bi tp .
164
Chng VIII: dng tia
172
8.1. Khi nim v dng tia ..
172
8.2. Cc c trng thu kh ng c bn ca dng tia
174
8.3. Mt s v d v tnh ton dng tia ngp i xng ..
176
8.4. V d v Bi tp .
182
187
iv
Chng IX: C s l thuyt th nguyn, tng t
187
9.1. L thuyt th nguyn - nh l Pi v ng dng .
190
9.2. Cc tiu chun tng t ...
192
9.3. M hnh ho tng phn .......
193
9.3. V d v Bi tp .
Phn B: My thu kh
Chng X: Khi nim chung v my bm
198
10.1. Vi nt v qu trnh pht trin ca my bm ..
198
10.2. Cng dng v phn loi
198
10.3. Cc thng s c bn ca my bm ..
199
10.4. V d v Bi tp
204
Chng XI: Bm Ly tm
208
11.1. Khi nim chung ..
208
11.2. L thuyt c bn v bm ly tm
209
11.3. ng dng lut tng t trong bm ly tm .
213
11.4. ng c tnh ca bm ly tm ..
216
11.5. im lm vic, iu chnh bm ly tm .
219
11.6. Ghp bm ly tm .
221
11.7. Mt s im ch trong kt cu v s dng bm ly tm
223
11.8. V d v Bi tp ..
225
Chng XII: Bm Piston
234
12.1. Khi nim chung .
234
12.2. Lu lng ca bm piston
236
12.3. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bm piston
239
12.4. Khc phc hin tng khng n nh ca chuyn ng cht

lng trong bm piston
241
12.5. ng c tnh ca bm piston
243
12.6. V d v Bi tp ..
244
Ti liu tham kho
248
Ph lc .
249
Phn A
C hc cht lng i cng
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh K thut Thu kh 6
Chng I
M u
1.1. i tng, phng php nghin cu mn hc
1.1.1. i tng
i tng nghin cu ca mn hc l cht lng. Cht lng y c hiu theo
ngha rng, bao gm cht lng th nc - cht lng khng nn c (khi lng ring
= const) v cht lng th kh - cht lng nn c (khi lng ring const)
K thut thu kh l mt mn khoa hc c s nghin cu cc qui lut cn bng v
chuyn ng ca cht lng ng thi vn dng nhng qui lut y gii quyt cc vn
k thut trong thc tin sn xut v i sng. Chnh v th m n c v tr l nhp cu ni
gia nhng mn khoa hc c bn vi nhng mn k thut chuyn ngnh.
K thut thu kh c chia thnh phn chnh:
+ C hc cht lng i cng: Nghin cu nhng qui lut cn bng, chuyn ng
ca cht lng v ng dng nhng qui lut y gii quyt cc vn trong thc tin k
thut, sn xut v i sng. Cc vn v tnh ton thu lc ng ng, vt ngp trong cht
lng chuyn ng v c s l thuyt v th nguyn, tng t.
+ My thu kh: ng dng kin thc i cng v c hc cht lng phn loi,
nghin cu l thuyt c bn ca mt s loi my thu kh thng dng nh bm Ly tm,
bm Piston
1.1.2. Phng php nghin cu
Trong k thut thu kh thng dng 3 phng php nghin cu ph bin sau y:
Phng php l thuyt: S dng cng c ton hc, ch yu l ton gii tch,
phng trnh vi phn vi cc ton t vi phn quen thuc nh: gradient, divergent, rotor,
ton t Laplas, o hm ton phn... S dng cc nh l tng qut ca c hc nh nh l
bo ton khi lng, nng lng, nh l bin thin ng lng, m men ng lng ...
Phng php thc nghim: dng trong mt s trng hp m khng th gii bng
l thuyt (xc nh h s cn cc b, h s ...)
Phng php bn thc nghim: Kt hp gia l thuyt v thc nghim.
1.2. s lc v lch s pht trin mn hc. ng dng
1.2.1. S lc lch s pht trin mn hc
Ngay t thi xa xa, loi ngi Y bit li dng sc nc phc v cho sinh hot i
sng, lm nng nghip, thu li, knh p, thuyn b...
Nh bc hc Acsimet (287-212, trc cng nguyn) Y pht minh ra lc y
csimet tc dng ln vt nhng chm trong lng cht lng.
Nh danh ho - Lna vanhxi (1452-1519) a ra khi nim v lc cn ca
cht lng ln vt chuyn ng trong n. ng mun bit ti sao chim li bay c. Nhng
phi hn 400 nm sau, Jucopxki v Kutta mi gii thch c: l lc nng.
1687 - Nh bc hc thin ti ngi Anh I. Newton Y a ra gi thuyt v lc ma st

trong gia cc lp cht lng chuyn ng m mYi hn mt th k sau nh bc hc Nga Petrop mi chng minh gi thuyt bng biu thc ton hc, lm c s cho vic nghin
cu cht lng lc (cht lng nht) sau ny.
Hai ng L. le ( 1707-1783 ) v D.Becnuli ( 1700-1782 ) l nhng ngi Y t c
s l thuyt cho thu kh ng lc, tch n khi c hc l thuyt thnh lp mt ngnh
ring.
Tn tui ca Navie v Stc gn lin vi nghin cu cht lng thc. Hai ng Y tm
ra phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng (1821-1845).
Nh bc hc c - L.Prandtl Y sng lp ra l thuyt lp bin (1904), gp phn gii
quyt nhiu bi ton ng lc hc.
Ngy nay, ngnh thu kh ng lc hc ang pht trin vi tc v bYo, thu ht s
tp trung nghin cu ca nhiu nh khoa hc ni ting trn th gii v trong nc; n can
thip hu ht ti tt c cc lnh vc i sng, kinh t, quc phng.. .nhm p ng mi nhu
cu cp bch ca nn khoa hc cng ngh hin i ca th k 21.
1.2.2. ng dng
Phm vi ng dng ca mn hc kh rng rYi: c th ni khng mt ngnh no trong
cc lnh vc khoa hc, k thut cng ngh v i sng c lin quan n cht lng v cht
kh nh giao thng vn ti, hng khng, c kh, cng ngh ho cht, xy dng, nng
nghip, thu li... m li khng ng dng t nhiu nhng nh lut c bn ca thu kh.
1.3. mt s tnh cht vt l c bn ca cht lng. khi nim v
cht lng l tng
1.3.1. Mt s tnh cht d nhn bit
Tnh lin tc: vt cht c phn b lin tc trong khng gian.
Tnh d di ng: do lc lin kt gia cc phn t cht lng rt yu, ng sut tip (ni
ma st) trong cht lng ch khc 0 khi c chuyn ng tng i gia cc lp cht lng.
Tnh chng ko v ct rt km do lc lin kt v lc ma st gia cc phn t cht
lng rt yu.
Tnh dnh t theo thnh bnh cha cht lng.
1.3.2. S trao i nhit lng v khi lng
Nhit lng truyn qua mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian t l vi
gradien nhit , cn khi lng cht lng khuch tn truyn qua mt n v din tch
trong mt n v thi gian t l vi gradien nng ca cht trong dng cht lng.
Tnh cht trn c biu din bi cc nh lut sau y:
nh lut Furi:
q=
dT
dn'
(W/m2)
nh lut Fich:
m=D
dC
dn'
(kg/m2s)
trong : q v m nhit lng v khi lng truyn qua mt n v din tch trong mt n
v thi gian;
T v C nhit v nng vt cht;
v D h s dn nhit v h s khuch tn.

1.3.3. Khi lng ring v trng lng ring
- Khi lng ring : l khi lng ca mt n v th tch cht lng, k hiu l :
M
W
(kg/m3)
(1-1)
trong : M - Khi lng cht lng (kg)

W - Th tch cht lng c khi lng M (m3)
- Trng lng ring: l trng lng ca mt n v th tch cht lng, k hiu l:
=
Quan h gia v : =
G
W
g;
(N/m3 ; KG/m3)
(1-2)
g = 9,81 m/ s2
Bng 1.1
Trng lng ring ca mt s cht lng

Trng lng ring, N/m3
Nhit
Nc ct
9810
Nc bin
10000 - 10100
7750 - 8040
15
6380
15
Xng thng
6870 - 7360
15
Du nhn
8730 - 9030
15
diezel
8730 - 9220
15
132890
20
7750 - 7850
15
Tn cht lng
Du ho
Xng my bay
Thu ngn
Cn nguyn cht
Lu : Khi lng ca cht lng l mt i lng khng thay i cn trng lng

ca chng th ph thuc vo v tr ca n.
1.3.4. Tnh nn p v tnh gin n v nhit

- Tnh nn c: biu th bng h s nn c (P). H s nn p l s gim th tch
tng i ca cht lng khi p sut tng ln mt n v:
p =
trong :
1 dW
W dp
(m2/N)
(1- 3)
W - th tch ban u ca cht lng (m3);

dW - S gim th tch khi p sut tng ln (m3);
dp - Lng p sut tng ln (N/m2).
V d: h s P ca nc nhit 00c n 200c c tr s trung bnh l

1
1
m 2 / N ; nhit 1000c, p sut 500 at l
m2/N.
210000000
250000000
- Tnh gi/n n v nhit: Biu th bng h s giYn n v nhit (t ), l s th tch tng
i ca cht lng tng ln khi nhit tng ln 1 :
t =
1 dW
W dt
(1/)
(1- 4)
V d: Trong nhng iu kin thng thng: Du ho c t = 0,000 600 - 0,00800;

Thu ngn c t = 0,00018.
Lu : H s giYn n v nhit ln hn nhiu so vi h s nn c, song chng u
l nhng tr s rt nh m trong mt s tnh ton thng thng c th b qua.
1.3.5. Tnh bc hi v ho tan
i vi cht lng thnh ht nu nhit si cng ln th bc hi gim. i vi
h thng thu lc bc hi c c trng bi p sut bYo ho PH. Trong iu kin nhit
khng i, nu p sut bYo ho PH cng ln th bc hi cng ln.
ho tan c biu din bi cng thc
Vk
p
=k 1
Vn
p2
Trong :
Vk th tch ca kh ho tan trong iu kin thng;

Vn th tch cht lng;
k - ho tan;
p1 v p2 - p sut kh trc v sau khi ho tan.
ho tan 200C ca mt s cht:

Nc
Du xng
Du bin th
0,016
0,127
0,083
1.3.6. Sc cng b mt ca cht lng

Trong ni b cht lng, cc phn t c bao bc bi cng mt loi phn t nm
trong ni b th tch cht lng, cn gn mt thong ch cn mt pha, v vy nng lng ca
cc phn t trn mt thong khc vi nng lng ca cc phn t nm trong ni b cht
lng mt i lng no . Nng lng c gi l nng lng b mt, n t l vi din
tch b mt phn cch S:
Ebm = .S
y: l h s sc cng mt ngoi, ph thuc vo bn cht thin nhin ca hai
mi trng tip xc, c xc nh:
(N/m)
= - R/l
Trong : R Sc cng mt ngoi;
l chiu di ca hai mt tip xc.
V d: Vi mt phn cch gia nc v khng kh khi nhit t = 200C: = 0,073

N/m; i mt phn cch gia thu ngn v khng kh: = 0,48 N/m.
1.3.7. Tnh nht
Trong qu trnh chuyn ng cc lp cht lng trt ln nhau pht sinh ra lc ma
st trong gy ra tn tht nng lng v cht lng nh th gi l cht lng c tnh nht (cht
lng Newton).
Nm 1687 I. Newton da trn th nghim: c hai tm phng I - chuyn ng vi vn
tc V c din tch S v II - ng yn (Hnh 1-1 ). Gia hai tm c mt lp cht lng h. ng
Y a ra gi thit v lc ma st trong gia nhng lp cht lng ln cn chuyn ng l t l
thun vi tc v din tch b mt tip xc, ph thuc vo loi cht lng v khng ph
thuc vo p sut.
Sau Ptrp (1836-1920) Y biu th gi thuyt trong trng hp chuyn ng
thng bng biu thc ton hc:
T = S
dv
dy
(N)
( 1- 5 )
trong :
T - lc ma st trong
- h s nht ng lc, c trng tnh nht ca cht lng;

S - din tch tip xc gia hai lp cht lng;
dv
- gradien vn tc theo phng y vung gc vi dng chy;
dy
y
f
v+dv
dy
I
II
Hnh 1-1. Minh ho tnh nht ca cht lng

Lc ma st trong sinh ra ng sut tip :
T
dv
=
S
dy
(N/m2)
(1- 6)
T (1 - 6) rt ra cng thc xc nh h s nht ng lc :
ng:
T
dv
S
dy
(NS/m2)
(1- 7)
Ngoi , cn dng h s nht ng () trong cc biu thc c lin quan n chuyn
m2/S hoc
(stoc: 1st =10-4 m2/s)
Cc h s v thay i theo nhit v p sut. Nhn chung v ca cht lng

gim khi nhit tng v tng khi p sut tng ;
V d: h s nht ng lc ca nc
nhit 00c, = 0,0179 cn 1000c, = 0,0028
; Du nhn nhit 00c, = 6,40; 600c, =
0,22 v h s nht ng ca du nhn s tng gp
i khi p sut tng t 1 n 300 at.
o nht ca cht lng, ngi ta
dng cc loi dng c khc nhau. Di y gii
thiu mt loi dng c o nht Engle thng
dng Vit Nam (Hnh 1 - 2) o nht ln
hn nht ca nc. My gm c bnh hnh tr
kim loi 1, c y hnh cu hn vo n mt ng
hnh tr bng ng thau 3. ng hnh tr t trong
bnh cha nc 2. Trong l ca ng hnh tr 3, t
mt ng bch kim hnh nn 4 x cht lng ra
khi bnh l 1.
1
2
3
4
Hnh 1-2. My o nht Engle
L ca ng 4 c ng bng mt thanh c bit c ng knh 3 mm Mun xc

nh nht ca mt cht lng nhit no , ta rt 200 cm3 cht lng cn o vo bnh
1 v gi ng nhit cn thit.
o thi gian chy t1 ca 200 cm3 cht lng o qua l y.
Sau o thi gian chy t2 ca 200 cm3 nc ct nhit 200c (khong 50 giy).
T s t1 / t2 gi l nht Engle (K hiu 0 E)
0
E=
t1
t2
(1 - 8)
Ngoi cc n v Stc v nht Engle, thng gp cc n v o nht khc

nhau, quan h gia chng vi n v Stc c trnh by trn bng 1. 2.
Bng 1. 2
Tn n v
Engle
Giy Rebon
Giy Redt
Bache
K hiu
0
"S
"R
0
Tr s tnh bng Stc

0,07310 E -
0 ,0631
0
E
0,00220 " S -
1,80
"
S
0,00260 " R -
1,72
"
R
48 ,5
0
B
1.3.8. Cht lng thc, cht lng l tng

Trong thc t, cht lng c y tnh cht c l nh Y trnh by trn gi l cht
lng thc.
Nhng thun tin cho cng vic nghin cu, ngi ta a ra khi nim cht lng
l tng (hay cn gi l cht lng khng nht).
Cht lng l tng l cht lng c tnh di ng tuyt i; hon ton khng chng
c lc ct v lc ko ; hon ton khng nn c khng giYn n v khng c tnh nht.
Cht lng trng thi tnh trong nhng iu kin thay i p sut v nhit bnh
thng, th th tch v khi lng xem nh khng i v khng c chuyn ng nn khng
c lc ma st trong (khng c tnh nht). Nh vy cht lng thc trng thi tnh rt gn
vi cht lng l tng do c th nghin cu cc qui lut ca cht lng thc trng thi
tnh trn cht lng l tng th kt qu thu c hon ton ph hp vi thc t.
Trong trng hp cht lng thc trng thi chuyn ng v c tnh nht nn c lc
ma st trong, c tiu hao nng lng do nu dng khi nim cht lng l tng
nghin cu th kt qu s khng ng vi thc t. Ngi ta phi dng thc nghim, tin

hnh cc th nghim cht lng thc. So snh kt qu nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim
rt ra cc h s hiu chnh a vo cc cng thc l thuyt cho ph hp vi thc t.
1.4. v d v bi tp
V d 1-1.
lm th nghim thu lc, ngi ta y nc vo mt ng ng c ng
knh d = 300 mm, chiu di l = 50 m p sut kh quyn.
Hi lng nc cn thit phi vo ng l bao nhiu p sut t ti 50 at?
H s nn c p =
1
1
. B qua bin dng ca ng.
20000 at
Gii:
Dung tch ca ng ng:
W=
d 2
4
l=
3 ,14.0 ,32
.50 = 3 ,53 m 2
4
T cng thc (1- 3), trong iu kin c th ca bi ton, h s nn c p c tnh

nh sau:
p =
1
W
(W + W ) p
Trong
W- lng nc thm vo;

p - tng p sut.
W =
pW .p
1
3 ,53.50
=
= 0 ,00885 m 3
.
50
1 p p 20000
1
20000
Hay:
W = 8,85 lit
V d 1-2.
Xc nh nht ca du Diezel nu bit khi lng ring ca n = 900 kg/m3 v
nht Engle 0E = 80.
Gii:
nht ng c tnh theo cng thc:
= 0,07310 E -
0 ,0631
0
E
(cm2/s)
Vi 0E = 80 ta c: = 0,577.10-4 m2/s = 0,577 stoc

nht ng lc:
= = 900.0,577.10-4 = 0,00529 kGs/m2

Bi tp 1-1.
Khi lmth nghim thu lc, dng mt ng ng c ng knh d = 400 mm, di l
= 200 m, ng y nc p sut 55 at. Sau 1 gi p sut gim xung 50 at.
p s: V = 6,28 lt
Bi tp 1-2.
Mt b cha hnh tr ng y du ho nhit 50C, mc du cao 4 m. Xc nh
mc du tng ln, khi nhit tng ln 250C. B qua bin dng ca b cha.
H s giYn n v nhit t = 0 ,00072
1
do
p s: h = 5,76 cm
Bi tp 1-3.
Dng my o nht Engle xc nh nht ca du Diezel l 0E = 50. Tnh h
s nht ng lc ca du Diezel.
Trng lng ring ca du Diezel = 9500 N/m3.
p s: = 0,0342 Ns/m2\
Cu hi n tp chng I
1. Tnh cht ca s trao i nhit v khi lng trong cht lng.
2. Phn bit gia khi lng ring v trng lng ring.
3. Tnh nn c v giYn n v nhit l g ? cch xc nh?
4. Tnh bc hi v ho tan Cch xc nh ?
5. Sc cng b mt l g ? cch xc nh ?
6. Tnh nht (nguyn nhn v cch xc nh).
7. Khi nim v cht lng thc, cht lng l tng. Ti sao li phi dng khi nim v
cht lng thc, cht lng l tng?
Chng II
Tnh hc cht lng
Tnh hc cht lng nghin cu nhng qui lut cn bng ca cht lng trng thi
tnh v ng dng nhng qui lut y gii quyt cc vn trong thc tin k thut, sn
xut v i sng.
Ngi ta phn ra 2 trng thi tnh:
Tnh tuyt i: Cht lng khng chuyn ng so vi h to c nh (gn linvi
tri t)
Tnh tng i: Cht lng chuyn ng so vi h to c nh, nhng gia chng
khng c chuyn ng tng i.
2.1. p sut thu tnh
2.1.1. Lc tc dng ln cht lng
trng thi tnh, cht lng chu tc dng ca hai loi ngoi lc :
Lc khi lng (hay lc th tch) tc dng ln cht lng t l vi khi lng (nh
trng lc, lc qun tnh...)
Lc b mt l lc tc dng ln b mt ca khi cht lng (nh p lc kh quyn tc
dng ln b mt t do ca cht lng ...)
2.1.2. p sut thu tnh
a ) nh ngha
p sut thu tnh l nhng ng sut
gy ra bi cc lc khi v lc b mt. Ta hKy
xt mt th tch cht lng gii hn bi din
tch (Hnh 2 -1). Tng tng ct khi cht
lng bng mt phng AB, cht lng phn I tc
dng ln phn II qua din tch mt ct . B I
m vn gi II trng thi cn bng th phi
thay tc dng I ln II bng lc P gi l p
sut thu tnh tc dng ln mt . p sut
P
trung bnh: p tb =
II
dP
Hnh 2-1. S xc nh p lc
thu tnh
p sut ti im M:
P
0
p M = lim
n v p sut:
N/m2 = Pa (pascal )
1at = 9,8.104 N/m2 = 104 KG/m2 = 10 mH20 = 1 KG/cm2 .
b) Hai tnh cht ca p sut thu tnh
Tnh cht 1: p sut thu tnh lun lun tc dng thng gc v hng vo mt tip
xc (Hnh 2-2) c th t chng minh bng phn chng.
Tnh cht 2: p sut thu tnh ti mi im theo mi phng bng nhau.
Biu thc:
px = py = pz = pn
(2-1)
C th chng minh bng cch xt khi cht lng t din c cc cnh dx, dy, dz, v
cng b. Chng minh biu thc (2-1) khi dx, dy, dz 0 (tham kho thm [10] ).
Ta cng nhn thy p sut thu tnh ti mt im ch ph thuc vo v tr ca n:
p = f ( x, y , z )
( 2-2 )
z
C
Py
Pn
dz
Px
dx
dy
B
y
Hnh 2-2. Biu din p sut thu

tnh vung gc v hng vo mt tip xc
Pz
Hnh 2-3. Biu din p sut thu

tnh theo mi phng u bng nhau
2.2. Phng trnh vi phn cn bng ca cht lng (phng

trnh le tnh)
Phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia ngoi lc tc dng vo mt phn t cht
lng vi ni lc sinh ra trong .
Xt mt phn t cht lng hnh hp cn bng c cc cnh dx, dy, dz t trong h
trc to oxyz (Hnh 2-4)
Ngoi lc tc dng ln phn t cht lng xt bao gm:

Lc khi: F ~ m = dxdydz
X, Y, Z - hnh chiu lc khi n v ln cc trc x, y, z.
Lc mt tc dng ln phn t cht lng l cc p lc thu tnh tc dng trn cc mt hnh
hp cht lng.
iu kin cn bng ca phn t cht lng hnh hp l tng hnh chiu ca tt c cc
ngoi lc trn bt k trc to no cng bng khng.
Hnh chiu cc ngoi lc ln trc x:
x = Px - P/x + F x = 0
(2-3)
trong :
Fx
= X dxdydz
dx p
Px = p . dydz
2 x
dx p
Px = p + . dydz
2 x
Thay vo (2-3) ta c :
p
dxdydz + X dxdydz = 0
x
hay:
1 p
=0
x
p dy
.
y 2
p+
p dy
.
y 2
( 2-4 a)
Tng t i vi trc y v z:
1 p
=0
y
2-4 b)
1 p
Z
=0
z
(2-4 c)
Hnh 2-4. Thnh lp phng trnh

vi phn ca cht lng cn bng
Cc phng trnh (2 - 4 a, b, c) l nhng phng trnh le tnh vit di dng hnh

chiu (do le lp ra nm 1755).
Ta c th vit phng trnh le tnh di dng Vc t:
trong :
grad p = 0
(2-5)
F = i X + jY + kZ
Mt khc nu nhn ln lt (2-4a), (2-4b), (2-4c) vi dx, dy, dz ri cng nhng

phng trnh ny, li bin i ta c:
dp = ( Xdx + Ydy + Zdz )
(2-6)
V dp l mt vi phn ton phn ca p sut p, = const, do v phi ca (2-6)

cng phi l vi phn ton phn . Nh vy t phi tn ti mt hm U, vi:
U
U
=Z
=Y ;
z
y
U
=X ;
x
Hm nh vy gi l hm lc v lc c biu th bng hm trn gi l lc c th.

Do cht lng c th trng thi cn bng ch khi lc khi tc dng ln n l lc c th.
2-3. Phng trnh c bn ca thu tnh hc
2.3.1. Tch phn phng trnh le tnh
gii quyt mt s vn thc t ta vit phng trnh le tnh di dng :
U
U
U
dz
dy +
dx +
dp =
y
z
x
hay:
(2-7)
dp = dU.
Tch phn (2-7) ta c:

p = U + C
(2-8)
xc nh hng s tch phn C cn phi c iu kin bin, gi s bit p sut po

ca 1 im no trong cht lng v c tr s hm s lc Uo tng ng, thay vo (2-8) ta
c:
C = po - Uo
(2-9)
p = po + ( U - Uo )
(2-10)
Thay (2-9) vo (2-8):

Nh vy, dng phng trnh (2-10) c th xc nh c p sut thu tnh ti bt k
im no trong cht lng, nu bit c tr s ca hm U v iu kin bin uo; po.
2.3.2. Mt ng p
Mt ng p l mt mt trn ti mi im, p sut u bng nhau, t (2-6) ta c
phng trnh mt ng p:
Xdx + Ydy + Zdz = 0
trong :
X=
U
x
Y=
U
y
Z=
U
.
z
Mt thong t do l mt ng p, p sut tc dng trn n c tr s bng p sut kh

quyn.
2.3.2. Phng trnh c bn ca thu tnh hc

Xt trng hp cht lng cn bng di tc dng ca lc khi l trng lc.
Gi s khi cht lng ng trong bnh kn, t trong h trc to oxyz (Hnh 2-5).
p sut tc dng b mt cht lng l po. Hnh chiu lc khi ln cc trc x , y , z:
X =
U
=0
x
Y=
U
=0
y
Z=
U
= g
z
Phng trnh (2-6) trong trng hp
kho st y c dng:
dp = - gdz = - dz p = - Z + C
11)
Po
(2-
xc nh C vi iu kin bin l
trn b mt cht lng (Zo , po) ta c :
A
Zo
C = po + Zo
Thay C vo (2-11):
p = po + ( Zo - Z )
O
Y
X
(2-12)
Nh vy vi mt im A bt k
trong cht lng c to Z v su h
= Zo - Z ; ta c th vit c phng trnh
c bn ca thu tnh hc:
Hnh 2-5. S xc nh phng trnh c

bn ca thu tnh hc
p = po + h
(2-13)
Ngha l p sut ti bt k mt im no ca cht lng trng thi tnh bng p sut

mt t do cng vi trng lng ct cht lng (y l mt n v din tch, chiu cao l
su ca im ).
2.3.4. ngha ca phng trnh c bn ca thu tnh hc
a . ngha hnh hc hay thu lc
Z - cao hnh hc;
p
- cao o p;
Z +
= H - ct p thu tnh.
T phng trnh c bn ca thu tnh hc ta d dng nhn thy rng ct p thu tnh
ti mi im trong mt mi trng cht lng cn bng l mt hng s.
b. ngha nng lng
Z - v nng n v;
p
- p nng n v;
Z +
= H = const - th nng n v;
Vy th nng n v ca mi im trong mt mi trng cht lng cn bng u bng

nhau v bng ct p thu tnh.
2.3.5. Phn bit cc loi p sut
p sut thu tnh c tnh theo (2-13) l p sut tuyt i (pt)
Ly p sut kh quyn (pa) so snh:
Nu p sut tuyt i ln hn p sut kh quyn ta c p sut d (pd)
pd = pt - pa
Nu p sut tuyt i nh hn p sut kh quyn ta c p sut chn khng (pck)
pck = pa - pt
2.3.6. Biu phn b p sut thu tnh
Biu din s phn b p sut theo chiu su trong cht lng. T phng trnh c bn
ca thu tnh hc pt = po + h l dng phng trnh bc nht y = ax + b, ta c b tng ng
vi p sut trn mt thong ca cht lng (po), cn h s gc a tng ng trng lng ring
ca cht lng v h thay i theo su trong cht lng.
T ta c th d dng v c biu p sut thu tnh tuyt i v p sut d tc
dng ln mt phng AB chm trong cht lng c su h (Hnh 2-6). Biu din ABC v
AABB.
pa
A'
O
h
B'
pa
pa
Hnh 2-6. Biu p sut thu tnh

tc dng ln mt phng nghing
Hnh 2-7. Biu p sut thu tnh tc

dng ln mt tr trn nm ngang
Nu trng hp mt chu p sut thu tnh l mt mt cong th cch v cng tng

t, ch c iu vc t biu th p sut ti cc im khng song song vi nhau nn phi v
tng im ri ni li. V cng nhiu im th biu cng chnh xc. Hnh 2-7 v biu
p sut d tc dng ln mt thng hnh tr trn nm ngang cha cht lng su h.
2.4. Tnh tng i
Cht lng chuyn ng so vi h to c nh, h to theo c gn lin vi
khi cht lng chuyn ng. Lc khi trong trng hp ny gm trng lc v lc qun tnh
ca chuyn ng theo. Ta xt hai dng tnh tng i c trng sau:
2.4.1. Bnh cha cht lng chuyn ng thng thay i u (gia tc a = const)
Chn h trc to nh hnh v (Hnh 2-8)
Xut pht t phng trnh (2-6):
dp = (Xdx + Ydy + Zdz)
Lc khi: Trng lc G = mg
po
Lc qun tnh Fqt = ma
o
x
Chiu lc khi n v ln cc h trc to

:
.
X=0; Y=-a; Z=-g.

do dp = ( - ady - gdz )
a
.
p = - ay - gz + c
Hnh 2-8. Chuyn ng thng

thay i u (a = const)
Ti y = 0, z = 0: p = c = po - p
sut ti mt thong.
Vy, phn b p sut ti mi im trong cht lng:

p = po - ( ay + gz )
Phng trnh mt ng p : p = const , dp = 0
ady + gdz = 0
ay + gz = C
Vy mt ng p l mt phng nghing mt gc :
tg =
a
;
g
a
< 0 a > 0 : chuyn ng nhanh dn u;
g
a
> 0 a<0 :
g
chuyn ng chm dn u.
*Lu : ng dng trng hp trn xc nh c mc nc dng ln cao bao nhiu

khi xe cha cht lng chuyn ng nhanh, chm dn u. Tm nhng bin php cn thit
m bo vic cung cp nhin liu c iu ho b ch ho kh ca t, my bay v.v..
2.4.2. Bnh cha cht lng quay u vi vn tc gc = const
Chn h trc to nh hnh v (Hnh 2-9)
Lc khi:
G = mg
- Trng lc;
Po
Fqt = m r - Lc qun tnh ly tm.

Hnh chiu lc khi n v:
X = 2x ; Y = 2y ; Z = -g
x
do : dp = (2xdx + 2ydy - gdz)
p=
( x 2 + y 2 ) gz + C
p=
2
2
Ti 0: x = y = z = 0 : p = c = po
r 2 z + po
Phng trnh mt ng p:
r2
z = C
2
l phng trnh mt paraboloit trn

xoay quay quanh trc oz.
Phng trnh mt thong (mt t do):
do :
2r 2
2
Fqt
Hnh 2-9. Bnh cha cht

lng quay u ( = const)
p = po
z = 0
h = z =
2r 2 2r 2
=
2
2g
*Lu : Da trn hin tng ny ngi ta ch to cc my o vng quay, cc h thng bi

trn trc, cc h thng lng li tm, c cc bnh xe, cc ng gang, thp v.v..
2.5. Tnh p lc thu tnh
2.5.1. Xc nh p lc thu tnh ln hnh phng
Tnh p lc P ln din tch S (Hnh 2-10), ta phi xc nh 3 yu t: phng chiu, tr
s v im t ca P
Cch tnh: tnh dP tc dng trn dS, sau tch phn trn ton S s c P.
- Phng chiu: P S v hng vo mt tc dng .
- Tr s:
P = dP = pdS = ( po + h )dS = po dS + hdS = po S + Sin ydS
s
P = poS + sin.ycS = S ( po + hc ) = pcS
(2-14)
Trong :
hc - su ca trng tm hnh phng;
pc - p sut ti trng tm;
po
h
hc
hD
ydS = ycS - m men tnh ca hnh phng
s
D
xt i vi ox;
yc yD
Nu po = pa p lc thu tnh d:
Pd = hcS
( 2-15 )
- im t: xt trng hp hnh phng

c trc i xng.
Hnh 2-10. S xc nh p lc thu

tnh ln hnh phng
Gi D l im t ca P.
p dng nh l Varinhong: M men ca hp lc (P) i vi mt trc bng tng
cc m men ca cc lc thnh phn (dP) i vi trc .
Ly m men i vi trc x:
Pd y D = ydPd
s
Pd.yD = hcS yD = ycsin S yD
ydPa = yhdS = yy sindS = sin y

s
dS = sinJ x
v Jx = y 2 dS = Jo + y2c S - m men qun tnh ca S i vi trc x.

s
Jo - m men qun tnh trung tm.

Thay cc gi tr Jx vo biu thc trn, ta rt ra im t ca P:
y D = yc +
JO
yc .S
(2-16)
2.5.2 . Xc nh p lc thu tnh ln hnh cong

y ta xt mt s trng hp thnh cong l hnh cu, hnh tr. Cc lc phn t
khng song song nhau.
Cch tnh: Xc nh nhng thnh phn ca p lc thu tnh c phng khc nhau
khng cng nm trong mt mt phng sau cng hnh hc nhng lc thnh phn, kt qu
s cho ta tr s ca p lc thu tnh ln mt cong v tr s cng nh phng chiu. im t

ca chng th c xc nh theo phng php gii.
P ( Px , Py , Pz )
Xt trng hp thnh cong S ca bnh cha c mt mt tip xc vi cht lng, cn
mt kia tip xc vi khng kh.
H trc to chn nh hnh v (Hnh 2-11).
Ly mt vi phn din tch dS (coi
nh phng), vi phn p lc thu tnh dP tc
dng ln dS su h c xc nh:
po
x
sz
dP = h dS; dP dS
Px = dPx = hdS x = hcx S x
sx
sx
sy
hcx
Py = dPy = hdS y = hcy S y

sy
sx
Pz = dPz = hdS z = V
sz
cx
s
z
sz
Hnh 2-11. S xc nh p lc thu

tnh ln hnh cong
trong :
Sx , Sy - Hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng vung gc vi ox, oy ;

hcx , hcy- su ca trng tm Sx , Sy .
V - Th tch hnh tr c y di l hnh cong S, y trn l hnh chiu ca S ln
mt thong Sz (V cn gi l vt th p lc).
Vy:
P = Px + Py + Pz
(2-17)
Phng ca p lc thu tnh P lp vi h to oxyz cc gc xc nh bi cc cosin

nh hng sau:
cos( P , x ) =
px
P
cos( P , y ) =
cos( P , z ) =
py
P
( 2-18 )
pz
P
im t l giao im ca phng lc P vung gc vi mt cong. Nu mt cong l

mt phn mt tr trong nm ngang th p lc thu tnh P ln mt lp thnh mt gc
P
tg = z
vi phng ngang:
Px
p lc thu tnh P i qua trc tm ca mt tr trn.
2.5.3. Phng php gii

Ngoi cch xc nh p lc thu tnh theo phng php gii tch K trnh by trn,
trong mt s trng hp n gin ta c th xc nh nhanh bng phng php gii.
V d 1: Tnh p lc thu tnh tc dng ln tm phng thng ng hnh ch nht c
chiu cao h, chiu rng b (Hnh 2-12).
- Phng php gii tch:
Theo cng thc (2-15), ta tnh p lc thu tnh d: P = hcS
su ca trng tm thnh b thng ng hc = h/2 v S = bh.
Thay vo phng trnh trn ta c:
1
h2
b
P = hbh =
2
2
im t p lc P tnh theo cng thc (2-16): y D = yC +

trong :
yC =
Thay vo ta c:
yD =
Jo
yC S
h
bh 3
va J o =
, S = bh
2
12
h
bh 3
2
+
= h
2 12 h bh 3
2
- Phng php gii:

V biu p sut thu tnh d tc dng ln tm phng ta c tam gic vung
ABC (y l h, cao l h). Theo cng thc tnh p lc thu tnh ln hnh phng (2-15):
P = hc S =
Trong : = h
h
- din tch tam gic biu phn b p sut thu tnh.
2
2h
3
pa
h
h
hb = h b = b
2
2
z
h
1h
3
Hnh 2-12. Biu phn b p sut

nh p lc thu tnh ln tm phng
Hnh 2-13. Biu phn b p sut xc

xc nh p lc thu tnh ln tr trn
Vy p lc thu tnh c tr s bng trng lng khi cht lng hnh tr c y l

biu p sut ( h
h
) v chiu cao l b rng ca cnh ca (b)
2
im t ca P i qua trng tm biu p sut v vung gc vi mt tc dng (P

i qua trng tm ABC, cch A mt khong 2/3 h)
V d 2: Tnh p lc ln tr trn c bn knh R, chiu di b
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v (Hnh 2-13). P trng hp ny ch bao gm Pxv
Pz Px = P1x - P2x c xc nh theo biu p sut :
Px = 2R.R.b - R.(R/2).b = (3/2) R2b
Pz = P1z + P2z = V1 + V2 =
2
vy
P = Px + Pz
R 2
2
b +
R 2
3
b = R 2b
4
4
Phng ca P i qua trc tm v nghing 1 gc so mt phng nm ngang mt gc

P
P
xc nh bi: cos = X
hay sin = Z
P
P
im t ca P l giao im ca phng P vung gc vi mt cong.
2.6. Mt s ng dng ca thu tnh hc
2.6.1. Dng c o p sut
a - ng o p: L mt ng thu tinh ng knh khng nh hn 10mm. u di ni
vi ni cn o p sut, u trn h thng vi kh quyn ( o p sut d) hoc kn c
ht ht khng kh trong ng ra ( o p sut tuyt i), (Hnh 2-14).
Khi ni ng o p vo ni cn o, cht lng s dng ln trong ng vi mt cao
nht nh ta s xc nh c p sut ti im : Pd = h v Pt = h
Dng ng o p o cc p sut nh cn c chnh xc cao, do ngi ta
thng dng ng o p trong cc phng th nghim.
P'o=O
Pa
Po
Po
A
a
B
A
Hnh 2-14. ng o p
Hnh 2-15. p k thu ngn kiu chu
b - p k thu ngn: L mt ng thu tinh hnh ch U ng thu ngn (Hnh 2-15);

nhnh tri ca ng ni ni vi ch cn o p sut c mt bu ln mc ch khi o, thu
ngn di chuyn trong ng th mc thu ngn bu hu nh khng thay i.
p sut d ti A c xc nh:
Pd = Hg h - a
c - Chn khng k thu ngn:

Cu to (Hnh 2-16). Tnh p sut chn khng ti A ta c:
PCKA = Hg h + a
d - p k o chnh: o chnh lch v p sut ti hai im . N l mt p k
hnh ch U (Hnh 2-17)
PA - PB = (Hg - )h
*Lu : Ngoi thu ngn ra cn c th dng cc cht lng khc trong cc p k, chn
khng k nh cn, nc v.v..
Nhng loi p k dng cht lng ni trn thng c dng o trong cc phng
th nghim vi cao chnh xc cao.
B
Po
A
a
Pa
h1
h2
Hnh 2-16. Chn khng k thu ngn
Hnh 2-17. p k o chnh
Trong thc t k thut thng dng cc loi p k bng kim loi nh p k l xo

(Hnh 2-18), p k mng (Hnh 2-19). Cc p k ny cho ta ngay tr s c c trn ng
h o l p sut d i vi p k v p sut chn khng i vi chn khng k.
Hnh 2-18. p k l xo hnh ng
Hnh 2-19. p k mng
2.6.2. nh lut Pascal v ng dng thc t

a - nh lut Pascal: Trong mt bnh kn cha cht lng trng thi tnh, p sut
do ngoi lc tc dng ln mt thong c truyn nguyn vn ti mi im ca cht lng.
Xt mt bnh ng cht lng y kn bng mt Pttng c p sut trn mt thong l po
(Hnh 2-20). Ti hai im bt k 1v 2 su h1v h2 p sut bn:
p1 = po + h1
p2 = po + h2
Nu ta nn Pttng lm tng p
sut trn mt thong ln mt lng p th
p sut trn mt thong tr thnh:
p0
po = po + p
v p sut ti cc im 1 v 2 lc ny bng:
po
p1 = po + h1 = p1 + p
h2
R rng lng tng p sut p K

c truyn nguyn vn n im 1 v 2.
V hai im ny c chn bt k nn kt
lun trn y cng ng cho mi im
khc trong cht lng.
h1
p2 = po + h2 = p2 + p
1
2
Hnh 2-20. S minh ho nh lut

Pascal
b. ng dng ca nh lut Pascal: Trong k thut, da trn nguyn tc c bn l

truyn p sut bn trong cht lng, ngi ta K ch to mt s loi my thu lc: my p
thu lc, my tch nng, my tng p, kch, c, cn truyn lc v truyn ng bng thu
lc
y ta ch xt mt ng dng c th: my p thu lc. S lm vic ca my p
thu lc (Hnh 2-21) gm hai b phn chnh: mt xi lanh B v pt tng ln T2 c tit din
2, mt xi lanh A v pttng nh T1 c tit din 1. Hai xi lanh thng nhau v ng cht
lng, mt cnh tay n quay quanh trc O (Hnh 2-22)
P2
T2
2
p1 p1 p1
B
P1
P2
T1
1
p1
Hnh 2-21. S nguyn tc

my p thu lc n gin
Hnh 2-22. S my p thu

lc n gin
Khi tc dng vo cnh tay n lc Q, gy ln lc P1 pttng nh, p sut xi lanh

P
nh l:
p1 =
Theo nh lut Pascal, p sut do pttng nh tc dng vo cht lng p1 c truyn

nguyn vn n xi lanh ln cng l p1.
p lc tc dng ln mt pttng ln l:
P2 = 2 p1
thay p1 t biu thc trn ta c:

P2 =
P1
P1 2
=
P2 1
hay
Nu coi P1,1 khng i th mun tng P2 ta phi tng din tch mt

pttng ln 2.
2.6.3. nh lut Acsimt - c s l lun v vt ni
a. nh lut Acsimt: Mt vt ngp trong cht lng chu mt lc y ca cht lng
thng ng t di ln trn bng trng lng ca th tch cht lng b vt chon ch v gi
l lc yAcsimt.
chng minh, ta xt mt hnh tr ngp trong cht lng (Hnh 2-23), vt ny chu
tc dng ca nhng lc sau:
- p lc P1 tc dng ln mt hnh tr:
P1 = h1
o
P1
P2 = h2
Tng hp li vt chu tc dng mt lc

y P:
Pd = P2 P1 = h2 - h1 = h
hay:
- p lc ln mt xung quanh hnh tr: C

phng ngc nhau v c tr s bng nhau
nn trit tiu ln nhau .
h2
h1
- p lc P2 tc dng ln y hnh tr:
P2
P = V
V l trng lng ca th tch cht lng b

vt chon ch.
Hnh 2-23. S minh ho nh lut

Acsimet
im t ca lc y P l trng tm ca th tch cht lng b chon ch gi l tm

y. Thng thng th tm y khng trng vi trng tm ca vt, ch c trng tm ca mt
vt rn ng cht mi trng vi tm y.
b. iu kin ni ca mt vt
Cn c vo tng quan gia lc y Acsimet P v trng lng ca vt G, ta c 3

trng hp sau (Hnh 2-24):
Nu G > P - Vt chm xung y;
Nu G =P - Vt l lng trong cht lng;
Nu G < P - Vt b y ni ln khi mt cht lng n khi no trng lng phn
th tch vt ngp trong cht lng (lc y P) bng trng lng vt G th thi.
P
G
P
G
G
Hnh 2-24. iu kin ni ca vt
c. Tnh n nh ca vt: L kh nng khi phc li v tr cn bng ca vt khi lm
thay i v tr ca vt.
Ta thy rng mt vt ni trong cht lng mun cn bng th ngoi iu kin lc y
bng trng lng ca vt cn phi c iu kin trng tm C v tm y D trn cng mt
ng thng.
a)
b)
P
c)
CD
D
G
Hnh 2-25. Ba trng hp n nh ca vt

Thc t c th c nhng ngoi lc t vo vt ni lm mt trng thi cn bng, vt
b nghing i. Nghin cu tnh n nh ca vt ta thy:
- Nu trng tm C thp hn tm y D (Hnh 2-25a) th vt trng thi cn bng

bn. Khi vt b ngoi lc lm nghing i th vt c kh nng khi phc trng thi cn bng
nh c.
- Nu trng tm C cao hn tm y D (Hnh 2-25b) th vt trng thi cn bng
khng bn. Nu vt b y ra khi trng thi cn bng th khng th khi phc li trng thi
cn bng c c m cng nghing i.
- Nu trng tm C v tm y D trng nhau (hnh 2-25c), ta c vt trng thi cn
bng phim nh. Khi bt k v tr no vt cng vn c cn bng.
C s l lun v vt ni ni trn c ng dng rng rKi trong vic thit k v vn
chuyn ca ta thuyn v nhng vt ni khc (Tham kho [10]).
2.7. TNH HC CHT KH
trn kho st cht lng khng nn c. i vi cht lng nn c ta kho st
mt s trng hp sau y:
2.7.1.Cht lng nn c
Kho st qu trnh ng nhit ta c c phng trnh xc nh th tch khi kh l:
V = V0 [1 0 ( p p0 )]
Hay l:
[1 0 ( p p0 )]
(2-19)
Trong : 0 - ch trng thi xc nh;

- h s gin n ng nhit.
Chn trc z theo phng thng ng hng xung ta c phng trnh vi phn:
d
= gdz
Thay (2-19) vo phng trnh trn, sau khi tch phn ta c:
p p0
Hay l:
0
2
1
0 ( p p0 )2 = 0 gz
2
( p p0 ) 1 0 ( p p0 ) = 0 gz
2
( p p0 ) qu nh so vi 1 cho nn ta c th vit:
p = p0 + 0 gz ' 1 + 0 0 gz '
2
(2-20)
2.7.2. Kh quyn
Kho st phng trnh trnh thi ca khng kh:
p
= hT = 29,3T = RT
(2-21)
nhit 0oC ta c chiu cao tng ng: ho = 7989m 8000m

nhit ToK:
hT = h0
T
273
(2-22)
Chn trc z hng ln t mt t ta c phng trnh vi phn:

dp = - gdz
Kt hp vi biu thc (2-21) (2-22) ta suy ra:
dp
273 dz
dz
dz
=
. = =
p
T h0
hT
8.000
(dz tnh bng m)
(2-23)
Di y kho st cc biu thc xc nh p sut v khi lng ring theo chiu cao trong
mt s trng hp.
- Trng hp ng nhit:
Tch phn phng trnh (2-23) vi ch :
T =Tm = const ta c:
ln
Hay l :
p
273 z z0
z z0
=
.
=
pz0
Tm
h0
hTm
273 z z0
p z = p z 0 exp
.
h0
Tm
z z0
= p z 0 exp
hTm
(2-24)
Tng t (2-24) ta c biu thc xc nh khi lng ring:
273 z z0
.
h0
Tm
z = z 0 exp
z z0
= z 0 exp
hTm
(2-25)
- Trng hp nhit thay i tuyn tnh:

Tz = Tz0[1-B(z - z0)]
(2-26)
B - hng s
Thay (2-26) vo (2-23) vi ch :

hTz 0 = h0
K=
Tz 0
= 29,3Tz 0
273
273
1
=
h0 BTz 0 BTz 0
pz
= K ln[1 B( z z0 )]
pz0
Ta c:
ln
Hay l
pz = pz 0 [1 B( z z0 )]
T
= pz 0 z
Tz 0
(2-27)
T phng trnh trng thi suy ra cng thc tng t:
z = z 0 [1 B( z z0 )]
K 1
T
= z 0 z
Tz 0
K 1
(2-28)
Thng thng i vi cc bi ton trong kh quyn ta chn gia tc trng trng g

khng i, trng lng ring khng kh trong iu kin tiu chun l 1,293 kg/m3, cn
trng lng ring ca khng kh p sut 760 mmHg nhit 15oC (Hay 288oK)
cao bng khng l 1.225 kg/m3.
Khi 0 < z < 11.000 m, nhit thay i tuyn tnh theo cng thc:
tz = 15-0,0065z; (z m, tz 0oC)
T = 288(1-22,6.10-6z) ; (z m, T oK)
hay l:
Khi z > 11000 m ta c t = - 56,5oC; (T = 216,5oK)

T cao 300 km nhit T 1500oK
2.7.3. Kh cu
Gi: G - trng lng kh cu (k c trng lng kh trong kh cu);
V - th tch kh cu;
- trng lng ring ca khng kh

- trng lng ring ca kh trong kh cu. Ta s c biu thc xc nh lc y:
Fz = Vz G2 = Vz (V + Go) = Vz (1 - ) - Go
Trong : =
'
- t trng cht kh;
Go - trng lng ca kh cu (khng k kh bn trong).

