NI DUNG

1. Cu to, c im b gen virus

DI TRUYN HC VIRUS

2. C ch s ly nhim virus
3. Ti t hp di truyn virus 4. Virus DNA 5. Virus RNA

CU TO C iM B GEN VIRUS

Virus l g?
Thut ng Virus bt ngun t ting Latinh c ngha l cht c L nhm vsv cha c cu to t bo, c kch thc v cng nh b. Phi sng k sinh trong cc t bo khc (vi khun, ng vt, thc vt v con ngi) Gy cc loi bnh him ngho cho cc i tng m chng k sinh.

Virut di

Virut HIV

Virut bi lit

Virut khm thuc l

Virut vim no

Phage T2

Mt s bnh do Virus

Bnh sars

Bnh AIDS

Bnh thy u Bnh si

Bnh b in

Bnh cm g

Hnh cu HNH DNG C BN Hnh que Hnh khi Hnh nng nc

Virus HIV

Adenovirus

Bacteriophage

Tymoviruses

1)Acid nucleic (li): AND hoc ARN

C U TO

2)Capsit (v protein): bao quanh chui acid nucleic c bn cht l protein 3)Envelope (mng bao): bao bn ngoi nucleocapsit

S HINH THANH VT TAN VA TH T BIN

-

Phage c pht hin d dng v trong chu trnh tan, mt t bo b nhim phage v ra v gii phng cc ht phage vo mi trng. S to thnh cc m c quan st.

S HINH THANH VT TAN VA TH T BIN

-

Khong 108 t bao vi khun c tri trn mi trng c Sinh trng to lp t bao mau trng uc Phage nhim vao t bao vi khun T bao nhim phage b lam tan va gii phong phage mi Th h sau tip tuc nhim vao vi khun o va tham gia vao chu trinh tan khac Phage nhim vao cac vi khun ln cn Sau nhiu gi phage pha huy ht cac t bao vi khun cua mt vung To m trong sut khac vi lp t bao vi khun mau trng uc

S HINH THANH VT TAN VA TH T BIN

-

Phage ch c th c nhn ln ch khi sinh trng trong t bo vi khun, v vy lm cn ngun dinh dng trong mi trng sinh trng, lm hn ch s nhn ln cua phage v kch thc cua m. Mi m l kt qu cua s nhim mt ht phage ban u, c th m c s lng cc m ring bit c trn mi trng

S HINH THANH VT TAN VA TH T BIN

Kiu gene cua cc th t bin phage c th c xc nh nh nghin cu cc m - t bin phage lm gim s lng phage th h sau t nhng t bo b nhim thng to m nh hn. - Cc m ln c th c to ra bi cc t bin gy ra s tan sm cc t bo b nhim - Kiu t bin khc cua phage c th c xc nh bi phage c kh nng hoc khng c kh nng to m trn nhng chung vi khun c bit.

S xm nhp ca phage vo t bo vt ch theo c 2 dng b m ng thi. r+: m nh, r-: m ln, h+: m m, h-: m trong

TI T HP VT CHT DI TRUYN

Ti t hp vt cht di truyn l s kt hp mi ca cc gen trong th t hp li. S kt hp ny xut hin do s phn li c lp ca cc gen khng lin kt hay do s trao i cho gia cc gen lin kt trong nhn, cc gen bo cht hay trao i cho bn trong cistron. Nh vy ti t hp vt cht di truyn c thc hin theo hai cch: Ti t hp cc nhim sc th ton vn. Ti t hp vt cht di truyn sinh vt nhn s v ti t hp cc gen lin kt sinh vt nhn chun thng gn vi trao i cho.

CC CHU TRNH SNG CA PHAGE

CHU TRNH SINH TAN (LYTIC CYCLE)
nhng phage lun lm tan t bo vi khun khi chng xm nhp VK ny, y l cc phage sinh tan. V d: phage T2, T4. Phage c xm nhp vi khun, s dng nguyn liu ca t bo vi khun ti bn ADN ca chng, to v protein ri ph v t bo vi khun v gii phng ra cc phage con. Cc phage to thnh tip tc xm nhim cc t bo vi khun lin k.
C

VIRUS LY NHIM T BO

VI KHUN

CHU TRINH TAN (LYTIC CYCLE)

