CHNG XI

L LUN V NH NC
V NH NC PHP QUYN XHCN VIT NAM

I. NHNG NI DUNG C BN CA L LUN V NH NC

1. Ngun gc, bn cht v c trng ca nh nc a) Ngun gc ca nh nc Nh nc l mt phm tr lch s. Nh nc ra i v tn ti trong nhng iu kin lch s nht nh.

Thi k cng ng nguyn thy cha c giai cp, cha c nh nc. Trong x hi cng sn vn minh, khi khng cn i khng giai cp v nhu cu cai tr x hi bng bo lc na th nh nc s tiu vong. Nh nc ra i do cc nguyn nhn: - S pht trin ca LLSX trong cc b lc nguyn thy dn n s thay th ch cng hu bng ch t hu v s phn chia x hi thnh cc giai cp i khng: giai cp ny bc lt sc lao ng ca giai cp khc.

- Chin tranh thn tnh ln nhau gia cc b lc dn n vic hnh thnh nhng t chc x hi phc tp hn (b tc). Quyn lc ca cc th lnh b lc, b tc ngy cng tng v tr thnh i lp vi nhn dn. Nhng nguyn nhn trn lm cho mu thun trong x hi ngy cng tr nn gay gt. X hi cn phi c mt t chc bo lc duy tr x hi nm trong vng trt t ph hp vi li ch ca giai cp thng tr.

- Nh nc do giai cp c th lc mnh nht trong x hi, tc giai cp thng tr v kinh t lp ra, trc ht l bo v li ch v a v thng tr ca giai cp .
Ph. ngghen vit:

Vy nh nc quyt khng phi l mt quyn lc t bn ngoi p t vo x hi. N cng khng phi l ci hin thc ca nim o c, l hnh nh v hin thc ca l tnh nh Hgen khng nh. ng ra, nh nc l sn phm ca mt x hi pht trin ti mt giai on nht nh; n l s th nhn rng x hi b lng tng trong mt mi mu thun vi bn thn m khng sao gii quyt c, rng x hi b phn thnh nhng mt i lp khng th iu ha m x hi bt lc khng sao loi b c.

mun cho nhng mt i lp , nhng giai cp c quyn li kinh t mu thun nhau , khng i n ch tiu dit ln nhau v tiu dit lun c x hi trong mt cuc u tranh v ch, th cn phi c mt lc lng cn thit, mt lc lng r rng l ng trn x hi, c nhim v lm du bt s xung t v gi cho s xung t nm trong vng trt t . V lc lng , ny sinh t x hi, nhng li ng trn x hi v ngy cng tch ri khi x hi, chnh l nh nc.
(C. Mc v Ph. ngghen, Ton tp, t.21, tr. 252-253)

Nhng

b) Bn cht ca nh nc
- Nh nc l mt t chc chnh tr -x hi, mt b phn quan trng nht trong kin trc thng tng c chc nng bo v, duy tr QHSX thng tr trong x hi c giai cp i khng. - Nh nc l mt b my quyn lc, mt t chc cai tr thng qua giai cp thng tr thc hin quyn thng tr ca mnh trn tt c cc lnh vc ca i sng x hi. Tm li, nh nc l cng c chuyn chnh ca giai cp thng tr trong kinh t nhm bo v a v v li ch (trc ht l li ch kinh t) ca giai cp .

Khng c nh nc ng trn cc giai cp hoc i din mt cch bnh ng cho li ch ca tt c cc giai cp.
V.I. Lnin, trong tc phm Nh nc v cch mng vit:

Theo Mc, nh nc l mt c quan thng tr giai cp, l mt c quan p bc ca mt giai cp ny i vi mt giai cp khc; l s kin lp mt trt t, trt t ny hp php ha v cng c s p bc kia bng cch lm du xung t giai cp
(V.I. Lnin, Ton tp, t. 33, tr. 10).

c) c trng ca nh nc
(Nhng c trng phn bit nh nc vi hnh thc th tc b lc c trc nh nc v vi hnh thc b my qun l x hi trong tng lai khi khng cn nh nc).