Ti v tr kh cu t cao cc i zM ta c FZ = 0; ngha l:
G0 = VgzM (1 )
Kho st mi trng kh quyn ng nhit, kt hp vi biu thc (2-25) ta c:
273 z M z0
.
G0V z 0 ( z ) exp
8000
T
zM - zo tnh bng m.
zM z0 = 8000
hay l :
V (1 )
T
.2,3 lg z 0
G0
273
2-8. v d v bi tp
V d 2-1.
Mt toa tu t ga, i vi gia tc u,
sau 3 pht t ti vn tc 30 km/h.
HKy vit phng trnh mt t do ca

nc ng trong toa tu v mc nc h
dng ln pha cui toa tu.
po
o
x
a
.
Gii:
Lc khi tc dng ln bnh cha cht lng chuyn ng vi gia tc a bao gm:
Lc qun tnh: F = ma
Trng lc:
G = mg
Chn h trc to gn ln bnh cht lng (hnh v), chiu cc thnh phn lc khi
n v ln cc trc to :
X = 0;
Y = - a;
Z=-g
Thay nhng tr s trn vo phng trnh vi phn cht lng cn bng:

dp = (Xdx + Ydy + Zdz)
dp = (- ady gdz)
Tch phn phng trnh vi phn trn:
p = - ay - g z + C
(1)
Xc nh hng s tch phn C ti 0 (x = 0; z = 0) trn b mt cht lng: p = p0

Thay vo phng trnh trn:
p = p0 - (ay + g z)
Vit phng trnh cho mt t do (p = p0)
Xdx + Ydy + Zdz = 0
-ay-gz=0
Hay z =
a
y
g
V d 2-2.
Mt khun hnh tr c ng knh trong
D = 1120 mm v chiu cao L = 1000 mm, quay
vi s vng quay n = 500 vng/pht c dng
c ng bng phng php ly tm. Va xi
mng dng c ng c g = 1600 kg/m3. Nu
chiu dy xi mng thnh ng y di 1 =
60 mm.
V ua xi
m ang
HKy:
1) xc nh chiu dy xi mng thnh ng
u trn ca ng 2?
2) Phi lm g gim s khc nhau gia
1 v 2?
Gii:
1) Xc nh chiu dy xi mng thnh ng u trn ca ng 2
-
Vn tc quay: =
2
2g
n
30
3,14.500
52 1 / s
30
= 139 ,5 1 / m
Tng chiu cao paraboloit quay H c xc nh theo cng thc:
H=
2r 2
2g
= 139,5.0,56 2 = 43,8 m
Chiu cao paraboloit quay h1 khi:

r1 =
h1 =
-
D
1 = 560 60 = 500 mm
2
2 r12
2g
= 139,5.0,50 2 = 34,9 m
Xc nh bn knh paraboloit quay r2 ng vi chiu cao h2 = h1 + L v chiu dy

thnh ng u trn 2:
h2 = h1 + L =
2 r22
2g
r2 =
2 g (h1 + L )
35 ,9
= 0 ,507
139 ,5
2 = R r2 = 560 - 507 = 53 mm
2) Do chiu dy thnh ng u trn nh hn di y l 7 mm. Trong trng
hp cn gim s khc nhau gia 1 v 2 cn phi tng s vng quay n.
HKy xc nh mc nc h ca
van s bt u m?
4m
A
8m
Mt ca van AB c b rng b =
7 m; Trng lng G = 3000 N c
nhng chm trong nc (Hnh v). Ca
van quay quanh khp bn l ti B v ta
ln tng phng ti A.
V d 2-3.
B
6m
Gii:
Xc nh p lc nc tc dng ln van AB:
+ T pha bn phi:
F1 = hC1 = 9810.8.70 = 5493 N
im t:
yD1 = yC +
j0
yC
=8+
7.10 3. sin 53,930

= 8 ,833 m
12.8.70
+ T pha tri:
F2 = hC2 = 9810.hC2.70 = 686700 hC2
im t :
yD 2 = yC 2 +
j0 sin 53 ,930
6 ,67
= hC 2 +
yC 2
hC 2
Ly m men cc lc tc dng ln van i vi im B:
6 ,67
F1 (5 0 ,833) G 5 cos 53,930 =
C2
M B = 0 = F2 5 h
6 ,67
5493600(5 0 ,833 ) 3000 5 cos 53 ,930
= 686700 hC 2 5
hC 2
Gii ra ta c: hC2 = 8,412 m
h = hC2 - 4 = 4,41 m
Vi mc nc h = 4,41 m th ca van bt u m.
V d 2-4.
Mt p nc l mt phn t mt
tr bn knh R = 20 m (c kch thc
nh hnh v), rng 50 m.
P = 0
20m
Xc nh p lc d (tr s,
phng, chiu, im t) ca nc ln
p ?
20m
CP
Gii:
-
Xc nh tr s p lc thu tnh ln p:
+ Theo phng ngang:
Png = hC.zoy = 9810.10.(20.50) = 98 100 000 N
+ Theo phng ng:
Pd = . V = 9810.R2.B/4 = 9810.3,14.202.50/4= 15 401 700 N
p lc tng hp tc dng ln p:
P = Png2 + Pd2 = 98 ,12 + 154 ,017 2 = 182 ,6057126 MN
Phng p lc theo phng hng knh;
Chiu hng vo mt cong;
im t ca p lc xc nh nh sau:
+ im t Png i qua trng tm biu phn b p sut thu tnh theo phng
ngang cch mt t do : 2/3 R = 13,33 m
+ im t Pd i qua trng tm biu phn b p sut thu tnh theo phng ng
4R
4.20
=
= 8 ,49 m
cch trc z :
3 3.3 ,14
Giao im ca Pd v Png ct nhau ti 1 im (K) ni OK ct p ti Cp l im t
ca hp lc P nghing vi phng nm ngang 1 gc = 57030.
To Cp ( x = 10,74 m; z = 16,87 m)
V d 2-5.
P
Van K s y kn ming ng dn
nu h thng n by a, b v tr nm
ngang (Hnh v). Tnh xem vi p sut
ca nc trong ng dn bng bao nhiu
th van K s m ra c? Bit rng cnh
tay n b = 5a, ng knh ng d = 50
mm, ng knh phao cu D = 200 mm.
Trng lng phao v h thng n by
khng ng k.
O k
B
D
Gii:
p lc tc dng ln van K:
P = p = p.
d 2
4
Lc y Acsimet tc ng ln phao hnh cu:

Tng m men i trc O:
M 0 = 0 = a.P ( a + b )Pd
Thay gi tr P v Pd vo biu thc trn ta c:
a. p.
d 2
4
6 ag .
D 3
6
=0
Vy p sut gii hn p ca nc m van K s l:

p
4 D 3 .g 4.1000.9 ,81.0 ,2 3
=
= 12 ,56.10 4 N / m 2
2
2
d
0 ,05
Bi tp 2-1.
V
c
15
a?
m
0c
10
cm
28
Mt bnh cha cht lng c

chuyn ng vi gia tc a theo mt
nghing di mt gc 300 so mt phng
nm ngang. Gi thit rng bnh chuyn
ng nh khi rn.
HKy tnh:
a) gia tc a?
b) gia tc a hng ln trn hay xung
di?
c) Xc nh p sut im A, nu cht
lng l thu ngn 200C?
30
p s: a = 3,8 m/s2 (a hng xung di)

PA = 32200 N/m2
Bi tp 2-2.
Bnh hnh tr trn y kn c chiu cao H
v ng knh D cha cht lng n 3/4 chiu
cao.
Tnh xem bnh quay quanh trc thng ng
ca n vi vn tc gc bng bao nhiu
paraboloit trn xoay ca mt thong chm y
bnh.
p s: =
Z
D
A
4
. gH
D
O
y
Bi tp 2-3.
Q
H
Chiu rng tm chn b = 1,50

m, khong cch t mt nc n trc O,
a = 20 cm. Gc = 600, H = 1,50 m.
B qua trng lng tm chn v ma st
trn bn l ca trc O.
Xc nh lc Q nng tm
chn nghing mt gc a, quay quanh
trc O (Hnh v).
p s: Q = 13 000 N
Bi tp 2-4.
Ca van ABC (Hnh v) c din tch 1 m2 v
im cao nht l B.
Xc nh su ca nc trong b cha (h)
m van ABC quay quanh trc B nm ngang. Kt
qu tnh ton c ph thuc vo khi lng ring ca
cht lng khng?
60cm
(B qua nh hng ca p sut kh quyn).
p s: h > 0,333 m
40cm
C
Bi tp 2-5.
Xc nh p lc thu tnh v phng ca n tc dng ln mt p nc hnh tr nm
ngang (ng knh D = 1m, chiu di l = 3m) chn ngang mt knh dn nc c tit din
hnh ch nht (chiu su H = 1 m; chiu rng B = 3 m).
p s : P = 18740 N; = 380
Bi tp 2-6.
Mt van hnh tr c th quay xung quanh
trc nm ngang 0. Trng tm ca van nm
trn ng bn knh to thnh gc = 450
theo phng ngang v cch trc quay mt
khong OA = r/5. Cho bit bn knh r = 40
cm, chiu rng van b = 100 cm, h = 3 r (Hnh
v).
hh ==3r3r
A
A
B
B
OO
GG
2r
D D==2r
Xc nh trng lng ca van van

v tr cn bng nh hnh v.
p s : G = 3685 N = 3,7 kN
Bi tp 2-7.
Xc nh p sut d ti A (tnh
bng Pascals). N ln hn hay nh hn p
sut kh quyn?
Pat
Khng kh
30cm
p s: pa = - 12218 Pa
15cm
40cm
du
ho
nc
thu ngn
Bi tp 2-8.
ng ng nc t ng bng van
qua h thng n by v phao. Xc nh
ng knh ca phao hnh cu c th
ng ng c, nu a = 100 mm, b =
500 mm.
Nc c p sut p = 2,5 at chy

qua ng c ng knh d = 15 mm
vo bnh cha (Hnh v).
O k
B
D
B qua trng lng ca van, n

by v phao.
p s: D = 11,2 cm
Cu hi n tp chng II
1. Nu nh ngha v 2 tnh cht c bn ca p sut thu tnh.
2. Cch thnh lp phng trnh vi phn cn bng ca cht lng v ngha ca n.
3. Th no l mt t do, mt ng p ?
4. Cch thnh lp phng trnh c bn ca thu tnh hc v ngha ca n.
5. Phn bit cc loi p sut thu tnh.
6. Biu phn b p sut thu tnh l g ? cch xc nh.
7. Th no l tnh tng i? C g khc so vi tnh tuyt i ?
8. Cch xc nh p lc thu tnh ln hnh phng, hnh cong?
9. Cch xc nh p lc thu tnh theo phng php gii?
10. Cch o p sut ca mt s dng c o p sut thng thng.
11. nh lut Pascal v ng dng thc t.
12. nh lut Acsimet- c s l lun v vt ni.
13. ng dng thu tnh hc trong cht kh.
Chng 3
ng lc hc cht lng
3.1. cc Khi nim chung
Thu ng lc hc (hay l ng lc hc ca cht lng) nghin cu cc qui lut c
trng chuyn ng ca cht lng nh vn tc, khi lng ring cng nh cc qui lut
chuyn ng di tc dng ca lc v nhng ng dng ca n trong k thut.
Nhim v ch yu ca thu ng lc hc l xc lp lin h gia nhng tr s c bn
c trng cho chuyn ng nh vn tc dng chy U, su h v p sut thu ng p sinh
ra trong cht lng chuyn ng. Cn ch rng p sut thu ng c hng khc nhau tu
theo cht lng ta nghin cu l cht lng thc hay cht lng l tng. Trong cht lng l
tng p sut thu ng hng theo php tuyn ca mt chu tc dng; cn trong cht lng
thc p sut thu ng vn hng vo mt tc dng, nhng khng hng theo php tuyn,
v n l tng hp ca thnh phn ng sut php tuyn v thnh phn ng sut tip tuyn do
lc nht gy ra.
3.1.1. Phn loi chuyn ng
Cn c vo tnh cht chy, ngi ta phn ra chuyn ng dng v khng dng:
Chuyn ng dng = 0 : cc yu t chuyn ng khng bin i theo thi gian
u = u(x,y,z) ;
p = p(x,y,z) ;
h = h(x,y,z) ...
Trong chuyn ng dng c chia ra:

Chy u: trong nhng yu t chuyn ng khng thay i theo chiu di dng
chy, mt ct ca dng chy u khng thay i, s phn b vn tc trn mi mt ct dc
u
= const );
theo dng chy khng i (
x
Chy khng u: nhng yu t chuyn ng khng thay i theo chiu di dng
u
const ).
chy (
x
Chuyn ng khng dng 0 : Cc yu t chuyn ng bin i theo thi gian

t
u = u(x,y,z,t)
p = p(x,y,z,t)
h = h(x,y,z,t) ...
Theo iu kin v nguyn nhn chy ngi ta phn ra chy c p (chy khng c
mt thong) v chy khng c p (chy c mt thong):
Chy c p l chy trong ng kn hay trong h thng thu lc kn. Chy c p l do
s chnh lch v p sut theo chiu dng chy;
Chy khng p l dng chy c mt t do tip xc vi kh quyn do p sut trn
mt dng chy bng p sut kh quyn. Nguyn nhn ca chy khng p l do tc dng ca
trng lc.
3.1.2. ng dng, dng nguyn t

a) Trong mt trng vc t vn tc, ta c th tm c mt ng cong sao cho n
tip tuyn vi cc vc t vn tc qua cc im ca n. ng cong gi l ng dng
(Hnh 3-1).
Nu gi dr l mt phn t ca ng dng v u l vc t vn tc tip tuyn vi phn t ,
ta c phng trnh ng dng:
u // d r u d r = 0
u1
u
dx dy dz
=
=
u
v
w
u2
(3-1)
ds
M2
M1
Hnh 3-1. S xc nh ng
dng nguyn t
Hnh 3-2. S ng dng
Ch :
- Ti mi im trong khng gian, mi thi im ch i qua mt ng dng,
ngha l cc ng dng khng ct nhau.
- Cn phn bit qu o vi ng dng: Qu o c trng cho s bin thin v tr
ca phn t cht lng theo thi gian, cn ng dng biu din phng vn tc ca cc
phn t cht lng ti thi im. Trong chuyn ng dng th chng trng nhau.
b) Cc ng dng ta ln mt vng kn v cng nh ta c mt ng dng (Hnh
3-2). Cht lng khng th xuyn qua ng dng.
c) Dng cht lng chy y trong ng dng gi l dng nguyn t. Dng nguyn t
c nhng c tnh sau:
- Dng ca dng nguyn t khng thay i theo thi gian v dng ca ng dng
to thnh dng nguyn t trong chuyn ng dng;
- B mt ca nhng dng nguyn t do nhng ng dng to thnh l khng xuyn
qua c. Nhng cht im ca cht lng trong cc dng ln cn trt theo b mt cc
dng ch khng xuyn vo trong dng c;
- V mt ct ca dng nguyn t v cng nh nn vn tc ca cc im trong mt
ct u bng nhau.
3.1.3. Cc yu t thu lc ca dng chy.
Mt ct t () l mt ct vung gc vi vc t vn tc ca dng chy.
Chu vi t () l phn chu vi ca mt ct t tip xc vi thnh rn gii hn dng

chy (v d AB + BC + CD, Hnh 3-3).
Bn knh thu lc (R) l t s gia din tch mt ct t v chu vi t.
R=
(3-2)
Lu lng (Q) l lng cht lng chy qua mt ct t trong mt n v thi gian:
Q = ud
(m3/s)
(3-3)
Hnh 3-3. Xc nh chu vi t

ca mt ct knh hnh thang
Hnh 3-4. Xc nh chu vi t

ca ng tr trn
Nh ta j bit, cc vn tc im trn mt ct t ca dng chy khng bng nhau.

thun tin cho vic nghin cu v gii quyt nhng vn k thut, ta a vo khi
nim vn tc trung bnh mt ct v, tc l coi mi im trn mt ct t c vn tc bng
nhau. Lu lng tnh theo vn tc trung bnh mt ct v cng bng lu lng tnh theo s
phn b vn tc thc ca dng chy (Hnh3-4).
Q = ud = vd = v d = v
(3-4)
Suy ra vn tc trung bnh:

v=
(3-5)
Nh vy vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy bng lu lng chia cho mt ct t.

3.2. Phng trnh lin tc ca dng chy
y l mt dng ca nh lut bo ton khi lng: Khi lng m ca h c lp
khng thay i trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng:
dm
=0
dt
3.2.1. Phng trnh lin tc ca dng nguyn t
Xt mt dng nguyn t chuyn ng

dng = const (Hnh 3-5) xt on gii hn
gia hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2.
Ti mt ct 1-1, c mt ct t d1, vn
tc u1. Ti mt ct 2-2, c mt ct t d2,
vn tc u2. Trong thi gian dt, th tch cht
lng chy vo qua 1-1 l u1d1dt, ng thi
th tch cht lng chy qua 2-2 l u2d2dt.
d2
u2
d1
1
u1
2
1
Hnh 3-5. S xc nh phng trnh lin

tc ca dng nguyn t
Theo tnh cht ca dng nguyn t trong chuyn ng dng: v hnh dng ca on
dng nguyn t khng thay i theo thi gian, b mt ca cht lng khng xuyn qua c v
cht lng khng p c nn trong thi gian dt, nn th tch cht lng chy qua mt ct 1-1
phi bng th tch cht lng chy cng thi gian y qua mt ct 2-2.
Vy ta c:
hay :
u1d1dt = u2d2dt
u1d1 = u2d2
(3-6)
dQ1 = dQ2
(3-7)
3.2.2. Phng trnh lin tc ca ton dng chy

Mun lp phng trnh lin tc ca ton dng chy trong khong xc nh ng vi mt
ct ta m rng phng trnh lin tc ca dng nguyn t cho ton dng bng cch tch phn
phng trnh trn ton mt ct .
u1d1 = u2d2
1
Rt ra:
Q1 = Q2
(3-8)
hay:
v11 = v22
(3-9)
l phng trnh lin tc ca dng chy n nh c kch thc xc nh.

Ch mt ct 2-2 ta chn tu trong dng nguyn t v trong ton dng, do c th
kt lun rng:
Trong dng chy dng, lu lng qua mi mt ct t u bng nhau, v vn tc trung
bnh v t l nghch vi din tch mt ct t.
3.2.3. Phng trnh vi phn lin tc ca dng chy (dng le)
Trong mi trng cht lng chuyn ng ta tng tng tch ra mt phn t hnh hp c
th tch V = dxdydz (Hnh 3-6).
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
d ( V )
=0
dt
= (x,y,z,t) - Khi lng ring ca cht lng.
G
F
B
Ux
1
Ux +
u x
dx
x
Hnh 3- 6. M hnh thit lp phng trnh vi phn lin tc ca dng chy

Ly o hm theo t:
1 d
1 dV
+
=0
dt V dt
dV
dt
- Vn tc bin dng tng i ca th tch phn t cht lng
Xt theo phng x: vn tc ti mt ABCD: ux

vn tc ti mt EFGH: u x +
u x
dx
x
Sau thi gian dt: mt ABCD di chuyn sang phi: uxdt
mt EFGH: u x + x dx dt
x
Th tch ca phn t cht lng thay i theo hng trc X mt lng tuyt i bng:
u
u
u x + x dx dydzdt u x dydzdt = x dxdydzdt

x
x
Tng t vit cho hai phng y,z, tng hp li ta c:
u y u z
u
dxdydzdt
+
dV = x +
x
y
z
hay:
1 dV u x u y u z
=
+
+
.
x
y
z
V dt
Vy:
1 d u x u y u z
+
+
+
=0
y
z
dt x
chnh l phng trnh lin tc dng tng qut. c th vit gn hn:
1 d
+ div u = 0
dt
Trong chuyn ng dng (dng chy n nh)
(3-10)
= 0 nn div ( u ) = 0
t
i vi cht lng khng nn c ( = const) ta c div u = 0

3.3. Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng l tng
(phng trnh le ng)
Trong chng Thu tnh hc, ta j xy dng phng trnh vi phn cn bng ca cht
lng (Phng trnh le tnh):
grad p = 0
Nu cht lng chuyn ng, phn t cht lng hnh hp s c vn tc u v gia tc
du
. Theo nguyn l c bn ca ng lc hc (nh lut 2 Newton):
dt
1
du
F grad p =
dt
(3-11)
Chiu ln cc trc to , phng trnh (3-11) thnh:

X
1 p du x
. =
x dt
1 p du y
. =
y
dt
1 p du z
. =
z
dt
(3-12)
Phng trnh ny c th cn c th n gin hn trong mt s trng hp sau:
du
= 0 . H phng trinh (3-12) s ging nh
a) Cht lng chuyn ng thng v u:
dt
phng trnh vi phn ca cht lng cn bng (2-5): s phn b p sut trong dng chy u
tun theo qui lut thu tnh.
b) Cht lng chuyn ng trong mt ng dng c cong khng ng k.
Nu chn mt phng 0yz thng gc vi trc ng dng th vc t vn tc u v gia tc
du
u thng gc vi mt phng 0yz. Ta c:
dt
du y
dt
du z
du x
= 0,
0
dt
dt
Suy ra:
dp
dp
= Y ;
= Z
dz
dy
Vy trong mt ct t ca ng dng c cong khng ng k p sut phn b theo

qui lut thu tnh.
3.4.
Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc

(phng trnh navier-stokes)
Ta xt mt khi hnh hp cht lng thc c tch ra t mt th tch cht lng chuyn
ng c cc cnh l dx, dy v dz song vi cc trc to x, y, z (Hnh 3-7), chuyn ng vi
vn tc u v gia tc du/dt.
zx +
yx +
yx
y
zx
dz
z
dy
p+
yx
xx
xx +
zx
p
dx
x
xx
dx
x
y
x
Hnh 3-7. Thnh lp phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc
Cc lc tc dng ln hnh hp bao gm:
- Lc khi FK vi cc hnh chiu ln cc trc x, y, z ln lt l:

Fkx = X dx dy dz
Fky = Y dx dy dz
(3-13)
FkZ = Z dx dy dz
trong X, Y, Z l hnh chiu ca lc khi trn mt n v khi lng cht lng.

- Lc b mt Fm c xc nh da theo cc i lng p sut v 9 thnh phn ng
sut ca lc nht lp thnh tenx ng sut:
(-p + xx)
yx
zx
xy
(-p + yy)
zy
xz
yz
(-p + zz)
trong p sut c k hiu l p v cc ng sut nht l ij ; vi ij trong ij ch

ra rng thnh phn ng sut tc dng theo phng j ti tit din vung gc vi phng i.
Phn tch hnh chiu ca cc lc mt ln cc trc to , chng hn nh hnh chiu cc
lc mt ln trc x c dng:
Fmx = ( p xx )dydz + p dx + xx xx dx dydz +

x
x
yx
dy dxdz + zx + zx + zx dz dxdy =
+ yx + yx +
y
z
(3-14a)
yx zx
p
dxdydz
= + xx +
+
x
y
z
x
Tin hnh tng t vi cc trc y v z ta c:
p xy yy zy
dxdydz
+
+
Fmy = +
x
y
z
y
(3-14b)
yz zz
p
dxdydz
+
Fmz = + xz +
(3-14c)
z
x
y
z
du
- Lc qun tnh M
, trong M = dx dy dz l khi lng cht lng.
dt
Theo nguyn l bo ton ng lng, lc qun tnh phi cn bng vi cc lc tc dng
nn ta c:
du
= Fk + Fm
M
(3-15)
dt
Nu chia c hai v cho dx dy dz ta c phng trnh ng lc dng ng sut:
du 1
= F + fm
(3-16)
dt
Fm
Fk
v f m =
trong :
F=
dxdydz
dxdydz
hay di dng hnh chiu ln cc trc to x, y, z, h phng trnh vi phn i vi chuyn
ng ca cht lng thc dng ng sut s l:
du x
1 p 1 xx yx zx
=X
+
+
+
x x
dt
z
y
(3-17a)
1 p 1 xy yy zy
+
+
+
y
z
y x
(3-17b)
du z
1 p 1 xz yz zz
=Z
+
+
+
dt
y
z
z x
(3-17c)
du y
dt
=Y
Theo gi thit ca Niutn th cc thnh phn ng sut xx , yy , zz l hm ca vn tc

bin dng di ca cht lng:
xx = 2
yy = 2
zz = 2
u x 2
div u
x 3
u y
y
2
div u
3
(3-18)
u z 2
div u
z 3
Cng theo gi thit ca Newton (ng sut nht tip t l vi bin dng gc) m rng
cho trng hp chuyn ng khng gian:
u y
+ x
xy = yx =
y
x
u z u x
+
z
x
xz = zx =
(3-19)
u y
yz = zy = z +
z
y
Thay cc biu thc (3-18 v 3-19) vo h phng trnh (3-17a-c) v thc hin mt s
php bin i ta c h ba phng trnh vi phn sau:
2u
2 u x 2 u x u x u y u z
du x
1 p
(3-20a)
+
+
+ 2 +
=X
+ 2x +
y
z
dt
x x
z 3 x x
y 2
du y
dt
=Y
2 u y 2 u y 2 u y u
u
u
1 p
+
x+ y+ z
+ 2 +
+
2
2
y
z
y x
y
z 3 y x
2u
2u z 2u z
du z
1 p
+ 2
=Z
+ 2z +
dt
z x
z
y 2
u x u y u z
+
3 z x + y + z
(3-20b)
(3-20c)
hay di dng vect:

du 1

=F
grad p + u + grad (div u )
dt
3
trong : =
(3-21)
2
2
2
- ton t Laplas
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2
H phng trnh (3-20a-c) chnh l phng trnh Navier-Stockes (1822). y l

phng trnh ng lc di dng tng qut i vi cht lng thc.
Trong trng hp cht lng khng nn c ( = const) ta c div u = 0 v phng

trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc khng nn c c dng:
du 1
= F grad p + u
(3-22)
dt
Trng hp cht lng khng nht ( = 0), ta c phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng le
ca cht lng l tng:
du 1
= F grad p
(3-11)
dt
Trng hp cht lng khng chuyn ng (u = 0) hay chuyn ng thng u (du/dt =
0) ta s c phng trnh le tnh (2-5):
1
F grad p = 0
Lu : Do tnh cht phi tuyn ca phng trnh Navier - Stockes nn tch phn ca n
hin ch c th thc hin c trong mt s t trng hp, v d nh bi ton v dng chy
gia hai bn phng song song. Trong s ln cc trng hp khc, ngi ta thc hin tuyn tnh
ho phng trnh bng cch n gin bt cc iu kin bi ton, b bt mt vi s hng c
nh hng khng ng k so vi cc s hng cn li...
3.5. Phng trnh becnuli vit cho dng nguyn t cht
lng l tng
Nm 1738, Becnuli j tm ra phng trnh ni ting v quan h gia vn tc v ng
p lc ca dng chy bng cch ng dng nh lut ng nng vo chuyn ng ca cht
lng. Phng trnh Becnuli cn c gi l phng trnh nng lng v n l mt dng ca
nh lut bo ton nng lng.
3.5.1. Phng trnh Becnuli vit cho dng nguyn t cht lng l tng
Xt mt on dng nguyn t cht lng l tng chuyn ng n nh gii hn bi
mt ct I-I v II-II (Hnh 3-8).
P1
d1
I
A
I
dS1 I'
A'
II
B
u1 I'
u2
dS2
P2
II'
B'
d2
Z1
II
Z2
II'
Hnh 3-8. S xc nh phng trnh Becnuli cho dng nguyn t cht lng l tng
Ti trng tm ca I-I v II-II ta c:
cao hnh hc Z1 v Z2; p sut thu ng P1 v P2; Vn tc v1 v v2; Din tch mt
ct d1 v d2.
Ta thy rng on cht lng AB sau thi gian dt j chuyn n v tr mi AB. Khi
nhng cht im ca cht lng t mt ct I-I chuyn ng vi vn tc u1 j dch chuyn c
mt on dS1 n mt ct I-I. Cn nhng cht im trong mt ct II-II chuyn ng vi vn
tc u2 j dch chuyn c mt on dS2 n mt ct II-II.
Ta c:
dS1 = u1 dt
dS2 = u2 dt .
Theo phng trnh lin tc ca dng nguyn t ta vit c :

d1u1 = d2u2 = dQ
Theo nh lut bo ton ng nng: S thay i ng nng ca khi lng mt vt
chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian no bng tng cng ca tt c nhng lc tc dng
ln vt y cng trong khong thi gian .
ng dng nh lut bo ton ng nng vo chuyn ng ca on cht lng AB. Trn
hnh 3-8 ta thy khi on cht lng chuyn ng t AB n AB, ta xem nh phn on AB
ti ch, cn th tch cht lng AA dch chuyn n v tr mi BB. Do s thay i ng
nng ca tt c on AB s bng hiu s ng nng ca th tch BB v AA.
2
Ta c :
EKAA' =
mu1
d1ds1u1
=
2
2
2
EKBB'
Thay
mu2
d 2 ds2u2
=
=
2
2
= /g , ds1 = u1dt , ds2 = u2dt ta c :
EKAA' =
u12u1d1dt
EKBB' =
2g
u2 2u2 d 2 dt
2g
u12 dQdt
2g
u2 2 dQdt
2g
Do s thay i ng nng sau thi gian dt ca on AB s bng:

u
2
u
EK = EKBB EKAA = dQ 2 1 dt
2g 2g
'
'
(3-23)
Cng ca cc lc tc dng ln khi cht lng AB gm cng ca p lc v cng ca

trng lc.
Cng ca p lc l: Ep = p1d1ds1 - p2d2ds2
= ( p1 - p2 ) dQ dt
(3-24)
Cn cng ca trng lc, theo cch phn tch hin tng j ni trn, bng cng ca
trng lng cht lng dQdt trong on AA n BB theo phng thng ng t Z1 n Z2:
(3-25)
Eg = dQ (Z1-Z2) dt
Cng ca cc lc khc vung gc vi trc chuyn ng ca ng dng bng O. Vy:

(3-26)
EK= Ep + Eg
u
dQ 2 1 dt = ( p1 p 2 )dQdt + dQ( Z 1 Z 2 )dt

2g 2g
rt gn v xp xp li:
Z1 +
p1
u1
p
u
= Z2 + 2 + 2
2g
2g
V cc mt ct I-I v II-II ta chn tu nn c th vit:

Z+
u2
= const
2g
(3-27)
Phng trnh (3-27) l phng trnh Becnuli cho dng nguyn t cht lng l tng,
chy n nh; xc nh mi lin h gia vn tc, p sut thu ng v cao hnh hc ca
cht im trong dng nguyn t cht lng l tng.
3.5.2. ngha hnh hc v nng lng ca phng trnh Becnuli
a) ngha thu lc hay hnh hc
hiu r ngha nhng thnh phn ca phng trnh Becnuli ta quan st hnh 3-9 v
dng nguyn t cht lng chuyn ng. Ti trng tm mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 cao Z1 v Z2 trn
mt chun 0 - 0, ta t cc ng Pito kp xc nh cao o p v cao vn tc:
Ta c:
Z - cao hnh hc;

p
u
hu = 1
1
2g a
hp1 =
p u
,
u c th nguyn l di;
2g
hp2 =
P2
s
2
p
= H t - ct p tnh;
g
z1
p u2
Z+ +
= H d - ct p thu ng.
g 2g
b1
u2
hu 2 = 2
2g
P1
Z+
o'
- cao o p;
u2
- cao vn tc;
2g
Z,
hw1-2
a1
o'
s
z2
Hnh 3-9. Gii thch ngha hnh hc v nng

lng ca phng trnh Becnuli
Trong dng nguyn t cht lng l tng chuyn ng dng, ct p thu ng l mt

hng s:
Hd = Z +
p u2
+
= Const
g 2g
b) ngha nng lng

Trong thu tnh hc ta j xt ngha nng lng ca hai s hng Z v
Z - v nng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng so vi mt chun, gi tt l v nng

n v hay t v nng;
p
- p nng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng gi tt l p nng n v hay t p
nng;
Z+
- th nng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng gi tt l th nng n v hay
t th nng;
u2
- ng nng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng gi tt l ng nng n v hay
2g
t ng nng;
u2
= E - nng lng ton phn ca mt n v trng lng cht lng gi tt l
2g
nng lng n v hay t nng ton phn.
z+
ng biu din th nng n v ( z +
) ca dng chy gi l ng o p. (ng ab
trong hnh 3-9);
u2
) ca dng chy tc l cng biu
2g
din ct p thu ng H gi l ng nng (ng a1b1 hnh 3-9).
p
ng biu din nng lng n v (Z +
3.6. Phng trnh Becnuli i vi dng cht lng thc

3.6.1. Phng trnh Becnuli i vi dng nguyn t cht lng thc
Ta bit rng cht lng thc c tnh nht do gy ra sc cn trong khi chuyn ng v
do c tn tht mt phn nng lng ca dng nguyn t, v vy nng lng ca mt n v
trng lng ca cht lng thc gim dn theo chiu di dng cha, ngha l E1 > E2.
hay:
Z1 +
P1
u1
p u
> Z2 + 2 + 2
2g
2g
(3-28)
Gi h'w1-2 l tn tht nng lng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng khi cht lng di
chuyn t 1-1 n 2-2 th:
Z1 +
p1
u1
p u
= Z 2 + 2 + 2 + h'w1-2
2g
2g
(3-29)
Phng trnh (3-29) l phng trnh Becnuli vit cho dng nguyn t cht lng thc
chuyn ng dng.
c trng cho iu kin chy ca cht lng thc ta a ra nhng khi nim v
dc hnh hc i, dc o p I v dc thu lc J.
dc hnh hc l h thp y dng chy trn mt n v chiu di ngha l :
i=
dZ Z 1 Z 2
= sin
dL
L1 2
(3-30)
trong - Gc nghing ca dng chy so vi mt phng nm ngang.

dc o p l h thp ca ng o p trn mt n v chiu di ca dng chy:
p
d Z +
I=
=
dL
p
p
Z 1 + 1 Z 2 + 2

L1 2
(3-31)
dc thu lc l h thp ca ng nng trn mt n v chiu di, hay ni cch

khc l tn tht nng lng trn mt n v chiu di dng chy :
2
2
Z1 + p1 + u1 Z 2 + p2 + u2
2 g
2 g h' w1 2
dh
=
J= w =
dL
L1 2
L1 2
(3-32)
Nhn xt:
dc o p c th c tr s m hay tr s dng tu theo s thay i p sut trong
dng chy. Cn dc thu lc bao gi cng c tr s dng v tn tht nng lng hw lun
tng dc dng chy.
dc o p trong dng chy cht lng thc khc dc o p trong dng chy cht
lng l tng.
Trong trng hp chuyn ng u, ng o p v ng nng song song do I = J.
Trng hp dng chy u trong knh h: i = I = J.
3.6.2. Phng trnh Becnuli i vi ton dng cht lng thc
By gi ta m rng phng trnh Becnuli i vi dng nguyn t cht lng thc ra ton
dng cht lng bng cch cng nng lng ca cc dng nguyn t to thnh dng chy v
cng tn tht ca nhng dng y.
Nu biu th trng lng cht lng ca dng nguyn t chy trong mt n v thi gian
dQ v nhn vi c hai v ca (3-29) ta c biu thc nng lng ca dng nguyn t trong mt
ct 1-1 v 2-2:
2
2
Z 1 + p1 + u1 dQ = Z 2 + p2 + u 2 dQ + h' w1 2 dQ
2 g
2 g
(3-33)
Tch phn biu thc trn theo mt ct ton dng chy:

2
2
Z1 + p1 + u1 dQ = Z 2 + p2 + u2 dQ + h' w1 2 dQ
2 g
2 g
1
2
2
(3-34)
Ta bit rng p sut thu ng trong dng chy u v dng bin i chm phn b
p
theo qui lut thu tnh Z + = const trn mt mt ct t.
Vi iu kin hn ch trn ta vit c:
Z1 +
p1
p
p
dQ = Z1 + 1 dQ = Q Z1 + 1

1

p2
p2
p2
Z 2 + dQ = Z 2 + dQ = Q Z 2 +
2
2
(3-35)
Cc tch phn ny biu th th nng ca lu lng Q.

Tch phn h'w1 2 dQ
biu th tng cc tn tht nng lng n v ca tt c cc
dng nguyn t trong ton dng cha t mt ct 1-1 n mt ct 2-2. Nu gi hw1-2 l tn tht
nng lng n v trung bnh trn on dng chy , ta c:
h'w1 2 dQ = Qhw1 2
(3-36)
u2
2 g dQ biu th tng cc ng nng ca cc dng nguyn t,
Cc tch phn c dng

k hiu l Eun:
u2
2
dQ =
u dQ
2
g
2
g
Edn u =
(3-37)
Vic tnh tch phn ny phc tp v cha bit qui lut phn b vn tc u trong mt ct
ton dng chy. n gin ta thay vn tc u ca cc dng nguyn t bng vn tc trung bnh
v ca ton dng cha. Ta c:
Ednv =
2
v dQ = Q
2g
v2
2g
(3-38)
V s phn b ca u khc s phn b ca v nn Eun Evn.
u2
v2
dQ
bng
dQ ta a vo h s l h s hiu chnh s phn b

2g
2g
vn tc khng u trong tnh ton ng nng (h s hiu chnh ng nng - h s Coriolis)
thay
Edn
(3-39)
Ednv
= 1,01 2 tu theo ch chy (tng, ri) v hnh dng kch thc dng chy.
Thay (3-39) vo (3-38) ta c:
u2
v2
dQ =
Q
2g
2g
Edn u =
(3-40)
Thay cc tr s tnh c (3-34), (3-35) v (3-40) vo (3-34) ta c:
Q Z 1 +
p v 2
p1 1v12
+
Q = Q Z 2 + 2 + 2 2 Q + Q hw1 2
2g
2g
Hay n gin cho Q:
Z1 +
p1
1v12
2g
= Z2 +
p2
2v2 2
2g
+ hw1 2
(3-41)
Phng trnh (3-41) l phng trnh Becnuli cho ton dng cht lng thc. N c
dng rng rji gii cc bi ton trong thu lc v thu kh ng lc hc.
Lu : Vic m rng phng trnh Becnuli khng phi i vi loi dng chy no cng
lm c. trn ta j tin hnh m rng c trong iu kin dng chy u v bin i
chm.
Trong trng hp chuyn ng tng i hoc chuyn ng khng dng (chy khng
n nh) th trng hp tng qut phng trnh Becnuli vit cho ton dng cht lng thc,
ngoi cc s hng ca phng trnh j nu trn cn phi k thm thnh phn tn tht ct p
qun tnh.
3.7. Mt s ng dng ca phng trnh Becnuli
Phng trnh Becnuli c ng dng rt rng rji trong nhiu ngnh k thut gii
quyt nhiu vn trong thc tin. Mt s chng tip theo ca gio trnh c th coi l nhng
ng dng ca phng trnh Becnuli nh : dng chy qua l, vi, p trn, trong ng, trong
knh ; trong h thng cung cp nc, my bm...
Di y ch nu mt s ng dng c th ca phng trnh Becnuli.
3.7.1. Dng c o vn tc, ng Pito-Prandtl
o vn tc ca mt im trong dng chy ta cm ng o p v ng Pito hnh ch L
vo dng chy nh hnh v (Hnh 3-10).
ng o p cho gi tr ( Z +
) cn chnh
H =
u2
2g
u = 2 gH
Suy ra
Kt hp hai ng ny c ng Pito-Prandtl (hay cn gi l ng Pitokp)
B
A
I
u2
h =
2g
II
h
p1
p1
p1
MN
I
II
12
Hnh 3-10. ng Pito-Prandtl
Hnh 3-11. Lu lng k Venturi
3.7.2. Lu lng k Venturi

L mt dng c dng o lu lng dng chy trong ng, gm mt on ng hnh cn
thu hp v mt on ng hnh cn m rng ghp vi nhau bng mt on ng ngn hnh tr.
t hai ng o p, mt u ng hnh cn (mt ct 1-1) v mt on ng hnh tr (mt ct
2-2) (Hnh 3-11).
Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho mt ct 1-1 v 2-2, mt chun trng vi trc ng, b qua
2
2
p1 v1
p2 v2
hw ta c :
+
=
+
2g 2g
y h s ng nng 1 = 2 = 1.
Theo phng trnh lin tc ca dng chy, c th vit:
v2 = v1
D2
1
= v1 2
2
d

p1 p2
hay
p
d4
. 2g
=
4
4
D d
v1 =
p1 p2
p v1 2 D 4
=
=
1
2 g d 4
d4
. 2 gh
D4 d 4
= h l chnh ca hai cao o p, lu lng cht lng i qua lu lng
k bng:
Q = v1 1 =
D 2
4
d4
. 2 gh = K h
D4 d 4
(3-42)
Da vo cng thc (3-42) mun xc nh lu lng chy qua lu lng k ch cn o

chnh h l tnh ra lu lng.
2
i vi cht lng thc c tn tht hw1 2 =
v1
, l h s tn tht cc b khi :
2g
Q = K 1 h
y K 1 =
D 2
4
2 gd 4
.
2 D 4 1d 4 + d 4
3.8. phng trnh bin thin ng lng i vi dng chuyn

ng dng
Trong c hc l thuyt ta j nghin cu v nh l bin thin ng lng cn gi l
nh l le 1 hay phng trnh ng lng:
d ( mu )
=F
dt

hoc: mu = F .t
(3- 43)
Vic vn dng phng trnh trn vo nghin cu bin thin ng lng ca cht lng
chuyn ng c thun tin l khng phi xt n ni lc ca cht lng (lc nht), cng khng
phi xt ton b dng chy m ch cn kho st th tch cht lng trong mt dng chy di
chuyn qua lng dn bao bc on dng chy . Ta bit rng ton b b mt gii hn th tch
cht lng trong on lng dn bao gm mt xung quanh v hai mt ct ngang hai u
gi l mt kim tra. Mt kim tra ny coi nh c nh (Hnh 3 - 12a).
mt kim tra
d1
u2
d 2
Hnh 3 - 12a
Hnh 3 - 12b
Phng trnh ng lng dng cho cht lng do le lp ra nm1755. y l mt

phng trnh c bn ca thu kh ng lc, nhng bi ton khng th gii c bng phng
trnh Becnuli thng phi dng n phng trnh ng lng.
3.8.1. Phng trnh ng lng i vi dng nguyn t chuyn ng dng
Xt mt on dng nguyn t, trong ta kho st bin thin ng lng ca cht
lng trong on A1A2 (Hnh 3-12b).
Ti thi im t, khi cht lng v tr A1A2.
Thi im t + dt, khi cht lng y di chuyn n v tr B1B2.
Ti cc mt ct A1 v A2, cc yu t chuyn ng l u1, p1 v u2, p2; khng i; din
tch mt ct d1 v d2 . V dng chy n nh nn trong khi di chuyn t v tr A1A2 n v tr
B1B2 dng chy trong on B1A2 khng c g thay i. Ta c th coi nh s bin thin ng
lng ca khi cht lng trong on A1A2 sau khi n di chuyn n v tr B1B2 l bin thin
ng lng ca cht lng trong on A1B1 sau khi di chuyn n A2B2.
Nu k hiu ng lng l K, ta c th vit:
KA1A2 = KA1B1 + KB1A2
KB1B2 = KB1A2 + KA2B2
dK = KB1B2 - KA1A2 = KA2B2 - KA1B1
Theo phng trnh lin tc ta c u1d1 = u2 d2 = dQ. Mt khc ta c A1B1 = u1 dt v
A2B2 = u2 dt. Vy khi lng cht lng trong cc on dng chy A1B1 v A2B2 u bng
dQdt.
Do : dK = dQ( u 2 u1 )dt = d ( mu )

d ( mu )
= dQ( u2 u1 )
(3- 44)
dt
Gi F l tng ca cc ngoi lc tc dng ln cht trong on dng chy A1A2, ta vit

c theo nguyn l bo ton ng lng:

F = dQ( u 2 u1 )

Trong F ta phn cc lc thnh hai loi:
Lc khi (trng lc, lc qun tnh) i din bi vc t chnh Rm ;
- Lc b mt i din bi vc t chnh Rs .
Rs gm hai thnh phn: Rsp do p sut to ra trn mt bao quanh v hai mt y, tc
l mt kim tra; Rst - lc tip xc ca thnh tc dng ln cht lng.

-
Vy c th vit:

dQ( u2 u1 ) = Rm + Rs = Rm + Rsp + Rst
(3-45)
Phng trnh (3-45) l phng trnh ng lng, hay phng trnh le1 i vi dng
nguyn t chuyn ng dng.
3.7.2. ngha thu ng lc
Ta gi dQu2 l ng lng lu lng ra, dQu1 l ng lng lu lng vo, hoc c
hai ng lng (ra v vo). C th vit phng trnh di dng vc t:
Rm + Rsp + Rst + dQu1 + ( dQu2 ) = 0

(3- 46)
v biu din tng ca cc vc t ny bng
th (Hnh 3-13).
Ta pht biu phng trnh ng
lng cho dng nguyn t, chy n nh nh
sau: Khi cht lng trong mt on dng
nguyn t chuyn ng dng c cn bng
di tc dng ca lc khi, lc b mt v
ng lng.
R st
R sp
dQu2
Thng thng ng thc vc t trn

y c thay th bng ba phng trnh hnh
chiu v ba phng trnh m men. Nhng ta
ch cn vit nhng phng trnh no lin
quan.
Rm
dQu1
Hnh 3-13
3.7.3. M rng phng trnh ng lng ra cho ton dng

a) H s phn b ng lng khng u
Cng ging nh i phng trnh Becnuli, mun vn dng phng trnh ng lng
vo cng tc k thut, ta cn m rng phng trnh ng lng i vi dng nguyn t ra cho
ton dng chy (c kch thc hu hn). Ta vn xt khi khi cht lng chy qua hai mt ct
A1 v A2 (Hnh 3-14).
Trong dng nguyn t, ng lng lu lng l:
dQu = u2d
M rng cho ton dng chy c mt ct , ng lng ca khi cht lng trong mt
kim tra A1A2 l :
(K )u = u 2 d
(3- 47)
Do vn tc u trong mt ct
phn b khng u nn ng lng
ca cc dng nguyn t cng phn
b khng u. Vic tnh tch phn
2
u d cng khng phc tp lm,
nhng n gin, ta c th lp lun

nh sau:
Nu ta tnh ng lng ca lu lng
ton dng theo vn tc trung bnh v
th s c:
d 2
A2
2
u2
v2
Hnh 3-14
(K )v = v2 d = Qv
Gia hai gi tr (K )u v (K )v tt nhin c s chnh lch, do ta c th vit:
(K )u = (K )v
u 2 d = Qv
u 2 d
trong : =
Qv
l t s ng lng thc ca lu lng dng chy v ng lng ca
lu lng tnh theo vn tc trung bnh v.
l h s hiu chnh phn b ng lng khng u, hay h s Butxinet (Boussinesq);

tr s ca n ph thuc quy lut phn b vn tc trong dng chy. Theo thc nghim v l
thuyt, gi tr ca h s nh sau:
3
khi vn tc phn b theo qui lut parabol (trng thi chy tng).
4
= 1,01 1,05 khi vn tc phn b theo qui lut lgarit (trng thi chy ri). Thng
thng i vi dng chy c th coi nh = 1.
Nh vy, sau khi dng h s hiu chnh phn b ng lng , ta c th vit phng
trnh ng lng cho ton dng chuyn ng dng thnh:
Rm + Rsp + Rst + 1dQv1 + ( 2 dQv2 ) = 0

b) Biu thc ca h s hiu chnh phn b ng lng .
Trong tch phn u 2 d = (K )u ta thay u bng v u:
u 2 d = (v u )2 d =
= v 2 d + 2 v ud + = (u )2 d
Ta bit l tch phn ud = 0
Vy:
2
(u ) d
udQ = u 2 d = v 2 1 + 2
t :
(u ) d
2
= 1+
v 2
Ta c:
(K )u = u 2d = v 2
= v 2Q = (K )
(K )
=
(K )v
v 2
1 u
= d
v
Ch : Cn phn bit h s hiu chnh phn b ng lng khng u vi h s hiu

chnh phn b ng nng khng u , mc du c trng hp (trng thi chy ri) tr s ca
chng c th bng nhau v 1.
3.7.4. ng dng phng trnh ng lng
Phng trnh ng lng c ng dng rt rng rji trong thu kh ng lc hc:
-
Tnh lc y ca mt ng c phn lc hoc ca mt tn la;
Tnh cc cnh qut ca my bay, chn vt tu thu;
Tnh lc tc dng ln cnh tuc bin, cnh qut;
Nghin cu hin tng va p thu lc trong ng;
Nghin cu dng chy bin i gp (nh thu hp, m rng t ngt).
Di y ta xt mt ng dng c th trong trng hp xc nh lc do cht lng tc

dng ln mt on ng cong:
Trn hnh 3-14 xt mt on dng chy cong, ta c:
Ti mt ct A1: vn tc trung bnh v1; p sut p1; vc t n v n1 ; din tch mt ct 1.
Ti mt ct A2: vn tc trung
bnh v2; p sut p2; vc t n v
n2 ; din tch mt ct 2.
Lc khi tc dng ln cht
lng l trng lng G v coi nh h
s sa cha phn b ng lng
khng u 1 = 2 = 1.
RT
Q v 1
p1 1 n1
- Q v 2
- p2 2 n2
Ta c th phn chia hp lc
G
R ln mt bao quanh cht lng
trong on ng thnh cc thnh
Hnh 3-14
phn sau y:
- Cc p lc p11 n1 v p11 n2 do cht lng tc dng ln hai y ca khi cht lng

trong on ng;
- Phn lc Rst ca thnh ng ln cht lng, i vi lc Rm do cht lng tc dng ln

thnh.
p dng phng trnh (3-47), ta c th vit:

Rst + p11n1 p2 2 n2 + Qv1 Qv2 + G = 0

Rm = p11n1 p2 2 n2 + Q(v1 v2 ) + G
Ta tnh Rm bng cc phng trnh chiu ln trc v phng trnh mmen.
3.7.5. Phng trnh momen ng lng (nh l le 2)
dL
= M0
dt
Xt khi cht lng chuyn ng trong rnh bnh cng tc (ca tuabin chng hn
Hnh 3-15).
Gi M0 mmen ngoi lc (mmen tc dng ca dng chy ln thnh rnh mmen lm
quay bnh cng tc ca tua bin);
dL = (mur )2 (mur )1
dL0 = 2u2dtu2r2cos2 - 1u1dtu2r1cos1
= Q(u2r2cos2 u1r1cos1)dt
Vy m men lm quay bnh cng tc ca tuabin, gy ra do tc dng ca dng cht
lng c lu lng Q:
M0 = Q( u2r2cos2 + u1r1cos1)
(3-48)
Tuabin quay vi vn tc gc th cng sut thc t ca n l:

N = M0
Hnh 3- 15
Trong thc t : N = M0
H < 1 - Hiu sut chung ca tuabin.
Vy:
N = Q (u1r1cos1 - u2r2cos2 )
Vi lu : r = ve vn tc theo.
3.9. v d v bI tp
V d 3-1.
Nc t b cha h, chy qua ng ng c cc ng knh d1 = 50 mm, d2 = 40 mm,
d3 = 25 mm (Hnh v).
Xc nh ct nc cn thit H clu lng Q = 10 m3/h. V ng nng v ng
o p.
B qua tn tht nng lng.
12
22
2g
2g
P1
H
32
P2
2g
0'
d2
d1
3
0'
d3
Gii:
Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca nc chy ra khi ng mt ct 3-3:
v3 =
10.4
Q
=
= 5 ,65 m / s
2
d3 3600.3,14.0 ,0252
4
Ct nc cn thit H, c xc nh t phng trnh Becnuli, vit cho mt ct 0-0 v 33, ly mt chun 0-0:
z0 +
p0
0 v02
2g
= z3 +
p3
3v32
2g
+ hw0 3
Ta ly 0 = 3 = 1, v0 0, p0 = pa, v theo gi thit hw0-3 = 0

Ta c:
H+
pa
+0 = 0 +
pa
v32
2g
Rt ra:
H=
v32
5 ,65 2
=
= 1,63 m
2 g 2.9 ,81
v c ng o p, cn phi xc nh vn tc trung bnh v ct nc vn tc

cc on ng 1 v 2:
v1 =
10.4
= 1,42 m / s
3600.3 ,14.0 ,05 2
v12
1,42 2
=
= 0 ,1 m
2 g 2.9 ,81
v2 =
10.4
= 2 ,21 m / s
3600.3 ,14.0 ,04 2
v22
2 ,212
=
= 0 ,25 m
2 g 2.9 ,81
V b qua tn tht nng lng nn ng nng l mt ng thng nm ngang I qua

0-0.
cao o p bt k mt ct no cng c xc nh bng hiu s gia ng nng
v ct nc vn tc mt ct :
= H0
v2
2g
Ni tt c cao o p ta c ng o p.
V d 3-2.
Mt ng ht ca qut gi hnh tr dng ht khng kh ( = 1,254 kg/m3) t kh
quyn, c gn vo ng o p, phn di ca ng nhng trong chu nc ( = 1000
kg/m3). Mc nc dng ln trong ng h = 350 mm.
Hjy xc nh lu lng ca khng kh, nu ng ht c ng knh D = 250 mm.
Gii:
Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho mt ct 1-1 v 2-2, ly mt chun 0-0:
z1 +
p1
v12
2g
= z2 +
p2
v22
2g
+ hw1 2
Trong : z1 = 0; p1 =pa; v1 0; = 1.
hw1-2 0 v on dng chy ngn,
khng c chng ngi vt;
Suy ra p2 =
pck
pa
Pa
pa p2
hck
Pa
hck =
2
D
p2 : p sut tuyt i, tnh c khi

bit p sut chn khng:
Thay cc gi tr trn vo phng

trnh:
pa
Ta tnh c:
pa
hck +
v22
2g
v22
= hck
2g
Nhng y yu cu tnh lu lng khng kh, vy vn tc cng phi tnh cho khng
kh v cao chn khng hck cng phi i thnh cao ca mt ct khng kh gy ra p sut
tng ng vi ct nc hck.
Ta c: hck.ck = hkk.kk
n
1000.9 ,81
= 0 ,25.
= 194 m
kk
1,29.9 ,81
Hay:
hkk = hck
Vy:
v2 = 2 ghkk = 19 ,62.194 = 61,6 m / s
Q = 2 v2 =
d 22
4
.v2 =
3 ,14.0 ,30 2
.61,6 = 4 ,35 m 3 / s
4
Lu lng khng kh do qut gi cung cp l 4,35 m3/s.

V d 3-3.
Mt ng xiphng c ng knh d = 100 mm c dng tho nc t b cha h
vo khng kh. nh xi phng cao hn mc nc trong b h = 4 m (hnh v). Cho bit pa = 105
Pa; g = 10 m2/s. B qua qua tn tht nng lng.
1- Nu p sut tuyt i trong ng c xem l bng khng (pmin = 0), tnh lu lng
tho ln nht.
2- Lc ming ra ca ng xi phng phi cao no?
3- V ng nng, ng o p.
2
E.P.A
v 0
v2max
= 6m
2g
PMd
P
= - 10m
P
Gii:
1- Ti nh xi phng p sut l nh nht. p dng phng trnh Becnuli cho 2 mt ct
(1-1) v (2-2) ta c:
v22
+ 0 = z2 +
+
z1 +
2g
pa
p2
Trong : p1 = pa l p sut tuyt i ti (1-1);

p2 - p sut tuyt i ti mt ct (2-2) j c gi thit bng khng nn ta
c:
p
p
v = 2 g z1 z2 + a = 2 g h + a =

10 5
= 2 ,10 4 + 3 = 120 = 10 ,95 m / s
10 .10
Q = v. = v.
d 2
4
= 10 ,95.
3 ,14.0 ,10 2
= 0 ,086 m3 / s = 86 l / s
4
2- xc nh cao ming ra ca ng xi phng khi Q = Qmax = 86 l/s, vit phng

trnh Becnuli cho mt ct (1-1) v (3-3) ly p sut d p1 = p3 = 0
z1 + 0 + 0 = z 2 + 0 +
T
z3 z1 =
v2
2g
v2
120
=
= 6 m
2g
2.10
Vy ming ra ca xiphng nm thp hn mt nc trong b 6 m.

3- ng nng E-E v ng o p P-P c th hin trn hnh v.
V d 3-4.
Hjy xc nh nc dng ln cao no trong ng, nu mt u ca ng c ni vi
mt ct thu hp ca ng dn, cn u kia c th vo nc. Lu lng trong ng Q = 0,025
m3/s; p sut d p1 = 49.103Pa, cc ng knh d1 = 100 mm v d2 = 50 mm (Hnh v).
Gii :
Vit phng trnh Becnuli i mt ct (1-1) v (2-2), mt chun i qua trc ng (b
qua tn tht), ly 1 = 2 c dng:
p1 v12
p
v2
+
= 2 + 2
g 2 g g 2 g
V
v2 =
v1 =
4Q
4 d 12
v
h2
4Q
4 d 22
d2
d1
Sau khi bin i ta c:
p2
p
42 Q2
= 1 +
g g 2 g 2
1
1
=
+
4
4
d
1 d2
po
hCK
49.10 3
16.0 ,025 2
+
1000.9 ,81 2.9 ,81.3,14 2
1
1
4 +
= 2 ,7 m
4
0 ,1 0 ,05
Ta c chiu cao vi du m v chnh l chiu cao chn khng. Nc trong ng s

dng ln chiu cao hck = 2,7 m.
V d 3-5.
Trn trc ng dn nc ngi ta t
mt ng Pit vi vi p k thy ngn. Xc
nh vn tc nc chy trong ng umax nu
hiu s mc thy ngn trong p k
h = 18 mm (hnh v).
umax
p1
p1
Bi gii:
a
ng Pit o ct nc vn tc:
H=
umax
2g
(1)
H s kim nh gi thit bng 1.

xc nh H ta vit phng trnh cn bng trong p k thy ngn i vi mt phng
a-a (hnh v):
P1 + h. p m .g = p 2 + h. p .g
(2)
Trong p1 v p2 - p sut trong cc n p k thu ngn cao ng vi mc thy

ngn cao;
v m - mt ca nc (1000kg/m3) v thu ngn (13600kg/m3).

