Chuyen e 8:

A. KIEN THC C BAN: I. n v o goc va cung: 1. o:

LNG GIAC
TOM TATGIAO KHOA

2. Radian: (rad)

Goc 10 = 1 goc bet 180

180 o
y O

1800 = rad
3. Bang oi o sang rad va ngc lai cua mot so goc (cung ) thong dung: o Radian 00 0 300 450 600 900 1200 2 3 1350 3 4 1500 5 6 1800 3600 2

II. Goc lng giac & cung lng giac: 1. nh ngha: (tia ngn) y
+
(im ngn)

x
A (im gc)

(Ox , Oy ) = + k 2 (k Z)

(tia gc)

AB = + k 2

2. ng tron lng giac: So o cua mot so cung lng giac ac biet:

A B C D A, C B, D

2k 2

y
B

+ 2k
C O

+ x

+ 2k - + 2k + k
2
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A D

2 k

III. nh ngha ham so lng giac:

y u' B 1

u +
1 A
t'

1. ng tron lng giac: A: iem goc x'Ox : truc cosin ( truc hoanh ) y'Oy : truc sin ( truc tung ) t'At : truc tang u'Bu : truc cotang

x'

1 C

R =1 O

1 D
y'

2. nh ngha cac ham so lng giac: a. nh ngha: Tren ng tron lng giac cho AM= . Goi P, Q lan lt la hnh chieu vuong goc cua M tren x'Ox va y'Oy T, U lan lt la giao iem cua tia OM vi t'At va u'Bu Ta nh ngha: t y t Trc sin Trc cotang
u'

B Q
M

u + x

t
x' O
1

cos = OP sin = OQ tg = AT

Trc cosin b. Cac tnh chat :

cot g = BU

Trc tang
t'

y'

Vi moi ta co : 1 sin 1 hay sin 1

1 cos 1 hay cos 1

tg xac nh

c. Tnh tuan hoan

+ k 2 cotg xac nh k

sin( + k 2 ) = sin cos( + k 2 ) = cos tg( + k ) = tg cot g( + k ) = cot g

(k Z )

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IV. Gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc ) ac biet: Ta nen s dung ng tron lng giac e ghi nh cac gia tr ac biet
y t
3

- 3

-1

- 3 /3
2 /3 3 /4

u'

B
1
3 /2 2 /2 1/2

/2

3 /3
/3 /4

u
/6

5 /6

3 /3

+
x

x'

- 3 /2 - 2 /2 -1/2

1/2

2 /2

3 /2

-1

1 A (iem goc)

O
-1/2 - 2 /2 - 3 /2 - /4 - /6

- 3 /3

-1
- /2

- /3

-1

y'

t'

- 3

Goc Hslg sin cos tg cotg

00 0 0 1 0 kx

300

450

600 900

6 1 2
3 2 3 3 3

4 2 2 2 2 1
1

3 3 2 1 2
3 3 3

2 1
0 kx 0

1200 2 3 3 2 1 2

3 3 3

1350 3 4 2 2 2 2 -1 -1

1500 5 6 1 2

1800 3600 2 0 -1 0 kx 0 1 0 kx

3 2 3 3 3

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V. Ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc) co lien quan ac biet: o la cac cung :

1. Cung oi nhau 2. Cung bu nhau

: va - : va -

(tong bang 0) ( tong bang )

(Vd: (Vd:

6 6

& &

,)

5 ,) 6

3. Cung phu nhau

: va

( tong bang

(Vd:

&

,)

4. Cung hn kem

: va

(Vd:

&

2 ,) 3 7 ,) 6

5. Cung hn kem : va +
1. Cung oi nhau:

(Vd:

&

2. Cung bu nhau :

cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g

oi cos Bu sin

cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin tg( ) = tg cot g( ) = cot g

3. Cung phu nhau :

4. Cung hn kem

cos( ) = sin 2 sin( ) 2 tg( ) 2

= cos = cotg

Phu cheo

Hn kem

cos( + ) = sin 2 sin( + ) 2 tg( + ) 2

2 sin bang cos cos bang tr sin

= cos = cotg

cot g( ) = t g 2

cot g( + ) = t g 2

5. Cung hn kem :

cos( + ) = cos sin( + ) = sin tg( + ) = tg cot g( + ) = cot g

Hn kem tang , cotang

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V du 1: Tnh cos(

21 11 ) , tg 4 4

V du 2: Rut gon bieu thc: A = cos( VI. Cong thc lng giac: 1. Cac he thc c ban:

+ x) + cos(2 x) + cos(3 + x)

cos + sin = 1 sin tg = cos cos cotg = sin

V du: Chng minh rang: 1. cos4 x + sin 4 x = 1 2 sin 2 x cos2 x 2. cos 6 x + sin 6 x = 1 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2. Cong thc cong :
cos( + ) = cos .cos sin .sin cos( ) = cos .cos + sin .sin sin( + ) = sin .cos + sin .cos sin( ) = sin .cos sin .cos tg( + ) = tg +tg 1 tg .tg tg tg tg( ) = 1 + tg .tg

