MC LC

A.

MACHINE PROBLEM 6 ......................................................................................... 1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

B.

CU HI 1 ................................................................................................................... 1
CU HI 2 ................................................................................................................... 1
CU HI 3 ................................................................................................................... 2
CU HI 4 ................................................................................................................... 4
CU HI 5 ................................................................................................................... 6

MACHINEPROBLEM 7 .......................................................................................... 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C.

CU HI 1: .................................................................................................................. 9
CU HI 2 ................................................................................................................. 10
CU HI 3: ................................................................................................................ 10
CU HI 4 ................................................................................................................. 12
CU HI 5 ................................................................................................................. 13
MACHINE PROLEM 8 .......................................................................................... 17

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

CU HI 1 ................................................................................................................. 17
CU HI 2 ................................................................................................................. 17
CU HI 3 ................................................................................................................. 18
CU HI 4 ................................................................................................................. 19
CU HI 5 ................................................................................................................. 20
CU HI 6 ................................................................................................................. 26

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

A. MACHINE PROBLEM 6
1. Cu hi 1
Qun l lung (flow control) l g? Cho bit s khc nhau gia qun l lung v qun l
nghn (congestion control) ? Khi no th ta c th khng quan tm n vic qun l nghn ?
Tr li
**iu khin lung flow control
iu khin lung l qu trnh iu khin vic truyn d liu gia bn pht v bn thu sao
cho m bo bn thu lun lun c th nhn c d liu vo b m trc khi x l.
C ch iu khin lung c thit k iu khin lung d liu gia thit b nhn v
thit b gi sao cho buffer ca thit b nhn khng b trn. Nu b trn, cc khung hoc gi d
liu b mt. iu khin lung c dng trong tng Datalink iu khin cc lin kt imim v trong tng transport iu khin lung end-to-end trn mng c nh tuyn.
Hai phng php iu khin lung:

X-ON/X-OFF
Sliding window

Qun l nghn c s dng iu khin dng d liu khi thc s c nghn xy ra. C
hai hng tip cn:

End-end congestion control: thng tin v mc nghn mng c suy ra t

lng tin b mt mt trong qu trnh truyn.
Network-assited congestion control: Router cung cp cc thng tin phn hi v
tnh trng ti end systems.
o Bit thng bo nghn mng
o Hn ch tc gi

**S khc nhau gia qun l lung v qun l nghn:

Qun l lung l c ch end-end iu khin lu lng d liu gia bn gi v bn nhn.
Trong khi, qun l nghn l c ch c network s dng kim sot nghn trong network.
Qun l nghn ngn vic mt gi v tr do nghn mng. Qun l nghn l c ch m bo
ton b network c th x l lung d liu i vo network.
Khi s dng c ch congestion avoidance khng xy ra nghn khng cn quan tm
n qun l nghn.
2. Cu hi 2
Th no l a ch IP theo class v khng theo class (classless/classful). Nu li ch ca
vic s dng classless. Cho v d.

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Tr li
IPv4 l giao thc nh a ch cho cc my tnh trong mng, mi a ch c di 4 byte
(32 bit) v c chia thnh 5 lp:
Class A: 1.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
10 - Class B: 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
110 - Class C: 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
1110 - Class D: 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
11110 - Class E: 240.0.0.0 - 254.255.255.255
Vi cch nh a ch IP classfull, mt mng c network mask c xc nh nh sau:
class A 255.0.0.0, class B 255.255.0.0, class C 255.255.255.0. Ta nhn thy vi mi mng
lp C c th c ti a 28 = 256 a ch, lp B l 216 v lp A l 224.
Cng ngy cc mng vi s lng my tnh nh ngy cng nhiu th vi cch chia ny
mi mng c s lng a ch kh nhiu va gy ra s lng ph ln va gy thiu thn. V d
mt n v kinh doanh internet c 50 my tnh, nu s dng mt a ch mng lp C
192.168.3.0/24 th s lng ph 255 2 50 = 203 a ch.
Do ngi ta ngh ra IP classless bng cch thay i s lng bit Net ID trong net mask
cho ph hp vi s lng my ngi dng cn. Xt li v d trn nu ta dng 26 bit cho Net
ID thay v 24 bit th s lng my tnh ti a trong mng l: 2(32-26) 2 = 62 a ch. Nh
vy r rng gim bn lng ph rt nhiu so vi v d trn.
*Li ch ca vic s dng IP classless:

Linh ng trong vic phn chia NetID v HostID.

Trong trng hp s dng subnetting gip phn nh a ch mng tit kim khng
gian a ch
Subnetting lm gim broastcast trong mng do gim c s lng hosts trong mng.

3. Cu hi 3
Gii thch cc field trong IP header . Theo bn, mt protocol lp 2 c field no mang
ngha c Protocol ID nh IP header khng ?
Tr li
Cu trc cc trng trong IPv4 header:

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Vers (version): l mt trng 4 bit, c gi tr bng 4 vi IPv4.

Hdr len (Internet Header Length): 4 bit, xc nh kch thc ca header. Gi tr nh nht
bng 5, tc 5x 32 = 160 bits = 20 byte. Vi 4 bit, gi tr ln nht l 15 word, tng ng 15
x 32 = 480 bit = 60 bytes.
ToS (Type of service): nh ngha cch m datagram c qun l. N bao gm cc bit
nh ngha u tin ca datagram. N cng cha cc bit lm r loi dch v pha gi mong
mun tin cy, tr,
Length (Total length): gi tr 16 bit ny xc nh tng cng kch thc ca gi tnh bng
byte, bao gm c header v d liu. Gi tr chiu di nh nht ca gi bng 20 byte (20 byte
header + 0 byte data) v ln nht 65535 byte.
Identification: dng vi phn on. Mt datagram khi i qua cc mng khc nhau, c
th chia thnh cc on ph hp vi kch thc ca khung mng. Khi xy ra hin tng
ny th mi on c nh danh vi mt s th t trong trng ny.
Flag: c di 3 bit, dng iu khin hoc xc nh fragment.