Do :
H=
p 2 p1
= h m 1
pg
p
(3)
Thay s vo cng thc (2) ta c:

13600
H = 0 ,018
1 = 0.227 m
1000
T cng thc (1) ta c vn tc cc i trong ng:

u max = 2 gH = 2.9 ,81.0 ,227 = 2 ,1
m
.
s
V d 3-6.
Mt on ng cong nm ngang chuyn cht lng vi lu lng Q = 20 l/s (Hnh v).
ng knh trong ca ng d = 100 mm. p sut d ca cht lng trong ng bng 2 at. Tnh
thnh phn nm ngang ca lc do cht lng tc dng ln ng cong.
Gii:
- Tnh lc b mt:
V1
1 = 2 = 0,785.10-2 m2 = 78,5.10-4 m2
p11 = p2 2 = 2.10 4 .9 ,81.78 ,5.10 4 = 1540 N
- Tnh xung lc thu ng:

v1 = v2 =
3
20.10 3
= 2 ,55 m / s ;
78 ,5.10 4
pQv2
V2
P11
= 10 Kg/m ;
Qv1 = Qv2 = 103.20.10-3.2,55 = 51 N
- Chiu ln trc ngang (theo phng
chiu trn hnh v):
P2 2
pQv1
Fx = - p22 Qv2 = - (1540 + 51) = - 1591 N

- Tnh hp lc trong mt phng ngang:
V l do i xng nn F = F 2 = 2250 N
Ch : Nu b qua xung lc thu ng Qv th bi ton ny c th gii theo phng
php tnh p lc thu tnh.
Bi tp 3-1.
Tia cht lng phun ln theo phng thng ng t ng
c ng knh d0 vi vn tc v0 v gp phi vt cn trn
ng i c dng hai na qu cu (Hnh v). Bit trng
lng vt cn l G, trng lng ring cht lng . Xc nh
cao z m vt c nng ln so vi ming ng (theo vo).
v2 G
p s : z = 0 2
2 g d 0
2g
.
v2
0
v
do
0
Bi tp 3-2.
Mt ng Venturi o lu lng gm
hai on ng ngn c ng knh khc nhau
d1 = 300 mm v d2 = 150 mm. Hai on ng
c ni vo mt p k. Cho bit chnh
trong ng o p h = 100 mm.
Lp biu thc tnh lu lng Q chy
trong ng theo chnh h v tnh Q nu cht
lng chy trong ng l nc.
1
Q
2
kh
M
h
N
p s: Q = K 2 gh
Bi tp 3-3.
Mt knh c mt ct hnh ch nht b1 = 12 m; h1 = 3 m, y nm ngang. Trn knh c
mt on thu hp vi chiu rng b2 = 8 m. B qua tn tht ct nc, tnh su v vn
tc ti phn co hp ca knh (h2,v2). Cho bit vn tc nc chy trong on knh
khng thu hp v1 = 0,5 m/s (Hnh v).
p s: h2 = 3 m; v2 = 0,75 m/s
Bi tp 3-4.
Mt vi phun ma 3 nhnh
(hnh v) dng nc chy xuyn tm,
lu lng Q = 2,7 m3/h, nhit ca
nc l 200 C, b qua ma st khuu
vng.
d = 7mm
Hjy xc nh vn tc quay ca
vi phun trong 2 trng hp:
R=
a) = 00
15c
b) = 400
Bi tp 3-5.
Dng ng xi phng
dn nc t b cha A sang b
cha B (hnh v). Xc nh
ng knh ng cn thit v
chn khng im cao nht ca
ng xi phng nu H1 = 3 m; z =
6 m.
Z
A
Lu lng cn phi chy

qua ng l 100 m3/h.
H1
B qua tn tht nng

lng.
p s: d = 68 mm;
hck = 442 mmHg
Cu hi n tp chng III
1. Phn bit cc loi chuyn ng trong cht lng.
2. nh ngha ng dng, ng dng, dng nguyn t. Nu c tnh ca dng nguyn t.
3. Cc yu t thu lc ca dng chy cch xc nh.
4. Phng trnh lin tc ca dng chy.
5. Thnh lp v phn bit r gia phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng l
tng v cht lng thc.
6. Phng trnh Becnuli vit cho dng cht lng l tng v cht lng thc. ngha hnh
hc v nng lng ca n.
7. Nu mt s ng dng c th ca Phng trnh Becnuli.
8. Phng trnh bin thin ng lng v m men ng lng trong chuyn ng dng.
Chng 4
Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng
khng nn c
Ni dung chng ny i vo tm hiu trng thi chy ca cht lng, tn tht nng
lng trong dng chy v xt c th mt s dng chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng
khng nn c nh nc chy trong ng, du trong cc khe hp t rt ra nhng ng
dng vo k thut.
4.1. Hai trng thi chy ca cht lng. S Reynolds
4.1.1. Th nghim Reynolds
Nm 1883 O.Reynolds bng thc nghim E pht hin ra s tn ti hai trng thi
chy khc bit nhau ca cht lng v chng minh rng chng c lin quan mt thit vi tn
tht nng lng ca n.
Th nghim ca Reynolds gm c
mt bnh nc ln A, mt bnh nc mu
C, mt ng thu tinh trong sut (Hnh 4-1).
iu chnh kho nc mu chy
thnh mt si ch cng xuyn sut ng
thy tinh, ngha l cc lp cht lng chy
thnh tng ring r, l trng thi chy
tng (Hnh 4-1a). Tng vn tc dng chy,
u tin si ch nc mu b t on
(Hnh 4-1b) - chy qu , sau chng
ho trn hn lon vo nhau (Hnh 4-1c),
l trng thi chy ri.
Lm th nghim ngc li, gim
dn vn tc dng chy th trng thi chy
ca cht lng bin i theo chiu ngc
li: t chy ri sang chy tng.
Nc
mu
K2
hwd
A
K1
B
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 4-1. S th nghim Rynn
Qua th nghim vi nhiu ng c ng knh khc nhau v vi nhiu loi cht lng,
ngi ta nhn thy trng thi dng chy ph thuc vo vn tc v, nht v ng knh
ng d.
4.2.1. S Reynolds v vn tc phn gii
Reynolds E tm ra t hp 3 i lng (vn tc v, nht v ng knh ng d)
l mt s khng th nguyn, mang tn ng - s Reynolds:
Re =
(4-1)
Vn tc chuyn t trng thi chy tng sang chy ri l vn tc phn gii trn (vpgt),
tng ng c s Reynolds phn gii trn (Repgt).
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh K thut Thu kh .76
Vn tc chuyn t trng thi chy ri sang chy tng l vn tc phn gii di

(vpgd), tng ng c s Reynolds phn gii di (Repgd)
Khi dng chy c : Re < Repgd th trng thi ca n l chy tng;
Re > Repgt th trng thi ca n l chy ri;
Repgd < Re < Repgt th trng thi ca n c th l tng hoc ri, nhng
thng l chy ri, v ng vi giai on trung gian ny trng thi chy tng rt khng n
nh.
Qua nhiu th nghim thy rng Repgt khng c mt tr s xc nh (dao ng t
12000 n 50000). Cn Repgd i vi mi loi cht lng v ng knh khc nhau u c
mt gi tr khng i (2320).
Do Repgd =2320 c dng lm tiu chun xc nh trng thi chy.
vy Re < 2320 - Trng thi chy tng;
Re > 2320 - Trng thi chy ri.
4.2. tn tht nng lng trong dng chy
4.2.1. Quy lut tn tht nng lng trong dng chy
a) Phn loi tn tht
Khi cht lng thc chy c tn tht nng lng do lc cn chuyn ng. Cn c vo
nguyn nhn pht sinh tn tht nng lng trong dng chy, ngi ta chia ra :
- Tn tht dc ng (hwd);
- Tn tht cc b (hwc).
Tn tht nng lng dc ng l do lc ma st trong tc dng ln dng cht lng,
hay l do lc cn theo chiu di ca b mt bao quanh dng chy (b mt trong ng dn, b
mt y, sn knh ).
Tn tht nng lng cc b l do lc cn gy nn khi thay i t ngt mt ct
dng chy hay thay i t ngt chiu dng chy nh trong kho nc cc ch ngot
b) Qui lut chung v tn tht nng lng
Bng thc nghim ngi ta E a ra qui lut phn b tn tht nng lng dc
ng trong dng cha:
- Khu vc chy tng : hwd = k1v
- Khu vc chy ri : hwd = k2v2
trong : k1 , k2 - h s t l ; v - vn tc dng chy.
- Trong khu vc qu , lin h gia vn tc v tn tht nng lng theo quan h
bc n vi 1< n < 2.
4.2.2. Tn tht nng lng dc ng
a) Tn tht nng lng dc ng trong chy tng
Trong chy tng, cht lng chy thnh nhng b dng ring bit song song vi
nhau. Trn thnh ng, c dnh cht nhng cht im khng chuyn ng, vn tc ca
chng bng khng. Tn tht nng lng trong chy tng do tc dng ca lc ma st l t l
bc nht vi vn tc.
Nghin cu s phn b vn tc, lc ma st ring v tn tht nng lng ca chy
tng trong ng trn nm ngang (Hnh 4-2).
Tn tht nng lng trong ng:
hW 1 2 =
p1 p2
m =
L
R
(theo phng trnh c bn ca chy u)
du
(r tng u gim) do :
dr
p1 p2
= 2
du L
dr r
Umax
Ro
u
r
Hnh 4-2. Phn b vn tc, ng sut ca chy tng trong ng trn

Thay R = r/2 ta c:
du =
p1 p2
rdr
2 L
(4-2)
Tch phn (4-2) t r dn R0 ta c;

R
U Ro
p1 p2 0
=
rdr
du
2 L r
Ur
u R0 ur =
p1 p2 2
R0 r 2
4 L
Nh E bit trn, uRo = 0. Vy i vi bt k im no trong mt ct dng chy

khong cch r i vi trc ng c vn tc:
ur =
p
2
Ro r 2
4 l
(4-3)
Vn tc cc i khi r = 0:
umax =
p 2
Ro
4 l
Ta tnh c lu lng:
vn tc trung bnh:
Ro
Ro
Q = dQ = 2 r d r =
v=
Ro 2umax
umax
2
Tn tht nng lng ( chnh p):

hW 1 2 =
p
Lv
= 32 2
(4-4)
y d = 2r. Nhn trn v di vi 2u v thay = g, ta c:

hW 1 2 =
1
th cng thc tn tht nng lng trong chy tng s l:
= v
=
ud Re
hW 1 2 =
64 Lv 2
udd 2 g
64 L v 2
Re d 2 g
(4-5)
L v2
d 2g
(4-6)
64
= , ta s c:
Re
hW 1 2 =
trong o h s cn dc ng.
Cng thc (4-6) gi l cng thc Darcy (do Darcy thit lp 1856)
b) Tn tht nng lng dc ng trong chy ri
Trong cu trc ca dng chy ri trong ng gm 2 phn chnh (Hnh 4-3a): li ri
v lp chy tng st thnh c chiu dy T:
T =
30 d
Re
Trong li ri, vn tc im thay i v tr s v c hng theo thi gian. Nu xt

trong mt khong thi gian tng i di T, th thy u dao ng xung quanh mt tr s
khng i u (Hnh 4-3b) gi l vn tc trung bnh thi gian u :
t
1 o
u = udt
T o
a)
Lp chy tng st thnh
b)
Lp qu
u'
Li ri
u
t
z+T
Hnh 4-3. a) Mt ct ngang dng chy ri trong ng trn

b) Phn b vn tc mch ng trong chy ri
Lc vn tc tc thi u = u + u,
u - vn tc mch ng.
Trong thc t xc nh tn tht nng lng dc ng trong chy ri, ta dng

phng php gn ng vi nhng gi nh sau:
+ Lin h bnh phng gia tn tht nng lng v vn tc;
+ C quan h gia nhm ca thnh vi tn tht nng lng;
+ Coi trng thi chy ri vi gi nh nhng dng nguyn t song song.
Theo quan nim trn ta coi lc cn ca dng chy l gm c lc cn gy nn t bn
trong cht lng tip xc vi thnh dng chy. Vy biu thc cho lc ma st ring trn thnh
c th xc nh theo cng thc:
0 = bv2
trong : b h s c xc nh bng thc nghim (ph thuc nhm ca thnh v dng
ca dng chy).
Mt khc, t phng trnh c bn ca chy u:
0 =RJ
Vy ta c: bv2 = RJ
Hay
t
v=
RJ
= C ta c biu thc tnh vn tc trung bnh trong chy u:

v = C RJ
(4-7)
Cng thc (4-7) gi l cng thc Sedi, dng xc nh vn tc trung bnh trong
chy u ca cht lng trong ng, trong knh v trong thin nhin.
H s C ph thuc h s nhm n v bn knh thu lc R, phn ln c xc nh
bng cng thc thc nghim (xem ph lc 2, 3).
Thay J =
hW
vo (4-7):
L
v=C R
hW
L
Do :
hW =
Lv 2 4 Lv 2
=
C 2 R C 2d
(4-8)
Nhn trn v di vi 2g:

hW =
8 gLv 2
L v2
=
d 2g
C 2d 2 g
(4-9)
8g
gi l h s cn dc ng.
C
4.2.3. Tn tht nng lng cc b

Tn tht nng lng cc b sinh ra khi thay i t ngt mt ct, hay hnh dng
dng chy (tr s, phng, chiu ca vn tc). ch c lc cn cc b c th quan st thy
hin tng va p v chy xoy. S tng tc gia dng chy v cc cht im chy xoy.
l nguyn nhn pht sinh ra tn tht nng lng cc b.
Nhiu thc nghim E chng minh rng tn tht cc b cng tun theo cc qui lut
phn b nh i vi tn tht dc ng.
Thng dng cng thc Weisbach tnh tn tht cc b:
hwc =
v2
2g
(4-10)
trong : v - vn tc trung bnh dng chy thng ly sau ch c sc cn cc b;
- h s tn tht cc b thng c xc nh bng thc nghim (xem ph lc

1).
Thc nghim cho bit tn tht cc b khi chy ri t l vi bnh phng ca vn
tc, lc h s khng ph thuc vo s Re; khi chy tng ph thuc vo s Re. Mc
ph thuc y tu theo mc dng chy tng b ph hoi khi c sc cn cc b, c th
s dng cng thc Antosul tnh trong dng chy tng:
A
+ r
Re
(4 -11)
Trong : r - h s tn tht cc b trong khu vc bnh phng sc cn.

Gi tr ca A v r cho trong bng 4 - 1.
Bng 4-1
Loi vt cn
150
0,40
3000
4,00
900
2,50
5000
4,50
ng ngot 90o
400
1,40
Chc ba
150
0,30
Kho hnh nm
Van thng dng
Van nghing
Van bi
Trong trng hp tng qut, tn tht nng lng gia hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 ca
ng ng l bng tng s cc tn tht dc ng v tng s cc tn tht cc b :
K
i =1
K
i =1
hw1 2 = hwd + hwc

hay
K
l v2
di i 2gi
i =1
n
hw1 2
l v 2 n v 2
= i i i + i i
2g
i = 1 d i 2g
i =1
l tn tht dc ng ca k on ng;
v2
i 2gi
l tn tht cc b ca n ch gy ra sc cn cc b.
i =1
4.3. Dng chy tng trong ng (dng Hagen - Poadi)

4.3.1. Phng trnh vi phn ca cht lng chuyn ng
Xt chuyn ng mt chiu (u o) trong ng nm ngang do chnh p (p1 > p2)
ca cht lng chuyn ng dng = 0 , b qua lc khi F = 0 . Vi nhng iu kin

t
xut pht t phng trnh lin tc: div u = 0 v phng trnh Navier- Stokes:
du
grad p + u =
dt
suy ra
2u 2u
1 dp
+ 2 + 2 = 0
dx
z
y
2u 2u 1 dp
+
=
= C = const
y 2 z 2 dx
(4-12)
y cho hai v bng const, v v tri ph thuc vo y, z ; cn v phi ph thuc vo x.

dp
p
hw
=
=
= J
dx
l
l
(4-13)
J - dc thu lc
d tch phn (4-12), ta a v h to tr vi gi thit dng chy i xng
trc:
1 d du
1 p
r =
r dr dr
l
vi iu kin bin r = 0 :
(4-14)
u hu hn
r = Ro :
u=0
Phng trnh (4-14) biu din mi quan h v s bin thin vn tc v p sut thu
ng ca dng chy tng trong ng.
4.3.2. Phn b vn tc
Tch phn (4-14) vi cc iu kin bin ta s tm c s phn b vn tc c dng
Parabol (Hnh 4-2)
u=
p
Ro 2 r 2
4 l
(4-15)
vn tc max ti trc ng:

umax =
p 2
Ro
4 l
Ro
Ro
Q = dQ = 2 r d r =
Ta tnh c lu lng:
Vn tc trung bnh:
V=
chnh p:
p =
Ro 2umax
umax
2
8 lv 8 lQ
=
Ro 2
Ro 4
(4-16)
l nh lut Hagen-Poadi, c ng dng tnh nht.

H s hiu chnh ng nng:
u
=
v 3Q
=2
Phn b ng sut tip trong dng chy
du p r
r
=
= o
dy
l 2
R
(4-17)
o (r = Ro ) =
trong
p Ro
l
= JR
R - Bn knh thu lc.

4.4. Dng chy ri trong ng
trng thi chy tng, theo Newton
du
.
dy
trng thi chy ri, ngi ta a vo h s nht b sung t = ( + )

nhng >> nn
t = =
= l2
Theo Prandtl:
du
dy
du
dy
du
dy
trong : l = Ky - Chiu di xo trn, c trng cho s chuyn ng theo phng ngang

ca cc phn t cht lng (K = 0,4);
du
dy
Do
- Gradient vn tc trung bnh thi gian
du
du
=
= l 2
dy
dy
du
=
dy
1
1
. = u
l
l
du =
u
u dy
dy =
l
Ky
u=
u
ln y + C
K
C = umax
Vy:
u = umax
u r
ln
y
K
cn vn tc trung bnh v =
vi u
vn tc ng lc
Ti trc ng y = r , u = umax
u
u
ln r
lnY = umax
K
K
ngha l vn tc bin thin theo qui lut Logarit,
= 0 ,825 umax
4.5. Dng chy tng c p trong cc khe hp
Trong k thut, gia cc chi tit my c nhng khe h nn c s r r ca cht lng

(xng, du...) do cht lng lm vic di p sut cao. Nn cn tnh ton kht cn thit
ca nhng khe h , hn ch lu lng r r...
4.5.1. Dng chy gia hai tm phng song song
Vi nhng iu kin nh dng chy
tng trong ng (mc 4.2) v do khe hp
nn u = u (y); (Hnh 4-4 ).
Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng

d 2u 1 dp
c dng:
=
dy 2 dx
vi iu kin bin: ti y = 0 v y = h: u
=0
y
Sau khi tch phn ta s c phn b

vn tc c dng Parabol
1 dp
y (h y )
2 dx
u=
p1
vn tc max (ti y = h/2):

umax =
Hnh 4-4. Dng chy gia hai tm phng

song song
h
Q = budy =
o
Vn tc trung bnh: v =
y:
dx
1 dp 2
h
8 dx
Lu lng
1 p 3
b dp 3
hb
h =
12 l
12 dx
(4-18)
Q 2
= u
bh 3 max
b - b rng tm phng;
l - chiu di ca khe.
4.5.2. Dng chy dc trc gia hai tr trn

a) Mt tr ng tm
K hiu: Dn - ng knh ngoi, Dt - ng knh trong
D=
Dn + Dt
- ng knh trung bnh.
2
Dn Dt
- Chiu dy ca khe.
2
Xt << D / 2 , l - Chiu di ca on dng chy cn xt, p dng (4-18) tnh lu

lng thay b = D ; h = ta c:
Q Q1 =
D 2 p
.
12 l
b) Mt tr lch tm (Hnh 4-5)

Gi - Chiu dy ca khe h khi mt tr
ng tm;
e - lch tm;
- Gc ca mt bn knh vc t vi
r2
ng qua tm hai mt tr (to

cc 0 l tm);
o'
r1
a() - Khe h theo bn knh vc t ng

vi .
d
a
Xt a << D nn
a=
e
Dn Dt
+ e cos = 1 + cos
2
2
p dng (4-18) cho phn t hnh thang

vung:
b=
D
d
2
Hnh 4-5. Dng chy gia hai mt tr

lch tm
=a
3
dQ =
2
e
p D 3
1 + cos d
12 l 2
Q Q2 = dQ =
o
Dp
12 l
3 e2
3 e2
1+
=
+
Q
1
1
2 2
2 2
(4-19)
Vy Q2 > Q1 v Q2 = 2,5Q1 khi lch tm ln nht (e = )

y c th xt thm bi ton lc du, tc l dng chy tng theo phng bn knh
trong khi hp phng.
4.6. Dng chy trong khe hp do ma st - c s ca l thuyt
bi trn thu ng
Trong thc tin k thut ta gp rt nhiu chuyn ng do ma st trong khe hp nh
cht lng chuyn ng gia pttng v xi lanh, gia con trt v bn trt, gia trc v
trc...Cn phi tnh lc ma st v m men cn.
4.6.1. Dng chy gia hai mt phng song song - Bi ton Cu-et
Dng chy do ma st (do tm phng trn chuyn ng vi vn tc u1 - hnh 4-6) v

dp
do chnh p
0 . Lc phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ging nh mc 4.5.1.
dx
nhng iu kin bin khc khi y = h ; u = U1; nn
1 dp
U1
y( h y )
y
2 dx
h
h
Q = udy =
o
Khi khng c chnh p (
U 1h
1 dp 3
h
2
12 dx
dp
= 0 ):
dx
u = U1
=
Lc cn
(4-20)
y
h
U1
du
U
= 1
dy
h
T = .S =
(4-21)
u=
U1
S ;
h
Hnh 4-6. Dng chy gia hai mt phng

song song do ma st
S - din tch tm phng

4.6.2. Bi trn hnh nm
Khi mt tm phng nghing i mt gc nh , ta c hnh nm (Hnh 4-7).

Lc ny, ngoi lc cn F cn c lc nng P, ngha l cn tm s phn b ng sut
tip v phn b p sut.
Tng t nh bi ton Cu-et
(4.6.1) ta tnh c lu lng qua mt
ct chiu cao h theo (4-20)
Q=
dp
=O
dx
U 1h
1 dp 3
h
2
12 dx
vi h = h(x) = (a - x) tg (a - x)
(4-22)
Gi s tng ng vi mt ct
chiu cao h c p sut cc i, ngha
l:
dp
=0;
dx
Thay vo (4-21), ta tnh c
Q=
Hnh 4-7. Dng chy gia hai mt phng

khng song song
U 1h
2
dp
dx
U 1h * U 1h
1 dp 3
=
h
2
2
12 dx
1
dp 6 U 1 (h h * )
2Q
=
= 6 U 1 2
3
3
dx
h
h U 1h
Khi x = 0 v x = l : p = pa
x
Thay h bng (4-22) v ly
dx , ta c
o
p = pa +
Q 2a x
6 U 1 x
1 U a( a x )
a( a x )
1
2
Suy ra p lc tc dng ln bn phng:

l
P = ( p pa )dx = C p
o
Cp =
1
6
lg 2
2
+ 1
( 1)
U 1l 2
h2 2
- H s nng , =
h1
h2
du
, u ly t phn b vn tc
dy
chuyn ng Cu-et (4-20). T thay y = h(x), ta c = h. Lc cn tnh theo mt n v
b rng i vi bn phng chuyn ng l :
tnh lc cn F, ta phi tnh ng sut tip =
F = h dx = C f
H s cn:
Cf =
H s ma st:
f =
U 1l
h2
1
2
2 lg 3
+ 1
1
F Ct h2
.
=
P CP l
4.6.3. Bi trn trc

Tnh lc ma st v m men ca n gia trc v lp du bi trn theo Petrop (Hnh
4-8). Gi r - bn knh trc; l - chiu di trc; lp du dy. Khi trc quay vi vn tc U =
r th cht im du bm trn mt trc cng chuyn ng vi vn tc , cn trn trc
bng O.
ng sut tip ca lp du =
du
dr
Din tch tip xc gia lp du v mt trc S = 2rl
Lc ma st : T = .S = 2rl
du
u
= 2rl
dr
M men lc ma st:
M = T .r = 2rl
v u = r , =
nr 2 r 3nl
=
30
15
n
30
Do lch tm khi quay trc, nn

phi nhn cc kt qu trn vi h s hiu
chnh
2( 1 + 2C 2 )
2
(2 +C ) 1C
C=
Hnh 4-8.
C th tham kho thm ti liu [10], [16].

4.7. v d v bi tp
V d 4-1.
ng ng trong cp v thot nc c ng knh b nht dmin = 3500 mm. Vn tc
tnh ton ca nc trong ng ng l v = 0,5 4 m/s.
Xc nh s Reynolds ln nht v b nht v trng thi chy ca nc trong cc ng
ny.
Gii:
Nhit ca nc trong cc h thng cp v thot nc c th thay i t 00 n
300, cn nht ng hc 0 = 1,78.10-6 m2/s v 30 = 0,81.10-6 m2/s.
ta c:
S Reynolds b nht ng vi dmin = 3500 mm; vmin = 0,5 m/s v 0 = 1,78.10-6 m2/s
Tng t :
Remin =
0 ,5.0 ,012
= 3370
1,78.10 6
Remax =
4.3,5
= 17260000
0 ,8110 6
Ngay c s Reynolds Remin cng ln hn s Reynolds phn gii di Refgd = 2320,

v vy trong cc ng ng cp thot nc, trng thi chy lun lun l chy ri.
V d 4-2.
Nc chy t bnh cha qua mt ng ng t nm ngang c tit din thay i ni
tip nhau d1 = 75 mm; d2 = 100 mm; d3 = 50 mm. cao ct nc trong bnh cha k t
trc ng l H = 1 m. Gi thit ch tnh tn tht cc b dng chy dng.
a) Tnh lu lng chy qua ng;

b) V ng nng, ng o p;
c) Nu b qua on ng th 3 th ng nng v ng o p c g thay i?
0
hc1
ng nng
hc2
hc3
d3
d1
d2
ng o p
3
I
3
Gii:
Chn mt ct i qua trc ng (I-I) lm mt chun, vit phng trnh Becnuli cho 2
mt ct (0-0) v (3-3), sau khi n gin v thay z0 = H ta c:
H=
Trong :
v32
+ hw
2g
hw = hc1 + hc2 + hc3

hc1 = 0 ,5
v12
4Q 2
=
2 g g 2 d14
2
v 2 d 2 8Q 2
hc 2 = 2 1 = 1 12
2 g d 2 g 2 d14
2
hc 3 = 3
d 2 8Q 2
v32
= 0 ,5. 1 32
2g
d 2 g 2 d 34
T suy ra:
H=
v32
+ hc1 + hc 2 + hc 3 =
2g
16 Q 2
=
2g
2
2
d 32 1
d12 1
0 ,5 + 1 2 . 2 4 + 1 + 0 ,5 1 2 . 2 4
d2 d3
d 2 d1
Thay s vo cc biu thc trn ta tnh c:

Q = 7,1 l/s; hc1 = 6,6 cm; hc2 = 26,4 cm; hc3 = 25 cm
v12
= 13,4 cm ;
2g
v32
= 42 cm
2g
v22
= 4 ,15 cm ;
2g
ng nng v ng o p theo p sut d c biu din trn hnh v. T hnh v

cho ta thy rng trn mt nc ca bnh cha ta xem vn tc v v p sut d bng khng;
do ng nng v ng o p biu din i lng z = H, ngha l chng trng vi mt
thong. V ng nng hnh bc thang thp dn c chnh tng bc ln lt l hc1, hc2,
hc3. T suy ra ng o p bng cch h cc bc thang ca ng nng cc tr s ln
v2
v2
v2
lt l 1 = 13,4 cm ; 2 = 4 ,15 cm ; 3 = 42 cm .
2g
2g
2g
Nu ct b on ng th ba th t phng trnh Becnuli ta suy ra rng lu lng Q
s tng v hw gim. Trong trng hp ny dng tng qut ca ng nng s khng i cn
ng o p on ng 2 s trng trc ng. on cui ng o p theo p sut d trng
trc ng.
V d 4-3.
Tnh lu lng du trong trc. Du c dn theo ng ng (l0 = 0,8 m; d0 = 6
mm) qua mt rEnh vng trn b rng b = 10 mm vo ; di l =120 mm, ng
knh d = 60 mm; chiu dy khe hp b0 = 0,1 mm.
p sut d ca du u ng dn p = 15,6 N/cm2, nht ca du = 0,1375
Ns/m2.
B
Coi du chy trong ng v khe h trng thi chy tng v b qua nh hng ca
trc khi quay, xc nh lu lng du chy ra t hai u trong hai trng hp sau:
1. Trc v ng tm;
2. Trc t lch lch tm vi vi lch tm e =
2a
= 0 ,5 (d - ng knh
Dd
trc; D - ng knh ; a - lch tm tuyt i).
Gii:
p sut to nn bm dng khc phc sc cn trn on ng l0 v trong khe gia
trc v , v vy c th biu th bng h thc:
p0 p1
=
(1)
p0
: tn tht ct p trn on ng l0;
l
p1
: tn tht ct p trn on khe h di .
2
Gi thit dng chy trong ng l chy tng:
p0 128l0 Q 128 l0 Q
=
=
gd04
d04
(2)
a) i vi khe hp trong c tr v ng tm:

l bQ
12
p1
2 2
db03
(3)
Thay (2) v (3) vo (1) ta c:

p=
128 l0 Q 3(l b )Q
+
d04
db03
Q=
p
.
128l0 + 3(l b )
d04
Q=
db03
15 ,7
3 ,14
.
= 0 ,65 cm 3 / s
6 128.80
3(12 1)
13 ,7.10
+
0 ,6 4
6.0 ,013
b) Khi trc v khng ng tm, cng thc tnh lu lng qua khe c dng:
Q1 = Q 1 + e 2
2
Trong : Q lu lng qua khe h tr v ng tm.

Do :
l b
12
Q1
3(l b )Q
p1
2
=
=
3
3
db03 1 + e 2 db03 1 + e 2
2
2
(4)
Thay (4) v (2) vo (1):
p=
128Ql0
3(l b )Q
+
3
3
d04 1 + e 2 db03 1 + e 2
2
2
Rt ra
Q=
.
128l0 +
4
d0
p
=
3(l b )
db03 1 + 1,5e 2
15 ,7
3 ,14
.
= 0 ,88 cm 3 / s
6 128.80
(
)
3
12
1
13 ,7.10
+
0 ,6 4
6.0 ,013 1 + 1,50 ,5 2
Bi tp 4-1.
C 2 ng nh nhau: d = 150 mm, l = 100 m, nhm tuyt i ca ng = 0,1
mm. Mt ng c nc chy v mt ng c du chy vi cng lu lng khi lng M =
7500 kg/h. Khi lng ring ca du d = 860 kg/m3 v ca nc n = 998 kg/m3. H s
nht ng ca du d = 0,2 cm2/s v ca nc n = 0,0101 cm2/s.
Xc nh tn tht dc ng trong ng?
p s: hwn = 0,0122 mH2O;
hwd = 0,04 mH2O;
Bi tp 4-2.
2
2
Zh
Mt my bm ly nc t ging vi
lu lng Q = 50 l/s. Nc c nhit
200C. Xc nh chiu cao ln nht Zh tnh
t mt nc n trc my bm (hnh v)
nu p sut trc my bm p2 = 0,3.105 Pa.
Trn ng ng ht bng gang c ng
knh d = 0,25 m v chiu di l = 50m c
mt li chn rc, khuu ngot m vi bn
knh R = 0,5 m v mt kho iu chnh
c m 45%.
P1
1
p s: H1 6,2 m
Bi tp 4-3.
Nc t ging thi ca nh
my in, c nhit t = 550 C,
qua ng xi phng chy ra sng.
chnh mc nc H = 3 m (hnh v).
Xc nh lu lng tho
nc ra sng , nu ng knh d =
200 mm, chiu di tng cng l =
100 m, c mt ch vng 900 v hai
ch vng 450, vi bn knh vng R
= 400 mm. H s cn = 0,028.
x
d
R
H
R
Tm p sut ti im cao nht ca ng xi phng, nu z = 2 m v chiu di on ng

lx = 6 m.
p s : Q = 218 m3/h;
px = 75 500 N/m.
Bi tp 4-4.
Nng lng tiu th bi tuabin CR (hnh v) l 60 mH2O v p sut ti T l 51
v602
v302
mH2O. Tn tht ct nc gia V v R l 2
v gia C v T l 2
, ng knh ng
2g
2g
gia V v R l 60 cm, gia T v C l 30 cm.
Xc nh:
1) Lu lng; 2) p sut ti R; 3) V ng nng.
p s: Q = 0.98 m3/s;
pR = 15 620 N/m2
Bi tp 4- 5.
Lut phn b vn tc ca dng cht lng thc, chy tng dng gia hai mt phng
2
1 dp d
c nh song song nm ngang l: u =
. y .
2 dx 2
Tm ng sut tip tuyn o trn mt phng v gim p trn on 1 m dc theo

trc x. Bit d = 10 mm, lu lng Q = 1 l/s. Cht lng l du p c = 0,102 kGs2/m2
(1Ns2/m2) nhit t = 200C.
u = f(y)
p s: 0 =
6
Q = 6 ,12 kG / m 2 = 60 ,04 N / m 2
2
d
p =
12
l = 1224 kG / m 2 = 12.007 N / m 2
3
d
Cu hi n tp chng IV
1. Phn bit hai trng thi chy ca cht lng thc S Rynn.
2. Nu nh ngha v qui lut chung ca cc loi tn tht nng lng.
3. Dng chy tng trong ng.
4. Dng chy ri trong ng
5. Dng chy tng c p trong cc khe hp.
6. Dng chy tng trong cc khe hp do ma st.
Chng 5
Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh
Ni dung chng ny nghin cu chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng nn c
cht kh, ngha l const, n thay i theo p sut p v nhit T. Khi cc phng
trnh c thay i.
5.1. Cc phng trnh c bn ca cht kh
5.1.1. Phng trnh trng thi:
Biu din mi quan h gia trng lng ring = g, p sut v nhit . i vi
cht kh hon ho, ta c:
P
(5-1)
= RT
R - Hng s kh, vi khng kh R = 29,27m/.

Biu thc (5-1) vn cn phc tp p dng vo k thut, nn ngi ta cn tm
nhng quan h n gin hn, ph thuc vo qu trnh chuyn ng.
Qu trnh ng nhit (T = const):
p = c
Qu trnh on nhit :
p = c k
k=
Cp
Cv
(5-2)
Nhiet dung dang ap

Nhiet dung dang tich
Vi khng kh k = 1,4
Qu trnh ny c p dng trong k thut
Cp Cv = AR
A - ng lng nhit ca cng

1
T (5-1) v (5-2) suy ra:
P k T k 1
= =
1 P1 T1
(5-3)
Mt cch tng qut, ta c qu trnh a bin

P = c n
n - ch s ca qu trnh
5.1.2. Phng trnh lu lng:

C dng ging nh i vi cht lng khng nn c:
G = Q = const:
Hay l :
1v11 = 2v12
dv d
+
=0
v
5.1.3. Phng trnh Becnuli

i vi dng nguyn t ca cht kh l tng, chuyn ng dng
z+
dp
u2
= const
2g
p = c k :
Xt qu trnh on nhit
dp
k p
k 1
Vy phng trnh Becnuli c dng

z+
Suy ra:
k p u2
+
=C
k 1 2g
z1 +
k p1 u12
k p2 u 2 2
+
= z2 +
+
k 1 1 2g
k 1 2 2g
(5-4)
i vi qu trnh ng nhit:
z+
p0
ln p +
u2
= const
2g
5.1.4. Phng trnh Entanpi

Thnh lp cho dng nguyn t ca cht kh l tng, chuyn ng dng. Kho st
s bin thin nng lng trong khi kh t 1-1 n 2-2 sau khong thi gian dt trong h to
c nh (Hnh 5 -1). Da vo nh lut bo ton nng lng: nng lng thu vo hay
sinh ra bng bin thin nng lng ca th tch cht kh, ngha l:
Nhit hp th + cng ca p lc = th nng + ng nng + ni nng + cng c
hc + cng ma st
Vit cho mt n v trng lng cht kh:
C p T C vT
Q p1 p2
+
= ( z 2 z1 ) +
+
+ L + Lms
A
A
A 1 2
Nhit lng Q = Qn (to nhit ra ngoi) + Qt (ni nhit do ma st)

Qt = ALms
Tip tc bin i phng trnh trn da vo cc biu thc sau y :
p
= RT ; C pT CvT = ART
Suy ra:
C pT
A
C pT
A
p
p
C vT
= RT =
A
Cv T
; i = CpT - entanpi
A
U1
i
p U
= + ; U = CvT - ni nng
A A
Nu xt qu trnh on nhit (Qn = 0) v b

qua cng c hc (L = 0), ta s c phng trnh
Entanpi
U2
i1 + A
u2
u12
= i2 + A 2
2g
2g
(5-5)
Ngha l tng entanpi v ng nng l mt

i lng khng i.
Hnh 5-1. Thnh lp phng trnh

Entanpi
5.2. Cc thng s dng kh

5.2.1. Vn tc m
Theo nh ngha a =
Xt: p = ck;
dp
=
d
a= k
gdp
d
= kgRT
a T : Vn tc m ph thuc vo nhit tuyt i.

Chng hn : t = 15oC : T = 273 + 15 = 288oK;
k = 1,4;
a = 341m/s
so snh vn tc dng chy v vi vn tc m a ng Mc (ngi o) a vo s Mc: M

= v/a.
S Mc l tiu chun quan trng nh gi mc nh hng ca tnh nn c n
chuyn ng, n l tiu chun quan trng ca hai dng kh tng t.
M < 1 : dng di m;
M = 1 : dng qu ;
M > 1 : dng trn m (siu m).
Trong dng kh trn m (M>1) thng xy ra hin tng sng va (sng va thng v sng
va xin). l mt vn rt th v c nghin cu trong cc gio trnh hay chuyn .
5.2.2. Dng hm, dng ti hn

Khi cht kh trng thi tnh v = 0, ngi ta ni cht kh trng thi hgm, cn po, To, o
gi l cc thng s dng hgm.
Tm mi lin h gia cc thng s dng hgm vi cc thng s dng kh. T phng trnh
Entanpi (5-5) vit cho dng hgm:
C pT0 = C pT + A
u2
2g
A u2
T0
= 1+
= 1+
2 g C pT
T
1
u2
C p kgRT
2
kRA
P0
V
T
T0
v Cp - Cv = RT; a = kgRT nn
T0
= 1+
T
V0=0
1
k 1 2
M 2 = 1+
M
2
2
k 1
1
0
Hnh 5-2
k
p k 1 2 k 1
Bin i theo (5-3) s c: 0 = 1 +
M
2
p
(5-6)
0 k 1 2 k 1
= 1 +
M

2
Ta c th tnh c vn tc cc i ca dng kh t bnh cha ra (hnh 5-2)

Theo phng trnh Bcnuli (5-4) ta c :
k p0
k p u2
=
+
k 1 0 k 1 2g
u=
2 gk p0 p

k 1 0
T biu thc , ta thy p gim th u tng v p = 0 th:

u = umax =
2a02
2 gk p0
2 gk
RT0
=
=
k 1 0
k 1
k 1
i vi khng kh: umax 44 ,8 T0

Vi To = 300oK ; umax = 776 m/s
Khi vn tc dng kh bng vn tc m: u = a, ta c trng thi ti hn. Lc c cc thng

s ca dng ti hn : u* = a*, p*, *, T*,
Tm mi lin h gia cc thng s dng hgm v dng ti hn bng cch t cc biu thc
(5-6) cho M = 1
k 1 k +1
T0
= 1+
=
2
2
T*
k
2
T0 ;
Hay l T* =
k +1
2 k 1
p* =
p0 ;
k + 1
(5-7)
2 k 1
* =
0
k + 1
Tnh lu lng trng lng t bnh cha ra ngoi (Hnh 5-2)
G = u
2
k +1
p
p k
k
p0 0
G = 2g
p
p
k 1
0 0
Gmax = *u*
Ngoi s Mc ngi ta cn a vo h s vn tc =
2 =
M 2( k + 1 )
M 2( k 1 ) + 2
u
, gia chng c mi lin h:
a*
(5-8)
5.3. Chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng phun

Xt chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh trong cc loi ng phun khc nhau. ng phun l
loi ng m cht kh trong c th thay i ch chuyn ng t di m sang trn m hay
ngc li.
5.3.1. Cc phng trnh thng s ca ng phun
Vit cc phng trnh c bn di dng vi phn
- Phng trnh trng thi :
dp = d(RT)
- Phng trnh lu lng trng lng : dG = d(v) = 0

- Phng trnh Bcnuli khi k n cng c hc v cng ma st :
dp
- Phng trnh nng lng :
dv 2
+ dL + dLms = 0
2g
p dv 2 dU
dQ
= d +
+
+ dL + dLms
A
A
2g
Trong 4 phng trnh c 5 thng s : , p, v, U, T v 5 yu t tc dng ln dng chy : ,

G, Q, L, Lms
V vy t 4 phng trnh trn cng vi cng thc tnh ni nng U = CvT, ta kh 4 thng s
thnh lp phng trnh lin h gia thng s cn li, chng hn nh vn tc v, vi 5 yu t. Kt
qu cui cng ta c:
(M
g
) dvv = d dG
G a
kg
kg
k 1
dQ 2 dL 2 dLms
A
a
a
(5-9)
y ta ch xt ch yu s tng vn tc ca dng chy trong ng phun (t dng di m

sang dng trn m), nn ta xt phng trnh (5-9) tng ng vi cc trng hp ring, ngha l
xem nh trong dng chy ch c mt yu t nh hng cn cc yu t khc c th b qua.
5.3.2. ng phun hnh hc (ng Lavan, nm 1883)
Ch c tit din thay i (d 0), cn cc yu t khc b qua (dG = dQ = dL = dLms = 0).
T phng trnh (6-8) suy ra:
(M
) dvv = d
Xt trng hp tng tc dv > 0

Nu v < a, M < 1 th d < 0 : din tch thu hp;
v = a, M = 1, d = 0 : din tch khng i gi l mt ct ti hn *;
v > a, M > 1, d > 0 : din tch m rng.
Nh vy ng phun hnh hc hay mang tn nh thit k Lavan c dng hnh 5-3.
C hai ch quan trng:
a) S thay i thit din

gn mt ct ti hn c-c nh hng
rt ln n vn tc v. Chng hn
nh tit din thay i 1% th s
Mc (M) thay i t 0,9 n 1.
b) Dng cht kh chuyn
t di m sang trn m ch c
th xy ra vi iu kin l v = a
ti mt ct nh nht c-c (hnh 53).
Ta nhn xt thm rng
dng kh trn m, khi tit din
tng, vn tc cng tng. l
khc bit ni bt khi so snh
dng nc v dng kh chuyn
ng trong ng thng tit din
bin i.
C
b
d
a
x
II
Hnh 5-3. ng phun La van
5.3.3. ng phun lu lng

Ch lm thay i lu lng dG 0, nn phng trnh (5-9) c dng
(M
) dvv = dG
G
Xt trng hp tng tc dv > 0

Khi
M < 1 ; dG > 0 : ht kh vo G tng

M = 1 ; dG = 0
M > 1 ; dG < 0 : nh kh ra G gim
Vy, ng phun lu lng c dng hnh 5- 4.

c
Hnh 5-4. ng phun lu lng
Nguyn l lm vic ca ng phun nhit (dQ 0) v ng phun c hc (dL 0) hon ton

ging ng phun lu lng.
5.3.4. ng phun ma st dLms 0
(M
) dvv = akg dL
ms
Nu dng chy c ma st th dng kh trong ng s sinh cng thng lc ma st nn

cng ca lc ma st lun dng (dLms > 0), suy ra v phi lun m.
Khi M < 1 : dv > 0
M > 1 : dv < 0
Ngha l khi dng di m th lc ma st lm tng vn tc cn khi dng trn m th lc ma
st lm gim vn tc.
Vy tr ng phun ma st, nhng ng phun cn li mun tng tc th phi c tc dng
ngc (nh ng phun hnh hc u tin din tch thu hp, sau m rng). l nguyn l tc
dng ngc.
5.4. Tnh ton dng kh bng cc hm kh ng v biu
Hm kh ng l hm c dng : f(k,) hay f(k,M). Vi gi tr k nht nh v cc gi tr h
s vn tc v M, ngi ta tnh gi tr cc hm v lp thnh bng, hay v biu . Nh cc
bng hm kh ng (phn ph lc) v biu , c th tnh cc thng s dng kh mt cch
thun tin.
C th nu ra nhng u im ca phng php ny:
- Rt ngn cc qu trnh tnh ton.
- n gin rt nhiu cc php bin i khi cng gii nhiu phng trnh, ngha l tm c
li gii chung ca nhng bi ton phc tp.
- Bit mt cch nh tnh c bn nhng quy lut ca chuyn ng v mi lin quan gia
cc thng s ca dng kh.
5.4.1. Tnh cc thng s dng kh
T (5-6) v (5-8) ta tm c cc dng kh ng sau y :
( ) =
k 1 2
T
= 1

T0 k + 1
k
p k 1 2 k 1
( ) =

= 1
p0 k + 1
k 1 2 k 1
( ) =

= 1
0 k + 1
5.4.2. Tnh lu lng
G = v
T cc biu thc = f(p0,k,) v v = a*, ta c :
G =
p0
Bq( )
T0
k +1
trong
kg 2 k 1
B=
= 0,4
R k + 1
q=
vi k = 1,4
v
= f ( )
( v )
q- Lu lng dn sut, hm kh ng lu lng

Tnh lu lng qua p sut tnh p:
p0 =
p
( )
G =
Vi
y( ) =
p
By( )
T0
q( )
mt hm kh ng na.
( )
5.4.3. Tnh xung lc

I=
p k +1 G
G
G
a* Z ( )
v + p = v + =
v 2 k g
g
g
Z( ) = +
Vy bit (bng s hay biu thc) hay f(,k) tra bng hay th s tm c f(,k) hay
khc.
5.4.4. Kt lun
kt lun phn ny ta im li cc hm kh ng v cc biu thc lin h gia chng
vi nhau.
a) Cc hm n gin biu th mi lin h gia cc thng s hm:
( ) =
k 1 2
T

= 1
T0 k + 1
k
p k 1 2 k 1
= 1
( ) =

p0 k + 1
1
k 1 2 k 1
( ) =

= 1
0 k + 1
V
( ) = ( ). ( )
b) Cc hm biu din lu lng khi qua p sut ton phn:
q ( ) = c ( )
Hay l qua p sut thy tnh:

y ( ) =
q ( )
=c
( )
( )
Nh cc hm ta c c hai biu thc tnh lu lng kh:

G = B
p0
p
q( ) = B
y ( )
T0
T0
c) Nh hm:
Z( ) = +
Ta c th biu din xung lc dng kh di dng tch gia nhit hm v lu lng kh:
I=
p k +1 G
G
G
a* Z ( )
v + p = v + =
v 2 k g
g
g
d) Xung lc dng kh biu din qua p sut ton phn v p sut tnh nh cc hm f() v
r():
1
1
f ( ) = q( ) Z ( ); r ( ) = c
c
y ( ) Z ( )
Bng cc biu thc sau:

I = p0f ( ) =
p
r ( )
1
k + 1 k 1
c=
=
( ) 2
Bng 1,577 i vi k = 1,4 v 1,588 i vi k = 1,33.
e) Cc hm q(,), y(,) v Z(,) cho php p dng phng php tnh ton v cc cng
thc trn cho trng hp chuyn ng ca cht kh c thnh phn vn tc hng knh hay tip
tuyn.
g) Khi gii mt s bi ton cng dng o hm ca cc hm kh ng. Bng cch vi phn
v qua mt s php bin i ta c th nhn c biu thc ca chng qua cc hm c bn.
k
V d:
d ( )
2 k 1
= k
d
k + 1
k
k
dq ( )
1
2
1
= q ( )
y ( )v.v...
k + 1
ngha ca cc phng trnh c bn biu din qua hm kh ng.

T cc v d trn ta thy rng u vit c bn ca cc biu thc hm kh ng l ch n
cha cc thng s ca dng chy m s thay i ca chng c th d dng thit lp t nhng iu
kin ca bi ton. V d nh s khng i ca nhit hm T0 trong chuyn ng on nhit v
tng T0 khi cung cp nhit; vic bo ton p sut ton phn p0 trong chuyn ng ng entropi v
s gim p0 khi c tn tht Bng cch chn cc biu thc thch hp cho lu lng hay xung lc
c th dn ti cng thc cha t nht nhng thng s cha bit v thng tm c n s trc tip
t cc phng trnh c bn m khng cn nhng bin i phc tp.
Ta nu ra mt s qui tc chung gip ch cho vic gii cc phng trnh di dng tng
qut nh cc hm kh ng.
Trong tt c cc trng hp khi nhn c biu thc tng qut hay biu thc bng s ca
h s vn tc hoc ca mt hm kh ng bt k no ta u c th coi l tt c cc hm kh ng
v h s vn tc bit (t bng hay th). l iu kin c bn n gin vic tnh ton,
bi v n loi tr s cn thit phi vit di dng c th s ph thuc gia v cc hm ca n.
Trong khi tnh ton bng s cn ch rng cc hm (), (), () trong min vn tc nh v
cc hm q(), z(), f() trong min vn tc gn m thay i rt t khi thay i. Bi vy trong
cc min ch cn sai s nh ca hm cng dn n sai s ln ca h s vn tc . Do trong
cc trng hp nn c gng dng cc phng trnh cha cc hm y(), r(), cn nu khng
c nh vy phi tnh ton rt chnh xc. Tt nhin trong cc min khng nn tnh theo cc
hm trn bng th. c bit i vi hm z() ch thay i c 10% trong khong ln (0,65
1,55). V vy tm theo gi tr hm z() trong min chuyn ng gn m c th tnh trc tip
t phng trnh:
Z( ) = +
T :
Z ( ) Z 2 ( ) 4
2
=
=
2
Z ( ) Z 2 ( ) 4
trnh sai s do khi tr hai gi tr gn bng nhau ta tm nghim trn m theo biu thc
u tin, cn nghim di m theo biu thc th hai.
Qua cc v d kho st ta thy phng php tnh ton nh cc hm kh ng rt c hiu
lc gii cc bi ton tng i phc tp v c ngha thc t k thut.
th cc hm kh ng c dng sau y (Hnh 5-5):
33
1,
k=
33
1,
4
k=
1,
k=
33
1,
k=
Hnh 5-5. th hm kh ng
5.5. v d v bi tp
V d 5-1:
Trong mt ct 1-1 phn di m ca ng Lavan l tng cho p1 = 16 kg/cm2 ; To1 =
400oK, 1 = 0,6. Tnh 2 v p2 2-2. Bit T2 = 2730K
Gii:
Trong ng phun Lavan l tng : To2 = To1
po2 = po1 (To = Const, po = Const)
Tm 2:
( 2 ) =
T2 T2 273
=
=
= 0 ,6825
T02 T01 400
Tra bng (Ph lc 8) ta tm c 2 = 1,38. Vy tit din 2-2 phn ng trn m

Tm p2:
( ) =
p
p0
p2 = p1
0 ,2628
( 2 )
= 16
= 5 ,23 kG / cm 2
0 ,8053
1
p1
p2
=
( 1 ) ( 2 )
V d 5.2:
Tnh 2, p2 ming ra ca ng gim tc nu bit ming vo ca ng gim tc:
p01 = 3 kG/cm2; 1 = 0,85;
2
= 2 ,5 v h s p sut ton phn
1
p02
= 0 ,94
p01
Gii :
T cng thc tnh lu lng:
p01
p
q( 1 ) = 2 02 q( 2 )
T01
T02
B qua s trao i nhit qua thnh ng gim tc, ta c To2 = To1 suy ra:
q( 2 ) =
1 1
q( 1 )
Tra bng (Ph lc 8): q(1) = q(0,85) = 0,9729
Nn
q(2) =0,413 2= 0,27 v (2) = 0,9581

p2 = p02(2) = p01(2) = 0,94.3.0,9581 = 2,7 kG/cm2
V d 5-3:
Nu bit rng vn tc khng kh trong ng l 750 ft/s. S dng p k thu ngn trong hnh
v xc nh p sut tnh tuyt i trong ng.
Ch thch: 1 ft = 0,3048 m; 1 in = 0,0254 m;
1 lbf = 4,4482 N;
Gii:
Xc nh trng lng ring ca khng kh bng p k: 0,07 lbf/ft3
p0 p do = Hg g kh g .h = (846 0 ,07 )
Vi
8
ft 564lbf / ft 2
12
T = 1000F = 560K;
a = kRT = 1,4.1717.560 1160 ft / s
Ma =
V
750
=
0 ,646
a 1160
Cui cng:
p0 p
2
= 1 + 0 ,2(0 ,646 )
p
3 ,5
1 = 1,324 1 = 0 ,324 =
564
p
p sut tnh tuyt i trong ng pt = 1739 pbf 12,1 lbf/in2

V d 5-4:
Mt dng kh c vn tc V = 200 m/s, p sut p = 125 KPa v nhit T = 2000 C. Hgy
tnh p sut v vn tc cc i c th t c khi dgn hoc nn trong hai trng hp:
a) Dng kh l khng kh;
b) Dng kh l kh Helium.
Gii:
a) i khng kh
Xc nh tr s Max:
Ma =
V
200
=
= 0 ,459
kRT
1,4.287.( 200 + 273 )
p sut cc i (trng thi hgm):
pmax
k 1 2 k 1
= p0 = p 1 +
Ma
2
= 125 1 + 0 ,2( 0 ,459 )2
3 ,5
= 144 KPa
Nhit : T0 = (200 + 273).[1 + 0,2(0,459)2] = 493 K
Vmax = 2C pT0 = 2.1005.493 = 995 m / s
b) i vi kh Helium: k =1,66; R = 2077 m2/s2K;

Cp =
Ma =
k .R
= 5224 m 2 / s 2 K
k 1
V
200
=
0 ,157
kRT
1,66.20077( 473 )
p0 = 125 1 + 0 ,33( 0 ,157 )2
1,66
0 ,66
128 KPa
T0 = 473.[1 + 0,33(0,157)2] = 477 K
Vmax = 2.5224.477 2230 m / s
Bi tp 5-1.
Mt dng kh l tng chy
on nhit qua mt ng.
Ti mt ct 1: p1 = 140 kPa; T1 =
2600 C; V1 = 75 m/s;
Ti mt ct 2: p2 = 30 kPa; T2
= 2070 C.
P2 = 30kPA
T2 = 2070C
P1 = 140kPa
T1 = 2600C
V1 = 75m/s
Hgy tnh V2 (m/s) v S2 S1 (J/Kg.K) trong hai trng hp:

a) Dng kh l khng kh K = 1,4;
b) Dng kh l kh argon K = 1,67.
p s: a) V2 = 326 m/s; S2 S1 = 337 J/Kg.K
b) V2 = 246 m/s; S2 S1 = 266 J/Kg.K
Bi tp 5-2.
Mt dng kh chuyn ng t
trong mt bnh cha nhit 200C
i qua ming vi phun vo mt tm
phng t thng ng c din tch 20
cm2 (hnh v).
Ae=20cm2
Tm
phng
Khng
kh 20oC
135 N
Dng chy di m. Lc cn
thit gi tm phng ng yn l 135
N.
Tnh: a) Ve;
b) Mae;
c) p0 nu pa = 101 kPa
p s: a) Ve = 226 m/s;
b)Mae = 0,69;
c) p0 = 13900 Pa
Cu hi n tp chng IV
1. Cc phng trnh c bn ca cht kh.
2. Cc thng s c bn ca dng kh.
3. Kho st chuyn ng ca cht kh trong mt s ng phun thng gp.
4. Cch tnh ton dng kh bng cc hm kh ng v biu .
Chng 6
Tnh ton thu lc ng ng c p
Trong k thut v trong thc tin sn xut ta gp nhiu trng hp cc loi cht
lng chy trong cc ng ng c p khc nhau vi cc nhim v khc nhau (Nh ng dn
nc trong h thng cung cp nc, ng dn nhin liu, dn ho cht trong cc thit b my
mc, h thng truyn ng, truyn lc....)
Mc ch tnh ton thu lc ng ng l thit k h thng ng ng mi hoc
kim tra sa cha, iu chnh h thng sn c cho ph hp vi yu cu c th l xc
nh mt trong cc thng s: Lu lng Q; Ct p H ti u hoc cui ng ng, ng
knh d hoc c d v H.
6.1. C s l thuyt tnh ton ng ng
6.1.1. Phn loi
loi:
Da vo c im tn tht nng lng trong ng ng hw, chia ng ng thnh 2
ng ng ngn: L ng ng c chiu di khng ng k, tn tht nng lng

cc b l ch yu (hwc > 0,1 hw). V d ng ht bm ly tm, ng ng dn nhin liu, dn
du bi trn trn cc ng c...
ng ng di: L ng ng c chiu di ln; tn tht nng lng dc ng l
ch yu (hwc < 0,1 hw). V d cc ng ng trong h thng cung cp nc, dn nhin liu
t b cha ti cc im phn phi...
Cn c vo iu kin thu lc v cu trc ng ng, chia ra:
ng ng n gin: l ng ng c ng knh d hoc lu lng Q khng i
dc theo chiu di ng ng (Hnh 6 - 1a)
ng ng phc tp: d v Q thay i, ngha l gm nhiu ng ng n gin ghp
ni li nh ng ng c mch r (Hnh 6 - 1c), ng ng chia nhnh song song (Hnh 6 1b), ng ng c mch vng kn (Hnh 6-1 d)...
6.1.2. Nhng cng thc dng trong tnh ton thu lc ng ng
- Phng trnh Becnuli i vi cht lng thc (hw tn tht ct p = tn tht nng
lng n v).
Z1 +
Hay
Trong :
p1
1v1 2
2g
= Z2 +
p2
2 v2 2
2g
+ hw
H1 = H2 + hw
H 1 = Z1 +
p1
1v12
2g
- Ct p u ng
a)
I1,d1
I2,d2
I3,d3
b)
B
c)
E
C
F
C
d)
B
Hnh 6-1. Cc loi ng ng phc tp
H 2 = Z2 +
p2
2 v2 2
2g
- Phng trnh lu lng:
- Ct p cui ng
Q= v
- Cng thc tnh hw :

hwd =
l v2
d 2g
hwc =
v2
2g
Da vo cc phng trnh trn suy ra cng thc chung: f (H1, H2, d, Q, l) = 0
6.2. tnh ton thu lc ng ng n gin

6.2.1. Tnh H1 khi bit H2 , Q, l, d, n ( nhm tng i)
T phng trnh Becnuli
l 8Q 2
H = H 1 H 2 = hw + 2 4
d gd
l 8Q 2
H1 = + 2 4 + H 2
d gd
Suy ra
(6 - 1)
Cng thc (6-1) dng khi cn tnh cao thp nc hoc ct p u mt on ng.
6.2.2. Tnh Q, bit H1, H2 , l , d, n
T (6 - 1) ta rt ra:
(H 1 H 2 )
Q=
2d 4 g
(6 - 2)
8 +
d
Da vo cng thc (6 - 2) ta thy d b bit H1, H2 , l , d, n nhng cha xc nh
=f (Re). Bi ton phi gii theo phng php th dn chn ng t gi tr Q cng

l ng.
6.2.3. Tnh d, bit l, H1, H2,Q, n
a) Phng php th dn :
T (6-1) :
H1 H 2 = h +
p1 p2
2
l
8Q
= + 2 4
d
gd
Ta gi thit cc gi tr khc nhau ca d, t xc nh , ri thay vo v phi

p p2
th di chnh l ng knh
ca phng trnh trn. Nu gi tr v phi f ( d i ) = h + 1
ng cn tm.
b) Phng php thi:
T (6 -1) suy ra:
v t:
d4 =
8
l 2
+ Q
d
gH
2
y1 = d4
y2 = f ( d ) =
8
l 2
+ Q
d
gH
2
Biu din hai hm s ny trn cng mt th; Giao im ca hai ng cong chiu
xung trc d cho gi tr d cn tm.
6.2.4. Tnh d, H1, bit H2, Q, l, n
Trng hp ny trc ht xc nh d theo vn tc cho php (Vn tc kinh t)
m bo lu lng Q sau tnh H1 nh bi ton 1.
V d: Bm bnh rng phi y du vi lu lng Q = 0,2 l/s vo trong bnh cha
(thng vi kh quyn) (Hnh 5-2). Xc nh p sut y cn thit ca bm nu bit: ng
knh ng y d = 2cm, chiu di ca n l = 1m, K = 4. Khong cch t mt thong bnh
n trc bm z = 1,4m. nht ca du=0,2cm2/s, trng lng ring ca du =

8450N/m.
Gii:
Xc nh trng thi chy ca du:
Re =
4Q 4 . 0 ,2 . 10 3
=
637 < 2320
d
. 2 . 0,2
chy tng.
l,d
v2
v v b:
B qua
2g
H1 H 2 =
8
l Q2
+
d d4
2g
v nu ly mt chun qua tm bm th ta c :
p1
Hnh 6-2. Xc nh p sut y ca

bm bnh rng
l 8Q 2
Z = K + dm + 2 4
d gd
p2
trong : p1 , p2 - p sut ca bm v p sut ti mt thong trong bnh tnh theo p sut

d;
- h s tn tht ti ch ni vo bnh
Do :
l 8Q 2
p1 = p2 + Z + K + dm + 2 4 = 13580N/m2
d gd
6.3. Tnh ton thu lc ng ng phc tp

Tnh ton ng ng phc tp da trn c s tnh ton ng ng n gin. Sau y
ta xt mt s h thng ng ng phc tp thng gp. Trn c s suy ra cch tnh ton
cc h thng khc.
6.3.1. H thng ng ng ni tip
a) Trng hp ni tip kn (Hnh 6 - 3)
c im thu lc: Q = Q1 = Q2 = ...... = Qn
H = H1 + H2 + ...... + Hn
Hu - Hcui = H = hw d + h w c
Q2
l1,d1
l2,d2
Q3
l3,d3
Hnh 6-3. S ng ng ni tip kn

b) Trng hp ng ni tip c r r cht lng cc ch ni (Hnh 6 - 4)
Q1 = Q2 + Qt 1 = Q3 + Q t 1 + Q t 2 =...... = Qi +
i 1
Qt
1
H = hw d + h w c
Ch : i vi ng ng di c th ly h w c = ( 0,05 0,1) hw d
Q2
Q3
Qt1
Qt3
Qt2
Hnh 6 - 4. S ng ni tip c r r cht lng cc ch ni

6.3.2. H thng ng ng ni song song (Hnh 6 - 5)
l1,d1,Q1
l2,d2,Q2
Q
im u
im cui
l3,d3,Q3
lm,dm,Qm
Hnh 6-5. S ng ng mc song song
Q = Q1 + Q2 +......+ Qi +.......+ Qm = Q
i
i =1
Hu - Hcui = H = H1 = H2 =.......= Hi =......= Hm

H1 = h di + hc i + hn vi + h n ri
trong : hn vi , h n ri - Tn tht nng lng ti nt vo v nt ra ca dng chy qua ng th i
hc i - Tng tn tht cc b trn on ng th i;

h di - Tn tht dc ng trn on ng th i.
6.3.3. H thng ng ng phn phi lin tc (Hnh 6 - 6)

Qf f = q l ( q - Lu lng trn mt n v di)
Qm = Qv
Q ff
l
x = Qr + Q ff
Q ff
l
Tnh tn tht nng lng dh trn dx (coi lu lng khng i trn dx)
Nu coi trn dx , = 0
l
x
dx
Qv
Qr
q
Hnh 6 6. ng ng phn phi lin tc
Q ff
dx
dh =
3 Qr + Q ff
x
l
2g d
8
Suy ra:
l
hd = dh =
o
8
2
l 2
1
Q + Qr Q ff + Q ff 2
3 r
3
d
hd - Chnh l chnh ct p trn on l.