* Giai on xm nhim: - Cc bacteriophage lm cht t bo chu gi l c - Chu trnh bt u khi si ui cua phage gn vo im nhn b b ngoi cua E.coli. ng ui co li to l thung xuyn vch t bo v bm DNA cua n vo. - Capside cua phage cn li bn ngoi t bo. Sau khi b nhim cc t bo E.coli c qu trnh phin m v dch m cc gen cua virus

CHU TRINH TAN (LYTIC CYCLE)

* Tng hp protein phage: - DNA cua phage c phin m u tin nh DNA polymerase cua t bo chu to ra mARN sm - Cc mARN mun hn c th c tng hp bi ARN polymerase cua phage hoc ARN polymerase cua vi khun b bin i phin m cc gen cua phage - Cc mARN mun c dch m to cc loi protein enzyme iu ha v cu trc. - Cc protein iu ha cua phage kim sot s phin m ni tip cua cc gen.

CHU TRINH TAN (LYTIC CYCLE)

Giai oan lp rap: DNA cua t bo chu b phn huy, b gen cua phage kim sot ton b hot ng cua t bo to ra cc cu phn cua n. Cc protein cua capsid c tng hp thnh 3 phn ring: u, ng ui v cc si ui. Chng t rp vi nhau thnh cc virion con. Phage hon tt chu trnh khi enzyme lysozyme c to ra tiu ha vch t bo vi khun.

CHU TRINH TAN (LYTIC CYCLE)

* Giai oan phong thich: - T bo vi khun b v, 100-200 virion thot ra v chng c th lp li chu trnh mi. - Ton b chu trnh t lc phage tip xc n tan din ra trong khong 20-30 pht 370C. - Trong thi gian o s lng phage T4 tng hn c 100 ln, trong khi o s lng t bo E.coli mc nhanh nht cng ch tng gp i.

Stage 1: Hp th
Si ui ca phage gn vo im nhn b ngoi ca t bo

stage 2: Xm nhp
ng ui co li to l thng xuyn vch t bo v bm DNA ca virus vo.

Stage 3: Sinh tng hp

Sinh tng hp Protein

Stage 4: Lp rp

Stage 5: Phng thch

T bo b v 100-200 virion thot ra chng c th lp li chu trnh mi

CHU TRINH TAN (LYTIC CYCLE)

- Hu ht cac phage c theo chu trinh tan nu trn - Phage si M13 cua E.coli khng lam cht hoc lam tan t bao - Cac t bao vi khun va cac phage ki sinh co s ng tin hoa - Cc t bo vi khun c cc c ch bo v nh bin i mng t bo phage khng bm vo c hoc cc enzyme ct hn ch ct DNA cua phage. Phage cng bin i xm nhp c vo t bo vi khun.

CHU TRINH TAN (LYTIC CYCLE) phage c kiu gen khc nhau cng xm nhim mt t bo vi khun, chng c th ti t hp vi nhau to ra phage con c kiu hnh ti t hp VD: Hai th t bin phage T4 cng xm nhim E. coli: mt dng l to vt tan c, rng, dng kia l to vt tan sng, nh. Sau mt chu trnh sinh tan, chng c th to ra cc phage con c kiu hnh mi: to vt tan c, nh hoc to vt tan sng, rng. Ngi ta cng c th lp bn di truyn cho phage bng cch s dng ti t hp phage.
Hai

Ly nhim kp E. coli bi hai phage.

Cc dng vt tan phage th h sau t php lai hr+ h+r

Kiu hnh Trong, nh c, to c, nh Trong, to Kiu gen

h r+ h+ r h+ r+ h r

Trong php lai ny, do c hai gen c nghin cu nn c th coi l php lai hai tnh
T2 hr T2 h+ r+
Trao i cho gia hai NST khc nhau

h h

h+

r+

hr

hr+

h+ r

ti t hp vt cht di truyn din ra mt cch ngu nhin dc theo nhim sc th ca phage nn bt k s ti t hp no xy ra gia 2 gen u dn n xut hin 2 loi phage ti t hp (h+ r+ v h-r- ), cn nu khng xy ra ti t hp gia hai gen ny th ch c hai loi phage con ging cha m c hnh thnh ( h- r+ v h+r-). V ti t hp l mt s kin ngu nhin nn xc sut ti t hp t l vi khong cch gia hai gen nm trn NST phage. V d nu 2% s phage c nghin cu l cc th t hp li th ta ni hai gen nm cch nhau 2 n v bn .
Do