- Qun l dn c theo lnh th quc gia. - C mt h thng cc c quan quyn lc chuyn nghip mang tnh cng ch, c mt h thng php lut v lc lng v trang c bit thc hin s cai tr. - C mt ch thu kha nhm duy tr hot ng ca nh nc.

2) Chc nng c bn ca nh nc - Chc nng chnh tr v chc nng x hi

* Chc nng chnh tr : Nh nc l mt b my thng tr chnh tr ca mt giai cp, n sn sng s dng bo lc bo v li ch kinh t v s thng tr chnh tr ca giai cp . * Chc nng x hi: Nh nc thc hin mt s nhim v v nhu cu v li ch chung ca cng ng dn c trong s qun l ca nh nc. Chc nng thng tr chnh tr l chc nng chnh, quy nh ni dung, phng hng, mc thc hin chc nng x hi ca nh nc.

- Chc nng i ni v chc nng i ngoi

+ Chc nng i ni: l chc nng thc hin nhng nhim v trong phm vi lnh th quc gia nhm bo v s thng tr ca giai cp thng tr, qun l x hi. + Chc nng i ngoi: l chc nng thc hin nhng nhim v trong quan h vi cc nh nc khc nhm bo v c lp quc gia hoc m rng s thng tr n cc dn tc khc. Chc nng i ni gi vai tr quyt nh chc nng i ngoi; chc nng i ngoi nhm mc ch phc v chc nng i ni.

3) Kiu v hnh thc nh nc a) Nh nc ca giai cp bc lt : Nh nc ca giai cp bc lt c 3 kiu: - Nh nc chim hu n l - Nh nc phong kin - Nh nc t sn Mi kiu nh nc c nhiu hnh thc phong ph.
Kiu nh nc ni ln bn cht giai cp ca nh nc. Nh nc ca giai cp no. Hnh thc nh nc ni ln cch t chc ca nh nc, phng thc thc hin quyn lc nh nc.

Nh nc chim hu n l Hy Lp c i c hnh thc qun ch v hnh thc cng ha. Nh nc phong kin c hnh thc ph bin l qun ch (phn quyn hoc trung ng tp quyn). Nh nc phong kin phng ng lc u c hnh thc phn quyn (Trung Quc), v sau ch yu l trung ng tp quyn (Trung Quc v Vit Nam) Nh nc phong kin phng Ty trong thi k qu ln CNTB, bn cnh hnh thc qun ch chuyn ch cn c hnh thc qun ch lp hin. Nh nc t sn c hnh thc ph bin l cng ha i ngh. Tuy nhin, vn c mt s nh nc cn duy tr hnh thc qun ch lp hin.

b) Nh nc x hi ch ngha - Tnh tt yu ca nh nc XHCN tin ti tnh trng x hi khng cn giai cp, khng cn nh nc, cn phi c mt thi k qu chnh tr, trong nh nc cha tiu vong hn, cng khng th do giai cp bc lt lnh o m l nh nc t di s lnh o ca giai cp v sn nh nc chuyn chnh v sn.

Trong tc phm: Ph phn Cng lnh Gta, C. Mc vit: Gia x hi t bn ch ngha v x hi cng sn ch ngha l mt thi k ci bin cch mng t x hi n sang x hi kia. Thch ng vi x hi y l mt thi k qu chnh tr, v nh nc ca thi k y khng th l ci g khc hn l chuyn chnh cch mng ca giai cp v sn.
(C. Mc v Ph. ngghen, Ton tp, t. 19, tr. 47)

- c im: Nh nc v sn l mt kiu nh nc c bit (nh nc qu , nh nc khng cn nguyn ngha, na nh nc). N c nhng c im : + Nh nc v sn l t chc chnh tr thng qua nhn dn lao ng thc hin quyn lm ch x hi ca mnh. N i din cho li ch ca ton th nhn dn lao ng. + N bo v li ch dn tc nhng ng thi t chc hp tc cng c li vi tt c cc dn tc trn th gii.