6.3.4. H thng ng ng phn nhnh h
Trong tnh ton thu lc ng ng phn nhnh h thng gp 2 loi bi ton: Thit
k v kim tra.
- Bi ton kim tra l cho trc ct p u ng ng, kim tra li xem sau khi b
tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, ct p cn li cui ng ng (ni tiu th)
c yu cu khng?
- Bi ton thit k l tnh c ct p ca ngun, cn thit thng mi sc cn
trn ng ng, tho mbn yu cu ct p v lu lng ni tiu th (cui ng ng).
a) Cc bc gii bi ton ng ng phn nhnh:
Thng thng trong mt bi ton thit k ngi ta cho nhng s liu sau:
- Lu lng ct p yu cu ti cc ni tiu th: Qi; Hi ;
- cao hnh hc ca cc im trong h thng ng ng: Zi (Tnh t mt mt
chun chung);
- Chiu di cc on ng: li ;
- H s nhm n hoc nhm ca ng.
Yu cu xc nh ng knh ca cc on ng v ct p ca ngun H0.
Bc 1: Tnh ng ng c bn:
Chn ng ng c bn (ng ng chnh) l nhnh ng ng c yu cu v nng
lng vn chuyn cht lng cao nht (thng chn nhnh c Q ln v l di nht).
- Xc nh ng knh ng ng c bn theo vn tc kinh t:
4Qi
vKT
di =
- Xc nh ct p ngun H0.
Bc 2: Tnh ng ng nhnh
Nhim v ca vic tnh ng ng nhnhl xc nh c ng knh ca n.Tng
t nh bi ton 3 (ng ng n gin) vi iu kin xc nh c ct p u nhnh.
b) V d: Tnh ton thu lc h thng ng ng phn nhnh (Hnh 6-7)
Cc s liu cho
- cao hnh hc : ZA , ZB ,ZC ,ZD, ZE , ZK , ZL , ZN;
- Lu lng yu cu : QK , QN , QL , QE ;
- Chiu di tng on ng : l1, l2 , l3 , l4 , l5 , l6 , l7;
- Ct p yu cu : hK , hE , hL , hN .
Xc nh ng knh ng v ct p cn thit HA u h thng ng ng.
Theo s trn chn ng ng c bn l ABCDE .
Xc nh lu lng trn tng on ng ng:
Q7 = QN ; Q6 = QE ; Q5 = QE + QN ; Q4 = QL;
Q3 =QL + QE + QN ; Q2 = QK ; Q1=QK+QL + QE + QN;
Xc nh ng knh cc on ng:
d 6 = 1,13
Q6
Q1
; ... d 1 = 1,13
v KT
v KT
Hnh 6-7. S ng ng phn nhnh h

Xc nh tn tht ct p trn cc on ng:
l 8
2
H 6 = + 6 2 4 Q6
d6 d 6 g
l 8
2
H 5 = + 5 2 4 Q5
d5 d5 g
-----------------------------------
l 8
H 1 = + 1 2 4 Q12
d1 d1 g
Tr s ct p cn thit HA u h thng ng ng c xc nh:

HA = H1 + H3 + H5 + H6 + (ZE + hE)
tnh ng ng nhnh ta xc nh ct p cc im B , C , D ri tnh tn tht
nng lng trong cc ng ng nhnh BK, CL v DN v cui cng chn ng knh ca
cc ng ng nhnh d2, d4 v d7 . Sau tin hnh kim tra:
on BK:
l 8
H B H K + 2 2 4 QK
d2 d2 g
on CL:
l 8
H C H L + 4 2 4 QL
d4 d4 g
on DN:
l
H D H N + 7
d7
QN
4
2
d7 g
Nu tho mbn th tt, khng tho mbn th phi chn li ng ng c bn v tnh

li.
Trong trng hp cho trc ct p u h thng ng ng HA , ta xem ng ng
c bn ABCDE nh ng ng n gin mc ni tip c lu lng v ng knh ng khc
nhau.
Tnh xong ng ng c bn ta bit c tn tht ct p ca tng on ng v tnh

c ct p cc im u ng ng nhnh B, C, D ; ri chn ng knh cc ng nhnh
nh trng hp bit chiu di l , lu lng Q v tn tht nng lng hW ng n gin.
6.3.5. H thng ng ng vng kn
Gi s xt mt h thng ng ng vng kn gm c ng chnh AB v mt vng kn
BCDEF (Hnh 6-8). Lu lng tho ra cc im B, C, D, E, F l QA , QB , QC , QD , QE v
QF .
Hnh 6-8. S h thng ng ng vng kn

Trc ht ta chn phng chuyn ng ca cht lng, Ly im xa nht lm im
tho nc cui cng. s ny ta c th ly im D v nh vy cht lng s chy n
im D t hai pha.
Sau khi xc nh xong hng chuyn ng ta tnh ton nh trng hp c mch r
song song v tn tht trong hai nhnh BCD v BEFD bng nhau:
hWBCD = hWBEFD
Nu iu kin trn khng tho mbn, phi chn li im tho nc cui cng, hoc
thay i ng knh cc on ng.
6.4. Phng php dng h s c trng lu lng K
6.4.1. Ni dung
Phng php ny dng tnh ton cho ng ng di, chy ri v chy u c p.
Do ng di nn H = hW hWd = Jl .
trong : J - dc thu lc ; l - Chiu di ng .
Vn tc ca dng chy u c xc nh theo cng thc Sedi:
v = C RJ
trong : R -Bn knh thu lc; C =
1d
- H s Sedi
n4
n - nhm tng i; y - H s ph thuc R v n

Do lu lng qua ng l:
Q = C RJ = K J
Vi J = 1 th Q = K (m3/s), c ngha K l lu lng ca dng chy qua mt ct t

khi dc thu lc bng 1 n v v c gi l h s c trng lu lng K = K(d,n).
Thay J = hWd /l vo Q, ta c H = hWd = l
Q2
K2
(6-3)
Cc gi tr ca K (hoc 1/K2) c tnh sn cho cc loi ng ng c dv n khc

nhau ng vi v >1,2 m/s (chy ri hay l khu vc sc cn bnh phng). (Xem phn ph lc
5,6).
ng vi chy tng v 1,2 m/s phi nhn (6-3) vi h s hiu chnh tn tht a:
hwd = a
Q2
l
K2
(6-4)
Bng 6-1
0,2
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,41
1,2
1,15
1,115
1,085
1,06
1,04
1,03
1,015
6.4.2. ng dng gii 4 bi ton c bn
a) H1 = ?
Suy ra
H = H1 - H2 = hWd = (Q/K)2 l
H1 = (Q/K)2 l + H2
b) Q = ?
T (6-2) : Q = K
H
l
K - Tra bng theo tr s d v n b cho.
c) d = ?
Theo u bi ta tnh c K =
Q
H
l
T K v n b cho, tra bng ngc li tm d trong bng tr s K.
d) d, H1 = ? Chn trc d theo vKT , sau da vo d v n tra bng tm K tng

ng.
T K, Q,l tm c H , H1.
6.4.3. ng dng tnh ng ng phc tp
a) ng ng ni tip: Q bng nhau, H = Hi

m
H = Q2
i =1
li
Ki
Q=
H
l
Ki 2
i =1 i
m
b) ng ng song song: H bng nhau; Q = Qi
H
H
;...Qm = K m
l1
lm
Q1 = K1
i =1
i =1
Q = Qi = H
Suy ra
Ki
li
c) ng ng phn phi lin tc

H=
l 2
1
l
Q + Qr Q ff + Q ff 2 2 Qr + 0 ,55Q ff
2 r
3
K
K
)2
hay:
H=
Qtt
l
K2
d) ng ng phn nhnh h
Ta cng chia h thng ng ng thnh ng ng c bn v ng ng nhnh
tnh (nh b trnh by trong mc 6.2.4) nhng vic tnh ton c n gin nhiu.
Khi tnh ng ng c bn, ng knh cc on ng s tnh theo vn tc kinh t v
lu lng yu cu, cn chnh ct p u v cui ng ng c bn s l:
m
Qi 2li
2
i =1 K i
m
H = hwdi =
i =1
m - S on ng ng n gin to nn ng ng c bn .
Ch rng H = ( Zo - Zc ) + ho - hc
Trong : Zo , Zc - cao hnh hc u v cui ng ng.
ho , hc - cao o p yu cu ti u v cui ng ng c bn.
Khi tnh ng ng nhnh, thng thng ng knh ca n khng c tnh theo
vn tc kinh t. N c quyt nh bi lu lng yu cu, chnh ct p u v cui
nhnh ph, ngha l phi chn ng ng c ng knh sao cho vi lu lng yu cu,
dng chy trong tn tht ct p ph hp vi chnh ct p gia u v cui nhnh:
H - Hc = hwd
6.5. Phng php th tnh ton ng ng
T cng thc c bn ca ng ng (6 -3):
hw =
1
lQ 2 = AQ 2
2
K
Ta nhn thy vi mt ng ng xc nh c l v d th tn tht hw l hm s ca lu

lng Q.
ng th biu din hm s hw = AQ2 gi l ng c tnh ng dn.
Nu tnh ct p ca ng ng theo biu thc:
H = zc + hc + hw =Ho + AQ2
(6-5)
Ho = zc + hc - Ct p cui ng ng (c tr s xc nh)
ng biu din phng trnh (65) gi l ng c tnh ng dn trong h
thng (cch gc to mt on Ho).
Trng hp Ho = 0 , ng c
tnh s i qua gc to .
c ng c tnh chung cho
ng ng gm nhiu on ng mc ni
tip th vi mi lu lng chy qua, tn
tht s bng tng tn tht cc on ng.
V ng c tnh ng dn cho
tng on ng ng. Sau v ng
c tnh ng dn tng hp chung cho ton
b h thng ng ng.
Hnh 6-9. ng c tnh ca ng ng

gm 2 ng ng t ni tip
Vi mi gi tr Q nht nh ta xc nh c ngay gi tr hw ca h thng ng

ng trn th (Hnh 6-9).
Trong trng hp ng ng
phc tp gm nhiu on ng mc song
song v ni tip th ta v ng c tnh
cho nhng on mc song song v sau
cng th v ng c tnh tng cng
gm nhiu on ng mc ni tip.
hw
+
1
hw
=
hw
hw
hw
=A
=A
2Q 2
1Q 2
Nu ng ng gm nhiu on
mc song song th ng vi mi tr s ca
tng (tn tht nng lng hw) ta cng
cc tr s ca honh (lu lng Q) s
c lu lng chung cho c ng ng.
Ly nhiu im nh vy s v c
ng c tnh chung cho ng ng
(Hnh 6-10).
Q1
Q2
Q1+Q2
Hnh 6-10. ng c tnh ca ng ng

gm 2 ng ng mc song song
Dng phng php th ta c th xc nh c tn tht nng lng ca ng
ng v do xc nh c ct p u ng ng khi bit lu lng hoc ngc li xc
nh c lu lng chy qua ng ng khi cho trc ct p.
6.6. Va p thu lc trong ng ng

6.6.1. Hin tng
Va p thu lc l hin tng bin i p sut t ngt khi vn tc ca dng chy
tng hay gim t ngt.
Va p thu lc c th chia ra va p dng (thun) trong v vn tc gim m
gy ra tng p sut v va p m (nghch) do vn tc tng lm p sut gim.
Chng hn, nc chy trong ng c p. Nu ngn cn t ngt dng chy, v d
ng kho li th p sut trong ng s tng ln t ngt. p sut ngay st kho s tng ln
trc, nc s b nn li. Sau theo mc dng li ca cc lp nc m s tng p sut
s nhanh chng truyn i theo ng ng to thnh sng tng p sut.
S tng p sut truyn i vi tc ln s lm p cht lng li v thnh ng gibn ra.
S bin dng n tnh ca cht lng v ca ng s sinh ra cng vi tc truyn tng p
sut theo chiu di ng. Tc truyn bin dng n tnh gi l tc truyn sng va p.
Sau khi lp nc cui cng dng li th tt c nc trong ng u b p. Lc p sut
trong ng ln hn p sut trong bnh nn nc chy ngc v bnh, p sut trong ng s t
ngt h xung. S gim p sut cng s tng lp m truyn ti kho nc v gi l sng
va p nghch. Thi gian chy ca sng va p thun v va p nghch lm thnh mt pha
ca sng va p.
Qu trnh sng va p xy ra rt nhanh (bi v tc truyn sng va p rt ln). S
pht sinh ra pha va p c lp i lp li theo chu k v gim dn do c s tiu hao nng
lng . S tng cao p sut khi c va p thu lc ph thuc vo p sut ban u ca dng
chy v ln hn rt nhiu so vi ct p tnh gy ra dng chy. Hin tng va p thu lc
kh phc tp, mbi n nm 1898 mi c nh bc hc Nga Jucpxki phn tch c l lun
cht ch.
6.6.2. Tnh tng p sut, tc truyn sng va p
Quan st ng ng c ng knh d, din tch ca cc mt ct ng l v chiu
di l, ni vi mt bnh cha (Hnh 6-11). Trc khi ng kho c vn tc vo v p sut po.
Khi ng kha t ngt cui ng ng, lp cht lng gn kho trn on x c
khi lng x b p li di tc dng ca lc qun tnh. Do sau thi gian t , p sut
lp tng ln p v vn tc bng 0. Ta vit phng trnh ng lng:
Ft = mv
ng dng trong trng hp xt ta c:
F = p , m = x , v = vo - 0
pt = x vo
Rt ra:
p =
x
vo
t
(6-6)
Nu t 0 th ta c p sut cc i gn ch kho:
Pa
x
t 0 t
C = lim
C -Tc truyn sng va p thu lc.

H
Thay C vo (6-6):
p C
= vo
vo
x
(6-7)
Cng thc (6-7) do Jucpxki a ra,

dng xc nh tng p sut khi va p
thu lc.
Hnh 6-11. S xc nh va p thu lc

trong ng
ng dng l lun ng lng vo

khi cht lng gia hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2,
v tnh s thay i khi lng cht lng trong on ng cng vi s bin dng ca thnh
ng (theo nh lut Hook) Jucpxki b xc nh c cng thc tnh tc truyn sng
va p trong nc gi l tc truyn nc va:
C=
1435
1+
trong :
Eo d
E
Eo - mo uyn n hi ca nc ;
d - ng knh trong ca ng ;
E - mo uyn n hi ca vt liu lm ng ;
- chiu dy thnh ng.

Khi c va p thu lc, p sut sinh ra rt ln c th gy ra v ng, nn phi tm
bin php lm gim hoc ngn nga, nh ng m kho van t t, dng ng c ng
knh ln lm gim vn tc, dng vt liu c mouyn n hi b, dng nhng thit b t
ng tho cht lng khi p sut vt qu qui nh ...
6.6.3. ng dng hin tng va p thu lc
Hin tng va p thu lc c li dng trong cc bm nc va (Hnh 6-12).
Nguyn l lm vic ca bm nc va nh sau:
Van A trn ng ng c iu chnh cho nc t mt b cha chy qua.
Khi no vn tc ca dng nc t ti mt tr s nh trc th dng nc ng van
A t ngt, sinh ra hin tng va p thu lc; p sut trong ng dn nc tng vt lm m
van B trong bnh C, lm cho nc chy vo trong bnh C. Do p sut bnh C tng y nc
ln ng y D.
D
C
B
Hnh 6-12 . S nguyn l lm vic ca bm nc va

Khi nc chy vo bm th p sut trong ng ng gim, van B ng li, van A t
ng m v hin tng tip tc lp li.
6.7. CHUYN NG CA CHT KH TRONG NG DN
6.7.1.Phng trnh chuyn ng
Nh ta bit, cht kh khc cht lng ch l cht kh nn c ( const).Trong
nhiu trng hp nhu khi cht kh chuyn ng vi vn tc trn m (M >1), rt cn thit
phi k n tnh nn c. i vi chuyn ng dng, di m (M < 1) ca cht kh thc
trong ng dn ta c phng trnh lin tc (phng trnh lu lng).
G = v = const
(6-8)
V phng trnh Bcnulin vit di dng vi phn c k n tn tht nng lng.

dz +
dp
+d
v2
+ dh = 0
2g
(6-9)
Tn tht nng lng dh trn mt on ng dx cng tun theo cng thc Darcy:
dz =
dx v 2
.
D 2g
(6-10)
Ngoi ra ta cn c phng trnh trng thi:
= RT
Thay (6-10) vo (6-9) ta c:

dz +
dp
+d
v2
dx v 2
+ .
=0
2g
D 2g
(6-11)
Phng trnh (6-11) tch phn c, nu ta bit qu trnh thay i trng thi ca cht
kh trong ng v s thay i ca h s ma st . i vi chuyn ng ng nhit (T =
const) khng thay i dc theo ng dn. trong Trng hp chuyn ng di m (M < 1),
cng ging nh i vi cht lng, ph thuc vo s Rynn v nhm tng i n ca
vD
thay i theo nhit v h s nht ph thuc vo
ng. Nhng s Rynn Re =
nhit T. i vi cht kh gim khi T gim. Nu dc theo ng nhit gim th cui

ng s Re tng, do h s ma st thay i.
Vi quan im tnh ton thu lc ng ng dn kh ngi ta phn bit hai trng
hp chuyn ng ca cht kh:
1 C th b qua tnh nn c ca cht kh khi dng kh chuyn ng vi chnh p
tng i b;
2 - Phi k n tnh nn c ca dng kh chuyn ng vi chnh p tng i ln.
chnh p tng i y l t s gia hiu p sut ti mt ct u v mt ct
cui ng vi p sut ti mt ct u ng.
6.7.2. Chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng hnh tr
Kho st chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng tr nm ngang c tit din khng i.
Phng trnh chuyn ng (6-11) v phng trnh lin tc (6-8) s c dng :
dp
+d
v2
dx v 2
+ .
=0
2g
D 2g
v = const
(6-12)
(6-13)
i vi trng hp th nht ca chuyn ng cht kh (khi b qua tnh nn c),

th trng lng ring ca cht kh v suy ra vn tc trung bnh theo mt ct s khng i
dc theo chiu di ca ng khi gi nguyn lu lng Q. Do tch phn phng trnh (612) s c :
p1 p2 =
l v 2
.
D 2g
y: ch s 1 v 2 ng vi mt ct u v cui ng, l - chiu di ca ng.

Nh vy trong trng hp ny tnh ton thu lc ng ng dn kh khng khc
vic tnh ton thu lc ng dn nc.
Trong trng hp th hai, chuyn ng ca cht kh c km theo s gim trng
lng ring v tng vn tc trung bnh ca mt ct dc theo ng vi lu lng Q cho trc.
v2
Nhng gi tr vn tc ca dng kh d
thng nh hn rt nhiu so vi cc gi tr khc
2g
ca cc s hng trong phng trnh (6-12) nn c th b qua. Do phng trnh Bcnuli
c dng :
dp
=
G
v=
dx v 2
.
D 2g
nn
dp =
dp
dx
G2
.
2
2
2 g D
dx
G2
.
2
2
2 g D
Xt qu trnh a bin :
1
p1
1n
p n
hay l = 1
p1
Do :
1
p n
G 2 dx
1 dp =
.
2 g 2 D
p1
Gi s = const dc ng dn, tch phn phng trnh trn c dng :

p2
1+ n
p
G2 l
n
1 p1 =
.
p1
2 g 2 D
n+1
p
1
1+ n
n
p
G2 l
2
1 p1 1 =
.
p1
n+1
2 g 2 D
Thay 1 =
p1
;
RT1
D 2
4
, ta c biu thc tnh lu lng :
2 gD 5 n p12 p2
1
.
.
G=
8l n + 1 RT1 p1
n +1
n
Cng thc trn ng vi iu kin l khng i dc theo ng: N l cng thc c

bn xc nh lu lng trng lng khi cho bit ng knh ng v chnh p sut
hoc tnh ng knh nu bit lu lng v chnh p sut.
i vi qu trnh ng nhit (n = 1) v chy tng =
64
ta c:
Re
D 4 1 p2
1
.
256 l RT1 p1
G=
hay l:
D 4 1
(
p 2 p22 )
.
G=
256 l RT1
1
Trng hp ng nhit v chy ri:

G2 =
2 gD 5 2
( p p22 )
16 lRT1
1
C th kho st chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng hnh tr nh phng trnh

v
chuyn ng vit di dng h s vn tc = . Thc vy, kt hp gii cc phng trnh
a
(6-12), phng trnh lin tc (6-8) vit di dng vi phn:
dv
=0
v
(6-14)
v phng trnh nng lng vit cho vn tc m a:

a2
k + 1 a*2
v2
+
=
.
2 k 1 k 1 2
(6-15)
trong : a* - vn tc m ti hn;
k - ch s on nhit, ta s nhn c phng trnh vi phn ca s phn b vn
tc dc theo ng c k n tn tht nng lng:
k
1
d
=
dx
1
k 1
trong : x =
(6-16)
x
D
T phng trnh (6-16) c th kt lun l vn tc ti hn ca chuyn ng ch c th

xut hin ti ming ra ca ng hnh tr. Thc vy, theo phng trnh (6-16) khi < 1 v
d > 0 dng chy trong ng s tng tc, cn khi > 1 v d < 0 dng chy s chm
dn; trng hp = 1 ti mt ct bt k trong ng s tri vi phng trnh (6-16) v khng
ph hp vi ngha vt l.
Gi s h s ma st khng i, khi tch phn ca phng trnh (6-16) c dng:
1
12
ln
2k
2
x
=
2
1 k + 1
(6-17)
trong : 1 - h s vn tc mt ct vo ca ng;
- h s vn tc mt ct no cch mt ct vo mt on x.
tin vic tnh ton ta dng to khng th nguyn.
xs =
2k
x
k +1
xs c gi l chiu di dn sut ca ng.
Khi phng trnh (6-17) c th vit:

xs =
12
ln
2
12
(6-18)
S ph thuc gia v xs khi gi tr 1 khng i c biu din trn hnh 6-13. i lng
xs c cc i ti = 2 = 1. Gi tr cc i ca xs c xc nh theo cng thc:
xs max =
1
2
1
1 + ln 12
(6-19)
Cc ng cong xs() gm
hai nhnh: mt nhnh ng vi dng
di m ( < 1) cn nhnh kia ng
vi dng trn m ( > 1).
Nhng ng cong cng
cho ta thy l trong ng hnh tr
khng c th chuyn vn tc t di
m sang trn m. Nh nu trn,
trong ng ny vi gi tr vn tc xc
nh ming vo 1 v di
tng ng, vn tc ti hn s t
c ti ming ra (2 = 1).
Hnh 6-13
Dng di m ti ming vo ng (1 < 1) ng vi on AB (Hnh 6-13), cn dng
trn m (1 > 1) ng vi on CB. im B xc nh gi tr cc i hm xs ca 1 cho
trc.
T cng thc (6-19) suy ra xsmax = 0 khi 1 = 1
Nh vy, phng trnh (6-19) cho thy rng i vi ng hnh tr c kch thc l, D
cho trc vi vn tc ming ra 2 = 1, gi tr k v xc nh, th h s vn tc ming
vo 1 v lu lng dn xut ca cht kh q1 c mt gi tr hon ton xc nh.
Vi chuyn ng dng v vn tc di m ti ming vo, mt lng kh cc i c
th chuyn ng qua ng hnh tr di l, c h s ma st nu 2 = 1.
Lu lng tuyt i ca cht kh qua ng c chiu di gii hn s bng:
Gmax = g(1v1)max = gq1max*1a* =

1
k + 1 2 k 1
k + 1 k 1 2
= g
1 max *1 a*
1 max 1
k 1
Vi ch :
2 k 1 2k
*1 a* = 01
RT01
k +1
k + 1
1
2 k 1
=
k + 1
p
2k
. 01
(k + 1)Rg T01
ta s c:
1
Gmax
k 1 2 k +1 p01
2 gk
=
1 max 1
1 max
k +1
(k + 1)R
T01
Nh vy, tng lu lng tuyt i ca cht kh qua ng hnh tr c kch thc

xc nh cn thit phi tng p sut ton phn ti ming vo p01 hay l khi p01 c nh th
phi gim nhit hm T01. Trong khi , ti ming ra vn tc s t gi tr ti hn v gi
tr tuyt i ca n s gim khi T01 gim. Nhng lu lng s tng do khi lng ring
tng.
Thc nghim cho thy rng vi vn tc trn m ti ming vo s xut hin mt s
tnh cht mi ca dng chy m phng trnh (6-18) khng m t c. C mt iu nhn
xt l theo phng trnh (6-18), khi 1 > 1 vn tc trong ng phi gim lin tc cho n
ming ra theo ng cong CB trn hnh 6-13, cn p sut s tng lin tc.
Nhng trong thc t s thay i vn tc v p sut trong ng nhiu trng hp
xy ra mt cch khng lin tc (c bc nhy).
6.7.3. Tnh ton ng ng

a) Tnh ton ng ng dn kh cng tng t nh vic tnh ton ng ng dn cht lng.
Tn tht p sut ton b trong ng ng n gin c xc nh bng tng tn tht
p sut trong tt c cc on:
x
l
2
p = +
v
d
2g
1
Trong : x - s on ca ng dn.
Cn i vi ng ng phc tp, tn tht p sut ton b c xc nh bng tn
tht p sut ca nhng on ung ng c chn lm ng c bn:
y
l
2
p = +
v
d
2g
1
Trong : y - s on ca ng ng c bn.
b) Nhng bi ton c bn thng gp:
1. Cho bit lu lng, tnh ng knh ng dn, vn tc v tn tht p sut.
2. Cho bit lu lng v p sut, tnh ng knh v vn tc hay ngc li.
3. Cho bit ng knh v p sut, tnh lu lng v vn tc.
Trng hp th nht thng c trung cho vic tnh ton ng ng khi c ngun lm vic
(qut, my nn v.v). Trong khi tnh ton nn lu l lu lng, vn tc v din tch mt
ct ng c lin h bng phng trnh lu lng:
Q = v
c) Phng php tnh ton
i vi tng on ng cho bit chiu di l, tng cc h s tn tht cc b v lu lng

Q, ng thi tnh c vn tc v, ta s xc nh c ng knh ng :
1
Q 2
d = 1,13
v
v tn tht p sut:
l
2
p = +
v
d
2g
Trong , ni chung h s ma st ph thuc trng thi chy v tnh cht ca thnh ng.
6.8. v d v bi tp
V d 6-1.
C h thng ng dn khng kh nh s (hnh v). Kh c hp li t ba nhnh
dn n qut v sau kh c phn i hai ni. Nhng on ng ca ng chnh k hiu
bng cc ch a, b, c, d, e; cn nhng on phn nhnh bng cc s 1, 2, 3. Chiu di l ca
cc on ng, tng gi tr cc h s tn tht cc b v lu lng q cho trong bng. Hy
tnh tn tht p sut ton phn trong cc on ng.
Gii:
Vn tc trung bnh trong ng dn c xc nh theo cng thc Kalinuskin - gi l
vn tc kinh t:
2
ab 5
v = 20
nreQ
trong : a - phn khu hao hng nm;
b - gi tin 1m2 b mt ng dn;
- hiu sut ca qut;

x
1
2
= Q l ; x - s cc on ng; Q - lu lng trong mi on; l - di mi

1
on;
n - thi gian s dng qut;
r - gi tin 1kWh;
e - h s t l tiu th in;
- trng lng ring ca kh;

Q - tng lu lng.
y
= i
1
1/ 2
Q
+ ;
i=
v 1 / 2
1,13
= const
i vi khng kh i = 0,04.
Nu chn vn tc kinh t trong ng ng dn kh v = 13m/s th t suy ra ng
knh ng ca on a:
1
Q 2
1000 2
d = 1,13 = 1,13
= 0 ,165 m
v
3600.13
p sut ng:
2g
v2 =
1,2
132 = 10,4 kG / m 2
2.9,81
Tn tht p sut ton phn:

l
2
v = 17 ,78 kG / m 2
p = +
d
2g
Tng t, tnh cho on b c:
d = 235 mm;
2g
v 2 = 10 kG / m 2
tnh theo iu kin tiu chun (t = 20oC, p = 760mmHg, m = 0,5; = 1,2kG/m2).

Cc on khc cng tnh nh vy, kt qu tnh c lp thnh bng 6-2.
Tn tht p sut ton phn trong ng ng chnh (a, b, c, d, e) bng 65,3kG/m2.
Theo p sut v lu lng 3000m3/h c th chn qut thch hp cho ng ng
trn.
Bng 6-2.
S
cc
on
ng
l
(m)
(m3/h)
(mm)
(m/s)
2g
v2
(kG/m2)
/d
(1/m)
l
d
l
d
(kG/m2
)
1,0
1000
165
13,0
10,4
0,102
0,71
1,71
17,8
2000
235
12,8
10,0
0,068
0,34
0,34
3,4
2,5
3000
285
13,1
10,5
0,053
0,13
0,13
1,4
0,1
3000
285
13,1
10,5
0,053
0,11
0,21
2,2
12
2,4
1500
195
14,0
12,0
0,084
1,0
3,40
40,5
1,0
1000
165
13,0
10,0
0,102
0,61
1,61
16,7
1,0
1000
165
13,0
10,4
0,102
0,71
1,71
17,8
1,3
1500
195
14,0
12,0
0,084
0,34
1,64
19,7
V d 6-2.
Ngi ta chuyn nc t b cha A sang B c kch thc ln theo mt h thng
ng ng t theo hai s sau (hnh v).
1. S 1: ng n t trc, hai ng song song nhau t tip theo.
2. S 2: hai ng song song nhau t trc, ng n t tip theo.
Trn hnh v: L v 2L - chiu di, d - ng knh trong ca ng; - h s ma st thu lc,
1 v 2 - h s tn tht cc b ch vo, ra i vi mt ng.

Khng tnh tn tht cc b ch ni ng. Cc k hiu ch ging nhau biu th cc tr
s bng s ging nhau. Yu cu:
1) Xc nh s no c li hn v mt sc cn thu lc.
2) So snh cc tr s lu lng chuyn qua ng theo hai s trn khi ct nc tc
dng H c cng tr s.
3) Vi cng ct nc v chung ln mt hnh ng nng ng vi hai s ny. Trn s
ghi r kch thc (cc gi tr bng ch).
H1
C
B
2L, d,
L, d,
H2
C
B
2L, d,
L, d,
Gii:
1. So snh tn tht ct nc ca hai s .
Xt trng hp khi tho cng mt lu lng Q. Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho hai
mt thong:
H = hw hvo + hra + hd1 + hd2
y: hd1 Tn tht do ma st trong ng n;
hd2 Tn tht do ma st ch ca mt trong hai ng ni song song;
hvo = 1
v2
v2
l v2
; hra = 2 1
; hd =
;
d 2g
2g
2g
Vy vi:
+ S 1:
H1 =
v 21
l
l v2
1 + + 2 2 1 +
d
2g
d 2g
H2 =
+ S 2:
Trong :
v1 =
v2 =
v 21
l v2
l
2 1 + + 2 1 +
d 2g
d
2g
4Q
(i vi ng n).
d 2
v1
2
(i vi ng ni song song).
Vy H2 > H1, do hw2 > hw1.

Kt lun: S 1 c li hn.
2. So snh Q1 v Q2 khi H1 = H2 = H = const.
T (1):
H1 =
Q12
l
1,5 1 +
2
d
2 g
T (2):
H2 =
l
Q22
1 = 2,25 1 +
2
d
2 g
Q1
3
=
Q2
2
3. V ng nng (Hnh v)
Chn H1 = H2 ta c:
hay Q1 =
3
Q2
2
V d 6-3.
Dng ng xiphng bng kim loi dn nc t knh vo mng ti (hnh v). Chiu
di ng xiphng l = 20 m. nhm tuyt i = 0,2 mm. Trn ng xiphng c hai ch
d
0,29
= 0,15 ) v li chn rc ch vo ng = 5,0.
vng 450 (vi = 1, =
R
2
Xc nh:
1. ng knh ng xiphng d , sao cho lu lng nc Q = 45 l/s, chnh mc

nc H khng vt qu 1,7 m.
a H
Z2
2. Chiu cao ca ng xiphng trn mc nc trong knh, chn khng ti M

khng vt qu 6,4 m ct nc.
Gii:
Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho mt ct (1-1) v (3-3), ly mt chun (0-0).
a+H +
pa
p3
m:
p3
+ hw
= pa + a
do :
H = hw
Xc nh hw:
2
l
v
hw = +
d
2g
Trong :
= li + 2vng + chy ra = 5 + 2.0,15 + 1 = 6,3
xc nh s b, ta b qua tn tht dc ng v tnh vn tc trong ng theo biu

thc sau:
H = hw =
Rt ra: v =
v2
2g
. 2 gH =
1
6 ,3
. 2.9 ,81.1,7 = 2 ,31 m
Din tch mt ct t ca ng:
Q 0 ,045
=
= 0 ,0195 m 2
v
2 ,31
v tnh c ng knh ng d = 15,8 cm.

Ly ng knh ng theo qui chun d = 175 mm (d tnh ton l 173 mm), c mt ct
= 0,0235 m2.
H s cn dc ng , tnh cho trng hp chy ri hon ton (khu vc sc cn
bnh phng) theo cng thc Nicuratze: = 0,0204.
Xc nh li vn tc trong ng:
v=
0 ,045
= 1,92 m / s
0 ,0235
By gi xc nh li tn tht nng lng trong ng, c tnh c tn tht dc ng:

2
2
0 ,0204.30
1,92
l
v
hw = +
=
+ 6 ,3 .
= 1,64 m
d
2 g 0 ,173
2.9 ,81
Nh vy tn tht nng lng trong phm vi cho php (khng vt qu 1,70 m).
xc nh chiu cao ca ng xi phng , vit phng trnh Becnuli cho mt ct (11) v (2-2), ly mt chun (1-1):
pa
=z+
p2
v22
+ hw1 2
2g
2
v22 0 ,0204.15
1,92
+ 5 ,3 .
= 4 ,98 m
1 +
2g
0 ,173
2.9 ,81
Rt ra:
z=
p a p2
V d 6-4.
Xc nh ng knh ng gang ca mng li phn phi nc (hnh v). Lu lng
nc cc im, vit trong vng trn, tnh bng l/s. cao hnh hc ti cc khu dn v
im dng nc vit trong tam gic. Chiu di cc on ng tnh bng mt, vit c gch
di.
Ct p t do cc im dng nc l 5 m; B qua tn tht cc b.
Gii:
Trc ht ta chn ng ng chnh l ABCDEF, v xc nh tn tht nng lng:
hw = H A ( H F + 5 ) = 41 ( 8 + 5 ) = 28 m
dc thu lc trung bnh trong ng ng chnh:
J=
hw
l
28
= 0 ,00983
750 + 700 + 800 + 200 + 400
41
8
5
10
300
400
C
750
F
7
80
0
20
0
0
70
250
0
30
M
12
2
G
13
c tnh lu lng v ng knh cc on ng trn ng ng chnh:

2
K EF
=
2
QEF
82
=
= 6510
J
0 ,00983
dEF = 125 mm
2
K DE
=
2
QDE
18 2
=
= 33000
J
0 ,00983
dDE= 150 mm
2
QCD
37 2
=
=
= 139000
J
0 ,00983
dCD = 200 mm
2
K BC
=
2
QBC
42 2
=
= 180000
J
0 ,00983
dBC = 250 mm
2
K AB
=
2
QAB
60 2
=
= 366000
J
0 ,00983
dAB = 250 mm
2
K CD
Vn tc nc chy trong cc on ca ng ng chnh:

vEF =
vDE =
vCD =
QEF
EF
QDE
DE
QCD
CD
0 ,008.4
= 0 ,65 m / s
3 ,14.0 ,125 2
0 ,018.4
= 1,02 m / s
3 ,14.0 ,15 2
0 ,037.4
= 1,18 m / s
3,14.0 ,2 2
vBC =
v AB =
QBC
0 ,042.4
= 0 ,85 m / s
3 ,14.0 ,25 2
0 ,06.4
= 1,22 m / s
3 ,14.0 ,25 2
BC
QAB
AB
Nh vy ta phi a vo h s b cho cc on ng c vn tc nh hn 1,2 m/s,

tnh lu lng ca ng:
'2
K EF
=
'2
K DE
'2
K CD
=
'2
=
K BC
2
K 'AB
=
2
K EF
EF
2
K DE
DE
2
KCD
CD
2
K BC
BC
2
K AB
AB
9025
= 8200 l 2 / s
1,10
23890
= 23200 l 2 / s
1,03
110750
= 110750 l 2 / s
1,0
363400
= 346000 l 2 / s
1,05
363400
= 363400 l 2 / s
1,0
Tnh li tn tht nng lng thc t trn cc on ng ca ng ng chnh:

hwAB =
2
QAB
.l AB 60 2.750
=
= 7 ,44 m
2
363400
K AB
hwBC =
2
QBC
.lBC 42 2 .700
=
= 3,57 m
2
K BC
346000
hwCD =
2
QCD
.lCD 37 2.800
=
= 9 ,92 m
2
110750
KCD
hwDE =
2
QDE
.lDE 18 2.200
=
= 2 ,79 m
2
23200
K DE
hwEF =
2
QEF
.lEF 8 2.400
=
= 3,12 m
2
8200
K EF
Tn tht nng lng ca c ng ng chnh:
hw = 7 ,44 + 3,57 + 9 ,92 + 2 ,79 + 3,12 = 26 ,84 m

Nh vy khng vt qu iu kin cho php hw = 28 m .
ng knh cc on ng nhnh c xc nh theo lu lng v tn tht nng

lng cho php.
Tnh c tnh lu lng v xc nh ng knh ng:
ng nhnh BG,CK,DM:
2
K BG
=
2
QBG
.lBG
18 2.250
=
= 3050
hwBG
41 7 ,41 2 5
2
=
K CK
2
QCK
.lCK
5 2 .300
=
= 470
hwCK
41 7 ,41 3,57 9 5
2
K DM
=
v dBG = 125 mm.

v dCK = 75 mm.
2
QDM
.l DM
7 2 .300
=
= 1460 v dDM = 100 mm.
hwDM
41 7 ,41 3,57 9 ,92 5 5
V d 6-5.
Xc nh ct p cn thit H ca b cha cung cp nc cho mng li vng kn,
bng ng thp.
Lu lng cc im C,D,E ghi hnh v.
Cc s liu cho: d1 = 250 mm; d2 = 200 mm; d3 = 150 mm; d4 = 80 mm; d5 = 100
mm; l1 = 800 m; l2 = 200 m; l3 = 300 m; l4 = 400 m; l5 = 500 m.
Ct p t do cc im dng nc l 5 m.
B qua tn tht cc b.
A
20
C
l
2
l1
d1
10
dl
44
D
5
dl
33
12
Gii:
Ta chn chiu nc chuyn ng theo chiu mi tn nh hnh v, lc cn ring ca
ng thp xc nh theo ph lc.
A1 = 2,583.10-6 s2/l2; A2 = 9,273.10-6 s2/l2; A3 = 44,95.10-6 s2/l2;

A4 = 0,001168 s2/l2; A5 = 0,0002674 s2/l2;
Lu lng trong cc ng c xc nh nh sau:
(1)
Q4 + Q5 = 10
Q2 = Q4 + 20
(2)
Q3 = Q5 + 12
(3)
Ta c th xem ng ng BCD v ng ng BED l 2 nhnh mc song song v c

phng trnh:
hw2 + hw4 = hw3 + hw5
2
2
A2.l2.Q + A4.l4.Q42 = A3.l3.Q32 + A5.l5.Q52
(4)
Thay s v gii h 4 phng trnh (1) (4) trn ta c:

Q2 = 24,1 l/s; Q3 = 17,9 l/s; Q4 = 4,1 l/s; Q5 = 5,9 l/s;
Lu lng chy trong on AB bng tng lu lng cc im:
Q1 = 20 + 12 + 10 = 42 l/s
Xc nh li vn tc trong cc on ng:
v1 =
v4 =
Q1
1
Q4
= 0 ,855 m / s ; v2 =
= 0 ,82 m / s ; v5 =
Q2
2
Q5
= 0 ,770 m / s ; v3 =
Q3
= 1,01 m / s ;
= 0 ,75 m / s
Cc vn tc u nh hn 1,20 m/s, khi tnh lc cn ring ca ng ng, cn a

vo h s , xc nh theo bng 6-1:
A1 = 1A1 = 1.05.2,583.10-6 = 2,71.10-5 s2/l2
A2 = 2A2 = 1.067.9,273.10-6 = 9,89.10-5 s2/l2
A3 = 3A3 = 1.028.44,95.10-6 = 46,25.10-5 s2/l2
A4 = 4A4 = 1.056.1168.10-6 = 1233.10-5 s2/l2
A5 = 5A5 = 1.072.267,4.10-6 = 286.10-5 s2/l2
Thay cc tr s ca lc cn ring iu chnh c vo h thng phng trnh trn v
ta xc nh c cc tr s ca lu lng trng vi php tnh trn:
Q1 = 42 l/s; Q2 = 24,1 l/s; Q3 = 17,9 l/s; Q4 = 4,1 l/s; Q5 = 5,9 l/s;
Ct p cn thit ca b cha c tnh bng tn tht nng lng t A n D cng
thm ct nc t do.
H = hw1 + hw2 +hw4 + 5 = A1.l1.Q12 + A2.l2.Q22 +A4.l4.Q42 + 5
= 2,73.800.0,0422 + 9,89.200.0,02412 + 46,25.300.0,01792 + 5
= 3,83 + 1,15 + 8,30 + 5 = 18,28 m.
Bi tp 6-1.
Xc nh ct nc v cng sut my bm ca mt h thng ti phun, bit Q = 24
l/s; trong thp nc ngun chu p sut l PM1 = 0,6 at, ti ming vi phun phi m bo p
sut PM2 = 3 at, hiu sut hu ch ca my bm = 0,8; Cc kch thc cho: d1 = 125 mm;
d2 = 50 mm; h1 = 2 m; h2 = 5 m; t1 = 15 m; t2 = 20 m; t3 = 6 m; a = 3 m.
E
a
D
a
h2
PM2
t3
h1
PM1
d2
d1
t1
d1
t2
Bi tp 6-2.
Trn ng ng nc bng gang, ti
im A chia 3 nhnh song song, c cc
chiu di l1 = 100 m; l2 = 120 m; l3 = 150
m (hnh v), ng knh d1 = d3 = 300 mm
v d2 = 250 mm.
l2d2
l1d1
l3d3
Xc nh lu lng nc trong mi ng nhnh, b qua tn tht cc b. Lu lng

ca ng ng chnh Q = 250 l/s.
p s: q1 = 0,105 m3/s;
q2 = 0,059 m3/s;
q1 = 0,086 m3/s;
Bi tp 6-3.
Hai b cha c chnh mc nc
H = 1,5 m; c ni vi nhau bng h
thng ng ng gang (Hnh v). Xc nh
bng phng php th lu lng nc
chy t b cha cao xung b cha thp.
Cc s liu cho: d1 = 200 mm, d2 =
75 mm, d3 = 250 mm, d4 = 150 mm, d5 =
100 mm, l1 = 40 mm, l2 = 30 mm, l3 = 80
mm, l4 = 20 mm, l5 = 50 mm.
Tn tht cc b ly bng 15 % tn
tht dc ng.
d
1l
2l
d4l4
d3l3
d5l5
Bi tp 6-4.
Trn mt ng ng phn phi
dc ng di L = 1000 m, ng
knh D = 200 mm ta c lu lng
chy qua (lu lng ra) Qr = 40 l/s
v sut lu lng ly dc ng q =
2 l/s trn mt on di l = 50 m.
h
L
1. Tnh tn tht hw ca ng ng
khi = 0,025 (b qua tn tht cc
b);
2. Tn tht hw thay i nh th no
nu ton b lu lng vo l 80 l/s
v nu:
Qr
q
a) Khng ly ra cc sut lu lng dc ng, ch c lu lng ra;

b) Khng cn lu lng ra, ch c sut lu lng ly dc ng q = 4 l/s.
p s: 1) hw = 24,2 m;
2) hwa = 41,5 m; hwb = 13,8 m
Bi tp 6-5.
Xc nh ng knh ca cc
on ng bng thp ca mt mng li
vng kn (hnh v). Lu lng trong
cc Im nt Q2 = 0,01 m3/s ; Q3 =
0,05 m3/s v Q4 = 0,015 m3/s. Chiu
di cc on ng l1-2 = 500 m; l2-3 =
1000 m; l4-3 = 500 m. p sut nh
nht ti cc im 1: p = 1,5.105 Pa. p
sut nh nht ti cc im nt pmin =
5.104 Pa.
p s: d1-2 = 0,2 m;
d2-3 = 0,175 m;
d1-4 = 0,2 m;
d4-3 = 0,175 m;
Q2
2
Q3
3
1
Q1
4
Q4
Bi tp 6- 6.
Nc chy vi lu lng Q = 95 l/s, trong ng ng thp di l =100m.
Xc nh p sut tng ln trong ng, nu ng kho cui ng ng trong 0,1s.
Thi gian ng kho l bao nhiu, p sut trong ng khng tng qu 0,5 at.
ng knh ng d = 300 mm.
p s: p = 1340 kN/m2; t = 5,5 s
Cu hi n tp chng VI
1. Phn loi v cc cng thc dng tnh ton ng ng.
2. Tnh ton thu lc ng ng n gin, phc tp.
3. Phng php dng h s c trng lu lng K tnh ton thu lc ng ng.
4. Tnh ton thu lc ng ng bng phng php th.
5. Va p thu lc trong ng ng nguyn nhn cch khc phng v ng dng.
6. Chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng dn.
Chng 7
Lc tc dng ln vt ngp trong
cht lng chuyn ng
Trong chng ny gii thiu tng qut v lc cn v cng thc tnh lc cn ca cht
lng chuyn ng tc dng ln vt ngp trong n, l thuyt v phng php lp bin.
7.1. Lc nng
7.1.1. Cng thc tng qut
Ta c dng cht lng chuyn ng vi vn tc U bao quanh vt rn c nh (hay
coi gn ng l vt rn chuyn ng vi vn tc U trong cht lng tnh). Gi s U khng
i v tr s v hng. Cht lng chuyn ng tc dng ln vt cn, gy ra lc php tuyn
v tip tuyn (hnh 7-1). Tng hp cc lc s c mt hp lc P v mt ngu lc M.
Hp lc P gm 2 thnh phn.