S SP XP CAC GEN TRN NST PHAGE

-

Tn s ti t hp c th c s dung xc nh khong cch cua bn Eukaryote George Streisinger v cng s (1964) chng minh bn di truyn cua phage T4 c dng vng trn Trong mi php lai, lp ba n bn marker di truyn ln lt vi mi nhm v tin hnh qua ton b genome cua T4 Nhng vng vng trn bn trong l 3 cum cua marker T4 c xc nh v lp bn di truyn. Vng ngoi c mt cua nhiu b marker ln to thnh ton b vng trn cua bn di truyn. Bn di truyn phage T4 cho thy gene cua phage T4 to cum m rng theo chc nng cua chng.

S SP XP CAC GEN TRN NST PHAGE

-

Phn t DNA cua phage T4 l phn t si n dng thng, mi u tn cng cua DNA phage T4 c nhn ln hoc lp on u cui (terminal redundant). DNA c kch thc tng thm 2%. Khi DNA c sao chp trong t bo, s ti t hp gia cc phn u tn cng cua b gen T4 vi nhng trnh t tng ng cua b gen T4 khc Kt qu to ra sn phm DNA c kch thc ln hn Nhng phn t cha lp on c to thnh v s ti t hp trong b gen cua phage T4 xy ra thng xuyn, trung bnh c khong 20% s kin ti t hp xy ra trn mt nhim sc th.

BA N V U NG RII CUA PHAGE T4

-

Phage T4 dng hoang di r+ c kh nng nhim ng thi hai ni E.coli B v K. Cc t bin rII ch nhim ni B nhng khng nhim ni K. Seymour Benzer (1955) nhn c 2400 t bin rII c ngun gc c lp vi nhau. ng cho lai cc t bin vi nhau v cn c vo s xut hin cc dng ti t hp hoang di r+ m lp bn cc im t bin

BA N V U NG RII CUA PHAGE T4

-

Mi t bin c th ti t hp vi cc t bin khc. t bin mt on ngn cn s ti t hp vi hai hoc nhiu t bin im cc v tr khc nhau cua gene. Mi mt on lm mt mt phn b gene cua phage bao gm c vng rII. S dung t bin mt on l phng php n gin lp bn cua hng ngn t bin. Bn mt on (Deletion mapping) da trn s c hoc khng c dng ti t hp. Trong bt k php lai no gia mt t bin im cha bit v mt t bin mt on, s xut hin cua dng hoang di cho thy t bin im nm ngoi vng mt on. Ngc li, nu t bin im xut hin trong vng mt on, khng xut hin dng ti t hp kiu hoang di th h sau

BA N V U NG RII CUA PHAGE T4

+ S trao i di truyn c th xy ra trong gene v c th gia cc nucleotide gn nhau. + Cc t bin khng c to ra cng tn s vi tt c cc im trong gene, chng phn b khng u nhau. Chng hn, 2400 t bin rII c xc nh ch 304 im. Mt trong nhng im ny c th c n 474 t bin. Nhng im c tn s t bin cao nh th c gi l cc im nng (hotspot mutation). nhng im khc, t bin c phc hi mt ln hoc vi ln.

BA N
-

V U NG

RII CUA PHAGE T4

Gip phn bit c 3 khai nim v gen - Gen l n v chc nng (cistron) - n v chc nng c xc nh qua th nghim b sung (complementation test), xc nh c 2 t bin c allele vi nhau khng. - Cc t bin xp thnh hai nhm rIIA v rIIB. Lai cc t bin rIIA rIIB s c r+, nhng lai rIIA rIIA v rIIB rIIB th thu c kiu hnh t bin r. - Ngoi ngha l n v chc nng, gene cn l n v ti t hp (recon) v n v t bin (muton). C hai n v ny, u tng ng vi nhng nucleotide ring l trong gene