1 cos2 1 1 + cotg2 = sin 2 tg . cotg = 1 1 + tg2 =

V du: Chng minh rang:

1.cos + sin = 2 cos( ) 4 2.cos sin = 2 cos( + ) 4 3. Cong thc nhan oi:
cos 2 = cos2 sin 2 = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 sin = cos4 sin 4 sin 2 = 2 sin .cos 2tg tg2 = 1 tg2
2

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2 2 1 cos 2 2

sin 2 =

sin cos =
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1 sin 2 2

4 Cong thc nhan ba:

cos 3 = 4 cos3 3cos sin 3 = 3sin 4sin 3

5. Cong thc ha bac:

cos 3 =

cos 3 + 3 cos 4 3 sin sin 3 4

sin 3 =

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2 1 cos 2 ; sin 2 = ; 2 2

tg 2 =

1 cos 2 1 + cos 2

6.Cong thc tnh sin ,cos , tg theo t = tg

2
1 t2 ; 1 + t2 tg = 2t 1 t2

sin =

2t ; 1 + t2

cos =

7. Cong thc bien oi tch thanh tong :

1 [ cos( + ) + cos( )] 2 1 sin .sin = [ cos( ) cos( + )] 2 1 sin .cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )] 2 cos .cos =

V du: 1. Bien oi thanh tong bieu thc: A = cos 5 x. cos 3 x 5 7 sin 2. Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc: B = cos 12 12 8. Cong thc bien oi tong thanh tch :

2 2 + cos cos = 2sin .sin 2 2 + sin + sin = 2sin .cos 2 2 + sin sin = 2 cos .sin 2 2 sin( + ) tg + tg = cos cos sin( ) tg tg = cos cos

cos + cos = 2 cos

.cos

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V du: Bien oi thanh tch bieu thc: A = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x 9. Cac cong thc thng dung khac:

cos + sin = 2 cos( ) = 2 sin( + ) 4 4 cos sin = 2 cos( + ) = 2 sin( ) 4 4

3 + cos 4 4 5 + 3 cos 4 cos 6 + sin 6 = 8 cos 4 + sin 4 =

B. PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC

Cac bc giai mot phng trnh lng giac

Bc 1: Tm ieu kien (neu co) cua an so e hai ve cua pt co ngha Bc 2: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng e bien oi pt en mot pt a biet cach giai Bc 3: Giai pt va chon nghiem phu hp ( neu co) Bc 4: Ket luan I. nh ly c ban: ( Quan trong )

sinu=sinv cosu=cosv tgu=tgv cotgu=cotgv

u = v+k2 u = -v+k2 u = v+k2 u = -v+k2 u = v+k u = v+k (u;v + k ) 2 (u;v k )

( u; v la cac bieu thc cha an va k Z )

V du : Giai phng trnh:

1. sin 3 x = sin( 2 x ) 4 3. cos 3 x = sin 2 x

2. cos( x

II. Cac phng trnh lng giac c ban: sinx = m ; cosx = m ; tgx = m ; cotgx = m 1. Dang 1: * Gpt : sinx = m (1)

3 4 4 1 4. sin 4 x + cos4 x = (3 cos 6 x ) 4 ) = cos

( m R )

Neu m > 1 th pt(1) vo nghiem Neu m 1 th ta at m = sin va ta co

x = +k2 (1) sinx=sin x = ( - )+k2 * Gpt : cosx = m (2)

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Neu m > 1 th pt(2) vo nghiem Neu m 1 th ta at m = cos va ta co

x = +k2 (2) cosx=cos x = +k2 * Gpt: tgx = m (3) ( pt luon co nghiem m R ) at m = tg th (3) tgx = tg x = +k ( pt luon co nghiem m R )

* Gpt: cotgx = m (4)

at m = cotg th (4) cotgx = cotg x = +k

Cac trng hp ac biet:

sin x = 1 x = sinx = 0 sin x = 1 x = k x =

+ k 2

+ k 2 2 cosx = 1 x = + k 2 cosx = 0 cos x = 1 + k 2 x = k 2 x=

V du:

1) Giai cac phng trnh : a) sin 2 x = 1 2

c) 2 sin(2 x ) + 3 = 0 6 e) sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 2) Giai cac phng trnh: a) 1 + cos4 x sin 4 x = 2 cos 2 x b) sin 6 x + cos6 x = cos 4 x
x e) cot gx + sin x(1 + tgx.tg ) = 4 2

2 b) cos( x ) = 4 2
d) 2 cos( x +
) 3 =0 3 f) cos 4 x + sin 4 x = cos 2 x

c) 4(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) + sin 4 x 2 = 0 1 d) sin3 x.cos x cos3 x.sin x = 4

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2. Dang 2:

a sin 2 x + b sin x + c = 0 a cos2 x + b cos x + c = 0 atg 2 x + btgx + c = 0 a cot g2 x + b cot gx + c = 0