Pn
P = Pn + P
P
Pn vung gc vi phng ca vn
tc v cng U gi l lc nng; P
U
cng phng vi U nhng ngc chiu,
gi l lc cn.
V tr s, cc lc c biu thc sau:
Pr = C x
Hnh 7-1. Lc tc dng ln vt cn

trong :
Pn = C y
U 2
2
U 2
2
Cx- h s lc cn, khng th nguyn;

Cy- h s lc nng, khng th nguyn;
- Khi lng ring ca cht lng;

S - Tit din cn chnh (hnh chiu ca vt cn ln mt phng vung gc
vi U)
Trong lc cn, thng thng c hai thnh phn: mt do ma st trong lp bin gy
nn Pms m ta s xt trong phn sau; mt do phn b ca p sut trn b mt vt cn gy
nn Pap Trong dng phng ta c:
P = Pms+ Pap
Khi vt rn nm trong dng chy n s gy ra cc kch ng. Do trong lp bin
cc thng s ca dng chy s thay i. Phn b p sut v lc ma st trn b mt vt ph
thuc vo hnh dng, vo v tr ca n trong dng chy v vo vn tc v cng (dng
cha b kch ng).
Phn b p sut v lc ma st trn b mt vt c c trng bng cc h s lc cn

p sut v ma st Cxap, Cxms
Cx = Cxap + Cxms
Vi vn tc dng chy nh, khi tnh nn c ca cht lng thc t khng c tc
dng, th nh hng chnh n h s lc cn l hnh dng vt cn, gc ti v s Rynn.
Cc lc Pms v Pap ln hay nh ch yu ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vt cn. Vt
c hnh dng kh ng xu ngha l vt khi dng bao quanh n c im ri, khng bao kn
(nh hnh tr trn, thuyn thng ) th Pap ln hn Pms.
Vi cc vt nh cnh my bay, cch tua bin, tm phng lc cn c th tnh theo
cng thc:
P = Prms (1+k)
Vi k = 0,1 0,25
7.1.2. Lc nng - nh l Giucpxki - Kutta
Khi nghin cu dng th ca cht lng l tng bao quanh tr trn, ngha l dng
bao quanh tr trn khng c lu s vn tc (=0) ngi ta thy khng c bt k mt lc
no tc dng ln n. Trong c hc cht lng, kt lun ny c gi l nghch l le - a
lm be. iu ny cn ng c i vi nhng vt c hnh dng bt k.
Cn khi dng bao quanh tr trn c lu s vn tc th vc t chnh ca p lc ch c
mt thnh phn hng vung gc vi vn tc v cng U v c tr s bng U. y l
trng hp ring ca nh l Giu-cp-xki v lc nng.
Trong thc t, khi cc vt hnh tr hay trn quay trong cht lng thc chuyn ng
ta c th xem nh dng bao quanh chng c lu s vn tc v do xut hin lc ngang
vung gc vi vn tc ca cht lng tc dng ln cc vt . y l ni dung ca hiu ng
mang tn Mc nt. Da vo hiu ng ny ta c th gii thch mt s hin tng nh vic
sinh ra cc phu xoy nc khi tho nc t b cha ra, n o b lch ngang, chuyn
ng b un cong, qu bng xoy
nh l Giucpxki-Kutta
Ni dung ca nh l ni v lc nng ca dng cht lng l tng tc dng ln cnh
n nh cnh my bay.
nh l: Nu dng chy c vn tc v cng U bao quanh prfin cnh v lu s
vn tc dc theo prfin cnh l , th hp lc ca p lc cht lng tc dng ln prfin cnh
s c tr s U, cn phng chiu c xc nh bng cch quay vct U mt gc 900
ngc chiu .
C th chng minh nh l bng cch p dng nh l bin thin ng lng cho
khi cht lng nm gia vng trn kh ln v prfin cnh, hay nh l thuyt hm bin phc
nh Traplghin [17].
V mt vt l: sc nng mt chic cnh bt ng l do s chuyn ng trn (xoy)
ca dng cht lng xung quanh cnh (lu s vn tc). Do nh hng chuyn ng ca
dng cht lng y, vn tc trn lng cnh ln hn vn tc di bng cnh. T sinh ra
s chnh lch v p sut, to thnh mt lc y t di ln.
7.2. Lp bin
Nh va nu trn, mun tnh lc cn phi bit phn b lc ma st (ng sut tip)
dc b mt ca vt b cht lng bao quanh, ngha l phi nghin cu lp cht lng st vt lp bin.
7.2.1. nh ngha
Khi cht lng thc bao quanh mt vt ng yn, do tnh nht nn hnh nh n dnh
vo b mt vt. V vy, vn tc ca dng chy trn mt vt bng khng. Khi ra xa vt theo
phng php tuyn vi b mt, vn tc s tng dn v ti khong cch no k hiu l
n s gn bng vn tc ca dng bn ngoi U (= 0,99U) Lp cht lng c chiu dy l
gi l lp bin. Trong lp bin tp trung hu ht nh hng ca tnh nht, c ngha cht
lng l cht lng thc. Min cn li nh hng ca tnh nht khng ng k v c th xem
n nh l min cht lng l tng.
i lng ph thuc vo vic chn u im quy c ch r bin gii ca lp
bin. Do trong khi tnh ton ngi ta a vo nhng chiu dy c trng khc ca lp
bin: chiu dy b p *, chiu dy tn tht xung lc ** v chiu dy tn tht nng lng
***.
7.2.2. Chiu dy b p
y
B' thc
A'
B' l tng
A
Hnh 7-2. S xc nh chiu dy b p
i vi cht lng l tng: cc ng

dng gn tng khng thay i phng
nh khi xa tng. Cn i vi cht lng
thc: cc ng dng gn tng s b un
cong v u < U - to thnh lp bin. Nh
vy, y xt nh hng ng hc ca
tnh nht ln v tr ca ng dng, ngha
l tnh bng bao nhiu (Hnh 7-2).
Xc nh khong cch dch chuyn
ca ng dng do nh hng ca tnh
nht da trn tnh cht: ng dng l
ng lu lng bng nhau. Tnh lu
lng Qt cht lng thc qua mt ct gia
b mt vt v ng dng cch thnh mt
khong y.
Qt = udy
0
ng dng tng ng ca cht lng l tng s gn b mt vt hn mt on v

c tnh t iu kin cn bng lu lng:
y
Ql = U ( y ) = U dy U
0
Qt = Ql U = ( u u )dy
0
y
= (1
hay
u
)dy
u
u
)dy
u
khi y , th = max = * = ( 1
0
hay vit di dng khng th nguyn:

1
* = ( 1 )d , , vi =
0
i vi cht lng nn c: = ( 1
*
y
u
; =
u
)dy
u
Nh vy, c trng cho s dch chuyn ng dng ca dng ngoi khi

phng ca ng dng trong chuyn ng ca cht lng l tng. Lng cht lng i qua
chiu dy * bng lng cht lng i qua ( - *). S gim lu lng gy ra do lp bin
p cht lng, nn * mang tn chiu dy b p. i vi tm phng: * = 0,375 .
7.2.3. Chiu dy tn tht xung lc
Xt nh hng ng lc ca tnh nht ln dng chy bao quanh vt. Tnh lc cn X
theo nh l bin thin ng lng (nh l le 1) cho khi cht lng cha trong ABAB
(Hnh 7-3).
ng lng cht lng chy vo qua AB: q1 = 2 hu2
V lng cht lng vo qua AB gn bng lng chy ra qua AB nn:
+h
2 hu = 2 udy
h
+h
suy ra:
q1 = u udy
h
A'
x
b
h
Hnh 7-3.
+h
ng lng cht lng chy qua AB: q2 = u 2 dy

h
Theo nh l bin thin ng lng

+h
+h
X = u udy u 2 dy + q'
Trong q- ng lng cht lng chy qua AA, BB. Khi h th q 0 nn:
+
X = u ( 1
u
)dy
u
Tm h s lc cn:
Cx =
1
2
X
2 + u
u
2 **
=
=
(
1
)
dy
u
b
pu2 b b u
Trong
** =
u
u
(1
)dy
u
u
Hay l vit di dng khng th nguyn: ** = ( 1 )d

0
Nh vy, chiu dy tn tht xung lc l chiu dy m trong ng lng ca cht

lng l tng (tng ng vi U) bng ng lng tiu hao trong lp bin:
** u = u( u u )dy
0
Tnh cho tm phng: ** = 0 ,146
i vi cht lng nn c: ** =
0
u
u
(1
)dy
u
u
Trong mt s tnh ton, ngi ta cn ding t s cc chiu dy:
H=
*
*
**
;
H
*
=
;
H
*
*
=
**
7.2.4. Phng php lp bin

a) Gii chnh xc:
V lp bin c hnh thnh ch khi s Reynolds ln, nn phng trnh chuyn ng
trong lp bin c th nhn c t phng trnh Navier-Stokes vit di dng tng qut
khng th nguyn, sau nh gi bc cc thnh phn trong phng trnh y da trn iu
kin c bn: chiu dy lp bin nh hn nhiu so vi chiu di ca vt ( <<1) nn suy ra
gi tr cc i lng theo phng y nh hn gi tr cc i lng theo phng x (Hnh 7- 4).
Bng cch , nm 1904, L. Prandtl v tm ra h phng trnh vi phn lp bin cho
trng hp chuyn ng phng, dng ca cht lng khng nn c v b qua lc khi
[17].
u
u
2u
du
+v
= u
+v 2
u
x
y
dx
y
u
v
=0
+v
y
x
(7-1)
Vi cc iu kin: ti y = 0: u = v = 0;
y = : u = u ( x )
Gii trc tip h phng trnh (71) vi cc iu kin bin tng ng ta

s tm c nghim u(x,y), v(x,y) trong
ton lp bin v do c th tnh c
ng sut tip trn b mt vt.
x
l
Hnh 7 4.
Li gii in hnh l ca Fokner v Skane tm ra t nm 1930 khi cho phn b vn

tc ngoi lp bin di dng hm s m:
u(x) = Cxm
b) Gii gn ng: H thc tch phn T.Karman
Phng php gii chnh xc va trnh by trn tng i phc tp v trong nhiu
trng hp khng th gii c. Do ngi ta p dng rng rvi phng php gii gn
ng da trn vic nh gi s bin thin ng lng trong lp bin qua chiu dy p *
v chiu dy tn tht xung lc ** (Hnh 7-5) Karman nhn c h thc tch phn:
** d d ** du
+
+
( 2 ** + * ) = W 2
dx
dx
u dx
u
(7-2)
S hng th nht trong v tri ca phng trnh (7-2) biu din ng sut ma st vi
chuyn ng ca cht lng nn c. i vi cht lng khng nn c ( = const ) ta c
phng trnh.
d ** 1 du
+
( 2 ** + * ) = w 2
dx
u dx
u
(7-3)
Khi u = const, s hng th hai bng 0.

Phng trnh (7-2), (7-3) gi l h thc tch phn Karman v n cha cc tch phn
, . T h thc tch phn ta s xc nh c w , *, **. Khi cho bit dng prfin

*
**
vn tc trong lp bin, chng hn nh Pnhauden cho prfin vn tc khng th nguyn:
u
= A0 + A2 2 + A3 3 ; du 0
u
dx
Bng phng php ny ngi ta v gii cho lp bin chy tng trn tm phng v
1,444
tm ra c h s cn ton b: C x =
Re
H s cn cc b: C f =
1
2
w
0 ,722
=
2
u
Rex
Trong khi li gii chnh xc cho: C f =
0 ,664
Rex
p+dp
a
w
dx
x
d
Hnh 7- 4.
7.3. MT S BI TON LP BIN

Ta p dng h thc tch phn Karman (7-3) gii mt s trng hp c th.
7.3.1. Lp bin chy tng trn tm phng
Trong trng hp ny p sut p, u khng i:
trnh (7-3) s c dng rt n gin:
dp
du
= 0, = 0 . Do phng
dx
dx
d **
= w2
dx
u
(7-4)
gii phng trnh ta cho dng prfin vn tc:
u
= A0 + A1 + A2 2 + ... + An n
u
Cc h s Ao, A1,, An c xc nh t cc iu kin bin: mi h s ng vi mt

iu kin bin. Gi s c 3 iu kin bin:
= 0 (y = 0); = 0 (u = 0)
= 1 (y = ); = 1 (u = u) v
= 0
= 0
y
th prfin vn tc c dng:
= Ao + A1 + A22
T cc iu kin bin ta xc nh c:
Ao = 0; A1 = 2; A2 = -1
Vy dng prfin vn tc s l:
= 2 - 2
Thay vo cc biu thc ca *, **, w
1
1
3
* = (1 2 + 2 )d =
0
1
** = (2 2 )(1 2 2 )d =
0
w = 2
1.5
Thay cc gi tr ca ** v w vo phng trnh (7.4) ta tm c:
= 30
x
u
hay l:

x
ngha l t l vi
5,48
Re x
x : x . Bit s tnh c w v t tnh c h s lc cn.
H s lc cn cc b:
Cf =
w
1 2
u
2
0 ,722
Re x
H s lc cn ton b:
Cx =
1,444
x
=
1 2
Re
u S
2
Trong : S = 2bl- din tch hai pha ca tm phng;

b- chiu rng;
l- chiu di.
Lc ma st trn ton tm phng:

l
x = 2b w dx =
0
4b
lu 3
3
7.3.2. Lp bin chy ri trn tm phng

Vi nhng iu kin nht nh, lp bin chy tng s mt n nh v chuyn sang
chy ri. Tng t nh vic kho st hai trng thi chy trong ng, tiu chun xc nh
gii hn s mt n nh ca trng thi chy tng l s Rynn ti hn. i vi tm phng,
nu s Re > 3.105 ta s c lp bin chy ri.
Nh ta bit, nu lp bin chy tng trn tm phng, th chiu dy lp bin t l
vi x , x l khong cch t u mi tm phng. Qu t lp bin chy tng sang chy
ri c rt nhiu ngi nghin cu v thy rng min gn mi tm phng lp bin lun
lun chy tng, nhng tip theo dc dng chy vi nhng iu kin nht nh, lp bin tr
thnh ri.
Khi dng khng kh bao quanh tm phng c u mi nhn, lp bin chuyn sang
ri khong cch x c xc nh t biu thc sau:
Re x* =
= 3,15.10 5 5.10 5
T suy ra, khi vn tc ca dng chy u tng th im qu dch dn ln pha

u mi tm phng.
Ngoi s Rynn ti hn Rex*, cn c nhng yu t khc nh hng trc tip n
trng thi qu , nh gradien p sut, nhm, cong ca b mt vt v.v
Kho st lp bin chy ri trn tm phng.
Ta bit trong chuyn ng ri, ngi ta a khi nim gi tr trung bnh thi
gian v xt gi thuyt Prandtl i vi ng sut tip:
du
dy
w = l 2
Trong : l- chiu di ng ri (chiu di xo trn).

i vi tm phng ta cng c phng trnh:
d **
= w2
dx
u
Nhng vi ch l cc gi tr , *, ** v w s khc trc.
C s l thuyt bn thc nghim ca lp bin ri l s tng t gia chuyn ng
ri trong ng v trong lp bin. i vi lp bin chy tng v chuyn ng trong ng ta
c s lin h gia cc thng s sau y: bn knh ca ng v vn tc trn trc ng tng
ng vi chiu dy lp bin v vn tc ti y = . Nhng iu ny cng c th p dng cho
chuyn ng ri. Khi prfin vn tc trong lp bin ri c th tm di dng hm m hay
lm lgart.
Ta tm di dng hm s m:
u y
=
u
hay l = n
Thay gi tr vo biu thc ca *, **:

1
* = (1 )d =
0
n 1
** = (1 )d =
0
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Nu ly n = 1/7 - gi l prfin vn tc 1/7 ta s tnh c:
1
8
* = ; ** =
72
tnh ng sut tip trn tm phng w, ta p dng cng thc ca chuyn ng ri

trong ng:
w = 0 ,0225 u
2
max
u max r0
1 / 4
khi thay umax = u; ro = , ta c:

u
w = 0 ,0225 u

1 / 4
thay w v ** vo phng trnh (7.4) ta s c:
u x
1 / 5
= 0 ,037 x
hay l:
= 0 ,37 Re x1 / 5
suy ra, ri t l vi x4/5: ri x4/5, trong khi tng x1/2 ngha l lp bin ri tng theo x
nhanh hn lp bin chy tng.
Bit s tm c w v suy ra lc cn
l
x = 2b w dx = 0 ,072u 2 bl Re 1 / 5
0
H s lc cn cc b:
Cf =
w
1 2
u
2
= 0 ,0576 Rex1 / 5
H s lc cn ton phn:
Cx =
x
1 2
u S
2
= 0 ,072 Re 1 / 5
So snh vi thc nghim, ngi ta ly 0,074.

7.3.3. Lp bin trn mt cong
Ta kho st xong hai bi ton lp bin trn tm phng tng i n gin.
Nhng trong cc my c cnh (tuabin, my nn kh, qut v.v) thng gp nhng vt c
hnh dng cong nh cc dy cnh. Khi dng chy bao quanh mt cong thng xy ra mt
hin tng kh quan trng: xut hin im ri ca lp bin. Ta s gii thch hin tng ny
p
=0
da trn iu chng minh trong phn h phng trnh lp bin
y
Ta kho st dng bao quanh mt cong AB (Hnh 7-5).
Gi s p sut ca dng ngoi dc AB lc u gim, t gi tr cc tiu M v sau
p
s tng. Min dng ngoi m ti graien p sut m
< 0 gi l min thu hp dn.
y
p
> 0 gi l min m rng dn.
Min chuyn ng sau im M c graien p sut dng
y
Ti min thu hp dn dng ngoi s tng tc, cn min m rng dn dng s b hm. V
p
trong lp bin
= 0 , nn c th kt lun l phn b p sut cng s tng t nh th
y
trong bt k khong cch y < trong lp bin trn on AB.
p
<0
x
p
>0
x
u
= 0
y
Hnh 7-5.
Trong phm vi lp bin vn tc trc im M s tng, cn sau M s gim. n mt
ct S no y, cc phn t cht lng st b mt AB khng th thng nh hng hm ca
dng ngoi v chng b dng li. Ti S s c:
u
= 0
y y =0
Sau im S, di tc dng ca chnh p sut ngc chiu dng chy, cc phn

t cht lng st b mt AB s bt u chuyn ng ngc, gi l dng th cp. Gp dng
chnh dng th cp b y ra khi b mt AB, dn n hin tng tch ri lp bin. im S
l im ri ca lp bin.
Sau y ta xt cch gii c th bi ton lp bin chy tng trn mt cong da vo
phng trnh xung lng (7-3) theo cch gii gn ng ca hai nh bc hc Nga Kchin v
Lixianxki.
V trong phng trnh (7-3) c 3 n s *, ** v w, nn tt c cc phng php gii
gn ng u tm cch a v phng trnh cha mt n bng cch chn mt h cc prfin
vn tc ch ph thuc mt thng s. Chn prfin vn tc nh th s c th biu din *, **
v w qua mt thng s v nh vy s c phng trnh vi phn thng i vi thng s
chn.
Kchin v Lixianxki chn thng s l i lng f- gi l thng s hnh
dng:
f =
** u,
(7-5)
Khi h prfin trong lp bin chy tng s c dng ph thuc sau y:

u
y
= ** , f = ( 1 , f )
u
Cn *, ** v w
u
= 1
u
0
dy = ** 1 ( 1 , f )d 1 = * H ( f )

u
u u
w = =
= ** ' (0 , f )
**
y y =0
1 =0
1
Nu k hiu (0,f) = (f) =
w **
, th phng trnh (7-3) s c dng;
u
d ** u **
+ [2 + H ( f )] = w2 =
( f )
dx
u
u u **
Nhn phng trnh vi
**
, ta s c:
1 d ** 2 u ** 2
+
[2 + H ( f )] = ( f )

u
2 dx u
hay l, vi ch :
u ** 2
f
=
u
u
v k hiu:
2[(f) (2 H)f] = F(f)
phng trnh xung lng s c dng:
d ** 2 d f F ( f )
= =
dx dx u
u
u
d f 1 df
=
f 2
u
dx u u dx
nn phng trnh trn c dng cui cng:
u
df u
=
f + F( f )
u
dx u
(7-6)
Khi bit F(f) v cho u(x) c th gii c phng trnh v s tm c f(x), t

suy ra ** v w(x).
T cc li gii chnh xc c thc nghim chng minh, ta c th biu din F(f)
di dng hm tuyn tnh:
F(f) = a bf
Trn hnh 7-6. biu din cc ng cong H(f), (f) v F(f) ng vi li gii chnh
xc ca bi ton lp bin chy tng khi vn tc u = cxn v a = 0,45, b = 5,35.
Sau khi thay gi tr ca F(f) vo phng trnh (7-6), ta s c phng trnh xung
lng di dng:
u
u u
df
= a + b f
u
u u
dx
l phng trnh vi phn thng
tuyn tnh bc nht v nghim ca n s l:
f =
x
u
au
u b1 ( )d + C b
b
u
u o
(7-7)
6 0,6
Hng s tch phn C c xc nh

t cc iu kin bin: x = 0; u = 0 v f hu
hn, nn C = 0.
5 0,5
4 0,4
Biu din ** qua thng s hnh

dng f theo cng thc (7-5) ta c:
3 0,3
** =
a b 1
f
=
u ( )d
u
u b o
(7-8)
Bit f(x) v **, theo th trn

hnh 7-6. c th tm c H(f) v (f), t
suy ra *= **H.
w( x ) =
u ( x )
( f )
** ( x )
2 0,2
1 0,1
-0,08
-0,04
0,04
0,08
Hnh 7-6.
Ta ca im ri c xc nh t iu kin w = 0. N ng vi (f) = 0. T
hnh 7-6 ta thy (f) = 0 khi fs = - 0,0681. Du m chng t im ri xy ra trong vng m
rng dn.
Cc kt qu tnh ton tn hon ton ph hp vi kt qu thc nghim khi f > 0, cn
min gn f = fs, kt qu hi khc nhau.
7.4. LP BIN NHIT
Trn c s nhng kt qu va thu c, ta kho st mt loi lp bin khc gi l
lp bin nhit , m thng gp trn cc vt hay trong cc my c cnh chuyn ng
vi vn tc ln.
7.4.1. nh ngha
Tng t lp bin xt trn - cn gi l lp bin ng hc hay lp bin vn tc
ta c lp bin nhit .
Nu nhit ca vt b bao quanh v nhit ca dng chy khc nhau, th chiu
dy ca min m ti xy ra s bin thin t nhit ca vt n nhit ca dng chy
s ph thuc vo mt i lng khng th nguyn. i lng , tng t nh s Rynn
trong lp bin ng hc, gi l s Rynn nhit :
ReT =
trong :
ul
a
- h s dn nhit ;
C p
a=
- h s dn nhit;
Cp- nhit dung ng p.
K hiu chiu dy
l T, cn chiu dy khng
th nguyn:
T =
T
l
Khi ReT nh th T >> 1 ; cn

khi ReT ln th T << 1 . nh
ngha: lp bin nhit l
lp st vt b dng chy bao
quanh, m ti khi s ReT
ln th nhit s bin thin
t nhit ca vt n nhit
ca dng chy (Hnh 7-7).
Hnh 7-7.
7.4.2. Phng trnh lp bin nhit . H thc tch phn ca lp bin nhit
Xut pht t phng trnh dn nhit cho chuyn ng phng, dng:
ux
2T 2T
T
T
= a 2 + 2
+ uy
y
y
x
x
trong : T- nhit .
Tin hnh tng t nh i vi lp bin ng hc phn 7.2, ngha l vit phng
trnh trn di dng khng th nguyn ri nh gi bc cc s hng ta s c phng trnh
lp bin nhit .
ux
2T
T
T
=a 2
+ uy
y
y
x
T c h thc tch phn ca lp bin nhit hay cn gi l dng nhit truyn

qua lp bin:
d T**
a T
=
dx
uT y
T
trong :
**
T
y =0
T
ux
1 dy
T

u
o
hay bin i
T T = ( T Tw ) ( T Tw )
Ta s c h thc tch phn ca lp bin nhit :
d T**
a
=
u y
dx
(7-9)
y =0
Trong :
T
T** =
ux
1
u
o
dy
7.4.3. Lp bin nhit trn tm phng

Ta gii c th mt bi ton lp bin nhit : dng cht lng chy tng vi vn tc
khng i u bao quanh tm phng c nhit c nh Tw. s dng h thc tch phn
(7-9) phi bit prfin vn tc v prfin nhit trong lp bin. Ta cho dng prfin nhit
:
T(y) = bo + b1y + b2y2 ++ bnyn
(7-10)
S lng cc s hng v gi tr cc h s bo, b1, b2bn c th xc nh theo cc iu

kin bin cho trc. y, ta c cc iu kin bin:
Khi y = 0 ( trn mt vt): T = Tw ;
2T
=0
y 2
y = T : T = T ;
T
=0
y
Thay cc iu kin trn vo (7-10) ta s c mt h phng trnh vi 4 n: bo, b1,

b2, b3:
Tw = bo ; T1 = bo + b1 T + b2 T2 + b3 T3
2b2 = 0 ; b1 + 2b2 T + 3b3 T3 = 0

Gii h phng trnh , s tm c:
bo = Tw ; b1 =
3 T Tw
2
T
1 T T
b2 = 0 ; b3 = 1 3 w
2 T
Do :
y
3
y 1
T = Tw + ( T Tw ) ( T Tw )
2
T 2
T
T Tw 3 y 1 y
=
=
T Tw 2 T 2 T
hay l:
(7-11)
Prfin vn tc ta cng chn di dng:

ux u = ao + a1y + a2y2 + a3y3
Vi cc iu kin bin:
2u
=0
y = 0 : u = 0;
y 2
y = : u = u ;
u
=0
y
S tm c:
ao = 0 ; a1 =
a3 =
3 u
: a2 = 0 ;
2
1 u
2 3
Suy ra, prfin vn tc c dng:
u 3 y 1 y
=
u 2 2
(7-12)
Thay cc gi tr (7-11), (7-12) vo phng trnh (7-9) v vi gi thit T sau vi

php bin i ta s c phng trnh:
3

d T
3
T 4
= 1
+ x
dx
Pr
3
(7-13)
Trong :
Pr =
- s Prandtl
Nghim ring ca phng trnh l:
T
1
= 1 / 3 hay l T = 1 / 3
Pr
Pr
Trong phn 7.3 tnh c:
= 4 ,64
x
u
suy ra:
T = 4 ,64
x
1
1/ 3
Pr
u
(7-14)
Nh vy, chiu dy lp bin nhit trn tm phng t l vi

chiu dy lp bin vn tc.
x cng ging nh
Tng t nh tnh h s lc cn trong lp bin vn tc, y ta tnh h s trao i

nhit cc b (x). N c xc nh nh sau:
T

qw
1

=
=
Tw T
y y =0 Tw T y
( x ) =
y =0
T (7-11) ta c:
=
y =0
2 T
V vi ch (7-14) ta c:
( x ) = 0 ,323 3 Pr
u
x
C th tnh h s trao i nhit trung bnh:

x
u
1
tb = ( x )dx =0 ,646 3 Pr = 2
x
xo
Thng thng trong trao i nhit ngi ta dng tiu chun tng t Nuxen:
Nu =
S Nuxen cc b s l:
Nu x
x
= 0 ,3233 Pr Re
S Nuxen ton phn :
Nu =
tbl
= 0 ,646 3 Pr Re
Lng nhit truyn t mt n v chiu rng ca mt mt tm phng trong mt n

v thi gian:
Q = (Tw T )l .1 =
l
(T T ) = (Tw T )Nu
w
V cch bin i c c phng trnh (7-13):

Sau khi bit prfin nhit (7-11) v prfin vn tc (7-12), ta c th vit h thc
tch phn (7-9) di dng:
2
2
3 a
d T 3 y 1 y 3 y 1 y
1 + dy =
2 u T
dx o 2 T 2 T 2 2
(7-15)
D dng tnh c tch phn trn nu gi thit T . Trong trng hp ny, tch
phn trong khong ( T ) lun lun bng khng v = , suy ra gi tr ca hm di
du tch phn trong biu thc ca T** trong khong ( T ) lun lun bng khng.
Nu ta t h =
T
, ngha l T = h th tch phn trong phng trnh (7-15) s
bng:
T

o 1
3
u
1
3h 4 3 2
=
dy = h 2
h 1 h 2
280 20
14
u
20
S hng th hai nh hn s hng th nht v ta gi thit T ngha l h 1. B

qua s hng th hai, cui cng ta s c phng trnh vi phn:
3
a
3 d 2 3 a
h =
=
2 u T 2 u h
20 dx
h 3
hay l:
a
dh
d
+ 2 h 2 2
= 10
u
dx
dx
Thay cc gi tr
(7-16)
d
v 2 t lp bin vn tc:
dx
d 140
2 x
=
v 2 = (4 ,64 )
dx
3 u
u
Phng trnh (7-16) c dng :

dh
14 3
h + 4 xh 2 = 1
dx
13 a
14 ~
1 v = Pr ta c:
13
a
coi:
h3 +
4 dh 3
1
x
=
3 dx
Pr
(7-17)
7.3. v d v bi tp
V d 7-1:
Tnh chiu dy mt tng vt nn thng da vo phng trnh truyn nhit:
u
2T
T
=
x C p x 2
Trong c th xem cc i lng Cp, , l khng i, (theo l thuyt ng hc

cht kh ta c cng thc gn ng = Cpl; trong l - chiu di chy t do trung bnh
ca phn t, a - vn tc m).
Gii:
T phng trnh truyn nhit:
2T
T
=
2
x C p u x
vi cc iu kin bin:
khi x = - : T = T
khi x = 0 : T = T2
T2 - nhit sau mt tng vt nn. Suy ra:
x
T = T + (T2 T )exp C p u
Chiu dy mt tng vt nn d c xc nh da vo gradien nhit ti x = 0 t

biu thc sau:
d=
T2 T
l
=
=
C p u M
T
x x=0
M=
u
- s Mc
a
V d 7-2:
Da vo th trn hnh v hy tnh h s lc cn ca tm phng trong lp bin
chy tng khi s Re = 3.105 v s M = 2,13.
Gii :
C x Re
Trn th, n l s m ca
biu thc :
T
=
1 T1
trong : - h s nht; T - nhit .

C 3 trng hp ng vi s Pr = 1.
Da trn th, ta s tm c h s lc cn Cx.
Cx =
1,3
= 0 ,0024
Re
(i vi khng kh, ly n = 0,8).
V d 7-3:
Hy so snh nhit trn tm phng T1 b dng chy bao quanh vi nhit ti
im ti hn pha trc To khi s M = 1; 3; 5. Dng bao c T = 220oK, Pr = 0,7.
Gii :
i vi trng hp chuyn ng dng ta c cc cng thc sau:

k 1 2
M T
To = 1 +
2
T1
1 = o 1 Pr
T
T
T cc biu thc ta tnh c cc gi tr sau y ca nhit :

M
To 273o
T1 273o
- 9o
-17o
343o
282o
1037o
865o
Nhng ti im ti hn pha trc m ti s trao i nhit kh yu do vn tc

nh, trng thi dng t c rt chm ; v vy nhng vt c u t t nguy him so vi
nhng vt c mi nhn.
V d 7-4:
Da vo th trn hnh v, hy tm h s lc cn Cx ca tm phng bng phng
php Pnhauzen m rng cho n = 0,75 v n = 1.
Gii :
Ta c h thc tch phn Karman :
u
du
d **
= * u +
u 2
dx
dx
y
Trong : , - chiu dy b p v chiu dy tn tht xung lc.

Gi s t:
C = u
d ** 2

dx
1
Khi vi gi tr ca thng s:
** 2 du
.
=0
1
dx
t h tch phn Karman trn ta c:
Cx
T
Re = 2 C 1
T
T th trn v d 7-2 ta thy cc gi tr ca biu thc trn s gn bng 1,3. i

lng C c xc nh nh th ca phng php Pnhauzen m rng (Hnh th trong
v d). Kt qu cui cng ta s tnh c gi tr cc thng s sau y:
T1
T
C x Re
n =1
n = 0,75
0,44
1,0
1,33
1,33
0,39
1,2
1,37
1,34
0,30
1,8
1,47
1,36
V d 7-5:
Kim ch vn tc gi ca chong chng
l bn phng hnh khi ch nht c kch
thc b x l x (b chiu rng, l chiu
di, dy) quay quanh trc O theo
phng ngang. Trc ny trng vi chiu
rng b ca bn phng, b qua lc ma st.
Biu din vn tc U ph thuc vo

gc lch ca tm bn vi phng thng
ng, khi ly khong cch x t tm bn n
mi trc ca bn theo cng thc thc
nghim x = l (0,2 + 0,3 cos).
Gii:
l/
p lc gi tc dng ln tm phng (c din tch l x b):

P = C xlb kk
U 2
2
Trong : Cx h s cn ca tm;
kk khi lng ring ca khng kh.

Trng lng ca tm bo tc gi:
G = d.b.l.
Phng trnh cn bng lc tc dng ln tm:
P.x = G.sin/2
Sau khi thay gi tr ca cc i lng P, G v x vo; cui cng rt ra:
U =
d sin
C x kk l (0 ,2 + 0 ,3 cos )
V d 7-6.
Dng khng kh thi ln hp vi
phng thng ng mt gc gi cho
bn phng nm ngang c din tch S v
trng lng G lun lun v tr bay l
lng (U = 0). B qua lc ma st v gi
s h s cn ton phn C ph thuc
vo gc , xc nh vn tc dng khng
kh V v cng sut cn thit N.
Gii:
p lc P dng kh tc dng ln tm phng s hng thng gc vi tm (v b qua

ma st):
P = C kk
U 2
2g
Trong : kk - trng lng ring ca khng kh.

Ch rng nh hng ca gc n p lc khi tc dng ln tm c k n trong
h s cn C.
Xt iu kin cn bng lc khi tm phng nm l lng ta c: G = P
Do : G = C kk
U =
U 2
2g
2 gG
C kk
Cng sut dng kh: N =
mU 2
2
Trong : m khi lng giy ca dng kh ( m = kkUcos)

N=
G
C
2 gG
cos
C kk
Bi tp 7-1.
Khng kh nhit 200 C, p sut 1 atm chuyn ng vi vn tc 20 m/s qua tm
phng (hnh v). C ng o p t cch 2 mm so tm phng, chiu cao ct du ( = 825
kg/m3) h = 16 mm.
Xc nh v tr t ca ng o p x theo chiu dng chy. Gi thit dng chy tng.
p s: x = 0,908 m
Lp bin
20 m/s
2mm
Bi tp 7-2.
C mt b cha nc ca h thng cp nc sinh hot, su 2,5 m, nhit 200 C
dng chy qua b lin tc vi vn tc 35 m/s .
Xc nh chiu di nh nht L ca b cha cho cn lng ( = 2545 kg/m3) lng
xung y trong 2 trng hp:
a) ng knh ht cn ln hn 1 mm;
b) ng knh ht cn ln hn 100 m.
p s: a) L = 6,3 m;
b) L = 120 m;
Bi tp 7-3.
Mt qu cu treo nghing 1
gc khi t trong dng chy
vi vn tc u (hnh v). Xc nh
biu thc biu din quan h
gia qu cu v dng chy n
nh. bng bao nhiu nu qu
cu lm bng thp ( = 7844
kg/m3) ng knh 3 cm v vn
tc dng kh u = 40 m/s. B qua
nh hng ca dy.
U
D,s
p s : = 720
Cu hi n tp chng VII
1. Lc cn.
2. Lp bin (nh ngha, chiu dy b p , chiu dy tn tht xung lc).
3. Cc phng php lp bin.
4. Mt s bi ton lp bin.
5. Lp bin nhit .
Chng 8
dng tia
Trong chng ny tm hiu cc c trng thu kh ng c bn ca dng tia v cch
tnh ton mt s trng hp dng tia n gin thng gp trong k thut.
8.1. Khi nim v dng tia
8.1.1. nh ngha - phn loi
Dng cht lng khi chy ra khi vi phun v c phun vo mi trng cht lng
hay cht kh th gi l dng tia.
Dng tia cht lng chuyn ng trong mi trng cht lng l dng tia ngp (hay
cn gi l lung). V d dng tia nc t vi t ngm di mt nc sng ph t, no
vt lng sng.
Dng tia cht lng chuyn ng trong mi trng kh l tia t do, v d : dng tia
nc ca vi cha chy, ca my ti ..
Trng thi chy trong dng tia c th l chy tng hoc chy ri, nhng trong thc
t thng gp chy ri. V vy di y chng ta ch nghin cu mt s tnh cht ca dng
tia trng thi chy ri.
8.1.2. Dng tia ngp
XH
UH
UH
Cc dng phun
UO
Um
Lp bin
b
O
B mt phn gii
on ban u
Qu
on c bn
Hnh 8-1 . M hnh cu trc dng tia ngp

L dng tia c phun vo trong mi trng cng loi hoc khc loi. Khi dng tia
chuyn ng, do tnh nht v s mch ng vn tc ca dng chy ri xut hin cc xoy
c ch tip gip ca dng tia v mi trng xung quanh, cc xoy ny lm cho mt phn
cht lng ca mi trng b li ko theo dng tia, ng thi li gy tc dng km hTm
chuyn ng ca dng tia. V vy dng tia ngp loe rng dn ri phn tn vo mi trng
cht lng bao quanh (Hnh 8-1).
a) Da vo biu phn b vn tc trn cc mt ct ngang, ngi ta chia dng tia ra
lm 2 phn: li v lp bin chy ri.
i.
Li: l phn trong cng, trong vn tc Uo trn cc mt ct ngang dng tia khng
Li bt u t ming vi phun n mt ct gii hn (qu ) trn ch c im

trn trc dng tia l c vn tc bng vn tc ban u ti ming vi. ng gii hn li l
ng thng (xc nh theo thc nghim).
Lp bin chy ri: l phn c gii hn bi li v mi trng bao quanh dng tia,
trong vn tc bin i lin tc cho n khi bng vn tc mi trng bn ngoi. ng
gii hn lp bin chy ri vi mi trng bao quanh l ng gn nh thng (theo thc
nghim tnh ton).
b) Theo chiu di dng tia ngp c th chia lm 3 on:
on u: t ming vi phun cho n mt ct qu tc l mt ct kt thc li
dng tia. Trong on u c li v mt phn ca lp bin chy ri quanh li.
on c bn: t mt ct gii hn tr i. Dng tia ch gm lp bin chy ri trong
vn tc gim dn dc theo trc dng tia.
Gia on u v on c bn c mt on qu rt ngn .
8.1.3. Dng tia khng ngp
Quan st mt dng tia khng ngp, v d mt tia nc t mt vi hnh tr trn phun
vo khng kh ta thy c ba phn r rt (Hnh 8-2).
Phn tp trung
Phn ri
Phn tan rT
Hnh 8-2. S cu trc dng tia khng ngp

Phn tp trung: dng tia vn gi nguyn hnh tr trn, cht lng vn lin tc.
Phn ri rc: dng tia m rng hn, s lin tc ca cht lng b ph hoi.
Phn tan r: dng tia tan rT thnh nhng ht nh, gin on.
Dng tia t do c s dng nhiu trong k thut nh sng thu lc dng ph t,
khai thc than, dng tia cha chy..., nhng loi ny cn dng phn tp trung ca dng tia.
Nhng khi cn phun ht nc nh ti th li phi li dng phn tan rT.
8.2. Cc c trng thu kh ng c bn ca dng tia

8.2.1. S phn b cc thng s thu kh ng theo tit din ngang ca dng tia
Nhiu nghin cu v l thuyt tnh ton cng nh nhng kt qu thc nghim T rt
ra nhng nhn xt v dng tia ri t do nh sau:
Ti mi im trn tit din dng tia thnh phn vn tc theo phng ngang (y) rt
nh so vi thnh phn vn tc theo phng dc (x). Do trong tnh ton thc t c th b
qua thnh phn vn tc theo phng ngang.
Prfin vn tc bin dng lin tc dc theo trc x v ko theo s thay i lin tc cc
thng s thu kh ng khc. nhng tit din cng xa so vi tit din ban u ca dng
tia th prfin vn tc ng dng vi prfin vn tc nhng tit din trc n (theo Fetman,
Gavin, Naumov..)
u(m/s)
1
2
30
1-x=0m
2 - x = 0,2 m
3 - x = 0,35 m
4 - x = 0,50 m
5 - x = 0,625 m
6 - x = 0,75 m
4
6
- 0, 15
5
10
-0, 10
-0, 05
0, 05
0, 10
y(m)
Hnh 8-3. Phn b prfin vn tc ti tit din khc nhau theo trc dng phun
Trn hnh 8-3 biu din kt qu nghin cu thc nghim ca Fetman v s bin
dng ca prfin vn tc ti nhng tit din khc nhau ca dng tia ri phng dc theo trc
dng tia.
Prfin gi tr d ca vn tc, nhit v nng tp cht c xy dng theo cc
to khng th nguyn, c th dng cc hm gii tch gn ng vit di dng a thc c
bc ca cc to ngang khng th nguyn m t; chng hn c th dng hm gii tch
gn ng ca silichting ().
Trn hnh 8-4 biu din prfin vn tc dng tng hp ca dng tia xy dng theo
cc to khng th nguyn.
m t prfin dng tng hp ca vn tc c th dng cc hm gii tch gn ng
vit di dng a thc c bc ca cc to ngang khng th nguyn, chng hn dng hm
gii tch gn ng ca Slichting f().
i vi on c bn ca dng tia ta c:
+ Hm biu din prfin vn tc :
u uH
= f ( ) = 1 3 / 2
um uH
( 8-1 )
u uH
um u H
0,75
0,50
0,25
- 2,0
- 1,5
- 1,0
- 0,5
0,5
1,0
1,5
y
yc
Hnh 8-4. Biu din prfin vn tc dng phun theo to khng th nguyn
trong :
y
b
y to ngang ca im c vn tc u;
b b rng (hoc bn knh) ca tit din dng tia.
+ Hm biu din s phn b nhit :
T TH
= 1 3/ 2
Tm TH
Prt
(8-2)
trong : Prt - Tr s ri Prandtl, ph thuc vo t s gia nhit lng tiu ph do ma st ri

v nhit lng sn sinh ra do s xo trn.
Theo thc nghim: Prt = 0,8 i dng tia i xng.
Prt = 0,5 i dng tia phng.
+ Hm phn b nng tp cht trn tit din dng tia.
T TH
H
=
= 1 3/ 2
m H Tm TH
Trong :
Gtc
G + Gtc
Prt
(8-3)
- Nng trng lng tp cht
Gtc - Trng lng tp cht.

G + Gtc - Trng lng ton hn hp.
Ch : Qui lut phn b nng tp cht dng (8-3) ch ph hp tt vi cc s liu thc

nghim khi nng tp cht trong dng tia tng i b.
8.2.2. Qui lut m rng dng tia (dc theo trc x)
gii quyt vn ny c th tin hnh theo nhiu phng php. Tuy nhin
phng php thng dng v n gin hn c l dng l thuyt tng t kt hp vi cc s
liu thc nghim.
Theo gi thuyt Prandtl i vi dng ri ta c:
V ~ l
trong :
du db
~
dg dt
(8-4)
V - Thnh phn mch ng vn tc ngang;

l - Chiu di ng ri;
u - Thnh phn vn tc dc (theo trc x).
T xc nh c qui lut tng b rng ca dng tia biu din di dng:
u u2
1 db
= 1
C dx u1 + u2
trong :
(8-5)
C - H s xc nh bng thc nghim.
Trng hp u1 = Const , u2 = Const th b rng dng tia t l vi khong cch x:
db
= const
dx
trong :
C1 = C
b = c1x
(8-6)
u1 u2
u1 + u2
i vi dng tia ngp ( u2 = 0 ) :
bZ = cx
(8-7)
Trng hp tng qut (u2 0) th b rng dng tia c xc nh theo cc kt qu

rt ra t cc biu thc ( 8-5 ), ( 8-6 ) v ( 8-7 ):
u u2
b c1 x
=
= 1
bZ
cx
u1 + u2
(8-8)
( c th xem thm [5] , [17])

8.3. Mt s v d v tnh ton dng tia ngp i xng
8.3.1. Dng tia ri ngp t do
Trn kia chng ta T tin hnh kho st tng qut i vi dng tia. c th ho
chng ta kho st mt trng hp dng tia ngp i xng sau y:
iu kin xt:
- ng nhit;
- Dng tia i xng, ming vi phun trn (bn knh Ro);
- S phn b cc thng s dng chy ti tit din ban u ca dng phun (ti ming
vi phun) l u;
- Dng phun ng cht (khng c tp cht);
- Dng phun ng p (p = const): thc t iu kin ny tho mTn v trong dng
phun p sut tnh hu nh khng i v bng p sut tnh trong mi trng ngoi.
a) Xt qui lut bin i vn tc v s m rng ca lp bin dc theo trc dng
tia (xt trn on c bn ca dng tia).
V p sut tnh ti mi im trong dng tia l khng i nn t nguyn l bo ton
ng lng ta thy rng: ng lng ca cht lng tnh trn mt n v thi gian c tr s
nh nhau ti mi mt ct:
u d = u
(8-9)
trong : o = Ro2(2bo.l) - din tch tit din u(tit din vi phun) ;
= R2(2bo.l)
- din tch tit din dng tia ti im xt ;
d = 2rdr (2dy) - din tch tit din ca dng tia nguyn t.

Do vi dng tia i xng ta c :
R
2 u 2 rdr = u o2 Ro
o
t = r/R phng trnh trn di dng khng th nguyn s l:

R / Ro
Thay
u
u max
u r r
d = 1
u o Ro Ro
u
2 m
uo
R

Ro
21
u
2 m
uo
R

Ro
21
u r r
um R d R = 1
o
u
um d = 1
( 8-10 )
= f 1 ( ) t (8-1) vo tch phn trn ta s tnh c gi tr ca tch phn:

1
f 1 ( )d = 0 ,0464
o
Thay gi tr ca biu thc tch phn trn vo (8-10) ta c:

u
R
= 3 ,3 o
Ro
um
hay:
um =
Const
R
(8-11)
Tng t i vi lung phng ta c:
um
uo
bo
2 1
u
o u m
b
1 uo
=
bo 1,65 u m
hay:
um =
d = 1
Const
(8-12)
b) Cc c trng ng hc ca dng tia ri ngp t do

Lu lng ca dng tia:
R
Q = dQ = 2 urdr
Bin i ta c:
1
Q = 2um R
trong :
u R
u r r
2
d = 2Ro uo m
um R R
uo Ro
2 1
u
o
Qo = .Ro2uo - lu lng qua tit din ban u ca vi phun.
Cui cng ta rt ra:

u
Q
= 2 ,13 o
Qo
um
(8-13)
Qui lut tt dn ca vn tc dc trc dng tia:

Phng trnh ng bin ca dng tia trong dng tia ngp i xng c dng:
R = Cx
(8-14)
Trong nhng nghin cu v dng tia, ngi ta thng chia h s C ra hai phn tng
ng on ban u (C khng bin i) v on c bn (C = 3,4a - trong a 0,06 0,09
theo ti liu thc nghim).
T phng trnh (8-11) ta c:
u
R 3 ,4 x
=
= 3 ,3 o
Ro
Ro
um
(8-14)
u m 3 ,3 Ro
R
=
= 0 ,96 o
u o 3 ,4 ax
ax
(8-15)
T biu thc (8-15) ta thy vn tc trn trc dng tia tt dn theo quy lut hypecbol
(Hnh 8-5).
Chiu di gii hn ban u xb v su ho ca cc dng phun
S dng phng trnh (8-15) xc nh honh xb vi ch rng ti tit din

qu um = uo, ta c:
xbd =
0 ,96
Ro
a
(8-16)
um
uo
1
on ban u
O
on c bn
ax
Ro
0,96
Hnh 8-5. Qui lut phn b vn tc dc trc dng tia

Chiu su cc dng phun ho c xc nh t biu thc:
R 3 ,4 ax
=
Ro
Ro
(8-17)
Ch n iu kin bin: Khi x = ho th R = Ro ; do ta rt ra:

ho =
Ro
= 4 ,15 Ro
3 ,4 a
(8-18)
trong : a = 0,07 - h s thc nghim.

Khong cch t tit din mi phun n cui li dng tia (tit din qu ):
xH = xb - ho = 9,57 Ro
(8-19)
Bng di y l cng thc tnh ton i vi dng tia i xng v phng ngp theo
cng thc ca Abramovich
Bng 8-1.
Cc thng s
a
Tr s v cng thc
Dng tia i xng
Dng tia phng
0.07
0,09
ho
xH
0 ,29
Ro
a
0 ,41
bo
a
0 ,67
Ro
a
1,03
bo
a
R,b
a (x ho )
+ 1 Ro
3 ,4
Ro
um
0 ,96 uo
a( x ho )
+ 0 ,29
Ro
a( x ho )
2 ,2Qo
+ 0 ,29
Ro
a ( x ho )
+ 1bo
2 ,4
Ro
1,2uo
a( x ho )
+ 0 ,41
Ro
a( x ho )
1,2Qo
+ 0 ,41
Ro
8.3.2. p lc ca dng tia ln mt rn

Dng tia thot ra t l hoc vi
c trc nm ngang x-x gp trn
ng i ca n vt cn di nc
dng mt rn c nh AB (Hnh 8-6)
s chia thnh hai nhnh chy dc
theo vt rn c phng hp vi trc x
mt gc 1 v 2. p lc P ca dng
tia tc dng ln thnh hp vi dng
tia mt gc , ngc li dng tia chu
mt phn lc R ca vt chn
( R = P ).
1
Q1, v1
o
vo
A
1
P
1
o
Qo, V o
p dng phng trnh ng

lng cho on dng chy c xc
ng bi cc mt 0 0; 1- 1 v 2 - 2
ta c:
R + m o v o = m1v1 + m 2 v 2
v1
2
B
2
v2
Q2, V2
Hnh 8-6
(8- 20)
hay hnh chiu ln trc x:

R cos = m1v1 cos 1 + m 2 v 2 cos 2 mo v o
trong mo = Qovo; m1 = Q1v1 ; m2 = Q2v2 l khi lng cht lng i qua mt ct 0 0; 1- 1

v 2 - 2 trong mt n v thi gian.
T ta c:
P = R =
(Qo v o Q1v1 cos 1 Q2 v 2 cos 2 )

cos
(8-21)
Trng hp thnh phng t vung gc vi trc x, khi 1 = 2 ta c Q1 = Q2 =

Qo/2; v1 = v2 = vo v:
(8-22)
P =Qov0
thc t th p lc ny b hn :
Pthc = (0,0920,95)P
Trng hp thnh i xng vi 1 = 2 = 0 ta c Q1 = Q2 = Qo/2; v1 = v2 = vo v:
(8-23)
P = Qovo(1 - cos)
nu = 1800 (Hnh 8-7) khi :
V1
(8-24)
P = 2Qovo
So snh kt qu (8-22) vi (8-24)

ta thy p lc dng tia tc dng ln mt
lm i xng gm 2 na hnh tr (hay
cu) bng 2 ln p lc ln thnh phng.
Q0
,V1
2
v0
0
Q0,V0
p lc lung c s dng lm
quay bnh xe nc v cc tuabin kiu
xung kich (tuabin gu).
V2
2
Q0
,V2
2
Hnh 8-7.
Trng hp thnh chuyn ng vi vn tc u theo phng ca vo ta c :
(8-25)
P = Q(vo - u)
V vt chn vung gc vi dng tia nn cng sut N ca dng tia cung cp cho vt
chn s l:
(8-26)
N = Pu = Qo(vo - u)u
Cng sut ny ln nht khi:
dN
= Qo ( vo 2u )
du
v:
N max =
hay u =
1
1 Qo vo2
Qo vo2 =
4
2 2
vo
2
(8-27)
Biu thc ny cho thy: cng sut truyn ln nht bng na ng nng dng tia.
Trong trng hp cnh cong vi 1 = 2 = 1800 ; u = v0/2; p lc ca dng tia l:
P = Qov02
(8-28)
v cng sut ln nht l:

N max = Qo
vo
2
(8-29)
cho thy cng sut dng tia c s dng ton b - tuabin cnh cong tn dung c ton b
cng sut dng chy.
8.4. v d bi tp
V d 8-1:
B qua tn tht ct nc do
ma st khng kh, tnh p sut, lu
lng v cng sut cn thit phi cp
cho dng nc phun c ng
knh ban u d = 107 mm, phun
thng ng ln ti cao H = 156 m.
Cho g = 9,81 m2/s (Hnh v).
d = 107mm
Gii:
1- B qua ng nng trong ng cp nc (nm ngang), p dng phng trnh Becnuli
vit cho hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 nh dng phun m ti v = 0, ta c:
z1 +
p1
+ 0 = z2 +
p2
Nu p1 l p sut d th p2d = 0, do :
p1
= z 2 z1 = H = 156 m
p1 = gH = 156.103.9,81 = 15,29.105 Pa
2- Lu lng nc c tnh i mt ct gc ca dng tia (p sut tuyt i ti mt ct
ny bng p sut mi trng kh bao quanh, tc l bng p sut kh quyn, do p sut d
bng khng) v mt ct 2-2, ta c:
v02
=H;
2g
Lu lng :
v0 = 2 gH = 55 ,3 m / s
Q = 55 ,3
3 ,14.0 ,107 2
0 ,500 m 3 / s 500 l / s
4
Kt qu ny cng c th tnh c bng cch vit phng trnh Becnuli cho hai mt
ct (mt ct 1-1 v mt ct gc ca dng tia 3-3). Qu vy, nu coi z1 z3, ta c:
v32 v02
p1
=H =
=
g
2g 2g
v i n kt qu trn.
3- Cng sut thu lc cn thit c tnh theo cng thc:
N = QH = p1Q = 15,29. 105.0,5 = 765 kW
Thc t do c ma st vi khng kh nn chiu cao ni trn ca dng phun ch t ti

H 130 m, do hiu sut ct nc ca dng phun l:
H ' 130
=
= 83,3%
H 156
Mt khc, cng sut thc t l N = 1020 kW, do hiu sut nng lng l:
N
765
=
= 75%
N' 1020
V d 8-2:
Mt dng tia c lu lng Q0,
din tch S, p vo mt tm chn trn
nhn c (Hnh v). B qua tn tht ct
nc v trng lng khi cht lng. Xc
nh lc y ca tia nc ln tm chn.
2
2
v1
1
1
F
3
v3
Gii:
Xt khi cht lng nm trong th tch kim tra nh hnh v. Khi cht lng chu tc
dng ca ngoi lc sau:
+ Trng lc G;
+ p lc ti cc mt ct 1-1, 2-2 v 3-3. Dng chy ti 3 mt ct trn l dng tia nn
p sut ti tm bng p sut kh tri, p lc d P = p0S = 0.
+ Phn lc F ca tm chn tc dng ln cht lng (v tm chn trn nhn nn nu
chn h to nh hnh v, lc F ch c thnh phn Fx, cn Fy = 0). p dng

phng trnh ng lng:

F = F = ( Q2 02 v2 + Q3 03 v3 + Q1 01v1 )
Xem vn tc phn b u trn mt ct t nn: 01 = 02 = 03 = 1.
Phng trnh Becnuli vit cho mt ng dng i t 1-1 n 2-2 v mt ng dng
i t 1-1 n 3-3 l:
z1 +
z1 +
p1
p1
v12
p
v2
= z2 + 2 + 2 ;
2g
2g
p
v2
v12
= z3 + 3 + 3 .
2g
2g
B qua trng lng nn z = 0; do : p1 = p2 = p3 = pa v v1 = v2 = v3= v0 = Q0/S.

