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Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng

NH HNG CA KHNG KH NHIM N SC KHE CNH ST GIAO THNG LM VIC TI MT S GIAO L CA THNH PH H CH MINH The effect of air pollution on traffic policemens health in HoChiMinh city
PGS.TS. Nguyn B Toi ThS. Bi Quang Trung (Hanoi University of Civil Engineering) ABSTRACT The report summarized the results of the project "Survey, assess the air pollution situation in the transport of Ho Chi Minh City, and impact of it on the health of traffic policemen and proposed measures to limit. The daily mean concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and NO2 at main crossroads of Ho Chi Minh City are over the allowable standard values and the main reasons are due to automobile and motorbike. Results from research data show that health of traffic policemen is affected by air pollution with respiratory disease and loss of balance lipid. Some measures to reduce pollution and protect the health of traffic police have been mentioned in the report. I. I NT V MNG LI GIAO THNG NG B TI T HNH PH H CH MINH Mt ng giao thng trn u dn ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh (TPHCM) cn thp: khong 0,26km/1000dn khu vc ni thnh v 0,084km/1000dn khu vc th mi v ngoi thnh. Cht lng mt ng xung cp, bn cnh cng tc duy tu, bo dng xy mi ng chm tin , cc "l ct" tn ti lu ngy gy tc nghn nh hng ln n giao thng thnh ph. Tnh n 20/5/2007 TPHCM c khong 262.663 xe t cc loi vi mc gia tng 14,5%/nm; khong 2,61 triu xe my vi mc tng khong 5,4%/nm; hn 1 triu xe p. C cu i li hin nay TPHCM gm phng tin giao thng cng cng khong 3,7%; 96,3% cn li l dng phng tin c nhn trong ch yu l xe hai bnh. II. HIN TRNG MI TRNG KHNG KH TI TPHCM

Hi tho Quc gia: Chm sc v bo v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp

Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng

S liu nng cc cht nhim c thu thp t h thng quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh (MTKK) ca TPHCM ang hot ng bao gm 09 trm quan trc t ng (05 trm quan trc cht lng KK xung quanh v 04 trm quan trc cht lng KK ven ng) v 06 trm quan trc bn t ng. Ngoi ra, cn c 08 trm o c nng cht hu c bay hi Benzen - Toluen - Xylene trong MTKK.

Hnh 1.1. Bn v tr cc trm Quan trc cht lng khng kh

Din bin cht lng MTKK ven ng S liu kho st trong cc nm gn y cho thy nng cc ch tiu chnh trong khng kh nhn chung t TCCP ngoi tr bi v kh NO2. Nng bi tng quan trc t nm 2000 n 2007 lun mc nguy hi n mi trng v sc khe cng ng, nng trung bnh vt TCCP t 1,45 n 2,15 ln. nhim NO2 tuy khng nghim trng nh bi tng, nhng cng hn 50% s liu quan trc vt TCCP v mc gy hi cho con ngi v mi trng. Mc n dao ng t 75 n 85dB, TPHCM ang b nhim ting n nghim trng, trong hot ng giao thng ng b l mt trong nhng ngun ng gp ch yu. Nng cc cht nhim ti cc trm ven ng theo hng ng Bc - Ty Nam (hng xuyn tm) ca thnh ph cao hn cc khu vc khc. iu ny ch yu l do hng ng Bc - Ty Nam l hng vn chuyn chnh ca thnh ph cng nh ca cc tnh pha Ty Nam ln cc tnh min Trung v min Bc.

Hi tho Quc gia: Chm sc v bo v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp

Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng

Nng cc cht nhim (ngoi tr bi) ti khu vc ca ng thp hn khu vc bn trong ni thnh, nguyn nhn c th do vn kt xe bn trong ni thnh. Ti khu vc ca ng ca thnh ph, ni c mt v lu lng giao thng rt ln, tp trung ch yu l cc xe khch v xe ti chy vi tc cao th nng bi PM10 ln. Ti khu vc ni thnh, ch yu tp trung xe my v chy vi tc nh th nng PM10 thp hn.