( a 0)

Cach giai:

at an phu : t = sinx ( t = cosx; t = tgx; t = cotgx) Ta c phng trnh : at 2 + bt + c = 0 (1) Giai phng trnh (1) tm t, roi suy ra x Chu y : Phai at ieu kien thch hp cho an phu (neu co)
V du :

a) 2 cos2 x + 5sin x 4 = 0 c) 2 sin 2 x = 4 + 5 cos x e) sin 4 x + cos4 x = sin 2 x g) sin 4 k)

3. Dang 3: Cach giai:

b) cos 2 x 4 cos x +

5 =0 2 d) 2 cos x cos 2 x = 1 + cos 2 x + cos3 x

x x + cos4 = 1 2sin x 2 2 6 2(cos x + sin 6 x) sin x. cos x

2 2 sin x

1 2

f) 2(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) cos(

2 x) = 0

h) sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin x. cos x = 0

=0

l) 5(sin x +

cos 3x + sin 3x ) = cos 2 x + 3 1 + 2 sin 2 x

a cos x + b sin x = c (1)

( a;b 0)

Chia hai ve cua phng trnh cho a2 + b2 th pt a b c (1) cos x + sin x = a2 + b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2 at

a a2 + b2

(2)

= cos va

b a2 + b 2

= sin vi [ 0;2 ) th :

(2) cosx.cos + sinx.sin =

cos(x- ) =

c a2 + b 2 (3)

c
2 2

a +b Pt (3) co dang 1. Giai pt (3) tm x.

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Chu y :

Pt acosx + bsinx = c co nghiem a2 + b2 c2

V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a) cos x + 3 sin x = 1

c) 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x ) + 3 sin 4 x = 2

e)
d. Dang 4:

cos x sin 2 x = 3 2 cos 2 x sin x 1

b) cos x + 3 sin x = 2 1 d) tgx 3 = cos x

a sin 2 x + b sin x.cos x + c cos2 x = 0

(a;c 0)

(1)

Cach giai 1:

Ap dung cong thc ha bac : sin 2 x =

1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x va cos2 x = 2 2 1 va cong thc nhan oi : sin x.cos x = sin 2 x thay vao (1) ta se bien oi pt (1) ve dang 3 2

Cach giai 2: ( Quy ve pt theo tang hoac cotang )

Chia hai ve cua pt (1) cho cos2 x ta c pt: atg2 x + btgx + c = 0 ay la pt dang 2 a biet cach giai
Chu y: Trc khi chia phai kiem tra xem x =

V du : Giai phng trnh: 3 sin 2 x + (1 3 ) sin x. cos x cos 2 x + 1 3 = 0 d. Dang 5:

+ k co phai la nghiem cua (1) khong? 2

a(cos x + sin x ) + b sin x.cos x + c = 0

Cach giai :

(1)

at t = cos x + sin x = 2 cos( x ) vi - 2 t 2 4 t2 1 Do (cos x + sin x )2 = 1 + 2sin x.cos x sinx.cosx= 2 Thay vao (1) ta c phng trnh : t2 1 at + b + c = 0 (2) 2

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Giai (2) tm t . Chon t thoa ieu kien roi giai pt:

2 cos( x ) = t tm x. 4

V du : Giai phng trnh : sin 2 x 2 2(sin x + cos x ) 5 = 0 Chu y :

Ta giai tng t cho pt co dang :

a(cos x sin x ) + b sin x.cos x + c = 0

V du : Giai phng trnh :

sin 2 x + 4(cos x sin x ) = 4

4. Cac phng phap giai phng trnh lng giac thng s dung :

a. Phng phap 1: Bien oi pt a cho ve mot trong cac dang pt lng giac c ban a biet V du: Giai phng trnh: 3 sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin 2 x = 0 2 b. Phng phap 2: Bien oi pt a cho ve dang tch so C s cua phng phap la da vao cac nh ly sau ay:

A=0 A.B = 0 B=0

V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a. sin 2 x + sin2 2 x + sin2 3 x = 2

hoac

A.B.C = 0

A=0 B=0 C=0

b. sin 2 3 x cos2 4 x = sin 2 5 x cos2 6 x d. sin 2 x + 2 2 cos x + 2 sin( x +

c. 2 sin3 x + cos 2 x cos x = 0

c. Phng phap 3: Bien oi pt ve dang co the at an so phu Mot so dau hieu nhan biet : * Phng trnh cha cung mot mot ham so lng giac ( cung cung khac luy tha) V du : Giai cac phng trnh : a. cos 3 x + cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0 b. 4 cos 3 x cos 2 x 4 cos x + 1 = 0 1 c. 2 cos 2 x 8cos x + 7 = cos x 4 2 d. sin x + cos 2 x = 2 * Phng trnh co cha (cos x sin x ) va sinx.cosx 3 V du : Giai phng trnh : a. 1 + sin3 x + cos3 x = sin 2x 2 3 3 b. sin x + cos x = 2(sin x + cos x) 1

)+3= 0

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