Chiu phng trnh ng lng ln trc 0x:
Fx = (0 + 0 + Q0v0sin) = Q0v0sin
Vy F cng chiu vi trc 0x. Gi R l lc y ca tia nc ln tm chn:

R = F
V d 8-3:
Mt tua bin Pelton lm vic
di ct nc H = 750 m. cui
ng dn cao p c mt vi phun vi
ng knh d = 180 mm (Hnh v). B
qua tn tht ct nc, tnh:
V1
0
1- Lc y ca dng tia ln gu
Pelton. Cho bit tc ca gu
l u.
Q0
,V1
2
v0
0
Q0,V0
Cng sut hp th bi gu
Pelton. So snh vi cng sut c to
ra bi ct nc
V2
2
Q0
,V2
2
Gii:
1- Tnh lc y:
+ Vn tc ca dng tia nc ra khi vi c xc nh bng phng trnh Becnuli vit
cho hai mt ct 0-0 v 1-1:
z0 +
p0
v02
p
v2
= z1 + 1 + 1
2g
2g
H +0 +0 = 0 +0 +
v12
2g
v = v1 = 2 gH = 2.9 ,81.750 = 121 m / s

+ Lu lng nc ra khi vi:
Q = v. = v.
d 2
4
= 121,3.
3 ,14.1,18 2
= 3 ,09 m 3 / s
4
+ Cng sut to bi ct nc:

Nn = QH = 9810.3,09.750 = 22,7 kW
Xt chuyn ng ca dng tia i vi h to tng i gn lin vi gu: gu
ng yn, tia nc n gu vi vn tc v0 = v u.
Vit phng trnh ng lng cho chuyn ng tng i, n nh ca khi nc
c gii hn bi cc mt ct kim tra 0-0, 1-1 v 2-2:
Cc lc tc dng ln khi nc gm:

+ Trng lc G theo phng z;
+ Phn lc F ln tia nc.
Phng trnh ng lng:

G + F = ( Q1v1 + Q2 v2 Q0 v0 )
Chiu xung hai trc x v y nm ngang:
Fy = 0;
Fx = (- Q1v1 Q2v2 Q0v0)
Do b qua tn tht ct nc nn ta c:
v0 = v1 = v2 = v- u
Q1 = Q2 =
Vy
Q0 ( v u )
=
2
2
Fx = - 2 Q1 (v u) = - 2 (v u)2
Fx mang du tr nn ngc chiu vi trc x. Vy gu b y bi lc R c phng

ngc chiu vi Fx:
R = 2 (v u)2
Vi v = u/2
R=
1
1
3 ,14.0 ,18 2
v 2 = .1000.
.121,3 2 = 187 kN
2
2
4
2- Cng sut hp th bi gu Pelton

Gu chu lc y R, chuyn ng vi vn tc u.
Cng sut ca gu l: N g = R.u = 187.
121,3
= 11,3 kW
2
Cng sut to bi ct nc: Nn = 22,7 kW

Vy cng sut to nn bi ct nc ln gp hai ln cng sut hp th bi gu.
Bi tp 8-1
Xc nh chiu cao h ca dng

tia vi phun (Hnh v) v lu lng
Q nu p sut d trong ng ng c
p l p = 2 at, khong cch t ng
ng c p n vi phun l = 50 m,
ng knh ng dn d1 = 75 mm,
ng knh vi phun d2 = 25 mm, h
s cn ca vi = 0,08. Vi phun
t cao hn ng ng c p z2=3 m.
d2
2
z2
d1
2
1
Lu lng v chiu cao dng tia

s thay i th no nu l vi phun
gim xung 19 mm, hay ly hn vi
phun ra, ch cn ng dn.
0
1
Bi tp 8-2:
u vi phun cha chy, c ng knh u vo D = 80 mm, c vt cht vo ng
hnh tr c ng knh cng bng 80 mm. Khi u ra ca vi m, lu lng nc thot ra l
Q = 40 l/s (Hnh v).
Xc nh:
1- Ct nc lm vic ca vi;
Hp lc ca cc lc tc dng
ln vt (lc ny c khuynh
hng lm cho u vi bt ra
khi ng). Tnh vi hai trng
hp:
1
D = 80mm
s1
v1
A
p1
s2
d1 = 30mm
2
D p2
x
C v2
2
B
1
a - Khi u ra ca vi m;
b - Khi u ra ca vi ng.
B qua trng lng nc v tn tht ct nc trong on u vi. Ly g = 10 m/s2.
p s: a - 5930 N
b - 8032 N
Bi tp 8-3:
Mt dng cht lng khi
lng ring r, tit din s, phun
thng gc vo mt cnh cong
nhn c dng hnh hc i xng
vi dng phun (Hnh v). Cnh
cong c chuyn ng vi vn tc
u trn thit b hng dng, vn tc
dng l v.
Xc nh:
1- Lc tc dng ln cnh F; cng sut N v hiu sut ca dng phun;
2- Quan h v/u ng max . Dng hnh hc n gin ca cnh c max .
Gii bi ton cho hai trng hp:

a- Cnh n;
b- DTy cnh (dng lun p vo 1 cnh)
Cu hi n tp chng VIII
1. Th no l tia ngp, khng ngp?
2. Cc c trng thu kh ng c bn ca dng tia.
3. Mt s v d v tnh ton dng tia ngp i xng.
cf
Chng IX
C s l thuyt th nguyn, tng t
Nhng li gii chnh xc (bng phng php l thuyt) ca mt s b ton thu kh

ng lc l rt him. Trn thc t, ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php thc nghim.
Phng php m hnh ho tng i ph bin. N da trn l thuyt th nguyn v tng
t. M hnh ho l s thay th vic nghin cu hin tng ca mt i tng trn nguyn
mu bng vic nghin cu hin tng tng t trn m hnh c kch thc b hn hay ln
hn.
ngha ca phng php: da vo nhng kt qu th nghim trn m hnh c th
kt lun v cc hin tng xy ra trn nguyn mu. iu kin s dng c nhng kt qu
trn m hnh l khi tin hnh th nghim phi tun theo nhng qui lut nht nh ca m
hnh ho. Nhng quy lut l nhng tiu chun tng t.
Vic xc nh cc tiu chun tng t hay l cc i lng khng th nguyn (cc
s) khi m hnh ho cc hin tng l mt vn rt phc tp. Khi gii bi ton ny c th
chia cc hin tng nghin cu ra lm hai loi:
1. Nhng hin tng v cc qu trnh c th c m t bng cc phng trnh (nh
phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng trong ng trong khe hp v.v).
Khi cc tiu chun tng t c xc nh d dng nh l cc h s ca phng trnh
vit di dng khng th nguyn.
2. Cc qu trnh v cc hin tng cha c m t bng cc phng trnh. Khi
l thuyt duy nht cho php tm cc tiu chun tng t l l thuyt th nguyn.
9.1. L thuyt th nguyn - nh l pi v ng dng
9.1.1. Cc i lng c th nguyn v khng th nguyn
- Cc i lng c th nguyn nh di, din tch, vn tc, p sut
- Cc i lng khng th nguyn nh gc o bng raing (rad), s Rynn, Re,
s Mc, M
nh ngha: i lng c th nguyn l i lng m cc gi tr bng s ca n
ph thuc vo h n v o lng do ta chn.
i lng khng th nguyn l i lng m cc gi tr bng s ca
n khng ph thuc vo h n v o lng do ta chn.
Cc nh ngha nu trn ch c tnh cht tng i (gc o bng radian v bng ).
9.1.2. Th nguyn
- n v c bn v n v dn xut
Cc i lng vt l c lin h vi nhau bng nhng biu thc nht nh. Trong
c hc thng chn 3 i lng c bn: di L; thi gian T; khi lng M v thit lp cho
chng mt n v o lng no gi l n v c bn, nh h n v SI (m,s,kg), h n v
CGS (cm, gam, s).
n v dn xut l n v biu din qua n v c bn nh cm/s; kg/m3
Th nguyn l biu thc biu din n v dn xut qua n v c bn v c k

hiu bng du [ ]. V d th nguyn ca vn tc [L/T], ca gia tc [L/T2] v.v
9.1.3. Cng thc tng qut ca th nguyn
L thuyt th nguyn da trn hai nh l sau y:
a) T s gia hai gi tr bng s ca mt i lng dn xut bt k no y khng
ph thuc vo vic chn cc kch thc ca h n v c bn. Chng hn nh t s gia hai
din tch khng ph thuc vo vic l chng c o trong h n v no.
T nh l ny c th suy ra cng thc th nguyn tng qut ca cc i lng vt
l:
a = LlTtM m
(9-1)
Chng hn nh cng thc th nguyn ca vn tc [L/T] s c l = 1; t = 1; m = 0;

ca gia tc [L/T2]: l =1, t = 2; m = 0.
b) Biu thc bt k gia cc i lng c th nguyn c th biu din nh biu thc
gia cc i lng khng th nguyn. y chnh l ni dung ca nh l Pi ()
Buckingham.
Biu thc ton hc ca nh l ny c th biu din di dng sau: nu i lng c
th nguyn a l hm ca i lng c lp vi nhau c th nguyn a1, a2akan, ngha l:
(9-2)
a = f(a1, a2ak,ak+1,an)
Nu k n l s cc i lng c th nguyn c bn th (n+1- k) t hp khng th

nguyn Pi ca i lng c th nguyn trn c th biu din di dng (theo (9-1)):
a
a1m1a2m 2 ......akmk
1 =
a k +1
p1 p 2
a1 a2 ......akpk
..
nk =
an
q1 q 2
a1 a2 ......akqk
Ngha l s t hp bng hiu gia s i lng c th nguyn v s th nguyn c

bn.
Nh vy, trong h n v mi biu thc (9-2) c th vit di dng:
= f (1,1,...1, , 1 , 2. ........ n k )
Mi t hp khng th nguyn l mt tiu chun tng t. C ngha l nu i lng
khng th nguyn (v d h s lc cn Cx) ph thuc n i lng, m s th nguyn c bn
ca chng bng k, th s tiu chun tng t l = n - k. Trong thu kh ng lc k = 3,
vy nn biu din i lng no qua bn thng s.
V d: hly xc nh s ph thuc h s lc cn Cx ca cnh vo cc thng s dng
chy.
Bi gii:
Gi s Cx ph thuc vo cc i lng c th nguyn sau y: khi lng ring ,

nht , vn tc v v chiu di ca cnh L. Khi :
Cx = f ( ,,v,L)
Dng cng thc th nguyn c th tm c mt t hp khng th nguyn ca cc
i lng vt l trn:
[Cx] = [ ]b[ ]d[v]c[L]n = 1
tm cc s m b, d, c, n ta thay vo cng thc trn th nguyn ca cc i lng
vt l:
[ ] = [ML-3]; [ ] = [ML-1 T-1 ]; [v] = [LT-1 ]; [L] = [L]
Thay cc gi tr vo biu thc Cx:
[ML-3]b [ML-1 T-1 ]d [LT-1]c [L]n = 1
T ta c 3 phng trnh i vi 3 th nguyn c bn
M:
b+d =0
L:
-3b - d + c + n = 0
T:
-d - c = 0
Xem rng mt trong 4 s m, chng hn n l bit, gii h phng trnh trn, ta

c: b = c = n; d = -n. Nh vy ta tm c dng ph thuc ca Cx vo i lng khng
th nguyn:
vl n
C x = f (
) = f (Re n )

Ngha l Cx ph thuc vo s Rynn. S m n c th tm bng thc nghim hoc
t cc iu kin ph v sc cn ca cnh.
Cc bc c bn gii mt bi ton nh sau:
1- Lp biu thc ph thuc (n+1) i lng a (9-2). Ghi th nguyn ca chng.
2- Chn k i lng c bn (thng thng k = 3). Vit cng thc th nguyn ca
cc i lng vt l. Nh vy ta c (n + 1 - k) s hng .
3- S hng u tin c th l tch ca k i lng c s m cha bit vi mt i
lng khc c s m l bit (thng thng cho s m bng 1).
4- Ly nhng i lng l chn mc 2 lm bin s (k i lng) v chn mt
trong nhng bin s cn li lp s hng tip theo. Lp li tng t lin tip cho
cc s sau.
5- Nh phn tch th nguyn ta s c h k phng trnh i s v t xc nh
c s m ca mi s hng .
9.2. Cc tiu chun tng t
nh ngha: Hai hin tng gi l tng t (hay ng dng) nu da vo cc c

trng ca hin tng ny c th suy ra cc c trng ca hin tng kia bng mt php bin
i n gin.
iu kin tng t c bn ca hai hin tng l cc tiu chun tng t phi bng
nhau (idem). Nu k hiu n cho nguyn mu; m cho m hnh, th Ren = Rem, Mn = Mm
9.2.1. Tng t hnh hc
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc tng t hnh hc l khi cc kch thc tng ng
ca chng t l vi nhau:
Ln
S
= k L ; n = k L2 ;...
Lm
Sm
Trong kL T l tng t hnh hc

9.2.2. Tng t ng hc
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc tng t ng hc phi tng t hnh hc v c thi
gian di chuyn ca mt phn t cht lng t im ny sang im khc trn cc ng dng
tng ng t l.
Tn
= kT
Tm
Ta c:
kT - T l tng t thi gian
T suy ra t l vn tc:
Vn
L T 1
= n n1 = k L kT1
Vm LmTm
Tng t ng hc p dng trong cc my thu kh l cc tam gic vn tc ng

dng.
9.2.3. Tng t ng lc hc
Hai h thng thu kh ng lc tng t ng hc v c cc khi lng tng ng
t l th gi l tng t ng lc hc.
Kp =
n
- t l tng t ng lc
m
4
n L3n LnTn2 k k L
Fn
=
= 2
T l cc lc:
Fm m L3m LmTm 2
kT
Hay tng qut:
L2 L V 2
Fn
= n 2n n n 2 = Ne = const
Fm m Lm LmVm
Tiu chun tng t Newton hay s Newton.

Nh vy trong thc t, hai h thng thu kh ng lc tng t nhau phi tho mln
cc iu kin sau y:
1- Chng phi tng t hnh hc.
2- C tnh cht ging nhau v c cng phng trnh vi phn.
3- Ch c th so snh vi nhau gia cc i lng ng nht ti nhng to

khng gian ging nhau v thi gian ging nhau.
4- Cc hng s tng t ca hai hin tng c mi lin quan cht ch vi nhau.
Vic chn bt k mt trong nhng i lng no s to nn s ph thuc xc
nh i vi nhng i lng hng s tng t cn li.
9.2.4. Tng t ca hai chuyn ng phng
lm sng t nhng iu l nu trn, ta hly tm cc iu kin cn thit cho
hai chuyn ng phng tng t. Mun vy, ta vit phng trnh chuyn ng navie-Stc
(3-24) cho trng hp chuyn ng phng di dng khng th nguyn bng cch chn cc
i lng c trng (t l) sau y: chiu di l (nh bn knh ng, cung ca cnh). Vn
tc v0 (nh vn tc trn trc trc ng, v cng) p sut p0, khi lng ring 0,
nht ng hc 0, thi gian t0, lc khi vit cho 1 n v khi lng g (gia tc trong
trng). K hiu cc i lng khng th nguyn cng bng nhng ch nh cc i lng
c th nguyn. Khi ta s c phng trnh chuyn ng v phng trnh lin tc vit di
dng khng th nguyn:
p 1 p 0
l u u
u gl
+
u ;
+ v = 2 X 0 2
+ u
0 v0 x v0l
v0t0 t x
y v0
v gl
p 1 p 0
l v v
+ u + v = 2 Y 0 2
+
v;
v0t0 t x
y v0
0 v0 y v0l
u v
=0
+
t y
T h phng trnh trn suy ra hai dng chy tng t, c ngha l chng c m
t bng nhng phng trnh v cc iu kin bin ging nhau, th phi c cng gi tr cc
i lng khng th nguyn sau y:
gl
l
;
;
v0t0
v02
p0
0
;
2
0 v 0
v0 l
Trong l thuyt tng t, nhng i lng c tn ring v goi l nhng s hay l

tiu chun tng t:
l
= S h S Struhan (Shtrouhal), c trng cho qu trnh khng dng;
v0t0
v0
= Fr s Frt (Froud), c trng cho lc trng trng;
gl
v0l
= Re s Rynn (Reynolds) quen thuc, c trng cho lc nht;
p0
= Eu - s le (L.Euler) c trng cho p lc.
0 v02
iu kin bng nhau ca cc s tng t c k hiu bng ch idem (l mt),

ngha l hai dng phng ca cht lng khng nn c s tng t khi Sh = idem; Fr =
idem; Re = idem; Eu = idem
S le i vi cht lng nn c c dng.

Eu =
Trong a = k
p0
1 a2 1 1
=
=
0 2 k v02 k M 2
- vn tc m; k =
M=
Cp
Cv
- ch s on nhit,
v
- s Mc
a
Nh vy, hai dng cht lng nn c s tng t khi

Sh = idem; Fr = idem; Re = idem; M = idem; k = idem.
Trong thc t cn rt nhiu nhng tiu chun tng t khc na. Mun c nhng
tiu chun ch cn ly phng trnh vi phn m t qu trnh l cho vit di dng khng
th nguyn. Chng hn nh kho st phng trnh nng lng ta s c thm cc tiu chun
tng t:
Pr =
vCp
- s Prandtl, c trng cho t s gia nhit lng c truyn bng dn nhit v

i lu;
Gr =
gl 3 T
- s Grashp, c trng cho t s gia lc Acsimt v lc nht.
v02
Trong - h s dn nhit; - h s n th tch; T - chnh nhit .
9.3. M hnh ho tng phn

Khi kho st bi ton phng mc trn ta l gp 4 - 5 tiu chun tng t. Nu
tho mln tt c cc tiu chun th bi ton rt kh v trong thc t khng th thc hin
c. Ngoi ra, khng phi tt c cc tiu chun c tm quan trng nh nhau. Trong nhng
iu kin c th thng c th xc nh c mc nh hng ca tng tiu chun tng
t, v lc c nhng tiu chun nh hng rt ln n vi thay i iu kin ca qu trnh
vt l - gi l tiu chun quyt nh, trong khi c nhng tiu chun hu nh khng tham
gia vo s bin i - nhng tiu chun khng quyt nh. Do trong thc t phi dng
m hnh ho tng phn, ngha l ch cn tun theo mt s ch tiu chun quyt nh.
Chng hn nh khi tm iu kin m hnh ho ca chuyn ng tu ngm, ta thy
c th b qua tiu chun Frt, m phi k n tiu chun Rynn, ngha l s Re i vi
nguyn mu v m hnh phi nh nhau. Thc vy, i vi tu ngm s Fr ch c ngha
khi tu i xung v i ln mt nc, cn khi chy, s Fr c th b qua. Lc cn khi chy
ph thuc vo nht ca dng bao quanh khng c xm thc. Nhng trong th nghim
m hnh ca n chuyn ng vi vn tc ln, tiu chun Fr c nh hng ln, cn c th b
qua lc nht, ngha l khng tho mln tiu chun Re. iu kin m hnh ho ca nhng
my mc chuyn ng trn m, trc tin l phi tho mln tiu chun Mc (M), cn s Re
tu kh nng, s Fr b qua. y khng phi l m hnh ho ton b m ch l tng phn.
Thnh thong lm mi thnh cng khi tho mln c hai tiu chun Fr v Re.
9.4. v d - bi tp
V d 9-1:
Xc nh tn tht nng lng dc ng theo dng chy trong ng.
Gii:
Tn tht nng lng dc ng theo dng chy trong ng ph thuc vo d, v,
, , :
p
l
= Cd x v y z
Hay vit di dng th nguyn
p: F.L-2 = M.L-1.T-2
p
l
= M .L 2T 2
M.L T = L (T ) .(M.L ) .(M.L-1T-1)L

-2 -2
-1 y
-3 z
Cn bng s m hai v:
Theo L:
-2 = x + y -3z +
Theo M:
1=z+
Theo T:
-2 = -y
Suy ra: x = -1 - ; y = 2 ;
Do :
Thay = .
R rng
vd
z=1-
= C .d 1 v 2 1
v 2 vd
= C . .
l
d
= Re
vd
d

=
=
l C .v 2

= f Re,
d
d
Ta thy h s ma st trong trng hp tng qut i vi dng cht lng trong ng ph

thuc vo cc s Re v
V d 9-2:
p dng nh l Pi lp biu thc tnh cng sut N ca bm.
Bit N ph thuc vo lu lng Q, ct p H v trng lng ring .
Gii:
Quan h gia cc i lng trn c th biu din qua phng trnh:
f (,Q,H) = N
C 4 i lng c th nguyn v ch c 3 th nguyn ca n v c bn, do c 4
3 = 1 s hng . Chn , Q,H lm 3 i lng c th nguyn c bn, ta c th lp s hng
:
N
Q yH z
Vit di dng th nguyn: FLT-1 = [L3T-1]x[FL-3]y[L]z

T suy ra: x = y = z = 1
Do : =
N
Q . .H
hay l N = k..Q.H
V d 9-3
Mun c tng t ng hc th vn tc chuyn ng ca du th trong ng c
ng knh 30 mm phi bng bao nhiu, khi vn tc ca nc trong ng c ng knh 5
mm nhit 200 C l 6 m/s. Cho bit du = 84 KGs2/m4; du = 0,2 P; nc = 102
KGs2/m4; nc = 0,013 P
Gii:
iu kin cho hai dng cht lng chuyn ng trong ng trn tng t l s
p
vd
v s le Eu = 02 bng nhau. Nhng theo iu kin ca bi ton, v vn tc
Re =
v
ca nc cho bit nn tiu chun tng t ch l s Rynn, cn s le l hm ca s Re.
Hay ni cch khc, v i lng c trng ca p sut p0 khng cho trc nn c th chn
p0 bng gi tr bt k. cho tin, ta chn p0 = v2 t iu kin s le:
Eu =
p0
v 2
=1
Do ta suy ra: Re1 Redu Renc Re2

v1d1 1
1
Suy ra:
v1 = v2
v2 d 2 2
d 2 2 1
= 24 ,2
d1 1 2
Vy vn tc ca du v1 = 24,2 m/s.
V d 9-4
ng dng m hnh ho tng phn xt chuyn ng ca tu ngm. Ta bit khi tu

chy trn mt ngang c th b qua tiu chun Frut.
Gii:
Vi iu kin u bi ta c: Re = const
vN bN N
Hay:
T suy ra:
vM bM M
bM vN N M
=
.
.
bN vM M N
T biu thc trn ta thy rng: nu th m hnh tu ngm trong nc b th cn m

hnh rt ln v N = M; N = M .
Trong trng hp ny mun gim kch thc m hnh chi cn tng tc vM (v
bM vN
=
), nhng trng hp ny b gii hn do s tng nhanh lc cn v hin tng xm
bN vM
thc. V vy ngi ta th nghim m hnh tu ngm trong ng kh ng.
Mun kch thc m hnh b th phi gim t s:
v M .
M
N
Gi s: p = 15 at, T = 273 K ta c:
M 1,709.10 6
=
1,7.10 2
4
N
102.10
N 102
=
55 ;
M 1,9
Khi t l m hnh l:
bM vN
v
=
.55.1,7.10 2 N
bN vM
vM
V vy mun gim kch thc m hnh cn tng vn tc dng kh.

Nu:
vN = 36 km/h = 10 m/s
vM = (10 20).vN
1
1
bM = bN
10 20
khi xy ra sng va do xut hin dng vt m cc b trong ng kh ng th

cn c m hnh ln (do cng sut ng kh ng ln). Cn ng c p sut cao, ngoi ra
gim t s c th
N
1
=
;
M 13,6
N
c th th nghim trong b thu ngn.
M
M
1
N 12
Nu chn vN = vM th bM =
bM v N 1 1
1 vN
=
.
. =
.
bN vM 13,6 12 163 v M
1
bN
163
Ngha l i vi tu ngm di 82 163 m vi tc tng ng trong b thu

ngn ch cn dng m hnh di: 50 100 cm.
Qua ta thy: trong trng hp ch tho mln 1 tiu chun tng t m qu trnh
xy dng th nghim cng gp kh nhiu kh khn.
Bi tp 9-1:
Hly xc nh s ph thuc h s lc cn Cx ca cnh vo cc thng s dng chy
(khi lng ring , nht , vn tc v v chiu di cnh L).
Bi tp 9-2:
Vn tc ca khng kh trong ng c ng knh 25 cm nhit 200 C, p sut 1 at
l 10 m/s. Xc nh vn tc dng nc chy trong ng ng knh 6 cm m hnh tng t
ng hc. Nu p sut khng kh l 200 kPa, hly xc nh p sut dng chy trong trng
hp m hnh.
p s: Vm = 2,76 m/s;
p = 3166 kPa
Bi tp 9-3:
xc nh chnh p sut ca dng kh trong ng ngi ta dng th m hnh dng nc
theo t l hnh hc 1/30. Cho bit khi lng ring v nht ng lc ca nc so vi
khng kh theo th t ln hn gp 800 v 50 ln. Kt qu th nghim m hnh ch pM =
227,5 N/m2. pN = ?
p s: pN = 80,9 N/m2
Cu hi n tp Chng IX
1. nh ngha th nguyn, khng th nguyn. Th no l n v c bn, n v dn
xut. nh l Pi v ng dng.
2. Cc tiu chn tng t v ng dng php m hnh ho tng phn.
Phn B
My thu kh
Chng X
khi nim chung v my bm
My thu lc l tn gi chung cho tt c cc my lm vic trn nguyn tc trao i
nng lng vi cht lng theo cc nguyn l thu lc ni ring v c hc cht lng ni
chung. Trong ngi ta phn ra hai loi chnh :
- My bm: bin i c nng thnh nng lng ca dng chy (p nng v ng
nng).
- Tuabin: nhn nng lng ca dng chy thnh c nng ko cc my cng tc lm
vic.
Trong phm vi gio trnh ny chng ta ch nghin cu mt s loi my bm ch
yu.
10.1. Vi nt v qu trnh pht trin ca my bm
T c xa con ngi F gn lin cuc sng ca mnh vi nc, F tm cch khai
thc v s dng nc. Vit Nam, n , Trung quc..., t lu i F bit dng nng
lng dng nc ko cc ci xay lng thc, my mi, khoan ; gung nc cung cp
nc cho nng rung, i sng sinh hot...
MFi n th k th XVII v sau ny mi c nhiu nh bc hc nghin cu mt cch
khoa hc c s l thuyt v my thu lc ni chung v my bm ni ring.
Nm 1640 nh vt l hc ngi c Otto-Henrich F sng ch ra bm pittng u
tin bm kh v nc dng trong cng nghip. Lomonoxop (1711-1765) l ngi u
tin dng l lun c hc cht lng ci to kt cu gung nc c t ngn xa, nng cao
hiu sut v cng sut ca n.
le (1707-1783) F vit v l thuyt c bn ca tuabin nc ni ring v my thu
lc cnh dn ni chung lm c s cho cc nh bc hc Phuocnayron, Xablucop, Jucopski...
pht minh ra tua bin nc v bm ly tm u th k XIX l nhng bc nhy ln trong
lch s cc my nng lng.
c bit trong vng 50 nm gn y, l thuyt v thu kh ng lc pht trin rt
mnh, c nhiu thnh tu to ln v vic p dng nhng thnh qu pht minh ny trong lnh
vc my bm v cng phong ph.
Ngy nay, vi tc pht trin v bFo ca KHKT, c bit l khoa hc cng ngh,
my bm c rt nhiu loi vi nhiu kiu khc nhau c cu trc ngy cng hon thin, c
hiu sut ngy cng cao nhm p ng ngy cng y mi yu cu i hi ca mi lnh
vc sn xut i sng v quc phng.
10.2. Cng dng v phn loi
My bm c ng dng rt rng rFi trong cc lnh vc sn xut v sinh hot.
Trong cng nghip: bm cp thot nc, bm cc loi nguyn liu lng cc
nh my c kh ho cht, bm dng trong cc cng trnh khai thc v vn chuyn qung,
du m.v.v... Trong cng nghip c kh, bm c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng bi
trn, lm ngui, nng h, iu khin, truyn ng thu lc...
Trong nng nghip: bm c dng rng rFi trong cc h thng thu li ti tiu
nc cho cy trng, cung cp nc cho chung tri chn nui, c s ch bin nng sn
phm...
Ngoi ra bm cng c dng rng rFi trong cc lnh vc giao thng vn ti, quc
phng v sinh hot.
tin cho vic thit k, ch to v s dng, bm c phn loi nh sau :
Theo nguyn l lm vic :
- Bm cnh dn : Bm ly tm, bm hng trc.
- Bm th tch : bm pttong, bm rto..vv...
- Bm lm vic theo nguyn l c bit: Bm nc va, bm kh p, bm phun tia...
Theo cng dng, bm c phn loi thnh : Bm cp thot nc; Bm nhin liu;
Bm ho cht; Bm cu ho...
Ngoi ra theo phm vi ct p hoc lu lng, ngi ta cn chia bm thnh cc loi:
bm c ct cp cao, thp, trung bnh hoc bm c l lng ln, trung bnh, nh.
10.3. Cc thng s c bn ca bm
Ta xt mt trng hp
c th, bm lm vic trong
mt h thng ng ng
(Hnh 10-1).
P4
B cha
Zh - Chiu cao ht l chiu

cao t mt thong b
ht n trc bm;
zd
L
ng y
K1
C
2 3
z
K1
ng c
A
Bm
zh
Z - Chnh lch cao gia

ming vo v ming ra
ca bm;
2
ng ht
P1
1
Zd - Chiu cao y l chiu

cao t ming ra ca
bm n mt thong
ca b cha;
1
B ht
Z - Cao trnh ca bm
(chiu cao dng cht
lng ca bm) l
chnh lch gia hai mt
thong b ht v b
cha;
Hnh 10-1
P1 - p sut trn mt thong b ht;
P2 - p sut ti ming vo ca bm;
P3 - p sut ti ming ra ca bm;

P4 - p sut trn mt thong b cha;
C - Chn khng k , lp ming vo ca bm;
A - p k, lp ming ra ca bm;
K1 - Kho trn ng ht;
K2 - Kho trn ng y;
L - Dng c o lu lng.
Khi bm lm vic, cht lng t b ht qua li chn rc theo ng ht i vo bm.
Sau khi i qua bm, cht lng c cung cp thm nng lng chy vo ng y ln b
cha.
10.3.1. Lu lng
Lu lng ca bm l lng cht lng do bm chuyn i trong mt n v thi gian,
k hiu l Q, n v o: m3/h, m3/s, l/s.
10.3.2. Ct p
Ct p ca bm l nng lng n v m bm truyn c cho cht lng (thng k
hiu bng ch H, n v o: m ct cht lng).
T s h thng lm vic ca bm (Hnh 10-1) ta c :
H = E3 - E2
p
p V2
V
H = 3 + 3 + Z h + Z 2 + 2 + Z h
2g
2g

H=
p3 p2
V3 V2
+ Z
2g
(10-1)
y P2, P3 l nhng p sut tuyt i, c th c xc nh thng qua dng c do p sut

d (p k, chn khng k) nh sau :
p2 = pa - pck
p3 = pa - pak
Thay vo (9-1) ta c :
H=
p ak + pck
V3 2 V2 2
+ Z
2g
(10-2)
Khi khng c cc s liu o c c th ca bm ang lm vic (pak,pck) m ch c

cc s liu yu cu ca h thng trong bm s lm vic (p1,p2,Z,...) th c th tnh ct p
yu cu ca bm nh sau :
V12 p1
p V2
+
= Z h + 2 + 2 + hwh
2g
2g
hay :
2
2
V1
V2
=
+
Zh +
+ hwh
2g
2 g
p2
p1
(10-3)
Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho mt ct 3-3 v 4-4, mt chun l 3-3 c :
V3 2
p4 V4 2
+
= Zd +
+
+ hwd
2g
2g
p3
V
V
=
+ Z d + 4 + hwd 3
2g
2g
p3
Suy ra :
p4
(10-4)
Thay (10-3), (10-4) vo (10-1) ta tm c ct p yu cu ca bm :
hay :
H=
p4 p1
H=
p4 p1
+ Z d + Z h + Z +
+Z +
V4 V1
+ hwd + hwh
2g
V4 2 V1 2
+ hw
2g
(10-5)
T y ta nhn thy ct p yu cu ca bm cn phi khc phc c :

- cao hnh hc ca bm ( chnh lch mt thong cht lng b cha v b
ht)
- chnh p sut trn mt thong b cha v b ht
- chnh ng nng gia mt thong b cha v b ht
- Tn tht nng lng trong ng y v ng ht.
Phng trnh (10-5) cho ta bit ct p ca bm lm vic trong mt h thng.
cng chnh l ct p ca h thng. Ta cng c th vit:
(10-6)
H = Ht + H
trong :
Ht =
p4 p1
H d = hw +
- Ct p tnh ca h thng.
+Z
2
V4 V1
2g
- Ct p ng ca h thng.
Trng hp p sut trn mt thong b ht v b cha u bng p sut kh quyn

v vn tc trong ng y v ng ht bng nhau ta c :
H = Z + hw
(10-7)
Chng ta thng dng cng thc (10-7) xc nh ct p tnh ton, khi thit k
trm bm.
10.3.3. Cng sut v hiu sut
Cng sut thu lc Ntl (cng sut hu ch) ca bm l cng sut dng truyn
trng lng ca lu lng Q vi ct p H:
N tl =
QH
1000
(Kw)
(10-8)
trong :
- Trng lng ring ca cht lng (N/m3)

Q - Lu lng ca bm (m3/S)
H - Ct p ton phn ca bm (mH2O)
Cng sut i hi trn trc ca bm cn phi ln hn cng sut thu lc Ntl v bm
phi tiu hao mt phn nng lng b vo cc tn tht thu lc, tn tht ma st gia cc
b phn lm vic ca bm...
N=
N tl
QH
1000
[kw]
(10-9)
< 1 - hiu sut ton phn ca bm (tnh bng %).

=
N tl
= H Q C
N
(10-10)
trong : H - hiu sut thu lc
Q - hiu sut lu lng

C - hiu sut c kh.
Khi chn ng c ko bm, cn phi chn cng sut ng c Nc ln hn cng
sut ti trc bm phng cc trng hp qa ti bt thng v b vo tn tht do
truyn ng t ng c n bm.
N dc =
kN
(10-11)
tr
trong :
k > 1 - H s an ton ph thuc vo tng loi bm, ng c v cng sut
lm vic.
tr - Hiu sut truyn t ng c n trm bm.

10.3.4. Chiu cao ht cho php ca bm. Hin tng xm thc
Bt k mt loi bm no khi lm vic cng c hai qu trnh ht v y cht lng.
Qu trnh ht cht lng, bm phi to c chnh p sut nht nh gia ming ht ca
bm v mt thong b ht.
Hh =
p1 p2
(10-12)
Nu p1 = pa th ct p ht chnh bng ct p chn khng ti li vo ca bm:
H h = H ck =
pa p2
(10-13)
T (9-3) c th vit:
H CK =
V
= Z h + 2 + hwh (10-14)
2g
Ta nhn thy ct p ht ca bm tu
thuc vo tr s ca p sut trn mt thong
ca b ht m p sut ny c gii hn nht
nh.
Zh
P1
pa p2
Trong trng hp p1 = pa, theo (1014) kh nng ht ti a ca bm ng vi p2

p
= 0 l: Hh = Hckmax = a = 10 m H2O.
Bit rng p sut kh quyn pa ph

thuc vo cao ti v tr so vi mt nc
bin (bng 10-1).
Hnh 10-2
Bng 10-1
cao
trn mt
bin m
a ,
m
-600
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
11,3
10,3
10,2
10,1
10,0
9,8
9,7
9,6
9,5
9,4
9,3
9,2
8,6
8,2
Thc t th ct p ht ln nht ca bm (khi p1 = pa) khng bao gi t c n 10

mH20 v p sut ti ming vo ca bm khng th bng 0 c. Khi p2 nh n mt mc
no bng p sut bay hi bFo ho (pH) ca cht lng th s gy ra hin tng xm thc
trong bm.
Tr gi ca pH ph thuc vo nhit ca cht lng lm vic (bng 10-2)
Bng
10-2
Nhit
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,09
0,12
0,24
0,43
0,75
1,25
2,00
3,17
4,80
7,10
10,3
3
t oc
p
H ,m
Vy iu kin cho bm lm vic c l :

H h = Zh +
2
p pH
v2
+ hwh < H CK max = a
2g
(10-15)
T ta xc nh c chiu cao ht cho php ([Zh]) ca bm l

[Z h ] =
v 2
H + 2 + hwh + h
2g

pa
(10-16)
y : h - ct p chng xm thc c xc nh bng thc nghim.

Trong trng hp quan h (10-15) khng tho mFn (ngha l p2 pH), s xy ra hin
tng cht lng bt u bay hi, gin on dng chy v bm khng lm vic c. Hin
tng gi chung l hin tng xm thc.
S xm thc l qu trnh hin tng phc tp xy ra trong bm:
- S bay hi v ho tan hi trong cht lng tt c cc vng c p sut bng hay
nh hn p sut bay hi bFo ho.
- S tng cao tc thi tc chuyn ng ca cht lng ti ch gy nn s bay hi
v lm cht lng chuyn ng hn n.
- Ngng t nhng bt hi nc chy trong dng cht lng vng c p sut cao. S
ngng t bt hi nc lm gim t ngt th tch v gy ra va p thu lc trong nhng
vng cc nh, ph hoi c hc b phn lm vic ca my bm.
- S n mn ho hc kim loi trong vng xm thc bng xy ca khng kh, sinh ra
t cht lng, khi n i qua vng c p sut thp.
S n mn tc dng ng thi vi ph hoi c hc lm gim bn cc chi tit ca
bm bng kim loi.
S xm thc lm gim hiu sut, ct p, nng sut bm v dn n bm khng lm
vic c.
ngn nga hin tng xm thc, nng cao chiu cao ht cho php ca bm, t
(10-16) ta nhn thy chiu cao ht ca bm gim nu:
- H thp p sut trn mt thong ca cht lng trong b ht.
- Tng cao p sut bay hi bFo ho do tng nhit cht lng ht
- Tng vn tc cht lng ch i vo bnh cng tc.
- Tng ct p chng xm thc.
10.4. v d bi tp
V d 10-1:
Mt bm cnh c ng knh ng ht d1 = 80 mm v ng knh ng y d2 = 60
mm. Khi kho nghim bm ta o c cc thng s:
pra
p sut ca ra
Chn khng ca vo
Khong cch gia ming vo v ming ra ca bm h = 8 cm;
p k t cao hn ming ra a = 12 cm;
= 12 ,8 m
p1ck
=3m;
Lu lng ca bm Q = 10 l/s;
M men quay trn trc bm M = 10 Nm;
S vng quay ca bm n = 2000 vg/ph.
Xc nh ct p, cng sut trn trc v hiu sut ca bm.

Gii :
-
Xc nh ct p ca bm:
H=
p2 p1
p sut ming ra:
p2
p2
p sut ming vo:
2 v22 1v12
2g
p ra
+ z 2 z1
+a
= 12 ,8 + 0 ,12 = 12 ,92 m
p

= 1ck ( h + a ) kk
p1
y trng lng ring ca khng kh kk rt b so vi trng lng ring ca

nc n, nn ta b qua i lng ( h + a )
p1
p1ck
kk
n
= 3 m
Hiu ng nng:
v22
v12
2g
Ct p:
-
Q 1
1
=
2 4
2 4
2 g d 2 d1
16
16
2
2
6
1
= 10 .10 . 16 1
4 8 = 0 ,44 m
2
4
8
2.9 ,81 6 .10

8 .10
H = 12,92 + 3 + 0,44 + 0,08 = 16,44 m
Xc nh cng sut trn trc:

N = M; =
n
30
2000
30
= 209 1 / s
N = 10.209 = 2090 Nm/s = 2,09 kW

-
Xc nh hiu sut ca bm:
QH
102 N
1000.10 2 .16 ,44

= 0 ,77 = 77%.
102.2 ,09
V d 10-2 :
2
2
Zh
Mt my bm ly nc t ging
vi lu lng Q = 50 l/s. Nc c nhit
200C. Xc nh chiu cao ln nht Zh
tnh t mt nc n trc my bm
(hnh v) nu p sut trc my bm p2
= 0,3.105 Pa. Trn ng ng ht bng
gang c ng knh d = 0,25 m v chiu
di l = 50 m c mt li chn rc, khuu
ngot m vi bn knh R = 0,5 m v mt
kho iu chnh c m 45 %.
P1
1
Gii:
Ta vit phng trnh Becnuli cho 2 mt ct 1-1 v 2-2:
v12
2
Trong :
+ p1 + gz1 =
v22
2
+ p 2 + gz 2 + p
v1 - vn tc trn mt thong;
v2 - vn tc trung bnh trong ng ht;
p1 - p sut kh quyn;
p - tn tht p sut tng cng (chiu di v cc b).

V z1 = 0; v1 0, ta xem mt ct 1-1 l mt chun, ta c:
p1 =
v22
2
+ p2 + gZ h + p
Chiu cao t bm tnh t mt nc trong ging:

Zh =
p1 p2 v22 p
g
2 g g
Vn tc trung bnh trong ng ht:

v2 =
4Q
4.5.10 2
=
= 1,02 m / s
d 2 3,14.0 ,25 2
Tng tn tht p sut:
p =
2
l v22
v2 l
v
+ 2 = + 2
d 2
2 d
2
Trong : = v + ng +k
Tra bng trong ph lc ta c:
v = 5 - H s sc cn cc b khi vo ng ht;
ng = 2,64 - H s sc cn cc b ti ch ngot m;
k = 5 - H s sc cn cc b ca kho;
= 0,0278
Vy ta c:
2
v2
l
p = hw g = + v + ng + k
=
2
d
50
1,02 2
= 0 ,0278
+ 5 + 2 ,64 + 5 998 ,2
= 0 ,91.10 4 Pa
0
,
25
2
Suy ra:
Zh =
10 5 (1 0 ,3 ) 1,02 2 0 ,91.10 4
= 6 ,2 m
998 ,2.9 ,8
2.9 ,8 998 ,2.9 ,8
Vy chiu cao t bm khng c qu 6,2 m.

Bi tp 10-1:
Bm ly tm t vi cao ht [z] = 3,795 m. Tn tht trong ng ht hwh = 1,505
p
m. p sut ming ra 2 = 74 ,7 m .
Xc nh ct p ca bm v tn tht trong ng ng y. Bit cao gia hai b

cha HT = 68 m; ng knh ng ht v y bng nhau.
p s: H = 80 m; hw = 10,495 m
Bi tp 10-2:
Xc nh chiu cao ht cho php ca bm ly tm, c lu lng Q = 60 m3/h (khng
tnh nng lng d tr xm thc), nhit nc 300C v 800C. p sut kh quyn bng
760 mm ct thu ngn. ng knh ng ht ds = 100 mm, tng h s cn trong ng ht
= 8,4.
p s: hs1 = 7,74 m; hs2 = 3,34 m
Cu hi n tp chng X
1. Cng dng v phn loi my thu kh.
2. Cc thng s c bn ca my thu kh.
Chng XI
BM LY TM
11.1. KHI nim chung
Bm ly tm thuc loi bm cnh dn c s dng rng r i do c nhng u im
sau :
- Cu to n gin v chc chn, tho lp tin li, trng lng kch thc khng ln
khi c nng sut ln, din tch t my khng ln v nn my n gin.
- Ni trc tip vi ng c in hoc tuc bin hi thch ng vi kch thc ca tt c
trm bm v nng cao hiu sut ca lin hp bm.
- Khi ng bm nhanh v iu chnh n gin trong khong lu lng ln.
- Truyn nc u v lin tc. C th bm c nhiu loi cht lng khc nhau, hn
hp cht lng v cht rn.
- Gi thnh tng i r, s dng n gin, tin li.
Xt s kt cu cu mt bm ly tm n gin (Hnh 11-1).
4
2
1
6
6
7
8
Hnh 11-1. Nguyn l cu to bm Ly tm

B phn c bn v quan trng nht l bnh cng tc 1 t trn trc 2.
Bnh cng tc gm c nhng bn l un cong t trong bung xon c nh. u

b phn dn hng vo 3 c ng ht 5 c lp van mt chiu 7 v li chn rc 8. b phn
dn hng ra ca bung xon 4 c ng y 6.
Trc khi khi ng bm, phi y cht lng vo bm (mi bm) khi bm lm
vic bnh cng tc quay, cc phn t cht lng trong r nh ca bnh cng tc di nh
hng ca lc ly tm b dn t trong ra ngoi, chuyn ng theo mng dn v i vo ng
y vi p sut cao hn. ng thi li vo ca bnh cng tc to nn mt vng c chn
khng v di tc dng ca p sut trong b cha ln hn p sut li vo ca bm, cht
lng b ht lin tc b y vo bm theo ng ht. Qu trnh ht v y ca bm l qu
trnh lin tc, to nn dng chy lin tc qua bm.
tin cho vic thit k, ch to v s dng, bm c phn loi nh sau:
Phn loi theo ct p ca bm:
- Bm ct p thp :
H < 20m ct nc
- Bm ct p trung bnh :
H = (2060)m ct nc
- Bm ct p cao :
H > 60m ct nc.
Phn loi theo s lng bnh cng tc lp ni tip trong bm:

- Bm mt cp (mt bnh cng tc): ct p ca bm hn ch ( 10m ct nc) bi
s vng quay v sc bn vt liu cnh dn.
- Bm nhiu cp: gm 2 hay nhiu bnh cng tc mc ni tip nhm nng cao ct
p ca bm.
Phn loi theo cch dn cht lng vo bnh cng tc:
- Bm mt ming ht - bm c bnh cng tc ht cht lng t 1 pha (cn gi l
bm Congxon). Cch ht ny lu lng hn ch, pht sinh lc dc trc.
- Bm hai ming ht - Bm c bnh cng tc ht cht lng t hai pha, cch ht ny
lu lng bm tng gp i, khng gy lc hng trc, bm lm vic n nh, b
vng hn.
Ngoi ra cn phn loi theo s b tr ca trc bm: bm trc ngang, bm trc
ng. Theo iu kin chy ca cht lng vo bm: loi c c cu dn hng v khng c c
cu dn hng...
11.2. L thuyt c bn v bm ly tm
11.2.1. Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm
thit lp c phng trnh c bn ca bm, ta gi thit khi bm lm vic khng
c tn tht thu lc v bnh cng tc c v s bn l. iu cho php ta xem dng chy
trong bnh cng tc gm nhng dng nguyn t v tc ca nhng cht im trn b mt
dng nguyn t c xc nh nh nhau.
ng dng phng trnh m men ng lng ( cp n Chng IV) i vi
bm ta c biu thc m men quay ca trc (Hnh 11-2):
u2
C2
2
2
w2
w1
C1
C1
w1
D1
1 = 90o
D
2
u1
1 = 90o
1
u1
Hnh 11-2
M = QT(c2 l2 - c1 l1) = QT(C2 R2 cos2 - C1 R1 cos1)
Cng sut trn trc ca bnh cng tc: N = M; - vn tc gc.
Cng sut thu lc: Ntl = QHT ; HT - Ct p l thuyt.
V b qua tn tht thu lc: N = Ntl , ngha l gQTHT = M
Suy ra:
HT =
C2 R2 cos 2 C1 R1 cos 1
V: R1 = u1 ; R2 = u2 - vn tc theo chiu quay
cos1 = C1u ; C2cos2 = C2u - Thnh phn vn tc tuyt i chiu theo phng u, nn:
HT =
u 2 C 2u u1C1u
g
(11-1)
l phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm hay cn gi l phng trnh le ca

bm.
Trong cc bm ly tm hin i C1 u1
bm c li nht) nn ta c :
HT =
u 2 C2 u
g
1 = 90 o C1u = 0 ( ct p ca
(11-2)
Xt phng trnh (11-2) ta thy ct p ca bm cng ln khi tc quay vnh ngoi

ca bnh cng tc cng ln v hnh chiu ca tc tuyt i trn phng tc quay
cng ln (2 nh, 2 ln).
Ct p thc t ca bm ly tm nh hn ct p l thuyt do 2 nguyn nhn:
Do tn tht thu lc trong bm; Do c s bn l nht nh nn khng phi tt c cc
cht im ca cht lng u chuyn ng bng nhau.
N lm gim tc tuyt i hay hnh chiu ca tc tuyt i trn phng tc

quay.
Vy phng trnh tnh ct p thc t ca bm c dng.
H = K t
u 2 C2u
g
Trong : H - Ct p ton phn ca bm
t - Hiu sut thu lc ca bm, ph thuc vo cu to bm, cht lng ch to

cc chi tit bm v kch thc bm.
K - H s c tnh n s bn l nht nh.

11.2.2. nh hng ca kt cu cnh dn n ct p ca bm ly tm
Kt cu ca bnh cng tc ni chung v cnh dn ni ring c nh hng quyt
nh n ct p ca bm ly tm. Hnh dng b tr kt cu ca cnh dn ch yu ph thuc
vo gc 1 (gc vo) v 2 (gc ra).
- nh hng ca 1:
Gc 1 biu th phng ca vn tc tng i li vo ca bnh cng tc. Nh ta
bit, trng hp c li nht v ct p ca bm l 1 = 90o, do 1 ch ph thuc vo u1
v C1 (Hnh 11-2):
tg1 =
C1
u1
Theo (11-2) th gc vo 1 khng nh hng trc tip n ct p ca bm. Nhng

nu tr s gc 1 khng thch hp th s gy va p dng chy vi cnh dn li vo bnh
cng tc, nh hng xu n hiu sut, ct p ca bm (thng 1 15 30o).
- nh hng ca 2:
Gc 2 biu th phng ca vn tc li ra ca bnh cng tc (Hnh 11-2). L
thuyt v thc nghim chng t gc 2 c nh hng trc tip n phng v tr s cc
thnh phn vn tc ca dng chy trong mng dn, do c nh hng quyt nh n ct
p ton phn HT v cc ct p thnh phn Ht, H ca bm.
Tu theo tr s ca 2, bnh cng tc c ba cch b tr cnh dn sau y :
2 < 90o - Cnh dn cong v pha sau (Hnh 11-3a)

2 = 90o - Cnh dn hng knh li ra (Hnh 11-3b)
2 > 90o - Cnh dn cong v pha trc (Hnh 11-3c)
a)
b)
C2
W2
W1
W C1
c)
C2
U2
Cu2
W2
C1
u
Cu2 = u2
W1
W2
C1
Cu2
u2
U1
C2
2 < 90
2 > 90 o
2 = 90 o
Hnh 11-3. nh hng 2 n kt cu bn l bm Ly tm

T (11-2) ta xc nh tr s ct p ng ca bm theo cng thc :
Hd =
C 2 2 C1 2
2g
(11-3)
trong : C1 v C2 - tc tuyt i ca cht lng vo v ra khi bnh cng tc.

Trong kt cu ca bm, thng thit k sao cho C1 = C2r .
Phng trnh (11-3) c vit li nh sau :
Hd =
2
C 2 2 C 2 r 2 C2u
=
2g
2g
M ct p ton phn ca bm t (11-2) c dng :
HT =
u 2 C2u
g
- Nu 2 < 90o th C2u < u2 do C2u2 < u2 C2u

v
C2 u 2 1 u 2 C2 u
<
2g
2 g
Ngha l H < 1/2 HT (Ct p ng hc nh hn mt na ct p ton phn)

- Nu 2 = 90o th C2u = u2 , do
C2u 2 1 u 2 C2u
=
2g
2 g
hay
H = 1/2 HT (Ct p ng hc bng ct p tnh hc)
- Nu 2 > 90o th C2u > u2 do C2u2 > C2uu2
C2u 2 1 C2u u 2
>
2g
2 g
H > 1/2 HT (ct p ng hc ln hn mt na ct p ton phn)
Nhim v ca bm l to thnh ct p tnh hc truyn nc i xa hoc ln cao.