Bit 0: d tr, c set bng 0.

Bit 1: Dont Fragment (DF) cho bit gi c b phn mnh hay khng. Nu
c set th packet s b xa b.
Bit 2: More Fragment (MF). C ny c xa vi gi khng phn mnh. Vi
gi phn mnh, tt c cc cc phn on (fragment) ngoi tr phn on cui
c set c ny.

Fragment Offset: di 13 bit. y l mt con tr ch ra lch ca d liu trong

datagram gc. Phn on u tin c gi tr offset bng 0, gi tr offset ln nht l (213 1)
8 = 65,528 byte.
TTL (Time To Live): ch ra s bc nhy (hop) m mt gi c th i qua. Con s ny s
gim i 1 khi mt gi tin i qua router. Khi b m t ti 0 gi ny s b loi. y l gii
php nhm ngn chn tnh trng lp vng v hn ca gi no .
Protocol: c 8 bit, ch ra giao thc lp trn, chng hn nh TCP hay UDP, tip nhn cc
gi tin khi cng on x l IP hon tt.
Checksum: c 16 bit c s dng kim tra li header.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

Source address: c 32 bit, ch ra a ch IP ca ni gi gi.

Destination address: c 32 bit, ch ra a ch IP ca ni nhn gi.

Options: Cha mt hoc nhiu hn ty chn trong IPv4. Kch thc trng ny l mt s
nguyn ln ca 32 bit (4 byte) . Nu cc option khng dng ht v lm l khi 32 bt, cc gi
tr 0 s c thm vo m bo IPv4 header l mt s nguyn ca khi 4 byte, nh vy
chiu di ipv4 header mi c th ch nh c bng gi tr cu trng Internet Header
Length. Khi s dng trng ny, trng Hdr Len s ln hn 5, v phi thm cc byte trong
trng option ny.
tng datalink ta c field internettype mang ngha tng t Prototype ID ca internet
header:

0x800 : IPv4

0x808 : IPv6

4. Cu hi 4
Gii thch cc field trong TCP header. So snh header ca TCP v UDP.
Tr li
TCP header:
0-3

4-7

8-9
Source Port

10 - 15

16 - 31
Destination Port

Sequence Number
Acknowledgement Number
Data
Offset

Reserved

U A P R S F
R C S S Y I
G K H T N N

Checksum
Options (optional)

Window
Urgent Pointer
Padding

data
Source port: nh ngha chng trnh ng dng trong my tnh ngun.
Destination port: nh ngha chng trnh ng dng trong my tnh ch.
Sequence number: mt dng d liu t chng trnh ng dng (application) c th c
chia thnh nhiu on TCP. S th t ny ch ra v tr ca d liu trong dng d liu gc.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

Acknowledgement number: Nu c ACK bt th gi tr ca trng chnh l s th t gi

tin tip theo m bn nhn cn.
Data offset: Trng c di 4 bt qui nh di ca phn header (tnh theo n v t
32 bt). Phn header c di ti thiu l 5 t (160 bit) v ti a l 15 t (480 bt).
Reserved: Dnh cho tng lai v c gi tr l 0.
Flags (hay Control bits): Bao gm 6 c:
URG: C cho trng Urgent pointer
ACK: C cho trng Acknowledgement
PSH: Hm Push
RST: Thit lp li ng truyn
SYN: ng b li s th t
FIN: Khng gi thm s liu
Window: kch thc ca s trt.
Checksum: 16 bt kim tra pht hin li.
Urgent pointer: Nu c URG bt th gi tr trng ny chnh l s t 16 bt m s th t
gi tin (sequence number) cn dch tri.
Options v padding: phn cn li ca header ca TCP nh ngha cc trng la chn.
Chng c dng kho st thng tin thm cho b thu hoc cho cc mc ch lin kt. Nu
c th di l bi s ca 32 bt.

UDP header:
07

8 15

16 24

25 31

Source port

Destination port

Length

Checksum

Source port: Trng ny xc nh cng ca ngi gi thng tin v c ngha nu mun

nhn thng tin phn hi t ngi nhn. Nu khng dng n th t n bng 0.
Destination port: Trng xc nh cng nhn thng tin, v trng ny l cn thit.
Length: Trng c di 16 bit xc nh chiu di ca ton b datagram: phn header v
d liu. Chiu di ti thiu l 8 byte khi gi tin khng c d liu, ch c header.
Checksum: Trng checksum 16 bit dng cho vic kim tra li.

So snh TCP header v UDP header

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

TCP v UDP l hai giao thc ph bin nht lp transport ca chng giao thc mng
TCP/IP, u c chc nng kt ni cc my li vi nhau, v c th gi d liu cho nhau. Cc
header ca TCP v UDP khc nhau kch thc (20 v 8 byte) nguyn nhn ch yu l do
TCP phi h tr nhiu chc nng hu ch hn (nh kh nng khi phc li). UDP dng t
byte hn cho phn header v yu cu x l t host t hn:

CHC NNG
Multiplexing dng nhiu
cng

Truyn d liu tun t

Truyn tin cy

Kim sot dng

Connection
Kiu giao thc ca ip
RFC

TCP
C. Ch s cng nhn dng
duy nht mt tin trnh trn
my gi v my nhn
C. TCP cng nhn d liu,
gi li nhng phn on b
mt. Cc trng sequence v
ACK trong TCP header.
C. TCP cng nhn d liu,
gi li nhng phn on b
mt. Cc trng sequence v
ACK trong TCP header.
C. TCP dng cc ca s
trt kim tra cc ca s
ca my gi.
C. Qu trnh bt tay 3 ln
thit lp qu trnh khi ng
cng
6
793