CHU TRNH TIM TAN

sau khi xm nhim vo t bo vi khun ch ADN ca phage lng ghp vi ADN NST vi khun v khng ph v t bo vi khun (th tim tan). ADN phage nm trn NST vi khun c gi l prophage. Th tim tan phn bo to thnh cc th tim tan con. Nu mi trng khng thun li, prophage c th c hot ha, tch khi NST vi khun v to v bc protein ri bt u chu trnh sinh tan, ph v t bo ch, gii phng cc phage con
Phage

Cc chu k khc nhau ca phage tim tan i vi t bo ch ca n

LNG GHP ADN PHAGE VI NST VI KHUN

phage , ADN c dng mch thng vi hai u c trnh t b tr nhau (l cc u dnh), c th to thnh dng vng. ADN phage v ADN vi khun c cha v tr c th gi l v tr nh (attachment site - att). Ti v tr nh, ADN vng cu phage v ADN vi khun nh vo nhau sau t ni v xy ra qu trnh trao i cho to ra NST lng ghp, vi s xc tc ca enzyme c hiu integrase

M hnh hp nht ADN phage vo NST E. coli. Ti t hp tng h xy ra gia v tr nh c hiu trn ADN vng v vng c hiu trn NST vi khun gia hai gen gal v bio.

CHU TRNH TIM TAN

-

Khi t bo tim tan, cc gene ca phage tr thnh mt phn nhim sc th ca vi khun v vy c th lm kiu hnh ca vi khun b thay i Cc gene ca phage prophage u c gi trng thi bt hot nh protein repressor - sn phm ca gene phage Protein repressor c bt u tng hp nh s nhim vo ca phage v n c tip tc tng hp nh prophage. Gene m ha cho repressor thng ch l gene ca prophage c biu hin chu trnh tim tan. Nu t bo tim tan b nhim bi phage ging vi prophage, s c mt ca repressor trong prophage ngn cn s biu hin cc gene ca phage nhim vo

CHU TRNH TIM TAN

Tnh khng vi nhng phage ging vi prophage c gi l tnh min nhim (immunity). Cc prophage i khi tr nn c hot tnh, tri qua chu trnh tan, to ra s lng ln phage th h sau. Hin tng ny c gi l s cm ng prophage (prophage induction), n c bt u bng s h hi DNA cua vi khun. Kh nng b cm ng l mt thun li cho phage bi v DNA cua phage c th thot khi t bo b h hi. S ct ra cua phage l s ti t hp im chuyn bit khc, ngc vi qu trnh gn vo. S ct ny yu cu enzyme cua phage, integrase thm protein cua phage l excisionase. Nghin cu di truyn cua s gn vt l cho thy escisionase gn vi integrase v sau o nhn ra im gn vo cua prophage BOP v POB, gn vi cc im ny. Integrase ct trnh t O v to ra li BOB v POP. Qu trnh tch din ra ngc li vi s gn vo.

Nguyn nhn gy cht t bo: - Xo trn qu trnh tng hp protein ca t bo - Tch lu cht c - Ph hu, lm tan t bo

Tim b gen vo t bo vt ch

Gn xen vo NST ca TB ch
Nhn ln qua cac ln phn bo Chuyn sang chu trnh tan

Lytic cycle

Virut nhn ln v lm tan t bo

PHN BiT 2 CHU TRNH

Lysogenic cycle

Gn xen b gen vo t bo ch, nhn ln cng vi t bo vt ch v khng lm tan t bo ch

C TINH CUA VIRUS

a dang v cu truc va thanh phn di truyn: + DNA mch kep + DNA mch n + RNA mch kep + RNA mch n - B gene RNA cua virus l mt phn t hoc mt on, si n phn cc mch (+) hoc mch (-), c th dng vng trn hay dng thng
Tinh

S phn cc
Ty thuc trnh t nucleotit cua mRNA m chia genome RNA cua virus thnh hai nhm: Genome dng (+) Genome m (-)

mRNA DNA(+) DNA(-) RNA(+) RNA(-)

5GAC UCG 5....GAC TCG 5....CTG AGC 5....GAC UCG 5....CUG AGC

AGC3 AGC...3 TCG...3 AGC...3 UCG....3

Mch acid nucleic trong genome c gi l (+) nu c trt t nucleotit ging trt t cua mRNA, cn gi l (-) nu c trt t ngc li vi mRNA.