V vy bnh cng tc ca bm ly tm c cnh dn cong v pha sau (Nu 2< 90o) c li
hn v ct p tnh hc. Tuy nhin tr s 2 xc nh trong mt gii hn nht nh (2 = 15
30o).
11.3. ng dng lut tng t trong bm ly tm
11.3.1. nh lut tng t
Hai my bm tng t phi tho m n cc tiu chun tng t sau y:
- Tng t hnh hc l hai my bm phi ng dng, ngha l cc gc b tr cnh
dn phi bng nhau v cc kch thc tng ng phi t l vi nhau.
- Tng t ng hc l cc tam gic vn tc tng ng ca cht lng chy trong 2
bnh cng tc ca 2 my bm phi ng dng, ngha l t l gia cc vn tc tng ng
phi bng nhau.
Ta thy rng nhng bnh cng tc tng t c ng knh D1 v D2 vi s vng
quay n1 v n2 to nn ct p H1v H2 .
T phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm (xc nh ct p) v cng thc xc nh lu
lng ca bm, ta xc nh c cc quan h tng t ca lu lng ct p v cng sut khi
s vng quay v ng knh bnh cng tc ca 2 bm khc nhau :
3
Q1 n1D1
=
Q'2 n2 D23
(11-4)
H 1 n1D1
=
H 2 n2 D2
N1 n1
=
N 2 n2
D1
D
2
(11-5)
5
(11-6)
Cc quan h (11-4),(11-5),(11-6) th hin ni dung ca nh lut tng t ca bm

ly tm.
Da vo nh lut tng t ta c th tnh ton vi chnh xc cao nhng thng s
c bn ca bm thit k, nu bit thng s ca bm tng t v nghin cu bng thc
nghim loi bm mi trn m hnh nh lm gim nh cng vic v tng thm s hon chnh
cu to bm.
Tuy nhin nh lut tng t ch ng dng trong trng hp kch thc ca bm
khng khc nhau qu 2 n 3 ln v bm lm vic vi cng mt loi cht lng.
11.3.2. S vng quay c trng nS
S vng quay c trng l s vng quay ca bnh cng tc bm ly tm, c cc chi
tit my tng t hnh hc vi bnh cng tc ca bm nghin cu, c lu lng Q = 75l/s
v ct p H = 1m ct nc, cng sut N = 0,736 kW = 1 m lc.
Dng nh lut tng t ta c:
1 n S DS
= 2 2
H
n D
0 ,075 nS DS
=
Q
nD 3
va
DS v nS l ng knh bnh cng tc v s vng quay bm c lu lng Q=75l/s ,

ct H = 1m ct nc.
T hai biu thc trn ta tnh c
2
DS
n2
=
D 2 nS 2 H
v :
Rt ra :
DS
=
D3
n3
3
3
nS H 2
nS n 3
0 ,075
n2
=
=
Q
nnS 3 H 3 / 2 nS 2 H 3 / 2
nS = 3 ,65
n Q
H3/4
(11-7)
Xt phng trnh (11-7) ta thy s vng quay c trng khng ph thuc vo loi
cht lng. Nh vy ta c th xc nh c s vng quay c trng ca bt k loi bm
no, nu bit c nng sut, ct p ca bm ng vi s vng quay n.
Dng khi nim v s vng quay c trng, ta c th :
- Thnh lp s phn loi thu lc bm ;
- So snh nhng loi bnh cng tc khc nhau ca bm ly tm ;
- Nghin cu nhng bm ln trn m hnh nh ;
- Chn bm tin li nht khi bit nng sut v ct p.
11.3.3. S lin h gia lu lng, ct p vi s vng quay ca bm ly tm
Ta bit trong mt bm ly tm khi s vng quay lm vic (n) ca bm thay i th
cc thng s lm vic khc ca bm Q, H, N cng thay i theo. Thc nghim chng t
rng khi mt bm ly tm lm vic vi s vng quay n thay i t (di 50% so vi n nh
mc) th hiu sut ca bm thay i t c th xem = const. Mt khc cc vn tc u t
l vi s vng quay nn cc tam gic vn tc s ng dng vi nhau. Do cc ch lm
vic khc nhau ca mt bm khi s vng quay n thay i t, xem nh cc trng hp tng
t.
ng dng cc cng thc xc nh lu lng Q v ct p H ca bm ly tm :
Q = D b C2rV
H=
Ku2C2 cos 2t
g
Gi H1 , Q1 , N1 l ct p, lu lng v cng sut ng vi s vng quay n1;

H2 , Q2 , N2 l ct p, lu lng v cng sut ng vi s vng quay n2;
Ta xc nh c cc quan h t l gia lu lng, ct p v cng sut vi s vng
quay ca bm ly tm nh sau :
Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2
(11-8)
H 1 n1
=
H 2 n2
N1 n1
=
N 2 n2
(11-9)
(11-10)
11.3.4. Xc nh im lm vic v ng c tnh khi ch lm vic ca bm

thay i
a) V ng c tnh mi ca bm khi s vng quay lm vic thay i: Bit ng
c tnh lm vic H = (Q) vi s vng quay n (Hnh 11-4) ng vi im lm vic A1(H1 ,
Q1), dng cng thc (11-8)(11-9) c th tnh c H1 , Q1 ng vi im lm vic A1(H1 ,
Q1) khi s vng quay ca bm n n.
n'
H '1 = H 1
n
n'
Q'1 = Q1
n
Cng tng t nh vy i vi cc im khc A2 ,A3 ,...,Ai trn ng c tnh H =
(Q) ta c th tm ra cc im tng ng A2 ,A3 ,...,Ai. V ta c th v c ng c

tnh mi ca bm H = (Q) ng vi s vng quay lm vic n ca bm.
H
H=f(Q)
A
3
H=f'(Q
)
H1
H
H=f'
(Q)
A'
3
A'
2
H'1
H'1
H=f(Q)
A'
A
H1
A'
n'
Q'1 Q1
Hnh 11-4.
Q1Q'1
Hnh 11-5.
b) V ng biu din nhng im lm vic tng t (ng cng hiu sut) t cc

quan h tng t (11-8)(11-9) ta c th vit:
H 1 Q1
=
H '1 Q'1
hoc
H1
2
Q1
H '1
Q'1
= const
Nh vy cc im lm vic A1 ,A1 ,... ng vi cc cp tr s H1 , Q1 ; H1 , Q1 ;...

biu din nhng ch lm vic tng t. Cc im lm vic tng t biu th quan h bc
2 gia lu lng v ct p - Quy lut Parabol: H = KQ2 (K - hng s). ng cong ny l
ng biu din cc im lm vic c hiu sut bng nhau gi l ng cng hiu sut.
c) Xc nh s vng quay lm vic ca bm ng vi mt im lm vic cho trc.
Chng hn cn xc nh s vng quay n c ng c tnh lm vic i qua im
A1(H1, Q1) khng nm trn ng c tnh cho trc H = (Q) ng vi s vng quay n.
Mun vy, trc ht ta phi xc nh ng cong cng hiu sut - biu din cc
im lm vic tng t vi im A1(H1 , Q1).
Nh vy c H1 = KQ12 hay K =
H '1
Q'12
Khi bit K ri, v ng H = KQ2 i qua im cho trc A1 ct H = (Q) ti im

A1 (Hnh 11-5) chnh l im lm vic tng t vi im A1. Khi bit c im A1(H1 ,
Q1) t quan h tng t (11-8), hoc (11- 9) ta c th xc nh c s vng quay n:
n' =
Q'1
n
Q1
hoc n ' = n
H '1
H1
*Ch : bm c th lm vic vi s vng quay gim, nhng tng s vng quay

trong trng hp cn phi theo qui nh ca nh my ch to.
11.4. ng c tnh ca bm ly tm
Cc quan h H = 1(Q); N =2(Q); = 3(Q) biu th di dng th gi l cc
ng c tnh ca bm.
C 2 phng php xy dng cc ng c tnh: bng l thuyt v thc nghim.
11.4.1. ng c tnh lm vic (n = const)
a - ng c tnh l thuyt :
T phng trnh c bn, ta c th xy dng ng c tnh l thuyt ca bm.
HT =
u 2 C2u
g
Xt tam gic vn tc (Hnh 11-4) ta c :

C2u = u2 - C2r cotg2
Mt khc :
C2u =
QT
D2 b2 2
2 - H s tnh n s gii hn mt ct i ra do c cc cnh dn (2 < 1)

Do :
HT =
u 2 2 u 2 cot g 2
QT
D2 b2 2
g
HT = A - B cotg2QT
trong A, B l nhng hng s dng.
ng biu din phng trnh ny gi l ng c tnh c bn l thuyt, l mt
ng thng khng qua gc to , h s gc ca n ph thuc vo tr s gc 2 (Hnh 117)
Nu 2 < 90o th cotg2 > 0, ta c ng AD
Nu 2 = 90o th cotg2 = 0, ta c ng AC
Nu 2 < 90o th cotg2 < 0, ta c ng AB
Nh phn tch trn i vi bm ly tm th 2 < 90o, do ng c tnh l
thuyt ca bm l ng nghch bin bc nht AD.
Cn ch ng c tnh l thuyt AD biu din phng trnh c bn (11-2) trong
cha k ti nh hng ca s cnh dn c hn v cc loi tn tht Khi k ti nh hng
do s cnh dn c hn, ng c tnh tr thnh on thng AD.
HT = KHT
trong K < 1 - h s k ti nh hng ca s cnh dn c hn.
Khi k ti cc loi tn tht thu lc ca dng chy qua bnh cng tc cc loi tn
tht ny u t l vi bnh phng ca vn tc, tc l vi bnh phng ca lu lng, th
ng c tnh l ng cong bc hai AD.
H
H T(
u2
A
A'
W2
A"
90
2 >
HT ( 2 = 90 o )
H (
T
< 90 o
)
D
D'
C2u
C2m
C2
DII
DIII
Hnh 11- 6.
Hnh 11-7.
Khi k n cc loi tn tht c hc v lu lng th ng c tnh AD thp hn

mt cht so vi AD. ng AD chnh l ng c tnh c bn tnh ton ca bm ly
tm.
Cch xy dng ng c tnh bng tnh ton rt phc tp v vic nh gi chnh
xc cc loi tn tht ca bm hin nay cn gp nhiu kh khn. Bi vy trong k thut
thng xy dng cc ng c tnh bng cc s liu o c khi kho nghim trn cc
my c th - ng c tnh thc nghim.
b - ng c tnh thc nghim.
Mun xy dng cc ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm ly tm th phi cho bm
lm vic trong mt h thng th nghim (Hnh 11-8).
Trnh t kho nghim nh sau :
u tin m kho 2, cho bm lm vic cho n khi s vng quay ca trc bm t
ti tr s yu cu, trong khi kho 5 vn ng (Q = 0). T cc tr s o c lc ny p
k v chn khng k ta xc nh c ct p H ca bm ch khng ti.
Sau m dn kho 5 tng lu lng ca bm (trong khi n =const). ng vi mi
v tr m ca kho 5 ng vi mi tr s lu lng Q, ta xc nh c cc tr s ct p H,
cng sut ca ng c Nc tng ng.
Trnh t th nghim cng c th tin hnh ngc li t ch lm vic c Q ln
nht, sau gim dn (bng cch ng dn kho 5) cho n ch khng ti (Q = 0).
Ti mi im lm vic ng vi Q, H nht nh ta xc nh c cng sut thu lc
ca bm (Ntl) tng ng. So snh cng sut thu lc vi cng sut o c trn trc bm ta
xc nh c hiu sut ca bm .
Nh vy t cc s liu th nghim, ta c th xy dng c cc ng c tnh thc
nghim ca bm H - Q, N - Q, - Q (Hnh 11-9).
Cc ng c tnh thc nghim ni chung khng trng vi ng c tnh l
thuyt i vi mt bm c th. iu c th l gii l trong l thuyt tnh ton khng th
nh gi hon ton chnh xc cc loi tn tht trong bm so vi thc t.
H,N
H ~Q
4
N~
A
y
Hnh 11-8.
Hnh 11-9.
Cc ng c tnh thc nghim trn thng c ghi trong cc ti liu k thut ca

bm. i vi bm ly tm, thng c thm ng biu din quan h chn khng ht cho
php vi lu lng [HcK] = (Q).
11.4.2. ng c tnh tng hp (n = var)
xc nh c nhanh chng cc thng s Q, , N ca bm thay i nh th no
khi s vng quay lm vic ca bm thay i, ngi ta xy dng ng c tnh tng hp
ca bm (Hnh 11-10).
n=1980
N-n
20
100
80
70
60
n
N-
5 10
1425
0
0
40
10
20
40
20
60
80
Q(l/s)
Q m3 / h
Hnh 11- 10.
75
300 Q
80
=8
n 4 00
8
n 3= 20
7
n 2= 40
6
n 1=
0 0
200
n=
6
n 1040
5=
96
0
n =1230
10
=15
N-n 1425
=
n
N
70
n 1=640
E
10
0
=2
9
=25
79
60
20
n=25
25
10 20
81%
79
%
75
%
15 30
0
n 6=104
n 5=960
80
30 n 4=8
0
8
n 3= 0
0
n
20 2=72
40
60
70
78 75
H (m)
50
83%
975
n =2
81%
83%
N H
(KW) (m)
75%
79%
ng c tnh tng hp ca bm chnh l ng biu din quan h Q - H vi cc

s vng quay lm vic ca bm khc nhau, trn cc im lm vic cng hiu sut c
ni vi nhau thnh nhng ng cong, gi l ng cng hiu sut.
20
0
100
200
300 Q(l/s)
Hnh 11-11
xy dng ng c tnh tng hp, cn phi c cc ng c tnh lm vic ng

vi nhiu s vng quay khc nhau ca bm. Trn hnh 11- 11 biu th cc ng c tnh H
- Q, - Q ng vi nhiu s vng quay.
Cn c vo ng c tnh tng hp ca bm ly tm, ta c th chn ch lm vic
thch hp nht trong khi iu chnh bm, xc nh c kh nng lm vic ca bm khi
chn mua bm.
11.5. im lm vic, iu chnh bm
11.5.1. im lm vic
Bm bao gi cng lm vic trong mt h thng ng ng c th no y. Do ta

cn phi xc nh ch lm vic ca bm. Theo (10 - 7) c th xc nh c ct p ca
bm lm vic trong mt h thng ( cng chnh l ct p ca h thng):
H = Z + hw
trong :
Z - cao hnh hc ca bm; hw - Tn tht nng lng trong ng ht v ng y ca
bm. Nh bit trong thu lc hw ph thuc vo ng knh, chiu di ng dn, lu
lng truyn trong ng dn, vt liu v trng thi ng dn.
hw = AQ2
trong : A - h s tn tht ph thuc vo cc yu t ni trn.
Q - lu lng ca bm.
Do c th vit :
H = Z + AQ
H,m
2
(11 - 11)
ng biu din quan h (11 11) gi l ng c tnh ng dn

(ng c tnh li) trong h thng
bm vi iu kin cho trc. V th
ng c tnh ng dn ln cng th
ng c tnh lm vic ca bm
(Hnh 11-12). Giao im ca 2 ng
c tnh (ca bm v ca h thng
ng ng) chnh l im lm vic ca
bm ly tm (im A trn hnh 11-12).
Ti bm lm vic n nh v ct p
yca bm bng ct p cn ca
h thng (xem thm [6], [7], [10]).
H~Q
N,KW
%
A
HA
C
NA
Q
N~
A
HO
~Q
QA
O
Q,l/s
Hnh 11-12
im A cho ta bit nhng thng s biu th ch lm vic ca bm (lu lng QA,
ct p HA , cng sut NA v hiu sut A ca bm).
11.5.2. iu chnh bm
iu chnh bm sang ch lm vic khc ngha l thay i im lm vic ca
bm theo mt yu cu no . C nhiu phng php iu chnh.
a - iu chnh bng kho
Ni dung ca phng php ny l to nn s thay i ng c tnh li bng cch
iu chnh kho ng y thay i lu lng Q ca h thng (khng iu chnh kho
ng ht v c th gy nn hin tng xm thc trong bm).
Trn hnh 11-3: Khi m kho hon ton c im lm vic A (HA,QA).
B
HB
HB
HA
HA
QB
QA
Hnh 11-13.
QA Q
B
Hnh 11-14.
Khi ng bt kho li th tn tht kho s tng ln (A B) lu lng ca h thng

gim i, ngha l ng c tnh li s thay i (dc hn), trong khi ng c tnh
bm vn khng i v nh vy im lm vic ch mi l im B (HB,QB)
Phng php iu chnh ny n gin, thun tin nhng khng kinh t v gy thm tn tht
kho (hwK) khi iu chnh v ch iu chnh c trong phm vi hn ch.
b - iu chnh bng s vng quay trc bm
Ni dung phng php ny l lm thay i ch lm vic ca bm bng cch thay
i ng c tnh ca bm khi thay i s vng quay ca trc bm.
Trn hnh 11-14: im lm vic A (HA,QA) ng vi s vng quay nA.
Khi tng s vng quay n nB > nA th ng c tnh bm s thay i trong, trong
khi ng c tnh li khng thay i, im lm vic t im A chuyn n im B
(HB,QB).
So vi phng php iu chnh bng kho, phng php ny kinh t hn (v khng
mt tn tht nng lng v ch do kho) song phc tp hn v phi c thit b thay i s
vng quay.
Ngoi ra nu dng lu di vi nng sut nh hn ta c th iu chnh ng c
tnh lm vic ca bm bng cch ng dng nh lut tng t gt nh bt bnh cng tc.
Nhng phng php ny t c s dng v s ph hoi bnh cng tc khng phc hi li
c.
11.6. Ghp bm ly tm
Trong thc t c trng hp phi ghp nhiu bm lm vic trong cng mt h
thng, khi h thng c yu cu ct p hoc lu lng ln hn ct p v lu lng ca mt
bm. C hai cch ghp sau y :
11.6.1. Ghp song song
(l
i)
~Q
H1
~Q
H2
HB
~Q
H
Hnh 11-15.
Dng trong trng hp h thng c yu cu lu lng ln hn lu lng ca mt
bm.
Trn hnh 11-15 biu th s ghp song song 2 bm. xc nh im lm vic
chung ca h thng bm ta v ng c tnh chung ca cc bm ghp bng cch cng cc
lu lng ca tng bm ghp vi cng mt ct p. Giao im ca ng c tnh chung vi
c tnh li l im lm vic ca cc bm ghp trong h thng.
R rng tng lu lng ca 2 bm lm vic song song s ln hn lu lng mt
bm nhng nh hn lu lng ca hai bm lm vic ring r v tn tht trong ng dn tng,
lm tng ct p ton phn ca bm.
Sau khi nghin cu nguyn tc ghp bm song song ta thy:
- S iu chnh (thay i im lm vic) ca h thng bm ghp song song tng
i phc tp khi cc bm ghp c ng c tnh khc nhau nhiu. V vy ngi ta thng
ghp cc bm c ng c tnh gn ging nhau hoc nh nhau iu chnh thun li.
- Cch ghp bm song song ch c hiu qu ln khi ng c tnh ca cc bm
ghp thoi (c dc nh) v ng c tnh li khng dc lm cch ghp ny ng dng
trong cc h thng bm cn c ct p H thay i t, khi lu lng Q thay i nhiu.
- S lng bm ghp song song tng lu lng trong h thng c gii hn nht
nh, xc nh bi ng c tnh chung ca cc bm ghp v c tnh li.
11.6.2. Ghp ni tip
Dng trong trng hp h thng c yu cu ct p ln hn ct p ca mt bm .
iu kin cc bm ghp ni tip lm vic c bnh thng trong h thng l cc bm
ghp c cng mt lu lng .
Q1 = Q2 = ... = Qi
Ct p lm vic ca h thng c ghp ni tip bm khi Q = const bng tng ct p
cc bm ghp:
Hc = H1 + H2 + ... + Hi
Xt hai bm 1,2 ghp ni tip (Hnh 11-16) lm vic trong mt h thng.
ng c tnh chung ca 2 bm
ghp (Hc - Q) c xy dng bng cch
cng cc ct p ca ring tng bm ghp vi
cng mt lu lng. Giao im ca ng
c tnh chung vi ng c tnh li l
im lm vic ca cc bm ghp trong h
thng (im A - Hnh 11-16). T ta xc
nh c lu lng Q v ct p ca hai
bm ghp (H1+H2).
Hc ~Q
A
Hc = H1+H2
H2~Q
H1 ~Q
H2
H1
Q
H~ i)
(l
Ch :
O
- Khi ghp ni tip nn chn bm v

h thng c ng c tnh dc nhiu mi
c hiu qu cao.
Hnh 11-16.
- Khi ghp ni tip, bm th 2 phi lm vic vi p sut cao hn bm 1, do phi

ch n bn ca bm v h thng ng ng.
11.7. Mt s im ch trong kt cu v s dng bm ly tm
11.7.1. Lc hng trc trong bm ly tm
nhng bm ht mt pha, trong
thi gian lm vic bnh cng tc chu
tc dng ca lc hng trc v pha
ngc vi hng chuyn ng ca cht
lng i vo bm. Lc sinh ra lc ma
st ph lm tng thm tn tht nng
lng, gim nng sut v hiu sut ca
bm.Quan st s bnh cng tc
(Hnh 11-17), khi cht lng i vo bnh
cng tc c p sut p1 v khi i ra p
sut tng ln p2 . V p2 ln hn p1 nn
cht lng i qua cc k h gia bnh
cng tc v thn bm v cc bung
trng 1 v 2 v c th chy ngc v
ng ht lm gim nng sut bm.
P2
1
P2
R1
P2
P1
R2
R0
Hnh 11-17
Lc hng trc l chnh p lc tc dng ln

hai mt trng 1 v 2 t hai pha, ngha l:
Pht = ( R22 - Ro2 ) p2 - (R22 - R12 ) p2 - (R12 - Ro2 ) p1
Sau khi bin i ta c:
Pht = (R12 - Ro2 ) ( p2 - p1 )
Nu p2 - p1 = H (ct p ca bm) ta c:
Pht = H (R12 - Ro2)
(11-12)
lm cn bng lc hng trc, thng dng cc bin php sau y :

- Vi bm c mt bnh cng tc: cho cht lng i vo t hai pha (bm c 2 ming
ht) hoc trn a sau bnh cng tc c khoan nhng l, do lm gim chnh p sut
tc dng ln thnh ngoi ca bnh cng tc.
- Vi bm c nhiu bnh cng tc: c th b tr cc bnh cng tc i xng ngc
nhau; hoc dng pittong cn bng gn vo phn cui roto ca bm ; hoc dng a cn
bng gn vo trc bm cp cui cng.
11.7.2. Mt s im ch khi s dng bm
- Chn bm ng theo yu cu k thut, da vo ng c tnh ca h thng v
ng c tnh ca bm, trong c bit ch ng c tnh c bn (H - Q);
- Cc thit b v ng h o p sut, o chn khng, o in nn c y , phi c
van mt chiu ng ht d dng khi mi bm v khi ng bm;
- Trc khi khi ng bm phi kim tra tnh trng bm, du m bi trn, ng c,
cc mi ghp, h thng in ..., sau nc mi bm cho nc in y vo trong
ng ht v bnh cng tc ca bm, ng kho trn ng ng y li trnh qu ti ng
c khi khi ng bm;
- Khi khi ng bm, cho ng c quay n nh ri mi t t m kho ng y
cho n khi t nng sut cn thit;
- Trong khi bm lm vic cn theo di ng h o, ch nghe ting my pht
hin nhng hin tng bt thng v c bin php x l kp thi;
- Khi chun b tt my, lm th t ng tc ngc vi khi cho my chy: ng kho
trn ng y trc, tt my sau.
- Khi bm lm vic cht lng khng ln hoc ln t, cn dng my v kim tra li:
+ Cc van hoc kho trn ng y;
+ ng ht khng kn hoc cha ui ht khng kh ra khi mi bm;
+ Li chn rc b lp kn hoc ming ng ht khng ng su cn thit cch
mt thong b ht;
+ Bnh cng tc quay ngc chiu (khi u dy ngc pha trong ng c in) hoc
s vng quay bnh cng tc tng, gim qu nh mc cho php...
11.8. v d bi tp
V d 11-1:
Bm ly tm ht nc t hai b c
mc nc chnh nhau mt cao a = 1m
ln b trn cng (c cao b = 5m so vi
mc nc st bn di) vi lu lng Q =
10 l/s, theo cc nhnh ng ng l = 5m;
d1 = 50mm; d1 = 75mm.
4l1d2
l1d1
a
f
Xc nh ct p ca bm, bit h s
ma st ng ng = 0,03; khng tnh tn
tht cc b.
Gii:
l1d2
A
l1d1
Ct p ca bm H = a + b + hAB + he = b +hAB + hf
(1)
trong hAB - tn tht trong ng ng t A n B;
he - tn tht trong nhnh e;

hf - tn tht trong nhnh f.
T h phng trnh (1) ta c
a + he = hf
ve2
he = d
hf =
2g
2
vf
d1 2 g
Qe2
d 1 2 gf 12
d1
= K 1Qe2
Q 2f
2 gf 12
= K 1Q 2f
a + K1Qe2 = K1Qf2
(2)
Ta c: Q = Qf + Qe hay Qe = Q Qf
2
e
Thay Qe vo (2):
(3)
2
2
f
a + K1Q = K1(Q Qf) = K1Q
Rt ra: a + K1Q2 + 2K1QQf = 0

Qf =
K1 =
Q
a
+
2 2QK 1
d1
Qe2
2 gf 12
(4)
0 ,03
16
.5.
= 3 ,97.10 4
2
5
0 ,05 2.9 ,8. .0 ,05
Thay cc i lng K1 v Q vo (4) ta c:

Qf =
Q
a
10
+
= 5.10 3 +
=
3
2 1QK 1
2.10.10 .3 ,97.10 4
= 5.10-3 + 1,26.10-3 = 6,26.10-3 m3/s = 6,26 l/s

Qe = Q Qf = 10 6,26.10-6 = 3,74 l/s
H = b + h AB + h f = 5 +
0 ,03
10 210 6 16
+
.5.5
0 ,075
2.9.8. 2 .7 ,54 4 .10 8
+ 3,97.104.6,262.10-6 = 5 + 2,65 + 1,55 = 9,2 m

V d 11-2:
Mt bm ly tm c ng c
tnh nh hnh v, lm vic trong ng
ng c ng knh d = 150 mm, di l
= 280 m, h s cn = 0,03; tn tht
cc b tng ng vi tn tht dc
ng c chiu di lt = 85 m.
H ,m
40
H~Q
30
Xc nh cng sut trn trc

ca bm, nu cao hnh hc bm h
= 20 m.
20
10
100
H = h + hw
~Q
50
Gii:
25
50
75
100
Q, m3/h
Chiu di tnh tn tht ca ng ng k c tn tht cc b:

l = l + lt = 280 + 85 = 365 m
Tn tht nng lng ca ng ng:
hw =
l' v 2
365
= 0 ,03.
v 2 = 3 ,72v 2
d 2g
0 ,15.2.9 ,81
Phng trnh ca ng c tnh ng dn:

H = h + hw = 20 + 3 ,72
Q2
= 20 + 11900Q 2
V ng c tnh ng dn theo phng trnh trn ln th.

Giao im ca ng c tnh ng dn v ng c tnh lm vic ca bm, ta xc
nh c ch lm vic ca bm:
Q = 75 m3/h; H = 25,16 m v
= 0,60
Cng sut trn trc ca bm:

N=
1000.9 ,81.75.25 ,16

QH
=
= 8 ,56 kW
1000
1000.3600.0 ,6
V d 11-3:
Bm ly tm lm vic vi s vng quay n = 950 vg/ph bm nc nhit 100C vo
b c p vi lu lng Q = 60 m3/h, ct p ca bm H = 32 m, p sut kh quyn p2 =
742,0 mmHg.
Nu mun tng nng sut ca bm bng cch tng s vng quay n2 = 1450 v/ph th
chiu cao ht ca bm phi gim i bao nhiu?
ng knh ng ht ca bm ds = 125 mm, h s cn ca ng ht = 22,3.
Gii:
Lu lng ca bm tnh bng m3/s:
Q
60
=
= 0 ,0167 m 3 / s
3600 3600
Q=
Vn tc trong ng ht:
v=
0 ,0167.4
= 1,36 m / s
3 ,14.0 ,125 5
Tn tht trong ng ht:
v2
1,36 2
hW = 2 g = 22,3. 2.9 ,81 = 2,10m

H s xm thc tnh theo cng thc:
0 ,001218 n 4 / 3 .Q 2 / 3 0 ,001218.950 4 / 3 .0 ,0167 2 / 3
=
= 0 ,0234
H
32
Nng lng d tr trnh xm thc:
H = 0,0234.32 = 0,75 m
Chiu cao ht cho php ca bm tnh theo cng thc:
hs1 =
pa pH
v12
hw H =
2g
= 10 ,1 0 ,12
1,36 2
2 ,10 0 ,75 = 7 ,04 m
2.9 ,81
Trong : 100 C, tra bng 9-2: pH = 0,12 m.

Ct p v nng sut bm khi tng s vng quay n2 = 1450 v/ph:
Q2 = Q1
n2
1450
= 0 ,0167
= 0 ,0255 m 3 / s
n1
950
2
n
1450 2
H 2 = H 1 2 = 32.
= 75 m
950 2
n1
Vn tc trong ng ht khi tng s vng quay:

v2 =
Q2
0 ,0255.4
= 2 ,08 m / s
3 ,14.0 ,125 2
Tn tht nng lng trong ng ht:
v2
2 ,08 2
hw = 22g = 22,3. 2.9 ,81 = 4 ,92m

H s xm thc:
= 0 ,001218
n 4 / 3Q 2 / 3
1450 4 / 30 ,0255 2 / 3
= 0 ,001218
= 0 ,0228
H
75
Ct p d tr trnh xm thc:
H = 0,0238.75 = 1,71 m
Chiu cao ht cho php ca bm khi lm vic s vng quay n2 = 1450 vg/ph:
hs 2 =
pa p H
= 10 ,1 0 ,12
v22
hw H =
2g
2 ,08 2
4 ,92 1,71 = 3 ,13m
2.9 ,81
Vy chiu cao ht cn phi m bo:
hs = hs1 - hs2 = 7,04 3,13 = 3,91 m

V d 11-4:
Trong mt h thng si nng gm
c l hi, h s cn n = 15 v 5 b phn
si nng, h s cn b = 18 v bm ly tm,
c ng c tnh lm vic (hnh v). Bm
nc theo chu trnh (hnh v), nhit nc
t = 600C.
l3 d 3
B phn sui
Xc nh lu lng qua ni hi v
cng sut trn trc ca bm.
l2 d 2
Chiu di v ng knh cc on
bng l1 = 45 m; d1 = 75 mm; l2 = 16 m; d2 =
40 mm; l3 = 20 m; d3 = 50 mm. H s cn
ca tt c cc on ng = 0,03.
Khng tnh tn tht cc b trn cc
on ng.
Bm
Ni hi
l1 d 1
Gii:
ng c tnh ca on ng th nht c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
Q2
l
=
hw1 = 1 + 1
2
2 g . 1
d1
45
16.Q 2
= 15300Q 2
= 0 ,03.
+ 15
2
4
0
,
075
2
.
9
,
81
.
3
,
14
.
0
,
075
ng c tnh ca on ng th hai:
Q2
l
=
hw 2 = 2 + 2
2
2 g . 2
d2
16
16.Q 2
= 1555000Q 2
= 0 ,03.
+ 2.18
2
4
0 ,04
2.9 ,81.3 ,14 .0 ,04
ng c tnh ca on ng th ba:
l
Q2
=
hw3 = 3 + 3
2
d3
2 g . 3
20
16.Q 2
= 872000Q 2
= 0 ,03.
+ 3.18
2
4
0 ,05
2.9 ,81.3 ,14 .0 ,05
V 3 ng c tnh ca 3 on ng trn, ln th ng c tnh ca bm, bt

u t gc to , v bm m vic theo chu trnh kn v cao hnh hc ca bm bng 0.
V ng c tnh chung ca on ng th 2 v th 3 bng cch cng cc honh
(mc song song), ta c ng c tnh chung (2+3).
V ng c tnh chung ca ng (2 + 3) v ng c tnh ng 1, bng cch
cng cc tung li (mc ni tip), ta c ng c tnh ca c h thng (1 + 2 + 3).
Giao im ca ng c tnh tng hp (1 + 2 + 3) v ng c tnh lm vic ca
bm cho ta ch lm vic ca bm:
Q = 4,2 l/s;
H = 7,8 m
= 0,65
Cng sut trn trc ca bm:

N=
983.9 ,81.0 ,0042.7 ,8

QH
=
= 0 ,485 kW
1000
1000.0 ,65
Bi tp 11-1:
Mt bm ly tm chuyn nc nhit 200 C, t mt b thu nc ln knh tiu
(hnh v). Lu lng nc Q = 24 m3/h. ng c tnh s vng quay n1 = 950 vg/ph,
cho bng sau:
Q (l/s)
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
H (m)
9,10
8,15
6,75
5,00
Xc nh s vng quay n2 phi bng bao nhiu nu mc nc trong b thu trn trc
bm h1 = 2,0 m; mc nc trong knh tiu h1 = 3,2 m (trn trc bm).
h2
h1
Chiu di ca ng l = 28 m; ng knh ng d = 75 mm; h s cn = 0,03; tng

h s cn cc b = 15,9.
p s: n2 = 773 vg/ph
Bi tp 11-2:
Bm ly tm c ng c tnh cho vi n = 1450 vg/ph, bm nc t b A n b
B theo ng ng xi phng c di 3l = 75 m, ng knh d = 50 mm. chnh mc
nc trong hai b H = 8 m, im cao nht ca ng xi phng nm cch mc nc b A l h
= 5 m.
Hg.m
n=1450vg/ph
HB
l
d
60
20
0
2l
1
2
8 Q .l/A
B
1. Xc nh lu lng ct p v hiu sut ca bm. Bit rng h s ma st ng

ng = 0,025; khng tnh tn tht cc b v ct p vn tc.
2. Bm t trc hay sau xi phng, ti sao ?
3. Xc nh lu lng trong ng xi phng nu bm khng lm vic.
4. Xc nh p sut im cao nht ca ng xi phng khi bm lm vic v bm
khng lm vic.
p s: 1) Q = 6 l/s; H = 10 m; h = 60%
2) t trc; 3) Q = 4 l/s;
4) chn khng khi c bm: 1 m;
khi khng c bm: 7,67 m.
Bi tp 11-3:
ng c tnh ca bm ly tm khi n = 1450 vg/ph cho hnh v. Bm cp nc t
ging ln mt b cha c p h vi chiu cao h = 12 m, theo ng ng c ng knh d =
100 mm, chiu di l = 100 m. ng ng c 3 khuu, 1 van mt chiu c li chn rc v 1
kho.
1. Xc nh lu lng ca bm khi m kho hon ton (k = 0) v khi gim lu lng
bng cch ng kho (k =30).
2. Xc nh phi thay i s vng quay bao nhiu cng c lu lng nh ng kho
m khng phi ng kho.
3. V ng c tnh ca bm s vng quay mi.
4. Xc nh cng sut trn trc ca bm trong c 3 trng hp.
H,m
25
H=f(Q
)
20
15
f (Q
=
10 70
5
50.
10
12
14
Q l/s
p s: Q1 = 12 l/s; Q2 = 11,3 l/s;

n2 = 1410 vg/ph;N1 = 2,93 kW;
N2 = 2,93 kW; N3 = 2,93 kW;
Bi tp 11-4:
Mt trm bm cu ho gm c hai bm ging nhau c c tnh cho trong bng vi
n = 1600 vg/ph. Nc c bm t ging su c mc nc 0 ln mt thp d phng c
mc nc 20 m theo mt ng ng l = 2 km, d = 130 mm. Trong trng hp cu ho th
ng kho B m kho A. Lu lng cn thit cho cu ho Q = 7 7,5 l/s v ct p cu ho
H 40 m.
10m
l, d
B
D
Q
1. Trong trng hp bm nc d phng ln thp, hai bm lm vic song song hay

ni tip s kinh t nht? Bit h s ma st ng ng = 0,024; tn tht cc b = 5% tn
tht dc ng.
2. Mt bm vi n = 1600 vg/ph c th bo m c lu lng, ct p trong trng
hp cu ho khng ?
3. Xc nh s vng quay n cho mt bm m bo yu cu cu ho.
Q(l/s)
10
H(m)
37
39
36
29
20,5
10
(%)
50
64
66
65
50
p s: 1. Kinh t nht l hai bm lm vic song song

(ss = 66%; nt = 60%);
2. Cn phi ni tip hai bm;
3. n = 1870 vg/ph.
Bi tp 11-5:
Bm ly tm lm vic vi s vng quay n = 1450 vg/ph bm nc t b A vo b C
v D. chnh mc nc gia cc b H1 = 25 m; H2 = 15 m. H thng ng ng gm
on AB c ng knh d1 = 100 mm v kho K v hai on nhnh BC v BD c ng
knh d2 = 60 mm v c hai kho B v B.
Trong bng cho ng c tnh bm v c tnh h thng li i vi trng hp K
= 0 v B = B = 4.
1. Xc nh lu lng vo b C v D,
cng sut ca bm, cho trng hp K
= 0 v B = B = 4.
B'
d2
2. Tnh h s cn B (nhnh BD) cho

lu lng vo 2 b cha bng nhau.
d1
H2
B
d2
H1
3. Xc nh s vng quay sao cho lu

lng vo b C bng khng.
ng c tnh Bm
Q(l/s)
12
16
20
24
28
32
H(m)
52
54
55
54
52
49
44
38
30
(%)
30
50
63
71
75
75
70
58
ng c tnh ng ng
Q(l/s)
10
15
20
25
HAB(m)
0,25
2,25
6.25
HBC(m)
1,25
11,25
20
31,25
p s: 1) QC = 4,6 l/s; QD = 18 l/s; N = 13,5 kW.

2) B = 27,6; QB = 19,2 l/s;
3) n = 1340 vg/ph
Cu hi n tp chng XI
1. u nhc im nguyn l lm vic phn loi bm ly tm.
2. Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm.
3. nh hng ca kt cu cnh dn n ct p ca bm ly tm.
4. ng dng lut tng t trong bm ly tm.
5. Cch xy dng ng c tnh ca bm ly tm.
6. Cch xc nh im lm vic v cc phng php iu chnh bm ly tm.
7. Cch ghp bm ly tm.
8. Mt s im ch trong kt cu v s dng bm ly tm.
Chng XII
Bm pittng
12.1. Khi nim chung
Nm 1640 - Nh vt l hc ngi c Otto Henrich " ch to thnh cng bm
pittng u tin, n l mt dng in hnh thuc loi bm th tch lm vic theo nguyn tc
p y cht lng trong bung kn.
u im ca bm pittng l c th to ra p sut ca cht lng bm rt cao. Tr s
ct p ca bm khng ph thuc vo lu lng m ch ph thuc vo cng sut ng c
truyn ng cho bm.
Nhc im ca bm pittng l kch thc ln, gi thnh cao, trng lng ln, din
tch t my ln, c cu ca bm phc tp d h hng v truyn cht lng khng u.
S cu to ca bm pittng tc dng n c ch ra trn hnh 12-1.
Nu bm pittng c ko bi mt ng c, th chuyn ng quay ca trc ng c c
bin i thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca pittng 1 trong xi lanh 2 nh h thng thanh
truyn tay quay vi hnh trnh S = 2R (R - bn knh tay quay)
Hnh 12-1. S nguyn l cu to ca bm pittong

Hai im B1, B2 ca pittng tng ng vi hai v tr C1, C2 ca tay quay. Khi trong
bung lm vic 5 cha y cht lng, nu tay quay t v tr C2 quay theo chiu mi tn th
pittng di chuyn t B2 v pha tri. Th tch bung 5 tng dn, p sut p trong gim i
v nh hn p sut mt thong b ht pa(p < pa). Do cht lng t b ht qua van ht 6
vo bung lm vic 5, trong khi van y 4 ng. Khi pittng dch chuyn t B2 n B1
bm thc hin qu trnh ht. Sau , tay quay tip tc quay t C1 n C2 , pittng i chiu
chuyn ng t B1 n B2. Th tch bung lm vic gim dn, p sut cht lng tng ln,
van ht 6 b ng , van y 4 m, cht lng y vo ng y. Qu trnh pittong di chuyn
t B1 n B2 gi l qu trnh y. Nh vy c mt vng quay ca tay quay th bm thc hin

c hai qu trnh ht v y lin nhau. Nu tay quay tip tc quay th bm li lp li qu
trnh ht v y nh c. Mt qu trnh ht v y k tip nhau gi l mt chu k lm vic
ca bm.
Do kt cu v nguyn l lm vic nh trn nn so vi bm ly tm, bm pittng
khng cn phi mi khi khi ng v c th to nn c p sut ln (> 200 at), nhng
chuyn ng ca cht lng qua bm khng u, lu lng ca bm b dao ng.
Bm pittng c nhiu loi khc nhau, thng phn loi theo cc cch nh sau:
a) Theo s ln tc dng trong mt chu k lm vic:
- Bm tc dng n (Hnh 12-1) hay cn gi l bm tc dng mt chiu. Trong loi
bm ny cht lng lm vic v mt pha ca pittng. Mt chu k lm vic ca pittng ch
c mt qu trnh ht v mt qu trnh y ni tip nhau.
- Bm tc dng kp (Hnh 12-2) hay cn gi l bm tc dng hai chiu. Trong loi
bm ny pittng lm vic c hai pha, do c hai bung lm vic A, B hai van ht 1,4 v
hai van y 2,3. Trong mt chu k lm vic ca bm c hai qu trnh ht v hai qu trnh
y.
Lu : Bm sai ng l mt trng hp ring ca bm tc dng kp. Trong bm sai
ng ch c mt van ht v mt van y, th tch cht lng lm vic bung A ch bng 1/2
bung B.
- Bm tc dng nhiu ln:
2
3
P
Hnh 12-2
Hnh 12-3
+ Bm tc dng 3 ln chnh l do 3 bm tc dng n ghp li vi nhau, cc tay

quay b tr lch nhau trn trc khuu mt gc 120o (Hnh 12-3). Trong mt chu k lm vic
ca bm c 3 qu trnh ht v 3 qu trnh y.
+ Bm tc dng bn ln c th do 2 bm tc dng kp hoc 4 bm tc dng n (c
tay quay b tr lch nhau mt gc 90o) ghp li vi nhau.
b) Theo c im kt cu ca pittng
- Bm pittng a (Hnh 12-1), pittng c dng hnh a, mt xung quanh ca
pittng tip xc vi xi lanh. Nhc im ca loi bm ny l pittng v xi lanh phi ch to
vi chnh xc cao (thng lm tng kn kht bng cc vng gng lp trn pittng).
- Bm pittng tr (Hnh 12-3), pittng c dng hnh tr, mt xung quanh ca pittng
khng tip xc vi xi lanh, nn khi lm vic xi lanh khng b mi mn. B phn lt kn l
nhng m lt khng gn lin vi pittng, nn c kh nng ch to chnh xc, lt kn c
tt hn. Loi bm ny thng c dng vi p sut ln.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn loi bm pittng theo p sut, lu lng, v tr...
12.2. Lu lng ca bm pittng
Lu lng l thuyt (hay l thuyt trung bnh) ca bm pittng bng tng th tch
lm vic ca bm trong mt n v thi gian. Cn lu lng tc thi ph thuc vo vn tc
chuyn ng ca pittng, m vn tc ny li thay i theo thi gian t .
12.2.1. Lu lng trung bnh
a) Lu lng l thuyt trung bnh :
Ql =
qn
60
(12-1)
q -Th tch lm vic trong mt chu k

n -S vng quay ca bm
i vi bm tc dng n :
i vi bm tc dng kp :
q = FS =
D 2
4
q = FS + (F-f)S =
(12-2)
(2D2 - d2)
(12-3)
trong : F, f - din tch mt pittng, cn pittng

D, d -ng knh pittng, cn pittng
b) Lu lng thc t trung bnh Q < Ql v b phn lt kn ; van khng kn ; van ht
van y ng m chm ; khng kh lt vo bm...
Q = Q Ql
( Q < 1 )
12.2.2. Lu lng tc thi

Lu lng ca bm pittng tc dng n ti mt thi im bt k (tc thi) c
xc nh :
Q = FV
(12- 4)
V- Vn tc tc thi ca dng cht lng trong bm cng chnh l vn tc tc thi ca

pittng.
Vy s bin i lu lng ca bm ph thuc vo s bin i ca vn tc pittng.
Kho st chuyn ng ca pittng (Hnh 12-1), nu
R
0 ,1 th :
l
x C2T = R - Rcos = R(1-cos)

trong
=t
( - vn tc gc , t - thi gian)
Vn tc tc thi ca pittng :
v=
dx
= R sin
dt
Lu lng tc thi ca bm tc dng n l :

(12-5)
Q = F R sin
Ta thy Q dao ng theo hnh sin : Qmax khi = /2 ; Qmin = 0 khi = 0 (Hnh12-4).
Q
max
FR
/2
Hnh 12-4. Biu lu lng tc thi ca bm pittng tc dng n

Tng t nh trn ta c th v c biu lu lng tc thi ca bm pittng tc
dng kp (Hnh 12-5), bm tc dng 4 ln (Hnh 12-6) v bm tc dng 3 ln (Hnh 12-7).
nh gi mc khng u ca lu lng, ngi ta dng h s khng u v
Q
(12-6)
lu lng:
= max
Ql
Ta tnh c h s khng u ca:
- Bm tc dng n :
= ;
- Bm tc dng kp v bm tc dng 4 ln: = /2

- Bm tc dng 3 ln:
= /3.
Qmax
/2
O
2Fs
3/2
2(F-f)s
Hnh trnh lui

Hnh trnh tin
pha khng c cn pha c cn
Hnh 12-5. Biu lu lng tc thi ca bm pittng tc dng kp

Vy ta thy bm pittng tc dng ba ln c nh nht trong cc bm pittng "
nu trn, iu ny cng ph hp vi nhn xt qua cc biu lu lng v trn.
Qmax
Qmin
Hnh 12-6. Biu lu lng tc thi ca bm pittng tc dng bn ln
Qmax
Qmin
Hnh 12-7. Biu lu lng tc thi ca bm pittng tc dng ba ln

12.2.3. iu chnh lu lng
Lu lng ca bm pittng c iu chnh bng cc bin php sau:
- Thay i s vng quay trc ng c ngha l thay i s chu k lm vic ca bm
trong mt n v thi gian;
- iu chnh kho tho cht lng t bung y v bung ht;
- Thay i din tch mt lm vic ca pittng bng cc c cu c bit;
- Thay i chiu di hnh trnh pittng S bng cc thay i chiu di lm vic ca

tay quay hoc thanh truyn.
12.3. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bm
pittng, p sut ca bm pittng trong qu trnh ht v
y
12.3.1. Phng trnh Becnuli ca dng khng n nh trong bm pittng ; ct p
qun tnh
Nh " phn tch trn vn tc chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bm ph thuc
dv
vo vn tc chuyn ng ca pittng v= f(t) , c gia tc
0 , do pht sinh ra lc
dt
qun tnh lm nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bm pittng.
ng dng phng trnh Benuli vit cho dng chy khng n nh trong bm pittng
nh sau:
Z1 +
p1
v1
p
v
= Z 2 + 2 + 2 + hw1 2 + hqt
2g
2g
(12-7)
hqt - Ct p qun tnh

hqt =
1 v
dl
g t
v vn tc v ch ph thuc vo thi gian:

do
hqt =
v dv
=
= R 2 cos
t dt
L
R 2 cos
g
(12-8)
Ct p qun tnh c th gy ra hin tng xm thc v lm h hng cc thit b ca

bm. V vy ta cn phi nghin cu qui lut bin thin p sut ca bm trong qu trnh ht
v y.
12.3.2. p sut ca bm pittong trong qu trnh ht
Xt bm pittong tc dng n lm vic trong h thng (Hnh 12-8)
Vit phng trnh Benuli cho mt ct a-a v b-b, mt chun a-a:
pa
= Zh +
p x1
Vx1 2
+ hwh + hqth
2g
trong :
px1- p sut bung lm vic trong qu trnh ht;
vx1- Vn tc cht lng trong bung lm vic, cng chnh l vn tc ca pittong;
hwh- Tng tn tht trn ton b chiu di ng ht.

hqth- Ct p qun tnh trn ng ht.
L + x dVx1
hqth = h
g dt
p x1
suy ra :
V
Z h + x1 + hwh + hqt
2g

pa
(12-9)
p sut bung lm vic trong qa trnh ht px1 (nu hqt > 0) s nh hn p sut trn
mt thong ca b ht pa: px1< pa
Ct p qun tnh l i lng i du trong qa trnh ht v y ca bm. Khi
pittong bt u qu trnh ht cht lng, vx1 tng dn th hqt ng vai tr cn (hqt > 0) lm nh
hng xu n kh nng ht ca bm. Khi vx1 gim (hqt < 0) th ct p qun tnh ng vai
tr tch cc, tng thm ct p, c nh hng tt n kh nng ht ca bm.
p
p
iu kin chng xm thc x1
H + h
x=o
(12-10)
S-x
Zh
Pa
a
Zh
a Q
Hnh 12-8.
Hnh 12-9.
12.3.3. p sut ca bm trong qu trnh y

nghin cu s bin thin p sut ti bung lm vic ca bm trong qa trnh
y, ta vit phng trnh Benuli cho mt ct b-b v c-c, mt chun b-b (Hnh 12-9):
2
p v
v
+ x 2 = Z d + c + c + hwd + hqtd
2g
2g
px2
suy ra :
px2
v 2
v
+ Z d + c + hwd + hqtd x 2

2g
2 g
pc
(12-11)
L + S x dv x 2
hqtd = d
g
dt
trong :
p sut trong bung lm vic px2 cc i khi pittong bt u y (x = s) v c tr s

nh nht cui qu trnh y (x = 0): hqt = (-hqt)max :
px 2
p
= c + Z d + hwd hqtd max
min
Trong lc bung lm vic c th xut hin chn khng (
(12-12)
px2
< 10,3 mH20) v
xy ra hin tng xm thc. iu kin khng xy ra xm thc:
px2
P
H + h
x =0
(12-13)
12.3.4. S vng quay gii hn (nmax)

Ta cn phi hn ch p sut nh nht bung lm vic ca bm trong qa trnh ht
v y m bo khng xy ra hin tng xm thc theo cc iu kin (12-10)(12-12). S
vng quay ca bm nh hng quan trng n cc iu kin . Do cn phi xc nh s
vng quay gii hn ca bm nmax.
Thay =
n
30
vo (12-10)(12-12) ta c :
nmax,h =
895 pa p H
h Z h hwh
Lh R
nmax,d =
895 pC p H
h + Z d + hwd
Ld R
S vng quay cho php [n] ca bm phi :
[n] nmaxh,d
Vi bm nc, thng [n] = 100 200 v/ph
12- 4. Khc phc hin tng khng n nh ca chuyn ng

cht lng trong bm pittong
S chuyn ng khng n nh ca cht lng trong qu trnh lm vic ca bm do
lu lng v p sut thay i gy ra " lm tng tn tht thu lc, gy chn ng v nu
bm lm vic trong thi gian di, c th xut hin va p thu lc lm hng cc b phn
lm vic v ca h thng. Trong trng hp nhiu bm cng lm vic trong mt h thng,
bin dao ng ca p sut trong h thng c th tng ln rt ln v cng hng. Ngoi
ra, dao ng ca p sut v lu lng ca bm cn nh hng xu n cht lng lm vic
ca h thng thu lc. Do cn phi c bin php hn ch tnh cht khng n nh ca

dng chy trong bm pittong. Ni chung c 3 bin php sau y:
- Dng bm tc dng hai chiu (bm tc dng kp)
- Dng bm ghp v h s khng u v lc lng ca cc bm pittong ghp nh
hn bm tc dng n rt nhiu.
- Dng bnh khng kh iu ho lu lng v p sut gi l bnh iu ho. l

nhng bnh cha kn t trn ng ht v ng y.
PI
Zh
Zd
PI
P0
Hnh 12-10.
Hnh 12-11.
Cch lm vic ca bnh iu ho ht (Hnh 12-10) nh sau: Trong qu trnh ht ca

bm mt phn cht lng c tch lu li trong bnh iu ho. Nu kch thc ca bnh
ln th dao ng mc cht lng trong bnh s nh. Mt khc do c s chnh lch p sut
gia mt thong ca cht lng trong bnh v mt thong b ht m cht lng chy t b ht
ln bnh mt cch lin tc v c th xem nh dng chy n nh. Chuyn ng khng n
nh ca dng chy ch xut hin on t bnh iu ho n mt pittong. Do lc qun
tnh trong ng ht ch xut hin trn on ngn t bnh iu ho n bm, gim c tn
tht nng lng trong ng ht.
Cch lm vic ca bnh iu ho y (Hnh 12-11) nh sau: Trong qu trnh y
mt phn lu lng ca bm (ln hn lu lng trung bnh) c tch lu li trong bnh,
mc cht lng s dng ln nn khi khng kh phn trn ca bnh, to nn p sut ln.
Khi van y ng, nh c p sut ln ca khi khng kh b nn trong bnh, nn cht lng
c tip tc y ra ng y, v vy dao ng ca lu lng v p sut trn ng y c
gim i, dng chy iu ho hn.
Cng nh bnh iu ho ht, bnh iu ho y c tc dng lm gim lc qun tnh

trong ng y ca bm pittong. Lc qun tnh ch cn xut hin trn on ngn t bm n
bnh iu ho, gim c tn tht nng lng trn ng y.
bnh iu ho y c tc dng, cn phi m bo thng xuyn mt lng
khng kh cn thit nht nh trong bnh.
12-5. ng c tnh ca bm pittong
Bm pittong cng c cc ng c tnh th hin c im v kh nng lm vic
ca bm.
Trn hnh 12-12 l ng c tnh lm vic c bn ca bm pittong H = f(Q) vi hai
s vng quay n1 v n2 (n2 > n1)
i vi bm pittong ct p khng ph thuc vo lu lng, nn ng c tnh l
thuyt ca bm c biu din bng cc ng thng song song vi trc tung (OH) ng vi
cc lu lng khng i (ng AB,CD). Nhng ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm th
khng hon ton nh vy (ng AG,CR). Khi ct p ca bm tng ln th lu lng c
gim i v tn tht lu lng tng.
S chnh lch gia ng c tnh ct p l thuyt v thc nghim cng nhiu khi
s vng quay lm vic n cng ln, v khi tn tht lu lng tng khng phi ch do r r
m cn do s ng m ca van y v ht khng kp thi.
H
L
B
G
Q
N
n = const
n1
n2
N
O
Hnh 12-12
Hnh 12-13
Trn hnh 12-13 biu din cc ng c tnh lm vic Q = f(H); N = f(H);Q =

f(H) ng vi s vng quay n = const. i vi bm pittong c n = const, thng biu din
cc thng s lm vic theo H v khi lu lng Q khng i th vic iu chnh ch lm
vic ca cc bm thng c thc hin bng cch thay i p sut lm vic.
Khi p sut lm vic H ca bm khng i, nu s vng quay n tng ln th Q,N,Q
cng tng (Hnh 12-14).
Q
N
n2 = const
Q2
n1 = const
Q1
K2
K1
Kck
Hnh 12-14
Hnh 12-15
Hnh 12-15 th hin cc ng c tnh xm thc ca bm theo hai s vng quay

khc nhau n1 v n2 (n1>n2). T ng c tnh xm thc c th xc nh chiu cao ht cho
php ca bm pittong.
12 - 6. v d v bi tp
V d 12-1:
Xc nh cc thng s lm vic c bn ca bm pittng tc dng n cho bit:
ng knh pittng D = 145 mm, hnh trnh pittng S = 450 mm, cng sut trn trc ng
c Nc = 56,8 kW, s vng quay lm vic ca ng c nc = 75 vg/ph. Hiu sut ca bm Q
= 0,98; ck = 0,96.
Gii:
Cc thng s lm vic c bn ca bm l lu lng ca bm Qb, p sut cht lng
lm vic p, cng sut ca bm Nb. Theo iu kin bi ton ta c:
Lu lng ring ca bm:
qb = FS =
D 2
4
S=
3 ,14.14 ,5 2
.45 = 7400 cm 3 / vg
4
Lu lng ca bm:
Qb = qb.n.Q = 7,4.75.0,98 = 53,5 l/ph
Cng sut ca bm:
Nb = NbQck = 56,8.0,98.0,96 = 53,5 kW
p sut ca cht lng lm vic:
p=
612 N b 612.53 ,5
=
60 at
Qb
545
V d 12-2:
Bm pittng tc dng kp c ng knh xi lanh D = 200 mm, ng knh cn
pittng d = 40 mm, hnh trnh pittng S = 200 mm, s vng quay ca trc bm n = 70
vg/ph.
Bm nc nhit 500 C, p sut kh quyn pa = 707 mmHg. ng ht ca bm c
ng knh ds = 150 mm, chiu di ng ht ls = 8 m, c 3 khuu ( = 0,5), 1 kho (k =1,0)
v van nhn (v = 2,5), h s cn = 0,03. Tn tht van ht ca bm hWv = 0,6 m ct
nc.
Xc nh chiu cao ht cho php ca bm v s thay i th no nu t hp khng
kh ht, chia ng ht thnh 2 phn l1 = 7 m v l2 = 1 m.
Gii:
Vn tc gc ca trc bm:
.n
30
3 ,14.70
= 3 ,72 1 / s
30
Chiu cao ht cho php ca bm, khi khng c hp khng kh c xc nh theo

cng thc:
hS 1 =
pa p H
= 9 ,61 1,26
l s F 2 r
hWs =
gf s
8 ,0.0 ,20 2
.7 ,32 2 .0 ,1 0 ,6 = 0 ,31 m
2
9 ,81.0 ,15
Khi c hp khng kh, tn tht nng lng phi tnh c tn tht trong ng ht.
Tnh vn tc trong ng ht:
c=
QT (2 F f )S .n 2 D 2 f 2 S .n
=
=
=
fS
f S .60
f S2 .60
(2.0 ,2
0 ,04 2 0 ,2.70
= 0 ,812 m / s
0 ,15 2 .60
Tn tht nng lng trong ng ht:
l
c2
hWS = S +
=
dS
2g
2
7
0 ,182
= 0 ,03
+ 3.0 ,5 + 1,0 + 2 ,5
= 0 ,215 mH 2 0
0 ,15
29 ,81
Chiu cao ht cho php ca bm khi c hp khng kh:

hS 2 =
pa p H
l 2 F 2 r
hWs hV =
gf s
= 9 ,61 1,26 0 ,215 0 ,6
1.0 ,20 2
.7 ,32 2 .0 ,1 = 6 ,60 m
9 ,81.0 ,15 2
Bi tp 12 -1:
Xc nh cc kch thc c bn v cng sut ca bm pittng tc dng n cho bit:
Lu lng ca bm Qb = 0,6 m3/h; p sut cht lng lm vic p = 200 at; s vng quay lm
vic ca ng c nc = 195 vg/ph. Hiu sut thit k Qb = 0,85; ckb = 0,95.
p s: Chn Ks = 4; khi : D = 25 mm;
d = 20 mm; S = 123 mm; N = 3,27 kW;
Nc = 4,04 kW.
Bi tp 12 -2:
Xc nh lu lng tc thi thc ca bm pittng tc dng kp ti cc thi im
1
1
t1 = 5 s v t 2 = t1 + s . Bit ng knh pittng D = 75 mm, ng knh cn pittng d =
3
2
25 mm, bn knh tay quay R = 75 mm. Bm lm vic vi s vng quay khng i n = 60
vg/ph. Hiu sut lu lng ca bm Qb = 0,85.
t1
t2
1
p s: Ti thi im t1 = 5 s , Q1 = 1,36 l/s;
3
Ti thi im t 2 = t1 +
1
s , Q2 = 1,53 l/s
2
Bi tp 12 -3:
Xc nh s vng quay cho php ca bm pittng tc dng n, c ng knh
xylanh D = 200 mm, hnh trnh pittng S = 250 mm, Chiu cao ht hS = 3,5 m, Nhit
nc t = 30o C, p sut kh quyn pa = 760 mmHg.
S vng quay cho php l bao nhiu, nu t hp khng kh chia ng ht, lS = 11 m
thnh 2 phn l1 = 10 m v l2 = 1 m. ng knh ng ht ds = 150 mm. H s cn ca ng
ht = 12,0. Tn tht nng lng ca van ht hWv = 0,8 m.
p s: n = 139 vg/ph
Cu hi n tp chng XII
1. u, nhc im, nguyn l lm vic v phn loi bm pittng.
2. Lu lng ca bm piston.
3. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bm piston.
4. Cch khc phc hin tng khng n nh ca chuyn ng cht lng trong bm
piston.
5. ng c tnh ca bm piston, so snh c g ging v khc so vi bm ly tm.
Ph lc 1
Tn tht cc b trong ng c p
1) Tr s h s tn tht cc b trong trng hp m rng t ngt (H. PL1-1)
2
hw =
; = 2 1
2g
1
v2
v2
v1
2
10
81
64
49
7
36
6
25
16
Hnh PL1-1
2) Thu hp t ngt (H. PL1-2)

2
hw =
v2
2g
1
2
2
1
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
0,5
0,45
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
v2
v1
Hnh PL1-2
3) L chn trong ng (H. PL1-3)
2
2
2
0,707 2
v
2
hw =
; = 1+
1
2g

v1
v2
Hnh PL1-3
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1070
245
51,1
18,4
8,2
4,0
2,0
0,97
0,41
0,26
4) Tr s khi d1 = d2 ph thuc gc ngot t ngt ca ng

c tit din trn (H. PL1-4).
D1
30o
H s tn tht
0,20
40o
0,30
50o
0,40
60o
0,55
70o
0,70
80o
0,90
90o
1,10
v1
2
D2
Gc ngot ca
ng:
Hnh PL1-4
v2
5) Tr s ph thuc ng knh ng khi ngot t ngt

vi gc = 90o (H. PL1-5)
ng knh ng
d, mm
20
25
34
39
49
H s tn tht
1,7
1,3
1,1
1,0
0,83
Hnh PL1-5
6) Tr s khi ng ngot dn vi gc .
d
R
3 ,5
= 0 ,131 + 0 ,163
90
='
90 o
l h s sc cn khi = 90o.
Bng cho khi gc ngot l 90o vi cc t s
d
khc nhau.
2R
d
2R
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
0,13
0,14
0,16
0,21
0,29
0,44
0,66
0,98
1,41
1,98
7) Tr s h s tn tht cc b ph thuc theo m kho
d h
v c2 = c
d
d
4
dh
d
c
1
3
2
8
3
8
4
8
5
8
6
8
7
8
1,0
0,948
0,856
0,74
0,609
0,466
0,315
0,159
(H. PL1-6)
0,00
0,07
0,26
0,81
2,06
5,52
17,0
97,8
Hnh PL1-6
8) Tr s ca van (H. PL1-7).
a)
b
)
Hnh PL1-7
a- van nh, trc thng ng, = 3 5,5.
b- van nh, c trc nghing, = 1,4 1,85.
9) Tr s h s tn tht cc b ca kho hnh a ph thuc gc (H. PL1-8).