UDP
C. Ging TCP

Khng. UDP khng c

khi nim sp xp d liu

Khng h tr

Khng h tr

Phi kt ni
17
768

5. Cu hi 5
c mt phn c trch t RFC2960 v giao thc SCTP.
a. Tm tt cu trc ca SCTP.
b. So snh cu trc SCTP v TCP.
c. Cho bit ngha ca stream identifier, stream sequence number.
Tr li
a. Cu trc ca SCTP
Mt gi SCTP gm c 2 phn chnh: commun header chim 12 byte v datachunk chim
phn cn li ca gi.

07

8 15

16 23

24 - 31

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Common Header
Chunk #1
Chunk #2

i. SCTP Common Header

07
8 15
16 23
24 - 31
Source Port
Destination Port
Verification Tag
Checksum
Source Port Number: s nguyn 16 bit khng du. y l s hiu ca port ti my gi
SCTP. N c th c s dng my nhn trong vic kt hp cng vi a ch IP ngun,
port SCTP ch v a ch IP ch xc nh n thuc mnh gi ti thuc vo gi no.
Destination Port Number: S nguyn 16 bit khng du. y l s hiu ca port ti my
nhn. my nhn s dng s port ny tch knh cc gi SCTP n ng ng dng.
Verification Tag: S nguyn 32 bit khng du. My nhn dng s ny kim tra ni
gi gi SCTP ny. Khi truyn i, gi tr ny phi c set bng gi tr Initate Tag nhn c
t im cui ngang hng trong qu trnh khi to mi lin kt, vi cc ngoi l:

Mt packet c cha 1 INIT chungk phi c set Verification Tag bng 0.

1 packet cha 1 SHUTDOWN-COMPLETE chunk vi T-bit c set phi c
Verification Tag ging nh gi cha SHUTDOWN-ACK chunk.
Mt gi cha mt ABORT chunk c th c Verification Tag ging nh ca gi l
nguyn nhn to ta ABORT.

Checksum: S nguyn khng du 32 bit. Trng ny cha checksum ca gi SCTP.

ii. Chunk Field
07
Chunk Type

8 15
16 23
24 - 31
Chunk Flag
Chunk Length
Chunk Value

Chunk Type: S nguyn khng du 8 bit. Trng ny xc nh kiu ca thng tin xc

nh trong trng Chunk Value. C gi tr t 0 254, gi tr 255 d tr
Chunk Flags: 8 bit. Cch dng ca cc bit ny ph thuc vo kiu chunk c xc nh
trong Chunk Type. Nu kiu chunk khng c xc nh, cc bit ny c xa v 0 khi
truyn ti v b qu khi nhn tin.
Chunk Length: S nguyn khng du 16 bit. Gi tr ny i din cho kch thc ca
chunk tnh bng byte bao gm Chunk Type, Chunk Flags, Chunk Length, and Chunk Value
fields. Do , nu Chunk Value c di bng 0, trng ny c set bng 4.

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Chunk Value: Gi tr ny khng c nh. Trng ny cha thng tin truyn ti trong
chunk. Cch dng v nh dng ca trng ny ph thuc vo Chunk Type.
b. So snh cu trc SCTP v TCP
Ging:

SCTP v TCP u s dng checksum kim tra li.

Khc:

Checksum ca SCTP di ti 32 bit, gp i so vi TCP (16 bit) nh kh nng

pht hin li tt hn so vi TCP.

SCTP nh ngha 1 stream vi 1 chui cc bn tin (chunk) khng phi l byte

nh TCP. Cc chunk ny c th chunk d liu hoc chunk iu khin. i km l
cc thng tin ca ca chunk quy nh trong cc trng Chunk Type, Chunk
Length, Chunk Flags.

TCP c trng Sequence Number nh du s th t ca d liu trong d liu

gc. SCTP khng c trng ny, v d liu c cha trong cc chunk v khng
b chia thnh nhiu on nh TCP. SCTP c th truyn ti nhiu dng d liu
trong 1 ln truyn ti (multi stream of data delivery) cn TCP ch h tr mt
dng d liu (single stream)

SCTP c thm trng Verifiaction Tag xc nhn ni gi gi SCTP.

c. Stream Identifier v stream squence number

Stream identifier: s nguyn khng du 16 bit, xc nh stream m data chunk ny thuc
v. Mi DATA chunk phi mang theo mt stream identifier hp l. Nu mt my cui nhn
c DATA chunk vi mt stream identifier khng hp l, n s ngay lp tc gi mt
ERROR chunk dn ti Invalid Stream Identifier v xa DATA chunk .
Stream sequence number: s nguyn khng du 16 bit. Xc nh s th t chui
(sequence number) ca bn tin trong stream. Nu bn tin b phn mnh th gi tr ny c
duy tr cho tt c cc mnh. Stream sequence number mi stream thng bt du t 0 khi
kt ni c thnh lp. Khi n t gi tr 65535 th stream sequence number tip theo li
c set v 0

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

B. MACHINEPROBLEM 7
1. Cu hi 1:
Trnh by cc nguyn tc phn chia cc lp trong m hnh OSI. Cho bit v sao khng
nn chia thnh qu nhiu lp hoc qu t lp.
Tr li
M hnh OSI:

Nguyn tc xy dng m hnh OSI

To cc ranh gii cc tng sao cho vic gii thch cc phc v v s cc tng tc
qua li hai tng l nh nht.
To cc tng ring bit cho cc chc nng khc bit nhau hon ton v k thut s
dng hoc qu trnh thc hin.
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t trong cng mt tng.
La chn ranh gii cc tng ti cc im m nhng th nghim trong qu kh
thnh cng.
Cc chc nng c xc nh sao cho chng c th d dng xc nh li, v cc
nghi thc ca chng c th thay i trn mi hng.
To ranh gii cc tng m cn c nhng mc tru tng khc nhau trong
vic s dng s liu.
Cho php thay i cc chc nng hoc giao thc trong tng khng nh hng n
cc tng khc.
To cc ranh gii gia mi tng vi tng trn v di n.