Genome RNA si (-)

Genome virus ARN khng phn oan Genome virus ARN phn oan

Genom ARN khng phn on

Genom virus ARN phn oan

Genome bao gm nhiu on ngn gi l genome phn on. L genome cha hai hay nhiu phn t acid nucleic khc nhau v tnh cht vt l, cng c gi li trong mt virion

Genome ARN phn on Virus orthomyxo

C TINH CUA VIRUS

-

Mi kiu virus c th nhim v k sinh ch mt bin gii hn ca t bo c gi l bin ch (host range). Cc virus nhn bit t bo ch theo nguyn tc ng kha v cha kha cc protein bn ngoi ca virion lp va cc im nhn trn b mt t bo. Mt s virus c bin ch rng xm nhp vo vi loi. VD: cc virus bnh di c th nhim nhiu loi c v gm gm nhm, ch v ngi. Bin c th rt hp nh nhiu phage ch nhim vi khun E. coli.

TAI BAN CUA VIRUS

Bn

cht genome ca virus xc nh kiu sao chp. Virus c phn loi da trn cc c im: + Phn loi theo bnh: + Phn loi theo hnh thai: + Phn loi theo chc nng:

Phng thc sao chp ca virus ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu di truyn ca chng. V phng din ny, virus c chia thnh 7 nhm:

VIRUS DNA V RNA

CLASS 1: Double stranded DNA

Nhm 1 c chia thnh 2 nhm nh: Nhn ln trong nhn ph thuc vo cac yu t phin m ca t bo. Nhn ln trong t bo cht virus c sn cac enzyme phin m t ph thuc vo c ch phin m ca t bo.

CLASS 1: Double stranded DNA

DNA kp mARN

DNA kp
Protein

Lp rp

CLASS 2: Single stranded DNA

Qua trnh phin m din ra trong nhn: -T si ban u tng hp nn si DNA kp trung gian. -Si trung gian dng lm khun tng hp cac protein, b gene ban u ca virus.

CLASS 2: Single stranded DNA

DNA n DNA kp(RF) mRNA DNA n Protein

Lp rp

CLASS 3: Double stranded DNA with intermediate RNA

Qua trnh phin m da vo s phin m ngc, nhng khng nh retrovirus, qua trnh ny din ra trong virus.

CLASS 3: Double stranded DNA with intermediate RNA

DNA kp cDNA

mRNA
Protein Lp rp DNA kp

CLASS 4: Double stranded RNA

- nhm ny, b gene RNA phn on, mi on quy nh mt loi protein ring bit. -Cac on ny gi l cac monocistronic mRNA.

CLASS 4: Double stranded RNA

RNA kp mRNA Protein Lp rp

RNA kp

CLASS 5: Single stranded (+) sense RNA

Cc virus trong class 5 c chia thnh 2 nhm nh: - Virus c cc polycistronic mRNA nh dng thnh cac mRNA v c dch m thnh protein. - Virus c cac phc hp phin m cn thit tng hp b gene ca virus.

CLASS 5: Single stranded (+) sense RNA

RNA n(+)
Protein RNA(-)

Ct

RNA(+)

Lp rp

CLASS 6: Single stranded (-) sense RNA

Qua trnh phin m din ra trong nhn: -T si ban u tng hp nn si DNA kp trung gian. -Si trung gian dng lm khun tng hp cac protein, b gene ban u ca virus.

CLASS 6: Single stranded (-) sense RNA

RNA n(-) RNA (+) Protein RNA (-)

Lp rp

CLASS 7: Single stranded (+) sense RNA with DNA intermediate

Chui RNA + nhm ny khng tin hnh phin m nh mRNA, m ch l khun tin hnh phin m ngc to cac cDNA.

CLASS 7: Single stranded (+) sense RNA with DNA intermediate RNA n(+) RNA/cDNA DNA kp Ci vo NST

mRNA
Lp rp

Protein

CAC VIRUS CUA VI KHUN

C 3 pha bt u cho xm nhim ca virus. - Bt u nhim - Sao chp v biu hin genome ca virus - Gii phng cc virion trng thnh t t bo b nhim