5o
10o
15o
20o
25o
30o
35o
0,24
0,52
0,90
1,54
2,51
3,91
6,22
40
45
1,08
18,7
50
55
32,6
58,8
60
65
118
256
70
90
751
Hnh PL1-8
10) Tr s h s tn tht cc b ca kho ph thuc gc ngot (H. PL1-9).
5o
10o
15o
20o
25o
30o
35o
40o
45o
50o
55o
0,05
0,29
0,75
1,56
3,10
5,47
9,68
17,3
31,2
52,6
106
Hnh PL1-9
70o
65o
60o
55o
50o
45o
40o
35o
30o
25o
20o
15o
1,7
2,3
3,2
4,6
6,6
9,5
14
20
30
42
62
92
11) Tr s h s tn tht cc b ca kho bn l ph thuc gc

ngot (H. PL1-10).
Hnh PL1-10
12) Tr s h s i vi van ng c li (H. PL1-11).
d = 40
70
100
150
200
300
= 12
8,5
5,2
3,7
Li
13) Chc ba hp nhnh (H. PL1-12): 1 = 2.

H s tn tht 23 v 23 c tnh theo tn tht
ct p hn khi dng cht lng chy t mt
23
ct 2-2 n mt ct 2-3 :
Hnh PL1-11
2 3 =
hn
2
v3
23
2g
'
2 3 =
hn
2
v2
2 3
2g
2 3
Q2 3
Q3 2
2
Q
v 2 (cc k hiu c
3
Q3
y, 23 c cho sn trong bng PL1-1, ph thuc cc t s

ghi trn hnh v)
Bng PL1-1. Gi tr h s tn tht 23 i vi chc ba hp nhnh

Q2
Q3
2
3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,09
-0,50
2,97
0,19
-0,53
0,27
9,90
19,70
32,40
48,80
66,50
86,90 110,00 136,00
0,53
2,14
4,23
7,30
11,40
15,60
20,30
25,80
31,80
-0,69
0,00
1,11
2,18
3,76
5,90
8,38
11,30
14,60
18,40
0,35
-0,65
-0,69
0,59
1,31
2,24
3,52
5,20
7,28
9,23
12,20
0,44
-0,80
-0,27
0,26
0,84
1,59
2,66
4,00
5,73
7,40
9,12
0,55
-0,83
-0,48
0,00
0,53
1,15
1,89
2,92
4,00
5,36
6,60
1,00
-0,65
-0,40
-0,24
0,10
0,50
0,83
1,13
1,47
1,86
2,30
H s tn tht 13 v 13 c tnh theo tn tht ct p
0,8
0,9
1,0
khi dng cht lng chy t
hn
1 3
mt ct 1-1 n mt ct 3-3 (H. PL1-12).
13 =
hn
2
v3
1 3
V1; 1; Q1
2g
h
13 = n2
v3
'
V3 ;3 ;Q3
900
1 3
2 3
2
Q
1 2
2g
Q3
y, 13 c cho sn trong bng PL1-2,

Q
ph thuc t s 1 .
Q3
2
V2; 2; Q2
Hnh PL1-12
Bng PL1-2. Gi tr h s tn tht 13 i vi chc ba hp nhnh

Q1
Q3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
13
0,7
0,64
0,60
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,92
0,96
0,99
1,00
14) Chc ba phn nhnh (H. PL1-13) ; 1 = 3. H s tn tht 12 v 12 c tnh theo tn

tht ct p hn khi dng cht lng chy t mt ct 1-1 n mt ct 2-2 :
1 2
12 =
hn
2
v1
1 2
'
12
hn
2
v2
1 2
2 3
Q2 1
2g
2g
Q1 2
y, 12 c cho trong bng PL1-3, ph thuc
Q
t s 2 v 2 (k hiu trn hnh v).

1
Q1
H s tn tht 13 v 13 c tnh theo tn tht
ct p hn khi dng cht lng chy t mt ct 1-1
3
V1; 1; Q1
V3 ;3 ;Q3
900
1
2
V2; 2; Q2
1 3
n mt ct 3-3 (H. PL1-13).
Hnh PL1-13
Bng PL1-3. Gi tr h s tn tht 12 i vi chc ba phn nhnh
2
1
0,09
0,19
0,27
0,35
0,44
0,55
1,00
Q2
Q1
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
2,80
1,41
1,37
1,10
1,22
1,09
0,90
4,50
2,00
1,81
1,54
1,45
1,20
1,00
6,00
2,50
2,30
1,90
1,67
1,40
1,13
7,88
3,20
2,83
2,35
1,89
1,59
1,20
9,40
3,97
3,40
2,73
2,11
1,65
1,40
13 =
hn
2
v1
'
13 =
hn
2
v3
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
11,10
4,95
4,07
3,22
2,38
1,77
1,50
13,00
6,50
4,80
3,80
2,58
1,94
1,60
15,80
8,45
6,00
4,32
3,04
2,20
1,80
20,00
10,80
7,18
5,28
3,84
2,68
2,06
24,70
13,30
8,90
6,53
4,75
3,30
2,30
13
,
2
Q2
1
2g
2g
Q1
Q
y, 13 ly theo bng PL1-4 ph thuc t s 3
Q1
Bng PL1-4. Gi tr h s tn tht 13 i vi chc ba phn nhnh
1 3
0,6
1 3
Q3
Q1
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
13
0,7
0,64
0,60
0,57
0,55
0,51
0,49
0,55
0,62
0,70(*)
Ch : Tr s 13 ny (khi Q1= Q3) khng ph hp vi tr s 13 trong bng PL1-2 v th

nghim khng chnh xc.
ph lc 2
Tr s C tnh theo cng thc ca N.N. Pavlpski
1
C = Ry
n
y = 2 ,5 n 0 ,13 0 ,75 n 0 ,10 R
(dng cho h mt)
n
0,011
0,013
0,017
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
50,0
54,4
57,1
59,5
61,3
62,8
64,1
65,2
67,2
68,8
70,3
71,5
72,6
73,7
74,6
75,5
76,3
77,0
77,7
79,3
80,7
82,0
83,1
84,1
85,3
86,8
88,3
89,4
90,9
95,7
99,3
104,4
108,1
38,0
42,4
45,0
47,0
48,7
50,1
51,3
52,4
54,3
55,8
57,2
58,4
59,5
60,4
61,3
62,1
62,9
63,6
64,8
65,8
67,1
68,4
69,5
70,4
71,4
73,0
74,5
75,5
76,9
81,5
84,8
89,4
92,6
24,0
26,8
30,0
32,0
33,2
34,4
35,5
36,4
38,1
39,5
40,7
41,8
42,7
43,6
44,4
45,2
45,9
46,5
47,2
48,6
49,8
50,9
51,9
52,8
53,7
55,2
56,5
57,5
58,8
62,9
65,9
69,8
72,5
19,0
21,2
23,1
25,0
26,1
27,2
28,2
29,0
30,6
32,6
33,0
34,0
34,8
35,7
36,4
37,1
37,8
38,4
39,0
40,3
41,5
42,5
43,4
44,4
45,2
46,6
47,9
48,8
50,0
53,9
56,6
60,3
62,5
12,0
14,14
16,16
17,5
18,6
19,5
20,4
21,1
22,4
23,5
24,5
25,4
26,2
26,9
27,6
28,3
28,8
29,4
29,9
31,1
32,2
33,1
34,0
34,8
35,5
36,9
38,0
38,9
40,0
43,6
46,0
49,3
51,2
8,0
10,6
12,12
13,0
13,9
14,7
15,5
16,1
17,3
18,3
19,1
19,9
20,6
21,3
21,9
22,5
23,0
23,5
24,0
25,1
26,0
26,9
27,8
28,5
29,2
30,4
31,5
42,3
33,3
36,7
38,9
41,9
43,6
6,0
7,78
9,24
10,0
10,9
11,5
12,2
12,8
13,8
14,7
15,4
16,1
16,8
17,4
17,9
18,5
18,9
19,4
19,9
20,9
21,8
22,6
23,4
24,0
24,7
25,8
26,8
27,6
28,6
31,7
33,8
36,1
38,1
5,0
3,36
6,93
8,0
8,7
9,3
9,9
10,3
11,2
12,1
12,3
13,4
14,0
14,5
15,0
15,5
16,0
16,4
16,8
17,8
18,6
19,4
20,1
20,7
21,3
22,4
23,4
24,1
25,0
28,0
30,0
32,5
33,9
R, (m)
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,22
0,24
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
1,50
2,00
3,00
4,00
ph lc 3
Tr s C tnh theo cng thc ca Manning
1
C = R1 / 6
n
n
0,010
0,013
0,014
0,017
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
60,7
62,6
64,2
65,6
68,1
70,2
72,1
73,7
75,1
76,5
77,7
78,8
79,9
80,9
81,8
83,9
85,8
87,5
89,1
90,5
91,8
93,1
94,2
96,4
98,3
100,0
101,0
103,1
104,5
107,0
109,3
112,3
116,5
120,1
123,2
126,0
130,8
146,8
46,7
48,1
49,4
50,7
52,4
54,0
55,4
56,7
57,8
58,8
59,8
60,6
61,5
62,2
63,0
64,6
66,0
67,3
68,5
69,6
70,6
71,6
72,5
74,1
75,6
77,0
78,2
79,3
80,4
82,3
84,1
86,3
89,6
92,4
94,8
97,0
100,0
112,9
43,4
44,7
45,9
46,9
48,7
50,2
51,5
52,6
53,7
54,6
55,5
56,3
57,1
57,8
58,4
59,9
61,3
62,5
63,6
64,6
65,6
66,5
67,3
68,8
70,2
71,4
72,6
73,6
74,6
76,4
78,0
80,2
83,2
85,8
88,0
90,0
93,4
104,8
35,7
36,8
37,8
38,6
40,1
41,3
42,4
43,3
44,2
45,0
45,7
46,4
47,0
47,6
48,1
49,4
50,5
51,5
52,4
53,3
54,0
54,7
55,4
56,8
57,8
58,8
59,8
60,6
61,5
62,9
64,3
66,0
68,5
70,6
72,5
74,1
76,9
86,3
30,4
31,3
32,1
32,8
34,1
35,1
36,0
36,8
37,6
33,2
38,8
39,4
39,9
40,4
40,9
42,0
42,9
43,8
44,5
45,3
45,9
46,5
47,1
48,2
49,1
50,0
50,8
51,5
52,2
53,5
54,6
56,1
58,3
60,0
61,6
63,0
65,4
73,4
24,3
25,0
25,7
26,3
27,3
28,1
28,8
29,5
30,1
30,6
31,1
31,5
32,0
32,4
32,7
33,6
34,3
35,0
35,6
36,2
36,7
37,2
37,7
38,5
39,3
40,0
40,6
41,2
41,8
42,8
43,7
44,9
46,6
48,0
49,3
50,4
52,3
58,7
20,2
20,9
21,4
21,9
22,7
23,4
24,0
24,5
25,0
25,5
25,9
26,3
26,6
27,0
27,3
28,0
28,6
29,2
29,7
30,2
30,6
31,0
31,4
32,1
32,8
33,3
33,9
34,4
34,8
35,7
36,4
37,4
38,8
40,0
41,1
42,0
43,6
49,0
17,3
17,9
18,3
18,8
19,5
20,1
20,6
21,1
21,5
21,8
22,2
22,5
22,8
23,1
23,4
24,0
24,5
25,0
25,5
25,9
26,2
26,6
26,9
27,5
28,1
28,6
29,0
29,5
29,8
30,6
31,2
32,1
33,3
34,3
35,2
36,9
37,4
41,9
15,2
15,6
16,0
16,4
17,0
17,6
18,0
18,4
18,8
19,1
19,4
19,7
20,0
20,2
20,4
21,0
21,4
21,9
22,3
22,6
23,0
23,3
23,6
24,1
24,6
25,0
25,4
25,8
26,1
26,8
27,3
28,1
29,1
30,0
30,3
31,5
32,7
R, (m)
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,22
0,24
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
1,10
1,20
1,30
1,50
1,70
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
5,00
10,00
Ph lc 4
H s i vi ng trn ph thuc ng knh d v h s nhm n
khi C tnh theo cng thc ca Vin s N.N. Pavolpski
d(mm)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1500
2000
2500
3000
0,011
0,021
0,019
0,017
0,016
0,016
0,015
0,015
0,014
0,013
0,013
0,012
0,011
0,011
0,010
0,012
0,026
0,024
0,022
0,020
0,019
0,019
0,018
0,017
0,017
0,016
0,015
0,014
0,013
0,012
H s nhm n
0,013
0,033
0,029
0,026
0,025
0,024
0,023
0,022
0,021
0,020
0,019
0,018
0,016
0,015
0,014
0,014
0,039
0,035
0,033
0,030
0,028
0,027
0,026
0,025
0,023
0,022
0,021
0,019
0,018
0,017
0,015
0,050
0,044
0,039
0,036
0,034
0,032
0,031
0,029
0,028
0,026
0,025
0,022
0,021
0,020
Ph lc 5
Tr s c trng lu lng K = C R ca cc ng dn nc c tit din trn
khi tnh theo cng thc y ca N.N. Pavolpski
1
C = R y ; y = f(n, R) (dng cho h mt)
R
ng knh
d(m)
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
Din tch
(m2)
0,7854
1,7672
3,1416
4,9087
7,0690
9,6210
12,5660
19,6350
28,2740
38,4840
50,2660
63,6170
78,5400
113,0970
153,9380
201,0620
Tr s c trng lu lng K (m3/s) vi cc tr s

h s nhm n khc nhau
0,011
0,020
0,030
0,040
29,806
14,707
8,934
6,185
86,664
44,307
27,638
19,716
184,573
96,618
61,747
44,644
328,123
174,196
112,663
82,338
535,310
288,900
188,636
140,020
801,700
436,920
288,762
215,180
1140,000
628,320
418,670
314,160
2049,870
1142,710
707,210
582,860
3311,980
1865,370
1270,160
969,020
4961,790
2813,880
1926,710
1479,880
7052,810
4025,730
2766,800
2133,780
9609,390
5501,310
3795,180
2935,300
12702,260
7302,860
5051,050
3918,910
20427,940
11798,900
8198,570
6359,270
30628,300
17703,390
12320,400
9585,740
43469,170
25132,500
17532,430
13632,000
Ph lc 6
Bng tnh cc ng dn nc. Tr s c trng lu lng K = C R
ca cc ng dn nc khi C tnh theo cng thc ca Manning
1
C = R1 / 6
n
(dng cho h thng mt)
K, (l/s)
d, (mm)
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
, (m2)
0,00196
0,00442
0,00785
0,01227
0,01767
0,02405
0,03142
0,03976
0,04909
0,07068
0,09621
0,12566
0,15904
0,19635
0,28274
0,38435
0,44179
0,50266
0,63617
0,78540
1,13090
1,5394
2,0106
2,5447
3,1416
ng sch
1
Co = = 90
n
(n 0,01)
9,624
28,37
61,11
110,80
180,20
271,80
388,00
531,20
703,50
1,144.103
1,726.103
2,464.103
3,373.103
4,467.103
7,264.103
10,96.103
13,17.103
15,64.103
21,42.103
28,36.103
46,12.103
69,57.103
99,33.103
136,00.103
180,10.103 .103
Cc iu kin tnh
ton bnh thng
1
= 80
n
(n 0,0125)
8,460
24,94
53,72
97,40
158,40
239,90
341,10
367,00
418,50
1,006.103
1,517.103
2,166.103
2,965.103
3,927.103
6,386.103
9,632.103
11,580.103
13,75.103
13,83.103
24,93.103
40,55.103
61,16.103
87,32.103
119,50.103
158,30.103 .103
Co =
ng bn
1
Co = = 70
n
(n 0,0143)
7,403
21,83
47,01
85,23
138,60
209,00
298,50
408,60
541,20
880,00
1,327.103
1,895.103
2,594.103
3,436.103
5,587.103
8,428.103
10,13.103
12,03.103
16,47.103
21,82.103
35,48.103
53,52.103
76,41.103
104,6.103
138,5.103
PH LC 7
M men qun tnh Jo (i vi trc nm ngang i qua trng tm C). To trng tm zc v
din tichd ca nhng hnh phng
Hnh v k hiu
Zo
a
Zc
Jo
zc
ba 3
12
z0 +
ba 3
36
2
z0 + a
3
a
2
ba
Zo
a
Zc
ba
2
Zo
c
Zc
a 3 ( B 2 + 4 Bb + b 2 )
36 ( B + b )
Zc
d 4
a( B + 2b )
3( B + b )
a( B + b )
2
z0 +
d
2
r 2
z0 +
4
3
r 2
z0 +
Zo
c
64
Zo
Zc
Zo
r
9 2 64 4
r
72
Zc
9 2 64 4
r
72
z0 + R
(R2 + r2)
Zc
a 3 b
z0 + a
ab
c
R
Zo
2a
c
2B
Ph lc 8
Cc hm kh ng
1
1
f = q( ) +
c
T
k 1
= = 1
To
k +1
q = c()
p
k 1 2 k 1
= = 1

po
k +1
r=
k 1 2 k 1
= = 1

o
k +1
y=
c
1
y ( ) +
c=
1
(l )
q ( )
( )
k = 1,4
0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9999
0,9997
0,9996
0,9994
0,9992
0,9989
0,9987
1,0000
0,9999
0,9998
0,9995
0,9990
0,9986
0,9979
0,9971
0,9963
0,9953
1,0000
0,9999
0,9998
0,9997
0,9993
0,9990
0,9985
0,9979
0,9974
0,9967
0,0000
0,0158
0,0315
0,0473
0,0631
0,0788
0,0945
0,1102
0,1259
0,1415
0,0000
0,0158
0,0315
0,0473
0,0631
0,0788
0,0945
0,1102
0,1259
0,1415
1,0000
1,0000
1,0002
1,0006
1,0009
1,0019
1,0021
1,0028
1,0038
1,0047
1,0000
0,9999
0,9996
0,9989
0,9981
0,9971
0,9958
0,9943
0,9925
0,9906
0,0000
0,0091
0,0183
0,0274
0,0365
0,0457
0,0548
0,0639
0,0731
0,0822
0,10
0,11
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
0,19
0,9983
0,9980
0,9976
0,9972
0,9967
0,9963
0,9957
0,9952
0,9946
0,9940
0,9942
0,9929
0,9916
0,9901
0,9866
0,9870
0,9851
0,9832
0,9812
0,9791
0,9959
0,9949
0,9940
0,9929
0,9918
0,9907
0,9893
0,9880
0,9866
0,9850
0,1571
0,1726
0,1882
0,2036
0,2190
0,2344
0,2497
0,2649
0,2801
0,2952
0,1571
0,1726
0,1882
0,2036
0,2190
0,2344
0,2497
0,2649
0,2801
0,2952
1,0058
1,0070
1,0083
1,0100
1,0113
1,0129
1,0147
1,0165
1,0185
1,0206
0,9868
0,9860
0,9834
0,9806
0,9776
0,9744
0,9709
0,9673
0,9634
0,9594
0,0914
0,1005
0,1097
0,1190
0,1200
0,1372
0,1460
0,1560
0,1650
0,1740
0,20
0,21
0,22
0,23
0,24
0,25
0,26
0,27
0,28
0,29
0,9933
0,9927
0,9919
0,9912
0,9904
0,9896
0,9887
0,9879
0,9869
0,9860
0,9768
0,9745
0,9720
0,9695
0,9668
0,9640
0,9611
0,9581
0,9550
0,9518
0,9834
0,9815
0,9799
0,9781
0,9762
0,9742
0,9721
0,9699
0,9677
0,9653
0,3102
0,3252
0,3401
0,3549
0,3696
0,3842
0,3987
0,4131
0,4274
0,4416
0,3102
0,3252
0,3401
0,3549
0,3696
0,3842
0,3987
0,4131
0,4274
0,4416
1,0227
1,0250
1,0274
1,0298
1,0315
1,0350
1,0378
1,0406
1,0435
1,0465
0,9551
0,9507
0,9461
0,9414
0,9373
0,9314
0,9261
0,9207
0,9152
0,9095
0,1830
0,1920
0,2020
0,2109
0,2202
0,2290
0,2387
0,2480
0,2573
0,2670
Trng i hc Nng nghip Ha Ni Gio trnh K thut Thu kh ..259
0,30
0,31
0,32
0,33
0,34
0,35
0,36
0,37
0,38
0,39
0,9950
0,9840
0,9829
0,9819
0,9807
0,9796
0,9784
0,9772
0,9759
0,9747
0,9485
0,9451
0,9415
0,9379
0,9342
0,9303
0,9265
0,9224
0,9183
0,9141
0,9630
0,9605
0,9579
0,9552
0,9825
0,9497
0,9469
0,9439
0,9409
0,9378
0,4557
0,4691
0,4835
0,4972
0,5109
0,5243
0,5377
0,5509
0,5640
0,5769
0,4804
0,4790
0,5135
0,5382
0,5469
0,5636
0,5804
0,5973
0,6142
0,6312
1,0496
1,0528
1,0559
1,0593
1,0626
1,0661
1,0696
1,0732
1,0768
1,0805
0,9037
0,8977
0,8917
0,8854
0,8791
0,8727
0,8662
0,8595
0,8528
0,8460
0,2760
0,2850
0,2947
0,3040
0,3134
0,3228
0,3322
0,3417
0,3511
0,3606
0,40
0,41
0,42
0,43
0,44
0,45
0,46
0,47
0,48
0,49
0,9733
0,9720
0,9706
0,9692
0,9677
0,9663
0,9647
0,9632
0,9616
0,9600
0,9097
0,9053
0,9008
0,8962
0,8915
0,8868
0,8819
0,8770
0,8719
0,8668
0,9346
0,9314
0,9281
0,9247
0,9212
0,9178
0,9142
0,9105
0,9067
0,9029
0,5897
0,6024
0,6149
0,6272
0,6394
0,6515
0,6633
0,6750
0,6865
0,6979
0,6482
0,6654
0,6825
0,6998
0,7172
0,7346
0,7521
0,7697
0,7874
0,8052
1,0842
1,0880
1,0918
1,0957
1,0996
1,1036
1,1076
1,1116
1,1156
1,1197
0,8391
0,8321
0,8251
0,8179
0,8108
0,8035
0,7963
0,7889
0,7816
0,7741
0,3701
0,3796
0,3892
0,3987
0,4083
0,4179
0,4275
0,4372
0,4468
0,4565
0,50
0,51
0,52
0,53
0,54
0,55
0,56
0,57
0,58
0,59
0,9583
0,9567
0,9549
0,9532
0,9514
0,9496
0,9477
0,9459
0,9439
0,9420
0,8616
0,8563
0,8509
0,8455
0,8400
0,8344
0,8287
0,8230
0,8172
0,8112
0,8991
0,8961
0,8911
0,8871
0,8829
0,8787
0,8744
0,8701
0,8657
0,8642
0,7091
0,7201
0,7309
0,7416
0,7620
0,7623
0,7724
0,7823
0,7920
0,8015
0,8230
0,8409
0,8590
0,8771
0,8953
0,9136
0,9321
0,9506
0,9692
0,9880
1,1239
1,1279
1,1320
1,1362
1,1403
1,1445
1,1486
1,1528
1,1569
1,1610
0,7666
0,7592
0,7517
0,7442
0,7366
0,7290
0,7215
0,7139
0,7064
0,6987
0,4663
0,4760
0,4858
0,4956
0,5054
0,5152
0,5251
0,5350
0,5450
0,5549
0,60
0,61
0,62
0,63
0,64
0,65
0,66
0,67
0,68
0,69
0,9400
0,9380
0,9359
0,9339
0,9317
0,9296
0,9274
0,9252
0,9229
0,9207
0,8053
0,7992
0,7932
0,7870
0,7808
0,7745
0,7681
0,7617
0,7553
0,7488
0,8567
0,8561
0,8475
0,8428
0,8380
0,8332
0,8283
0,8233
0,8183
0,8133
0,8109
0,8198
0,8288
0,8375
0,8359
0,8543
0,8623
0,8701
0,8778
0,8852
1,0069
1,0258
1,0449
1,0641
1,0842
1,1030
1,1226
1,1423
1,1622
1,1822
1,1651
1,1691
1,1733
1,1772
1,1812
1,1852
1,1891
1,1929
1,1967
1,2005
0,6912
0,6836
0,6760
0,6685
0,6610
0,6535
0,6460
0,6380
0,6311
0,6237
0,5649
0,5750
0,5850
0,5951
0,6053
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0,00564
0,00482
0,0570
0,0520
0,0472
0,0427
0,0408
0,0343
0,0290
0,0268
0,0234
0,0204
0,0175
17,949
18,742
19,607
20,548
21,983
22,712
23,968
25,561
26,893
28,669
30,658
0,0960
0,0878
0,0799
0,0724
0,0695
0,0585
0,0496
0,0461
0,0404
0,0352
0,0302
0,0331
0,0316
0,0300
0,0287
0,0273
0,0269
0,0256
0,0229
0,0216
0,0202
0,0189
4,5674
4,6778
4,7954
4,9201
5,0533
5,1958
5,3494
5,5147
5,6940
5,8891
6,1033
BNG I CHIU DANH T

Vit
Anh
Php
p lc
p nng
p sut
p sut chn khng
p sut d = p sut hiu dng
p sut hi bo ho
Pressure force
Pressure energy
Pressure
Vacuum pressure
Gauge pressure
Saturation pressure
p sut thu lc
p sut tuyt i
Hydraulic pressure
Absolute pressure
Bc=Cp.(Bm nhiu bc =
bm nhiu cp)
Stage (Multistage pump)
Forcee de pression
nergie de pression
Pression
Pression du vide = Vide
Pression Effective
Pression de saturation =
P.de vapu sature
Pression hydraulique
Pression absolue
B
Bnh cng tc
Impeller = Runner
Bnh cng tc bm = Bnh bm Pump impeller
Bnh cng tc ht mt bn
Single inlet impeller
Bnh cng tc ht hai bn
Double inlet impeller
Bnh cng tc hng cho
Mixed flow impeller =

Diagonal flow impeller
Centripetal impeller =
Radial impeller
Axial flow impeller
Radial-axial flow impeller
Centrifugal impeller
Reactor = Reaction
member
Turbine impeller =
Turbine runner
Hub
Bnh cng tc hng tm

Bnh cng tc hng trc
trc
Bnh cng tc li tm
Bnh phn ng (b phn dn
hng ca bin tc thu lc)
Bnh cng tc tuabin = Bnh
tuabin
Bu (ca bnh cng tc) =
May
Bin hng (ca cnh dn)
Bin p (= bi p) thu lc
Contour
Hydraulic intensifier
Bin tc thu lc = Bin tc

thu ng
Hydro-kinetic(=Hydraulic
= Fluid) torque converter
Bin tc thu lc truyn thun
Directdrive hydraulic
tage.(Pompe plusieurs
tage = pompe
multicellulaire)
Roue
Roue de pompe
Roue une onc= Roue
simple aspiration
Roue deux onc= Roue
double aspiration
Roue diagonale = R.hlico
centrifuge
Roue centripte = R.
radiale
Roue axiale
Roue radiale-axiale
Roue centrifuge
Aubage de raction
Roue de turbine
Moyeu
Profil (daile)
Multiplienteur de pression
hydraulique
Convertisseur de couple
hydraulique =
convertisseur
Convertisseur
hydrocintique rotation
Bin tc thu lc truyn nghch
Inverted drive hydraulic

torque converter
Bin tc thu lc mt (hai, ba)
Mono (Two, Tri) stage

hydraulic torque converter
Bin tc thu lc hn hp
Bin tc thu lc c nhiu

bung lm vic
Composite hydraulic
torque converter
Reversible hydraulic
torque converter
Multi cellular hydraulic
torque converter
Bnh tch nng thu lc

Bnh tch nng c mng bc kh
Hydraulic accumulator
Gas bag accumulator
Bnh tch nng du kh nn
Oil pneumatic
accumulator
Gas-loaded accumulator
Bin tc thu lc o chiu
Bnh tch nng kh nn

Bnh tch nng qu t
Bng = Bung = Khoang
Bng y
Bng ht
B phn (= vng) dn hng
vo (ca turbin, bm cnh dn)
B truyn
Bm bnh rng
Bm bnh dn
Bm cnh gt (= cnh trt)
Bm chn khng
Bm chn khng vng nc
Bm chm, bm ging su
Bm cng-xn
Weight-loaded
accumulator
Chamber = Cavity
Push chamber
Suction chamber
Guide vane ring
directe
Convertisseur
hydrocintique rotation
inverse
Convertisseur
hydrocintique une
(deux, trois) tage
Convertisseur de couple
combin
Convertisseur
hydrocintique rversible
Convertisseur
hydrocintique
Pluricellulaire
Accumulateur hydraulique
Accumulateur poche de
gaz
Accumulateur
olopneumatique
Accumulateur
pneumatique
Accumulateur lest
Bm hng cho
Single- (Double) suction

pump
Mixed liow pump
Bm li tm
Bm hng trc
Centrifugal pump
Axial flow pump
Bm nc va = Bm va p
thu lc
Bm phun tia
Water-hammer pump
Chambre = Cabvit
Chambre de rfoulement
Chambre daspiration
Aubage (=Anneau) de
distribution
Transmission
Pomse engrenages
Turbopumpe
Pompe paiettes
Pompe vide
Pompe anneau deau
Pompe immerg
Pompe avec roue en porte-faux
Pompe simple (double)
aspiration
Pompe diagonaie =
P.hlico- centrifuge
Pompe centrifuge
Pompe axiale = Pompe
hlice
Blier hydraulique
Ejector pump
jecteur
Bm ht mt (hai) bn
Transmission
Gear pump
Turbo pump
Vane pump
Vacuum pump
Water ring vacuum pump
Immersed pump
Overhung impeller pump
Bm pittng
Bm pittng tr
Bm rto
Piston pump
Plunger pump
Rotary pump
Bm rto pittng
Bm rto pittng hng knh
Rotary-piston pump
Radial-piston pump
Bm rto pittng hng trc
Axial-piston pump
Bm th tch
Bm th tch lu lng bin i
Bm trc vt
Bm t mi (=t ht)
Displacement pump
Variable displacement
pump
Screw pump
Self-priming pump
Bm xoy
Bung lm vic
Bung ph
Bung xon c
Whirl pump
Pumping chamber
Auxiliary chamber
Volute chamber (=casing)
Pompe piston
Pompe piston plongeur
Pompe rotor = Pompe
rotative
Pompe rolative pistons
Pompe pistons radiaux =
Pompe rotative en toile
Pompe pistons axiaux =
Pompe rotative barillet
Pompe volumtrique
Pompe volumtrique
dbit varialbe
Pompe vis
Pompe auto-amorcage =
P.autoamorcanlte
Pompe tourbillon
Chambre de travail
Chambre auxiliaire
Volute
C
Cnh dn (ca my thu lc
cnh dn)
Cnh gt
Chn khng
Chp hnh (c cu chp hnh)
Blade = Vane
Aube = Aile = Ailette
Vane
Vacuum = Depression
Receiver = Working
element
Cht lng l tng (khng nht) Perfect (= In viscid) fluid
Palette
Vide
Recepteur = Organe
dexcution
Fluide idal (= non
visqueux)
Cht lng thc (nht)
Real (= Viscous) fluid
Fluide rel (visqueux)
Cht lng lm vic (=cng tc)
Hydraulic fluid
Fluide hydraulique
Cht lng bm
Pumped liquid
Liquide pomp
Cht lng khng nn c
Incompressible fluid
Fluide incompressible
Cht lnh nn c
Compressible fluid
Fluide compressible
Chp hnh (c cu thu lc chp Hydraulic copying device Mcanesme pour copiage
hnh)
hydraulique
Chiu cao dng cht lng (ca
Total geodetic elevation of Hauteur gomtrique d
h thng bm)
liquid (of a pump)
lvation (dune pompe)
Chiu cao y = cao y
Geodetic delivered head = Hauteur de refoulement
Geodetic discharge head
Pressure head
Hauteur pezomttrique =
p
Chiu cao o p
H.
de pression

Chiu cao ht = cao ht
Geodetic suction head
Hauteur d aspiration
Ct p
Head = Pressure head
Hauteur de pression, =
Charge
Ct p y
Discharge head
Hauteur de refoulement
Ct p ng
Dynamic head
Hauteur de pression
Ct p ht
Ct p tnh
Suction head
Static head
Ct p ton phn
Ct nc
Cng sut hu ch
Cng sut trn trc = cng sut
lm vic
Cng sut thu lc [QH ]
Total head
Water head
Actual horse-power
Shaft horse-power
C cu iu khin
C cu phn phi
C cu thu lc
dynamique
Hauteur d aspiration
Hauteur de pression
statique
Hauteur totale de presston
Hauteur d eau
Puissance effective
Puissance sur Iarbre
Hydraulic (=Water) horse- Puissance hydraulique

power
Control mechanism
Mcanisme de commande
Distributor mechanism
Organe de distribution =
Distributeur
Hydraulic mechanism
Mcanisme hydraulique
D
Dy cnh
Dn dng ( xem b phn dn
hng)
Dng qun (trong mng dn)
Cascade of profiles =
Wing cascade
Grille daubes
Rotational flow
Mouvement circulatoire
relatif
c tuyn (xem ng c tnh)

m lt kn = Vt lt kn
a chn
a sau ( ca bnh cng tc)
Seal, Packing, Gasket,

Gland
Baffle
Rear disk = Rear shroud
a trc
Front disk = Front shroud
im lm vic
iu chnh tit lu
Operating point
Throttle regulating
iu chnh th tch
iu chnh vn tc trn ng
ra ca ng c=iu tc li ra
vo li vo
song song vi ng c=iu tc
song song
iu chnh vn tc v cp
Volumetric regulating
Meter out
iu khin
ng m (ca c cu phn
Meter in
Bleed-off
Infinitely variable (=
stepless ) speed control
Control
Underlap
Joint, toupe, Garniture

Disque cran
Disque arrire = Flasque
arrire
Disque avant = Flasque
avant
Point de fonctionnement
Rglage de dbit par
restrictor
Rglage volumtrique
Rglage de vitesse sur la
sortie du moteur
Rglage de vitesse sur
Ientre du moteur
Rglage de vitesse par
drivation
Rglage continu de vitesse
Commande
Underlap = Recouvrement
phi)
ng dng
m ca b phn dn hng
ng c thu lc
ng c thu lc c cnh dn =
ng c cnh dn
ng c thu lc th tch=
ng c th tch
ng c tnh lm vic
ng c tnh tng hp
Overlap
Opening of the guide
vanes
Actuator = Fluid motor =
Hydraulic motor
Hydraulic turbo-motor
ng hi = ng v
ng ng iu khin
Variable displacement
hydraulic motor
Head-capacity map
Complete performance
map
Return line
Pilot line
ng ng tho
ng xoy
Drain line
Line of whirl
Ghp bm ni tip
Cascade connecting of
pumps
Parallel connecting of
pumps
Circuit connecting =
setting up circuit
Opening angle of guide
vanes
Waterwheel = Hydraulic
wheel
ngatif
Overlap = Recouvrement
posilif
Ouverture de Iaubage de
distribution
Moteur hydraulique
Turbomoteur hydraulique
Moteur hydrostatique (=
volumtrique)
Courbe hauteur-dbit
Caractristiques de
fonctionnement complets
Retour = Ligne de retour
Ligne de commande = L.
de pilotage
Ligne dvacuation
Ligne de tourbillon
G
Ghp bm song song
Ghp mch = lp mch
Gc b tr cnh dn
Gung nc
Couplage des pompes en

srie
Couplage des pompes en
parallle
Mise en circuit, Montage
en circuit
Angle douverture de
Iaubage de distribution
Noria, Roue hydraulique
H
H s bin tc (= H s bin i
mmen)
Hiu sut ct p(= thu lc)
Hydrokinetic coupling (=
torque conversation)
coefficient
Pulsation coefficient
Hydraulics = Hydraulic
wheel
Hydraulic efficiency
Hiu sut c kh
Hiu sut lu lng
Hiu sut ton phn
Ho mch = iu chnh
Mechanical efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Overall efficiency
Tuning, Regulating
Kho cht [kha c hai v tr:

ng m]
Cock
H s mch ng
H thng thu lc
Coefficient de
transformetion de couple
Coefficient de pulsation
Hydraulique = Systme
hydraulique
Rendement hydraulique
cope
Rendement mcanique
Rendement volumtrique
Rendement total (=global)
Rglage
K
Robinet
Kho phn phi(xem: phn phi

lai kho)
Khoang = Bung = Bng(xem
bng)
Khp ni thu lc [KNTL]
KNTL kiu tho u
KNTL c vnh trong
KNTL c iu chnh
KNTL khng iu chnh
KNTL khng c vnh trong
KNTL kp
Khuch i thu lc
Fluid coupling= Hydraulic

clutch
Scoop type fluid drive
Hydraulic clutch with
toroidal section impeller =
Hydraulic clutch with a
core guide ring
Hydraulic clutch with
regulating device
Hydraulic clutch without a
regulating device
Hydraulic clutch without a
core guide ring
Double hydraulic clutch
Fluid amplifier = Hydro
amplifier = Booster
Accouplement (=
Coupleur) hydraulique
Coupleur hydraulique
rglable
roue toroidale
Coupleur hydraulique non
rglable
Coupleur hydraulique sans
anneau toroidal
double
Amplificateur hydraulique
Kn (B phn lm kn. Xem:

m lt kn)
L
Fonctionnement :
- Rgime de
fonctionnement
- Point de fonctionnement
- Courbe de
fonctionnement = Courbe
hauteur-dbit
Retroaction =
Rtrocouplage = Fcedback
Moyeu
Lm vic:
-Ch lm vic
-im lm vic
-ng c tnh lm vic
Operating:
-Operating regime
-Operating point
-Head-capacity curve
Lin h ngc = Hi tip
Feed-back
Li = Bu (ca bnh cng tc) =

may-
Lt kn (xem: m lt kn)
L gim chn
Li dn ra = Ming ra
Li dn vo = Ming vo (=ht)
Li r bn cnh
Hub
Lu lng
Lu lng k vng chn(=mng
chn)
Lu lng k Venturi = ng
Venturi
Delivery = Flow rate

Flow diaphragm
Orifice damortissement
Sortie = Orifice de sortie
Entre = Ouie
By-pass = Voie de
drivation
Dbit
Diaphragme de mesure
Venturi-meter
Tube de Venturi
Shock-absorption
Outlet port
Inlet port
By-pass
Lu lng k vi lu tuyn
Lu lng khi
Flow nozzle
Mass flow
Lu lng ring (lu lng do

bm cung cp trong mt vng
quay)= Lu lng n v
Lu lng th tch
Displacement of the
pump=specific flow rate
Volume flow
Lu lng trng lng
Weight flow
Mch thu lc
Mch ng
Mng dn
My thu lc
My thu lc cnh dn
Hydraulic circuit
Pulsation
Channel
Hydraulic machine
Turbo machine, turbo
machinery
Reversible hydraulic
machine
Displacement machine =
Hydrostatic machine
Tuyre de mesure
Dbit massique = Dbit en
masse
Dbit spcifique
Dbit volumtrique =
Dbit en volume
Dbit gravimtrique =
Dbit en poids
My thu lc o chiu
My thu lc th tch = My th
tch
Ming ht, Ming vo, Ming ra
(xem: Li dn vo, li dn ra)
Mi (bm)
Priming
Mi phun
Injector
Circuit hydraulique
Pulsation
Canal
Machine hydraulique
Turbomachine
Machine hydraulique
rversible
Machine volumtrique (=
hydrostatique)
Amorcage
Injecteur
N
Nm thu lc
Ngun tc ng
Nhy( nhy)
Hydraulic wedge
Source
Sensibility
Coin hydraulique
Source daction, Source
Sensibilit
ng dn do
ng y
ng iu chnh ( trong bin tc
thu lc)
ng gp , b gp
ng ht
ng loe
ng trn
Flexible hose
Discharge pipe
Scoop tube
Tuyau flexible
Tuyau de refoulement
Tuyau-cope, Puisard
Manifold
Suction pipe
Diffuser
Mixing chamber
Bloc collecteur
Tuyau daspiration
Diffuseur
Chambre de mlange
P
Phn phi (B phn, C cu
phn phi)
Phn phi loi con trt (=
pittng bc)
Phn phi loi kho
Pittng bc (= Pittng ngn)
Distributor
Distributeur = Organe de
distribution
Piston valve = Spool valve Distributeur tiroir, (
piston)
Cock distributor
Robinet de distribution
Spool, Piston
Tiroir, Piston cannel
Pittng tr (= Pittng ngn)
Plunger
Piston plongeur
Q
Qun (Dng qun)
Convective flow
Courant de convection
S
So snh (B phn, C cu so
snh)
S vng quay c trng = s
vng quay tiu chun [ns]
S h (ca h thng thu
lc)
S kn
S vi sai
Discriminator
Open circuit
Comparateur,
Discriiminateur
Vitesse spcifique =
Nombre de tours
spcifique
Circuit ouvert
Closed circuit
Differentical cireuit
Circuit ferm
Circuit diffrentiel
Specific speed
T
Tng p thy lc (xem : Bin p
thu lc)
Thng s lm vic
Tch nng thy lc (xem : Bnh
tch nng)
Tit lu
Operating parameter
Paramtre de travail
Throttle, restrictor
Tit lu iu chnh c
Adjustable restrictor
Tit lu kiu khe
Slotted restrictor
Tit lu kiu nn
Conical restrictor
Tit lu lch tm= Tit lu rnh
Excentric groove valve
Restricior, Limiteur de
dbit
Limiteur de dbit rglable,
Rgulateur de dbit
Rgulateur de dbit
encoche
Rgulateur conique de
dbit
Rgulateur de dbit
excentrique
Tit lu l (xem : L tit lu)

Tit lu trc vt
Tin cy ( tin cy)
Tn hiu sai lch
Tn tht ct p = Tn tht thu
lc
Tn tht cc b
Tn tht dc ng
Tn tht lu lng
Tn tht thu lc = tn tht ct
p
Trng lng ring = Trng
lng n v
Truyn (T s truyn)
Truyn dn (= Truyn ng)
thu lc
Screw down throttle

Reliability
Discrimination signal
Head loss
Rgulateur de dbit vis

Reliabilit
Signal de diserimination
Perte de charge
Local loss = Minor loss

Frictional loss
Volumetric loss
Hydraulic loss = Head
loss
Specific weight
Perte localise
Perte en ligne
Perte de dbit
Perte de charge = Perte
hydraulique
Poids spcifique
Transmission ratio
Coefficient de
transmission
Transmission hydraulique
= Commande hydraulique
Hydraulictransmission ( =
drive)
Truyn ng lin hp
Truyn ng thu ng
Universal transmission
Fluid drive = Hydrokinetic
drive = Hydrokinetic
transmission
Truyn ng hn hp
Truyn ng theo ri (= tu
ng)
Truyn ng thu tnh (= th
tch)
Truyn ng thu c
Composite transmission
Follow-up system
Trt (S trt, H s trt)

Tuabin go
Tuabin kn nhng
Tuabin mi cho (= chn vt)
Tuabin phn lc
Hydrostatic trasmission
Hydromechanical
transmission
Slip
Bucket turbine = Pelton
turbine
Bulb group
Propeller turbine
Tu ng (C cu tu ng)
Tng t
Tng t ng hc
Tng t ng lc
Tng t hnh hc
Tng t thu ng lc
Reaction turbine =
Pressure turbine
Inclined jet turbine
Action turbine = Impulse
turbine
Servomechanism
Similarity
Kinetics similarity
Dynamic similarity
Geometric similarity
Hydrodynamic similarity
- Lut tng t
- Tiu chun tng t
- Similarity law
- Similarity criterion
Tuabin phun nghing

Tuabin xung lc = T.Banki
Transmission universelle
Transmission
hydrocintique =
Transmission
hydrodynamique
Transmission mixte
Asser vissement
hydraulique
Transmission
hydrostatique
Transmission
hydromcanique
Glissement
Turbine augets =
Turbine Pelton
Groupe bulbe
Turbine hlice, Turbine
Kaplan
Turbine raction,
Turbine Francis
Turbine jet inclin
Turbine action, Turbine
Banki
Servomcanisme
Similitude
Similitude cinmatique
Similitude dynamique
Similitude gomtrique
Similitude
hydrodynamique
- Loi de similitude
- Critre de similitude
V
Van an ton
Van an ton tu ng
Van chng
Van in t
Van in t thy lc
Van iu p
Van iu p vi sai
Automatic cut-out valve =

Safety valve
Servo-safety valve
Support valve
Solenoid valve
Electro hydraulic valve
Pressure regulator, relief
valve
Differential relief valve
Valve de scurit
Servovalve de scurit
Clapet rducteur
Valve solnoide
Valve lectrohydraulique
Rgulateur de pression
Rgulateur diffrentiel de
pression
Van iu chnh lu lng = Van Flow-control valve, speed- Rgulateur de dbit
tit lu
control valve
Van iu khin ph
Pilot valve
Valve pilote
Van i hng
Van b iu khin bng van ph
Van gim p
Directional valve =
Direction control valve
Pilot operated valve
Reducing valve
Van gim p tu ng
Servo reducing valve
Van hnh nn
Van khuch i = Van tng p
Cone valve = conlcal scat

valve
Check valve = Non return
valve
Amplifier valve
Van trn
Van trung tm ng
Relief valve
Closed-centre valve
Van trung tm m
Open-centre valve
Van trt
Slide valve = Spool valve

= Piston valve
Rotary valve
Circular velocity
Relative velocity
Absolute velocity
- Velocity triangle
- parallelogram of
velocities
- Disttributton of
velocities
Way
Van mt chiu
Van xoay
Vn tc theo
Vn tc tng i
Vn tc tuyt i
- Tam gic vn tc
- Hnh bnh hnh vn tc
- Phn b vn tc
V tr (trong C cu phn phi
2, 3 v tr)
Vng (= Vnh) dn hng
(xem : B phn dn hng vo)
V cp (trong iu chnh v
cp)
Infinitely variable,
Stepless
Valve de direction
Valve pilote
Rducteur de pression,
Clapet rducteur
Servovalve rductrice de
pression
Clapet conique
Valve unidirectionuelle
Valve amplificatrice =
Valve lvatrice de
pression
Clapet de surpression
Distributeur ferm en
position neutre
Distributeur ouvert en
position neutre
Valve tiroir ( piston)
Distributeur rotatif
Vitesse circulaire
Vitesse relative
Vitesse absolue
- Triangle des vitesses
- Paralllogramme des
vitesses
- pure de distribution des
vitesses
Voie, Position.
(Disiributeur 2, 3, voies)
Continu
X
Xm thc
Xilanh lc
Xilanh lc mt (hai) chiu
Cavitation
Ram, Hydraulic cylinder,
Cylinder
Single (Double) acting
cylinder
Cavitation
Vrin, vrin hydraulique
Vrin simple (double)
action
Xilanh mmen
Ti liu tham kho
1. Frank M. White, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York 1999.

2. James E.A. Jonh, Wiliam L. Haberman. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Prentice Hall
of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110001, 1993.
3. John C. Tannehill, Dale A. Anderson, Richard H. Pletcher, Computational Fluid
Mechanics and Heat Transfer - Taylor & Francis, USA - 1997.
4. Hong c Lin, Nguyn Thanh Nam; Thu lc v cp thot nc trong nng nghip;
Nxb Gio Dc, H ni - 2000.
5. . ., , - 1987 .
6. . ., ,
1979.
7. . .,
. ., ,
- 1977.
8. Ng Vi Chu, Nguyn Phc Hong, V Duy Quang, ng Huy Chi, V S Hunh, L
Danh Lin. Bi tp thu lc v my thu lc, tp I, II, Nxb i hc v THCN, H Ni
- 1979.
9. Nguyn Hu Ch, Nguyn Hu Dy, Phng Vn Khng, Bi tp c hc cht lng ng
dng. Nxb Gio dc - H Ni - 1998.
10. Nguyn Phc Hong, Phm c Nhun..., Thu lc v my thu lc,
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3. Giáo Trình Kỹ Thuật Thủy Khí - Pgs.Ts.Hoàng Đức Liên, 276 Trang

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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

Pgs.ts. Hong c lin

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh K thut Thu kh .ii

1.1. i tng, phng php nghin cu mn hc ..

1.2. S lc v lch s pht trin mn hc, ng dng ..

1.3. Mt s tnh cht c l c bn ca cht lng ..

Chng II: Tnh hc cht lng

2.1. p sut thu tnh ..

2.2. Phng trnh vi phn ca cht lng cn bng .

2.3. Phng trnh c bn ca thu tnh hc .

2.4. Tnh tng i

2.5. Tnh p lc thu tnh ..

2.6. Mt s ng dng ca thu tnh hc

2.7. Tnh hc cht kh

Chng III: ng lc hc cht lng

3.1. Khi nim chung

3.2. Phng trnh lin tc ca dng chy

3.3. Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng l tng

3.4. Phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng ca cht lng thc

3.5. Phng trnh Becnuli vit cho dng nguyn t

3.7. Mt s ng dng ca phng trnh Becnuli ..

3.9. Phng trnh bin thin ng lng i vi chuyn ng dng ..

Chng IV: Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht lng

4.1. Hai trng thi chy ca cht lng. S Rynn

4.2. Tn tht nng lng dng chy ..

4.3. Dng chy tng trong ng. Dng Hagen - Poadi .

4.4. Dng chy ri trong ng .

4.5. Dng chy tng trong cc khe hp .

4.6. Dng chy trong khe hp do ma st - C s l thuyt bi trn thu ng

Chng V: Chuyn ng mt chiu ca cht kh

5.1. Cc phng trnh c bn ca cht kh ..

5.2. Cc thng s ca dng kh : vn tc m, dng h^m, dng ti hn ..

5.3. Chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng phun ..

5.4. Tnh ton dng kh bng cc hm kh ng v biu ..

Chng VI: Tnh ton thu lc v ng ng

6.1. C s l thuyt tnh ton ng ng .

6.2. Tnh ton thu lc ng ng n gin .

6.3. Tnh ton thu lc ng ng phc tp .

6.4. Phng php dng h s c trng lu lng K ..

6.5. Phng php th tnh ton ng ng ..

6.6. Va p thu lc trong ng ng ..

6.7. Chuyn ng ca cht kh trong ng dn

Chng VII: Vt ngp trong cht lng chuyn ng

7.1. Lc nng : cng thc tng qut - lc nng - nh l Giucopski Ktta

7.3. Mt s bi ton lp bin ..

7.4. Lp bin nhit ..

Chng VIII: dng tia

8.1. Khi nim v dng tia ..

8.2. Cc c trng thu kh ng c bn ca dng tia

8.3. Mt s v d v tnh ton dng tia ngp i xng ..

Chng IX: C s l thuyt th nguyn, tng t

9.1. L thuyt th nguyn - nh l Pi v ng dng .

9.2. Cc tiu chun tng t ...

9.3. M hnh ho tng phn .......

10.1. Vi nt v qu trnh pht trin ca my bm ..

10.2. Cng dng v phn loi

11.1. Khi nim chung ..

11.3. ng dng lut tng t trong bm ly tm .

11.5. im lm vic, iu chnh bm ly tm .

11.7. Mt s im ch trong kt cu v s dng bm ly tm

Chng XII: Bm Piston

12.1. Khi nim chung .

12.2. Lu lng ca bm piston