Khng nn chia thnh qu nhiu lp, v nh vy th qu trnh gi nhn data s c th

din ra chnh xc hn nhng tr ln do phi x l nhiu lp chc nng, ng thi cn
dn ti vic xc nh v ghp ni cc tng phc tp v chi ly.

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Ngc li, vic chia qu t lp dn ti mi tng phi lm nhiu chc nng, cng knh v
chnh xc khng c m bo. ng thi vic kim tra v pht hin li cng kh khn
hn.
2. Cu hi 2
Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca spanning tree trong mng Ethernet
Tr li
Spanning Treeprotocol(STP) l mt giao thc ngn chn s lp vng, cho php cc bridge
truyn thng vi nhau pht hin vng lp vt l trong mng. Sau giaothc ny s nh
r mt thut ton m bridge c th to ra mt topology lun l cha loop-free. Ni cch khc
STP s to mt cu trc cy ca free-loop gm cc lv cc nhnh ni ton b mng lp 2.
Vng lp xy ra trong mng vi nhiu nguyn nhn. Hu ht cc nguyn nhn
thngthng l kt qu ca vic c gng tnh ton cung cp kh nng d phng,
trongtrng hp ny, mt link hockhngb hng, cc link hoc switch khc vn tip tchot
ng, tuy nhin cc vng lp cng c th xy ra do li.
Nguyn tc: STP dng cc thng ip gia cc switch gip n nh h thng mng v
mt s khng b vng lp. lm c nh cy, STP s a vi cng ca switch v trng
thi blocking, cng s khng truyn hay nhn d liu. Cc cng cn li s trng thi
forwarding. Tt c cc loi cng ny s gip hnh thnh mt s mng khng b loop.
Cc bc din tin ca hot ng ca spanning tree

Bu chn root switch: Switch c bridge-ID nh nht s c bu chn. Thng

thng, bridgeID c hnh thnh gm gi tr priority (2 bytes) v MAC ca
switch.
Xc nh root port: l cng trn nhng non-root switch c kt ni ngn nht v
rootswitch.
Xc nh designated port trn tng segment: Khi c nhiu switch kt ni vo mt
segment, y l cng ca switch chu trch nhim y traffic ra khi segment.
3. Cu hi 3:
Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca ARP. Nu khng c ARP th lm cch no mng
hot ng?
Tr li
ARP l g?

10

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

Mi thit b mng u c mt a ch MAC (Medium Access Control address) v a ch

l duy nht. Cc thit b trong cng mt mng thng dng a ch MAC lin lc vi
nhau ti tng Data Link.
Trn thc t, cc card mng (NIC) ch c th kt ni vi nhau theo a ch MAC, a ch
c nh v duy nht ca phn cng. Do vy ta phi c mt c ch chuyn i cc dng a
ch ny qua li vi nhau. T ta c giao thc phn gii a ch: Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP).
y l giao thc dng chuyn i gia a ch lp 3 thnh a ch vt l lp 2. S d
cn phi c giao thc chuyn i nh vy l do c nhiu giao thc lp 3 nh IP; IPX, mi
giao thc li c qui c v a ch logic ring. Khi c ng gi vo mt frame ti lp th
tt c cc a ch ny cn phi c qui i thnh mt kiu a ch thng nht (a ch MAC)
nhm gip cho mi thit b c th trao i vi cc thit b khc khi chng nm trong cng
mt mi trng truyn dn vt l.
Mc d ARP l giao thc lp 3, tuy nhin n li c coi l giao thc IP cp thp bi v
gi tin ARP khng c ng gi vi header ca cc giao thc lp 3 m c ng gi bi
frame lp 2. ARP khng ch c s dng trong mng LAN ethernet m cn c th s dng
cho cc mng LAN dng token ring hoc FDDI.
Cu trc ca 1 bn tin ARP bao gm cc

ng:

Hardware type
HW addr length
Protocol addr length
Source HW addr
Source Protocol addr
Destination HW addr
Destination protocol addr

Protocol type
Opcode

T ong :

Hardware type v protocol type qui nh kiu ca phn cng v ca protocol c

dng lp network

Opcode: cho bit bn tin ARP l yu cu (=1) hoc phc p (=2)

HW addr length: di ca a ch vt l.

Protocol addr length: di ca a ch logic.

4 trng cn li l a ch vt l v a ch logic ngun v ch.

Nguyn tc lm vic ca ARP trong mt mng LAN

Khi mt thit b mng mun bit a ch MAC ca mt thit b mng no m n
bit a ch tng network (IP, IPX) n s gi mt ARP request bao gm a ch MAC
address ca n v a ch IP ca thit b m n cn bit MAC address trn ton b mt min
broadcast.