CAC VIRUS CUA VI KHUN

- Bacteriophage c thm vo nui cy vi khun ang sinh trng - Ngay sau khi lm gim nui cy, c giai on khong 10-15 pht khng pht hin thy cc ht phage, y l giai on che khut (eclipse period). - Giai on mun l thi gian trc khi ht virus mi u tin xut hin v khong 20-25 pht cho hu ht cc bacteriophage. - Khong 40 pht sau khi t bo b nhim, ng cong v s lng ht virus tng s v virus ngoi bo hp nhau thnh mt v lc ny t bo b nhim lm tan v gii phng cc ht phage ngoi bo. - Cc bacteriophage lm cht t bo ch gi l c (virulent) v chng sinh sn theo chu trnh tan

CAC VIRUS CUA VI KHUN

- Cc virus n ho (temperate virus) c th sinh sn m khng lm cht t bo ch. - Chng c hai kh nng sinh sn: chu trnh tan v chu trnh tim tan khng lm cht t bo ch. - Chu trnh sng bt u khi phage gn vo b mt t bo E. coli v bm DNA vo trong gy nhim. - DNA ca phage sau khi vo t bo to DNA vng trn v s tham gia vo mt trong hai chu trnh. - DNA ca phage c th hoc tham gia vo chu trnh tim tan ca phageT4 hoc gn vo nhim sc th ca vi khun nh ti t hp im chuyn bit bc vo chu trnh tim tan.

CAC VIRUS THC VT - Hu ht virus thc vt c RNA, tuy nhin 2 nhm virus c nghin cu nhiu nht genome DNA: Cauliflower virus (CaMV) v gemini virus. genome thc vt c cha mosaic

CAC VIRUS THC VT

- Cc virus RNA: Phn ln virus thc vt c b gene RNA si n mch (+) v nhiu dng c capsid hnh que, cc protein capsomer hnh xon. + Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Genome TMV l RNA si n. Genome ca chng m ho t nht 4 chui polypeptid: + Protein 130 v 180 kDal c dch m trc tip t cng mt codon bt u trn RNA b gene. + Hai protein 30 kDal v protein v c dch m t on RNA. + Protein 130 v 180 kDal lin quan vi sao chp virus, trong khi protein 30 kDal cn cho s di chuyn ca virus t t bo ny n t bo khc.

CAC VIRUS THC VT

- Cc virus DNA: Virus thc vt c b gene DNA rt him, ch gm 2 nhm: + Cauliflower mosaic virus: CaMV (gy mt s bnh): DNA vng trn si kep, 8kb, ch nhim cy 2 la mm, sao chep ngc qua trung gian ARN + Gemini virus: Gemini virus l nhm virus c ph xm nhim rng, c cy mt l mm v 2 l mm.Virus sc vn l ng (maiz streak virus MSV) l mt gemini virus ly nhim qua l, c truyn do cn trng - DNA vng trn si n, sao chep qua trung gian DNA va genome virus sao chep cho nhiu bn sao trong nhn

CAC VIRUS NG VT
- Chu trnh sao chp ca virus ng vt c nhiu im tng t vi cc virus khc vi nhiu bin dng ang k. - Virus ng vt thng c promoter mnh, c th p dng cho biu hin gene. - C kh nng sao chp genome ca chng vi s lng ln bn sao trong t bo. - Mt s virus ng vt nh retrovirus gn DNA ca chng vo nhim sc th t bo ch nh l mt phn chu trnh sao chp ca chng.

CAC VIRUS NG VT
- Retrovirrus c ph vt chu rng: chim, ng vt c v - S nhim khng lm t bo cht - Biu hin gen mnh do promoter mnh - Cha genome: RNA + C cu trc m u 5, va ui poly A - Virus xm nhim vo t bo km theo enzyme reverse transcriptase v intergrase. Enzyme reverse transcritase tham gia phn ng tng hp cDNA, dn n s hnh thnh bn sao DNA mch kp ca RNA virus, c gi l DNA provirus - DNA provirus c ng vng trn nh protein intergrase v c xen vo genome t bo ch

CAC VIRUS NG VT
- Cc virus DNA: SV40, Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) - Ht virus SV40 cha DNA mch kp, vng trn, khong 5,2 kb c gn vi 4 phn t histon: H4, H2a, H2b v H3. SV40 c th tham gia vo hai kiu chu trnh sng ph thuc vo t bo ch + Bovine papilloma virus (BPV): BPV gy nn bnh bu (wart) tru b. BPV c genome DNA si kp, vng trn khong 7,9 kb.