+ Nh nc v sn do giai cp v sn m i tin phong l ng cng sn lnh o . + Nh nc v sn c hai chc nng c bn: S dng cng c bo lc bo v c lp, ca T quc, gi vng an ninh chnh tr, trt t x hi. T chc xy dng ch mi, nn kinh t mi, nn vn ha mi v con ngi mi. Chc nng t chc xy dng l chc nng c bn nht.

II. NH NC PHP QUYN V NH NC PHP QUYN X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

1. Khi nim nh nc php quyn v lc s t tng v nh nc php quyn a) Khi nim nh nc php quyn Nh nc php quyn l mt hnh thc t chc nh nc c bit, trong c s ng tr cao nht ca php lut vi ni dung thc hin quyn lc ca nhn dn.

c im ca nh nc php quyn:
+ Php lut c xc nh a v cao nht. Bt c c nhn hay t chc no d l ngi ng u nh nc hay ng lnh o nh nc cng phi tun th php lut v khng ai c vt qua nhng quy nh ca php lut. + Quyn lc nh nc v php lut i din cho li ch v ch ca nhn dn. + Mi cng dn c quyn v ngha v nht nh c php lut quy nh. Nh nc c trch nhim bo m quyn cng dn. C nhn c t do hot ng trong phm vi lut php cho php v phi thc hin nhng ngha v bt buc do php lut quy nh.

b) Lc s t tng trit hc v nh nc php quyn trong lch s. T tng v nh nc cai tr bng php lut c rt sm trong lch s. Chng hn, thuyt php tr Trung Hoa c i. Tuy nhin, thuyt php tr ch th hin quyn lc v ch ca giai cp thng tr. T tng v nh nc php quyn tht s ra i trong thi k u tranh gia giai cp t sn vi giai cp qu tc phong kin trong vic tranh ginh quyn lc nh nc. ng ch nht l cc l lun sau:

- L thuyt v ch quyn ca nhn dn v kh c x hi (Social Contract) ca Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - L thuyt Tam quyn phn lp (Separation of powers) ca Montesquieu (1689-1755) - L thuyt v trit hc php quyn ca I. Cant, G. Hghen .

2. Nh nc php quyn XHCN Vit Nam a) Bn cht ca nh nc php quyn XHCN Vit Nam
- L nh nc ca dn, do dn, v dn; t di s lnh o ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam; trn c s lin minh vng chc gia giai cp cng nhn vi giai cp nng dn v i ng tr thc. L cng c quyn lc ch yu nhn dn xy dng mt quc gia dn tc c lp XHCN theo mc tiu dn giu, nc mnh, x hi cng bng, dn ch, vn minh, gp phn vo cuc u tranh v ho bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b trn th gii.

- Quyn lc nh nc l thng nht c s phn cng v phi hp gia cc c quan nh nc trong vic thc hin cc quyn hnh php, lp php, t php. Nh nc t chc hot ng theo nguyn tc tp trung dn ch. Tt c quyn lc nh nc u thuc v nhn dn - Nh nc qun l x hi bng php lut. Php lut XHCN th hin y li ch v ch ca nhn dn. Mi cng dn u bnh ng v quyn v ngha v trc php lut.

b) Mt s bin php xy dng v hon thin nh nc php quyn XHCN - M rng dn ch XHCN, pht huy quyn lm ch ca nhn dn trong xy dng v qun l Nh nc. Tng cng s lnh o ca ng i vi Nh nc - Ci cch th ch v phng thc hot ng ca Nh nc nng cao nng lc qun l ca Nh nc .

- Nng cao cht lng hot ng v kin ton t chc Quc hi. Tip tc ci cch nn hnh chnh nh nc. Ci cch t php. Hon thin h thng lut php. - Xy dng i ng cn b, cng chc c y nng lc qun l, c phm cht chnh tr vng vng v o c trong sch. - Kin quyt u tranh chng tham nhng v nhng hin tng tiu cc khc trong b my nh nc.