Din bin nng PM10(g/m3) trung bnh nm 2002 - 6/2008 ti cc trm Quan trc

Din bin nng NO2(g/m3) trung bnh nm 2002 - 6/2008 ti cc trm Quan trc

Hi tho Quc gia: Chm sc v bo v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp

Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng

Kt qu quan trc nng ch trong khng kh ti 06 trm quan trc khng kh bn t ng trong 08 nm (2000 - 2007) ang l vn ng quan tm cho vic kim sot nhim khng kh do giao thng trn a bn TP.HCM. Ngay sau Quyt nh khng dng xng pha ch ca Chnh ph nm 2001, nng ch quan trc c gim xung nhanh chng; t nng trung bnh nm 2000 l 2,48g/m3 gim xung 1,62g/m3 vo nm 2001 v 0,65g/m3 nm 2002. Sau li c xu hng tng dn t 2004 v n nm 2006 th t cc i, vt TCCP: 6,36 ln. Bc sang nm 2007 nng ch bt u gim. Ng t An Sng v ng t inh Tin Hong l hai trm nng ch lun cao hn cc trm cn li. Kt qu trn cho thy s bt n trong cht lng xng lu thng trn th trng trong thi gian gn y. Din bin hm lng cht hu c bay hi trong khng kh trn a bn TPHCM qua 04 nm quan trc cho thy: Benzene lun mc nguy hi cho sc kho con ngi v mi trng vi 100% s liu quan trc vt chun cho php t 2,85 n 12,83 ln. iu ng lo ngi nht l hm lng Benzene c xu hng tng dn t nm 2005 n nay. Hm lng Toluene v Xylene vn dao ng trong mc chp nhn c cho mi trng v cng ng. i lp vi Benzene, hm lng Xylene gim dn trong nhng nm gn y. Toluene cng c xu hng tng t nh Benzene, tuy nhin trong 07 thng u nm 2008 hm lng Toluene ang gim xung. Ti cc khu vc c mt lu thng cao, khng gian hp v b che chn bng nhiu ta nh cao tng nng cht hu c bay hi trong MTKK cao hn. Theo kt qu kho st ti mt s giao l, cht lng MTKK ti v tr lm vic ca cc chin s cnh st giao thng xu hn so vi v tr ven ng vi nng bi vt t 5% n 15%, nng SO2 vt t 10% n 30%. Nhn chung din bin cht lng mi trng khng kh t l thun vi s lng phng tin giao thng tham gia trn ng, t gi tr cao vo thi gian cao im sng hoc chiu, c xu hng gim trong khong thi gian t 10h n 14h mi ngy.

III. TC NG CA NHIM KHNG KH (ONKK) N SC KHO CA CC CHIN S CSGT. 3.1. Kt qu iu tra x hi v tc ng ca ONKK n cc chin s CSGT Kt qu iu tra x hi hc i vi hn 350 chin s CSGT cho thy:

Hi tho Quc gia: Chm sc v bo v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp

Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng

+ Cm nhn v mc nguy hi ca cc yu t mi trng tc ng n sc kho ca CSGT xp theo th t gim dn: Bi - khi xe - thc ngi tham gia GT - nhit cao - ting n - BXMT - m. + Cc bin php t bo v sc khe thng c CSGT p dng xp theo th t gim dn: Kim sot ngi tham gia GT - hn ch khi kh c - hn ch bi hn ch nhit - hn ch ting n - hn ch BXMT - hn ch m. + 75,97% cc chin s CGGT rt quan tm ti vn nhim mi trng lm vic; 0,01% hon ton khng quan tm. + T l cc bnh CSGT thng mc xp theo th t gim dn: Tai mi hng - mt - h hp - tun hon - h thn kinh. Nh vy, cc chin s CSGT lm vic trc tip ti cc giao l u nhn thc c tc ng ca ONKK n sc kho bn thn, c nhng bin php hn ch. 3.2. Tnh hnh sc kho ca cc chin s CSGT Kho st tnh hnh sc khe bnh tt ca CSGT c thc hin da trn phiu 625 phiu khm sc khe nm 2005 v 945 phiu nm 2007 ca CSGT. Cc chin s u c khm tng qut, chuyn khoa, lm cc xt nghim c bn, o in tm . Kt qu cho thy: T l t sc khe loi 2 ca CSGT ng b chim t l cao nht 74,4%. Tuy nhin c nhng chin s CSGT mc kh nhiu bnh, c ngi mc 1 2 bnh, c ngi mc hn 3 bnh. Ni bt trong c cu bnh tt ca cnh st giao thng l cc bnh tai mi hng chim t l 62,2%, bao gm cc bnh nh vim hng cp, mn tnh, vim amygdale, vim mi, xoang, vo vch ngn, vim tai, nm tai. y l cc bnh c lin quan mt thit vi nhim MTKK do khi bi, hi kh c hi Cc bnh ni khoa: Cc bnh tiu ha nh gan nhim m, ri lon chuyn ha m, d dy t trng, vim gan siu vi B.v.v.. chim t l kh cao (59,4 v 56,1%) s ngi c khm. Mt s bnh nh cao huyt p, tim mch tng cao so vi trc y, chim t l 28,0% (nm 1996 l 14,6%). Nhng stress tm l, lm vic cng thng, nhim mi trng,c xc nh l nhng nguyn nhn lm gia tng cc bnh trn. Tnh trng tha cn (14,7%), ch n khng hp l, t vn ng nhng ngi ln tui lm vic lu nm, lm cho t l cao huyt p v cholesterol tng cao. Cc bnh da liu: ch yu cc bnh nh lang ben, nm da, ban , chm v.v... chim t l 0,5%. Nguyn nhn l do lm vic ngoi tri trong iu kin nng m m hi ra nhiu to iu kin cho nm da pht trin.