CAC VIRUS NG VT
nhng t bo kh b nhim v lm tan do SV40, c th phn ra 3 giai on: + Trong sut 8 gi u tin, ht virus khng v v DNA ca chng di chuyn n nhn t bo ch. + 4 gi tip theo l pha sm (early phase), c s tng hp mRNA sm v protein sm v c s kch thch tng hp DNA ca t bo ch. + Trong pha mun xy ra 36 gi tip theo, trong giai on ny c s tng hp DNA ca virus, mRNA mun v protein mun, lp rp virus v lm tan t bo

CAC VIRUS GAY UNG TH VA HIV

+ DNA virus: h Apovavirus (Papilloma virus), h HepDNAavirus (Hepative-B virus), h Herpesvirus (Eptein-Barr virus) + RNA virus: h Retrovirus (HIV-1, virus AIDS) Cc virus gy ung th c th tc ng do xen on DNA ca chng vo b gene ch. Ngoi ra c th thc hin : + Hot ho b my sao chp DNA ca t bo ch. + Km hm tc ng ca cc tumour suppressor gene ch yu hot ho sao chp DNA

VIRUS HIV
- AIDS l hi chng do virus lm suy gim min dch ngi (HIV). - Ht virus l mt khi cu, b ngoi g gh, gm v bn ngoi, trong l cht nn protein bao quanh li c mt ct dng nn. - Trong li c genome gm 2 si RNA ging nhau gn vi enzyme DNA polymerase l reverse transcriptase

VIRUS HIV
- Virus HIV bm v nhim li ca n vo t bo h thng min dch ca ngi - Enzyme reverse transcriptase sao RNA genome ca chng thnh phn t DNA si kp trong t bo cht ca t bo ch - DNA xon kp ny chuyn n nhn, gn vo nhim sc th t bo ch nh mt enzyme khc

VIRUS HIV
- Mt khi gn vo nhim sc th ca t bo ch, genome ca virus c th thc hin mt trong 2 qu trnh: + Trng dng b my tng hp protein ca t bo ch c th to ra hng trm ht virus mi sinh sn bng ny chi, tch khi mng t bo v i khi lm cht t bo ch. + Tim tng trong nhim sc th ca t bo ch, ri sao chp v truyn genome virus sang 2 t bo mi khi t bo phn chia.

CAC VIRUS GAY UNG TH VA HIV

+ Viroid: l nhng phn t RNA rt nh (200-400 nucleotide), dng que c mc cu trc bc hai cao. Chng khng c capsid v v bao (envelope) v ch cha mt phn t acid nucleic n. Viroid gn lin vi bnh thc vt - Viroid khng m ha cho bt k mt protein no v n c sao chp nh RNA polymerase ca t bo ch hoc c th nh mt sn phm ca mt gene RNA polymerase ph thuc RNA trong mt vi t bo eukaryote

CAC VIRUS GAY UNG TH VA HIV

- Prion: Mt nhm bnh ly nhim h thn kinh kinh nin, pht trin nhanh chng v gy cht c bit nh l bnh xp no ly nhim (Transmissible spongiform encephalopathics TSE). - Cc bnh TSE ngi nh l bnh Kuru v Creutzfeldt-Jacob c th gy nn do cc phn t protein gy nhim v Standley Prusiner (1982) gi chng l prion (proteinacious infectious particle).

PHI CHNG VIRUS L TH SNG ?

S sng l g ?

S sinh trng Sinh sn Kh nng ap ng Kh nng trao i cht v trao i nng lng bn trong mt t bo.

Nm 1955, Frank Conrat tch ARN (genome) ra khi v protein Capsid cua virus m thuc l c 2 cht ring nh 2 cht ho hc. Trn 2 thnh phn ny vi nhau pH thch hp, chng li tr thnh virus hon chnh v c th gy nhim.

Virus la mt hp cht hoa hc c bit, phc tp va co kh nng gy bnh.

Chng co th s dung cac phng phap rt tinh t xm nhp vao t bao, iu khin t bao hot ng theo chng trinh cua minh to ra c th h virus mi mang y u di truyn cua virus ban u.

KHI NIM MI V TH SNG?

Mt thc th s c coi la s sng khi axit nucleic va protein cua chng dng hot ng.

Vy co nn coi virus l th sng ?

H T