11

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

Mi mt thit b nhn c request ny s so snh a ch IP trong request vi a ch

tng network ca mnh. Nu trng a ch th thit b phi gi ngc li cho thit b gi
ARP request mt gi tin (trong c cha a ch MAC ca mnh).
Nguyn tc ho ng ca ARP ong mi

ng h thng mng:

Hot ng ca ARP trong mt mi trng phc tp hn l hai h thng mng gn vi

nhau thng qua mt Router C. My A thuc mng A mun gi gi tin n my B thuc mng
B. Do cc broadcast khng th truyn qua Router nn khi my A s xem Router C nh
mt cu ni hay mt trung gian (Agent) truyn d liu. Trc , my A s bit c a
ch IP ca Router C (a ch Gateway) v bit c rng truyn gi tin ti B phi i qua
C.
Tt c cc thng tin nh vy s c cha trong mt bng gi l bng nh tuyn (routing
table). Bng nh tuyn theo c ch ny c lu gi trong mi my. Bng nh tuyn cha
thng tin v cc Gateway truy cp vo mt h thng mng no .
V d trong trng hp trn trong bng s ch ra rng i ti LAN B phi qua port X
ca Router C. Bng nh tuyn s c cha a ch IP ca port X. Qu trnh truyn d liu
theo tng bc sau :

My A gi mt ARP request (broadcast) tm a ch MAC ca port X.

Router C tr li, cung cp cho my A a ch MAC ca port X.

My A truyn gi tin n port X ca Router.

Router nhn c gi tin t my A, chuyn gi tin ra port Y ca Router. Trong gi

tin c cha a ch IP ca my B. Router s gi ARP request tm a ch MAC ca
my B.

My B s tr li cho Router bit a ch MAC ca mnh. Sau khi nhn c a ch

MAC ca my B, Router C gi gi tin ca A n B.

4. Cu hi 4
Mt gi IP c cc thng tin sau:
Type of Service: 16
Identification: 256
Time to Live: 64
Protocol: 17 (UDP)
Source: 137.226.12.206
Destination: 198.182.196.56
Cho bit gi c mang d liu vi chiu di 40 byte, khng cho php fragment v khng c
option.
a. Tnh checksum ca phn header trong gi IP

12

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

b. Vit ton b header ca gi IP theo dng hex
Tr li
a. Tnh checksum
- Phn header, vi checksum cha bit XXXX.
4510 003C 0100 4000 4011 XXXX 89E2 0CCE C6B6 C438
-

tnh check sum, u tin, ta cng tt c cc s 2 byte bit li:

4510 + 003C + 0100 + 4000 + 4011 + 89E2 + 0CCE + C6B6 + C438 = 2E7FB
-

Tip theo, ta chuyn kt qu va tnh sang binary

2E7FB16 =0010 1110 0111 1111 10112

-

Ta tch 4 bit du tin ra, v cng dn vo s cn li nh sau:

0010 + 1110 0111 1111 1011 = 1110 0111 1111 1101

-

Sau , ta o bt kt qu va tnh

0001 1000 0000 0010

-

Chuyn kt qu sang h HEXA, ta c gi tr ca phn checksum: 1802

b. IP header:
45.10.00.3C
01.00.40.00
40.11.18.02
89.E2.0C.CE
C6.B6.C4.38
5. Cu hi 5
Cho s mng nh hnh v bn di. Bn c cung cp dy a ch 118.23.32.0/22.
Mng
LAN 1
LAN 2
LAN 3
LAN 4
LAN 5

S host
127
255
15
12
95

13

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

a. Chn subnet mask ph hp cho mi mng LAN v cho bit khong a ch kh dng cho
mi mng LAN.
b. Cho bit bng routing ca mi router.
Tr li
a. Chn subnet mask
Gi n l s bit trong host ID, s host kh dng trong mt mng l 2n 2, s bit host ID v s
lng a ch kh dng cho mi mng ta chn nh sau:
Mng
LAN 1
LAN 2
LAN 3
LAN 4
LAN 5

S host trong mng

127
255
15
12
95

S bit host ID
8
9
5
4
7

S host kh dng
254
510
30
14
126

Vi a ch c cp, ta c 32 22 = 10 bit chia subnet. Ta bt u vi mng ln nht, l

mng LAN 2 vi 9 bit Host ID.
Dng thm 1 bit, ta c 2 subnet:
Net ID
118.23.01000000.00000000
118.23.01000010.00000000

S bit net ID
23
23

a ch
118.23.32.0/23
118.23.34.0/23

Ta dng a ch 118.23.32.0/23 cho LAN 2, v dng 118.23.34.0/23 chia subnet cho cc

mng cn li.
Mng ln th 2 l LAN 1, cn 8 bit host ID, ta li dng 1 bit to 2 subnet:
Net ID
118.23.01000010.00000000
118.23.01000011.00000000

S bit net ID
24
24

a ch
118.23.34.0/24
118.23.35.0/24

14

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

Ta dng a ch 118.23.34.0/24 cho LAN 1, v dng 118.23.35.0/24 chia subnet cho cc

mng cn li.
Mng ln th 3 l LAN 5, cn 7 bit host ID, dng 1 bit to 2 subnet:
Net ID
118.23.01000011.00000000
118.23.01000011.10000000

S bit net ID
25
25

a ch
118.23.35.0/25
118.23.35.128/25

Ta dng a ch 118.23.35.0/25 cho LAN 5, v dng 118.23.35.128/25 chia subnet cho

cc mng cn li.
Mng ln th 4 l LAN 3, cn 5 bit host ID, ta dng 2 bit to 4 subnet:
Net ID
118.23.01000011.10000000
118.23.01000011.10100000
118.23.01000011.11000000
118.23.01000011.11100000

S bit net ID
27
27
27
27

a ch
118.23.35.128/27
118.23.35.160/27
118.23.35.192/27
118.23.35.224/27

Ta dng a ch 118.23.35.128/27 cho LAN 3.