Hi tho Quc gia: Chm sc v bo v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp

Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng

Bnh lao v bnh phi: cc lao v bnh phi chim t l 1,9% Cc bnh rng, ch yu l su rng, nha chu, mt rng lm gim sc nhai chim t l kh cao: 27,4% (2005) v 44,7% (2007).

IV. XUT CC BIN PHP HN CH TC NG CA NHIM KHNG KH, BO V SC KHE CC CHIN S CNH ST GIAO THNG. 4.1. Gii php qun l giao thng, cng chnh hn ch nhim mi trng khng kh, bo v sc khe cc chin s cnh st cng nh nhng ngi tham gia giao thng, cn phi c cc gii php ng b trong cng tc qun l giao thng, cng chnh: - Qun l s dng mt ng, sa cha kp thi v nng cao cht lng ng. - iu ho lu lng xe, trnh n tc, thng tin v tc nghn giao thng. 4.2. Gii php qun l mi trng Kim sot pht thi kh nhim v ting n ca cc phng tin giao thng: ngn chn nhim do cc phng tin giao thng gy ra, mt trong nhng bin php hiu qu l kim sot, x l kh thi ca ng c, ci thin k thut nhin liu t chy hon ton, s dng nhin liu sch nh xng cht lng cao khng pha ch, hm lng lu hunh v nit trong xng thp, tng cng s dng cc loi xe in,... t cc trm kim sot trn cc trc l chnh, kim sot cht ch cc phng tin lu thng, yu cu m bo tiu chun kh khi v ting n. Kim sot vic m bo mi trng ca cc xe chuyn ch vt liu xy dng. Kim sot vic m bo mi trng ca cc cng trng xy dng trong thnh ph. Xy dng c s d liu mi trng khng kh. 4.3. Gii php k thut Trang b cc phng tin phng h c nhn ph hp vi cng vic. B tr thi gian lm vic hp l, thi lng lm vic hp l cho cnh st giao thng: s dng cc chnh sch lun chuyn, m bo sc khe. Cung cp nc gii kht giu cht in gii. 4.4. Gii php qun l y t Khm sc kho nh k. Theo di v xy dng c s d liu v sc kho ca cc chin s cnh st giao thng.
Hi tho Quc gia: Chm sc v bo v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp

Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc k thut Bo h lao ng

Xy dng ch chm sc sc kho thch hp cho cc chin s cnh st giao thng lm vic cc giao l. 4.5. Gii php tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc v tc hi ca nhim khng kh v phng chng nhim cho cc chin s CSGT. Nng cao nhn thc phng chng nhim, bo v sc khe cho CSGT, Nng cao nhn thc chp hnh lut l giao thng, phng chng nhim cho ngi tham gia giao thng, c bit nhng ngi iu khin t, m t, xe my.

Hi tho Quc gia: Chm sc v bo v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh hi nhp

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