Cn li LAN 4 cn 4 bit host ID, ta dng 1 bit host ID chia a ch 118.23.35.160/27
thnh 2 subnet:
Net ID
118.23.01000011.10000000
118.23.01000011.10110000

S bit net ID
28
28

a ch
118.23.35.160/28
118.23.35.176/28

V dng a ch 118.23.35.160/28 cho LAN 4.

Nh vy ta chia a ch thnh cng cho cc mng LAN 1, LAN 2, LAN 3, LAN 4,
LAN 5 v cn d 3 subnet:

118.23.35.192/27
118.23.35.224/27
118.23.35.176/28

b. Bng Routing cho cc mng

15

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

118.23.32.0/23
118.23.34.0/24

118.23.35.128/27

118.23.35.0/25
118.23.35.160/28

Router 1
Destination
118.23.34.0/24
118.23.32.0/23
118.23.35.128/27
118.23.35.160/28
118.23.35.0/25
Router 2

Port
Fa0/1
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/0

Distance
1
1
2
3
4

Destination
118.23.34.0/24
118.23.32.0/23
118.23.35.128/27
118.23.35.160/28
118.23.35.0/25
Router 3

Port
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/1
Fa0/1
Fa0/1

Distance
2
1
1
2
3

Destination
118.23.34.0/24
118.23.32.0/23
118.23.35.128/27
118.23.35.160/28
118.23.35.0/25

Port
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/1
Fa0/1

Distance
3
2
1
1
2

Port
Fa0/1
Fa0/1
Fa0/1
Fa0/1
Fa0/0

Distance
4
3
2
1
1

LAN 1
LAN 2
LAN 3
LAN 4
LAN 5

Router 4
Destination
118.23.34.0/24
118.23.32.0/23
118.23.35.128/27
118.23.35.160/28
118.23.35.0/25

16

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

C. MACHINE PROLEM 8
1. Cu hi 1
Trnh by s cn thit ca Spanning Tree Protocol. Cho bit nguyn tc hot ng ca
STP. STP hot ng trn lp no trong mn hnh OSI 7 lp.
Tr li
Trong mi trng lp 2 (switching hoc bridging), khng s dng giao thc nh tuyn
v cng khng cho php cc con ng d phng, thay v bridge cung cp vic truyn d liu
gia cc mng hoc cc cng ca switch. Giao thc Spanning Tree cung cp lin kt
d phng mng chuyn mch lp 2 c th khi phc t li m khng cn c s can thip
kpthi
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) l mt giao thc ngn chn s lp vng, cho php
cc bridge truyn thng vi nhau pht hin vng lp vt l trong mng. Sau giao thc
nys nh r mt thut ton m bridge c th to ra mt cu trc mng logic cha vng lp
(loop-free). Ni cch khc STP s to mt cu trc cy ca free-loop gm cc l v ccnhnh
ni ton b mng lp 2.
Cc bc din tin ca hot ng ca spanning tree

Bu chn root switch: Switch c bridge-ID nh nht s c bu chn. Thng

thng, bridgeID c hnh thnh gm gi tr priority (2 bytes) v MAC ca
switch.
Xc nh root port: l cng trn nhng non-root switch c kt ni ngn nht v
rootswitch.
Xc nh designated port trn tng segment: Khi c nhiu switch kt ni vo mt
segment, y l cng ca switch chu trch nhim y traffic ra khi segment.

2. Cu hi 2
Gii thch cc field trong TCP header trong hnh 1. Da trn cu trc ca UDP header, cho
bit cc dch v m UDP cung cp cho cc lp trn. So snh cc dch v, tnh nng ca UDP
v TCP.
Tr li
TCP header: gii thch cu hi 4 trong machine problem 6
UDP header:
07

8 15

16 24

25 31

Source port

Destination port

Length

Checksum

Source port: Trng ny xc nh cng ca ngi gi thng tin v c ngha nu mun

nhn thng tin phn hi t ngi nhn. Nu khng dng n th t n bng 0.
Destination port: Trng xc nh cng nhn thng tin, v trng ny l cn thit.

17

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

Length: Trng c di 16 bit xc nh chiu di ca ton b datagram: phn header v

d liu. Chiu di ti thiu l 8 byte khi gi tin khng c d liu, ch c header.
Checksum: Trng checksum 16 bit dng cho vic kim tra li ca phn header v d
liu.
Cc tnh nng v dch v cung cp ca STP v UDP:
Services/Features

TCP

UDP

Hng lin kt

Khng

Song cng

Tin cy

Khng

Nhn d liu c th t

Khng

Khng

iu khin lung

Khng

iu khin tc nghn

Khng

C ch ECN

Khng

Ty chn

Khng

Hng bn tin

no

Tm li ng MTU

Khng

Phn mnh PDU tng ng dng

Khng

Bc cc PDU tng ng dng

Khng

Kt ni half-closed

Khng

Kim tra d liu ti ch

Khng

Gi tiu cho checksum

4-tuple

Khng

Nhn d liu khng c th t

Selective ACKs

Trng thi i

3. Cu hi 3
Cho a ch IP: 12.5.21.56/255.255.255.240. Hy tm:
a) a ch mng con
b) a ch my c IP ny
c) a ch Broadcast
d) a ch router chy RIP trong mng ny.
Tr li

18

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

a) a ch mng con

Ta i: 24010 = 1111 00002 mng ny dng 28 bit lm Net ID.

Xt byte cui: 5610 = 0011 1000
Byte cui ca a ch mng con: 0011 00002 = 4810
a ch mng con: 12.5.21.48
b) a ch my:
Xt byte cui ca IP: 5610 = 0011 10002. Mng ny c 32 28 = 4 bit lm host ID, do
a ch my mang a ch IP ny l 1000
c) a ch broadcast:
i byte cui: 0011 11112 = 6310 a ch broadcast: 12.5.21.63
d) a ch router chy RIP
a ch IP chy RIP trong mng ny c th l :
12.5.21.48/2812.5.21.62/28 ngoi tr 12.5.21.56/28
4. Cu hi 4
C cc a ch IP: (1 im)

203.162.4.15/255.255.255.240
203.162.4.25/255.255.255.240
203.162.4.26/255.255.255.240
203.162.4.125/255.255.255.240
203.162.4.215/255.255.255.240
203.162.4.205/255.255.255.240
203.162.4.65/255.255.255.240
203.162.4.85/255.255.255.240

Sp xp cc a ch theo tng Subnet.

Tr li
i: 24010 = 1111 00002 cc a ch ny dng 28 bit lm Net ID v 4 bit lm host ID. Ta
xt oclet cui ca mi a ch
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

a ch
203.162.4.15
203.162.4.25
203.162.4.26
203.162.4.125
203.162.4.215
203.162.4.205
203.162.4.65
203.162.4.85

Oclet cui
0000 1111
0001 1001
0001 1010
0111 1101
1101 0111
1100 1101
0100 0001
0101 0101

Net ID
203.162.4.0
203.162.4.16
203.162.4.16
203.162.4.112
203.162.4.208
203.162.4.192
203.162.4.64
203.162.4.80

Vy trong cc a ch trn ch c a ch 2 v 3 l cng mng (cng net ID)

19

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

5. Cu hi 5
VLAN:
a. Cho bit VLAN l g v hot ng ca VLAN. Trong nh ngha VLAN, cho bit
khi nim "trunk" l g.

b. M t chi tit qu trnh di chuyn ca mt frame i t PC0 n PC1. Ti sao PC2

(thuc VLAN 20) li khng nhn c frame t PC0 nh PC1 trong hnh v s 2.

c. Mng mt cng ty nh trong hnh 3 vi 2 switches v 4 PCs. C 2 VLAN: VLAN10

v LAN20. VLAN10: PC0 (10.0.1.1/24), PC2 (10.0.1.2/24); VLAN20: PC1
(10.0.1.12/24), PC3 (10.0.2.14/24). Cu hnh cc thit b sao cho PCs sao cho PC
trong cng VLAN c th gi d liu. PCs khc VLAN khng th nhn d liu. Gi s
switch chy IOS (Cisco). Dng packet tracer m phng.
Bi lm
a. VLAN
VLAN l cm t vit tt ca Virtual Local Area Network (hay virtual LAN) hay cn c
gi l mng LAN o. VLAN l mt k thut cho php to lp cc mng LAN c lp mt
cch logic trn cng mt kin trc h tng vt l. Vic to lp nhiu mng LAN o trong
cng mt mng cc b gip gim thiu vng qung b (broadcast domain) cng nh to
thun li cho vic qun l mt mng cc b rng ln.
Trunk: l mt kt ni point-to-point h tr cc VLAN trn cc switch lin kt vi
nhau. Mt ng c cu hnh Trunk s gp nhiu lin kt o trn mt lin kt vt l
chuyn tn hiu t cc VLAN trn cc switch vi nhau da trn mt ng cp vt l.

20

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

b. Qu trnh di chuyn frame

Do PC0 v PC1 nm trong cng VLAN10, qu trnh gi frame t PC0 sang PC1 din ra
tun t, i t PC0 Switch0 Switch1 PC1 v sau l ngc li.

Cc gi lu thng trong mng trong qu trnh gi u c a ch ngun v ch ging

nhau, ngun l 0030.F265.3DBB (PC0) v ch l 000A.F372.4642 (PC1)

Khi gi gi t PC0 sang PC2, ti PC2, thng tin ca gi c dest l 10.0.1.10 (PC2) v src
l 10.0.1.1 (PC0):

21

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Tuy nhin khi gi:

V PC0 v PC2 khng cng mng nn ARP khng th phn gii a ch 10.0.1.10, PC0
khng bit a ch ch u nn khng th gi gi. Kt qu l PC0 v PC2 khng th gi
nhn gi c.
c. Cu hnh mng VLAN
**Cu hnh cho Switch1:
Switch>enable
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#hostname Switch1
Switch1(config)#vlan 10
Switch1(config-vlan)#name vlan10
Switch1(config-vlan)#exit
Switch1(config)#vlan 20

22

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Switch1(config-vlan)#name vlan20
Switch1(config-vlan)#exit
Switch1(config)#interface GigabitEthernet1/1
Switch1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch1(config-if)#exit
Switch1(config)#interface GigabitEthernet1/2
Switch1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch1(config-if)#exit
Switch1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Switch1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch1(config-if)#exit
Switch1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/2
Switch1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Switch1(config-if)#exit
Switch1(config)#exit

**Cu hnh cho Switch2:

Switch>enable
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#hostname Switch2
Switch2(config)#vlan 10
Switch2(config-vlan)#name vlan10
Switch2(config-vlan)#exit
Switch2(config)#vlan 20
Switch2(config-vlan)#name vlan20
Switch2(config-vlan)#exit
Switch2(config)#interface GigabitEthernet1/1
Switch2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch2(config-if)#exit
Switch2(config)#interface GigabitEthernet1/2
Switch2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk

23

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Switch2(config-if)#exit
Switch2(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Switch2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch2(config-if)#exit
Switch2(config)#interface FastEthernet0/2
Switch2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Switch2(config-if)#exit
Switch2(config)#exit
**Kt qu thc hin
Ta ln lt thc hin ping gia cc my trong cng mt VLAN v gia hai VLAN khc
nhau:
1. Ping trong cng mt VLAN
Ping PC2 (10.0.1.2, VLAN10) t PC0 (10.0.1.1, VLAN10), c kt qu sau:

Ping PC3 (10.0.1.24/24, VLAN20) t PC1 (10.0.1.12/24, VLAN20) cng cho kt qu tng
t:

24

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

2. Ping gia hai VLAN khc nhau

Ping PC0 (10.0.1.1/24, VLAN10) t PC1 (10.0.1.12/24, VLAN20) c kt qu sau:

Ping PC2 (10.0.1.2/24, VLAN10) t PC3 (10.0.1.14/24, VLAN20) c kt qu tng

t:

25

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Vy ta kt lun cu hnh thnh cng yu cu h thng.

6. Cu hi 6
Mt gi d liu c bt bng phn mm Wireshark:
0000 f4 ec 38 ce 00 2c 00 16 44 cf b3 d3 08 00 45 00 ..8..,.. D.....E.
0010 00 40 2e 53 40 00 80 06 a2 8e c0 a8 01 68 6f 41 .@.S@... .....hoA
0020 f8 84 0c 69 00 50 b7 a9 81 55 00 00 00 00 b0 02 ...i.P.. .U......
0030 ff ff c6 71 00 00 02 04 05 b4 01 03 03 01 01 01 ...q.... ........
0040 08 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 04 02

........ ......

a. Xc nh y l loi gi tin g
b. Xc nh v tr gi tin trong qu trnh trao i gi liu
c. Xc nh ng dng gi gi tin ny
Tr li
Da vo s cu trc gi tin Ethernet, ta ln lt phn tch cc trng xc nh
thng tin cn thit

26

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

0000 f4 ec 38 ce 00 2c 00 16 44 cf b3 d3 08 00 45 00
..8..,.. D.....E.
0010 00 40 2e 53 40 00 80 06 a2 8e c0 a8 01 68 6f 41
.@.S@... .hoA
0020 f8 84 0c 69 00 50 b7 a9 81 55 00 00 00 00 b0 02
...i.P.. .U......
0030 ff ff c6 71 00 00 02 04 05 b4 01 03 03 01 01 01
...q.... ........
0040 08 0a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 04 02

........ ......

MAC HEADER:
Source MAC: f4 ec 38 ce 00 2c
Destination MAC: 00 16 44 cf b3 d3
Ether type: 08 00

y l gi tin Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

Ta cn ly phn IP header ra khi gi tin phn tch, do , cn xc nh chiu di ca
phn header.
Da vo gi tr phn Version v header length: 45, ta c version l 4 v header length l 5
khng c option.
Bc tip theo, xc nh y l gi tin UDP hay TCP, ta cn cn c vo trng
Protocol nm trong word th 3 ca phn header (c 5 word) 80 06 a2 8e. Gi tr protocol
l byte th 2, c gi tr l 06. Nh suy ra y l gi tin TCP.

27

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

Cu trc gi tin TCP:
+

Bt 0 - 3

4-9

10 - 15

16 - 31

Source Port

Destination Port

32

Sequence Number

64

Acknowledgement Number

96

Data
Offset

Reserved

Flags

Window

Checksum

128

Urgent Pointer

160

Options (optional)

160/192+

Data

Ta xt word u tin: 0c 69 00 50. Ta c c gi tr ca Dest port l 00 50 (hay 80

trong h 10), vy gi tin ny lin quan n giao thc HTTP ca tng Application.
bit gi tin ny nm trong giai on no ca kt ni, ta cn xem xt cc c (Flag) nm
bit 8-15 ca word th 3 (b0 02), i gi tr Flags (hay Control bits) sang nh phn
000010
Bao gm 6 c:
0

URG C cho trng Urgent pointer

ACK C cho trng Acknowledgement

PSH Hm Push

RST Thit lp li ng truyn

SYN ng b li s th t

FIN Khng gi thm s liu

Ch c c SYN c bt (c ACK khng bt). Mt khc, trng sequence number c gi

tr (b7 a9 81 55) v Acknowledge Number cha c gi tr (00 00 00 00) nn ta xc
nh y l bc u tin trong qu trnh 3-Way Handshake, thuc giai on thit lp kt
ni.
Qu trnh 3-way handshake:
thit lp mt kt ni, TCP s dng mt quy trnh 3-way handshake. Trc khi client
th kt ni vi mt server, server phi ng k mt cng v m cng cho cc kt ni: y
c gi l m b ng. Mt khi m b ng c thit lp th mt client c th bt u
m ch ng. thit lp mt kt ni, quy trnh 3-way handshake xy ra nh sau:
1. Client yu cu m cng dch v bng cch gi gi tin SYN (gi tin TCP) ti server,
trong gi tin ny, tham s Sequence Number c gn cho mt gi tr ngu nhin X.

28

Bi tp v nh mn Thng Tin D Liu Mng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Nhn

2. Server hi p bng cch gi li pha client bn tin SYN-ACK, trong gi tin ny,
tham s Acknowledgment Number c gn gi tr bng X + 1, tham s sequence
number c gn ngu nhin mt gi tr Y.
3. hon tt qu trnh 3-Way Handshake, client tip tc gi ti server bn tin ACK,
trong bn tin ny, tham s sequence number c gn cho gi tr bng X + 1 cn
tham s acknowledgment number c gn gi tr bng Y + 1
Ti thi im ny, c client v server u c xc nhn rng, mt kt ni c thit
lp.
Tm li:

y l gi tin IPv4, c th l gi tin TCP

Gi tin ny l gi tin SYN, c gi trong bc u tin ca qu trnh 3-way
handshake
Gi tin ny i n cng 80, s dng giao thc HTTP ca lp application

29