L THUYT GII TON IN XOAY CHIU BNG S PHC

1. S tng quan gia in xoay chiu v s phc

Xt on mch R, L, C mc ni tip, u = U o cos(t + )(V ) .
Ta c gin vect nh sau:
+ Phn dng ca trc tung biu din L

+ Phn m ca trc tung biu din C

+Vect u c ln l U0 v to vi trc honh mt gc l UC

UC

UL

+ Trc honh biu din R

UL Uc
UR

Xt mt s phc bt k: x = a + bi.
S phc ny c ghi di dng lng gic l x = X o
V c biu din nh hnh bn:

+Trc honh biu din phn thc (s a)

X0
b

+Trc tung biu din phn o (s b)

+Vect x c ln l Xo v to vi trc honh mt gc l

Nh vy ta c th xem R nh l mt s phc ch c phn thc a (v nm trn trc honh)

L v C l s phc ch c phn o b (v nm trn trc tung). Nhng chng khc nhau l L
nm phn dng nn c biu din l bi. C nm phn m nn c biu din l bi.
u hoc i c xem nh l mt s phc x v c vit di dng lng
X o .
gic
VD:
Cc i lng trong in
xoay chiu
R=50
ZL=100
ZC=150

u = 100 cos(100t + )(V

)
i=2

cos(100t

)(

Biu din di
dng s phc
50
100i
-150i

100
6

2 2( )
4

A)
2. Cng thc tnh ton c bn:
Khi gii cc bi tp in xoay chiu bng s phc, cc bn xem on mch ny nh l
on mch mt chiu vi cc phn t R, L, C mc ni tip.
Chng ta ch s dng mt nh lut duy nht gii. l nh lut Ohm trong mch
in mt chiu. nh lut ny chng ta hc nm lp 9, qu quen thuc ng khng no:
I=

U
U
R hay U = I.R hay R = I
1

Trong R khng ch ring mi in tr, m ch chung tt c nhng vt c tr khng

(nhng ci c n v l ^^. VD: R, ZL, ZC...).
Trong chng trnh hc Ph thng, chng ta ch hc on mch xoay chiu mc ni
tip, cho nn trong on mch mt chiu gm R1, R2,..., Rn ni tip ta c:
R = R1 + R2 + ... +Rn
U = U1 + U2 + ... + Un
I = I1 = I2= ... =In
3. Thao tc trn my:
a) Nhng thao tc c bn
thc hin tnh ton s phc trn my, chng ta phi vo mode CMPLX bng cch n
[Mode] [2]. Trn mn hnh hin CMPLX.

Trong mode CMPLX, nhp k hiu i ta nhn phm

ENG nhp k hiu ngn cch , ta nhn [SHIFT]
[(-)]

Nh ta bit, s phc c hai cch ghi, l i s v lng gic.

- Khi my tnh hin th dng i s (a+bi), th chng ta s bit c phn thc v phn o
ca s phc.

- Khi my tnh hin th dng lng gic ( X o ), th chng ta s bit c di (modul)

v gc (argumen) ca s phc.

Mc nh, my tnh s hin th kt qu di dng i s. chuyn sang dng lng gic,

ta nhn: [SHIFT] [2], mn hnh hin th nh sau:

chn [3], nhn [=]. Kt qu s c chuyn sang dng lng gic

b) Nhng li thng gp
Khi ci t my ch n v o gc no th phi nhp n v o gc y.
0
0
Trong mode (mn hnh hin ch D), cc bn phi nhp n v l . VD: 45 , 60

Trong mode rad (mn hnh hin ch R), cc bn phi nhp n v l radian.
,
4 3
VD: Cch ci t my: Nhn [SHIFT] [Mode]

Nhn [3] ci t my n v l .
Nhn [4] ci t my n v l
radian.
Trn my Fx 570 ES, bm nhanh, cc bn thng n du chia thay cho du phn s.
Chnh v vy trong qu trnh bm my thng xut hin nhng li nh sau:
1

Khc
1 2
2 4
4
1
1

Khc
4
2 4
2

3
2i

Khc

3 (2i)

Cch khc phc: s dng du ngoc

II. CC DNG BI TP:
(nhn [Mode] [2] chuyn sang mode s phc, ci t my n v gc radian)
1. Tm biu thc hiu in th, cng dng in :
Bi 1: Mt on mch in gm in tr R = 50 mc ni tip vi cun thun cm L = 0,5/
(H). t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = 100 2 sin(100t - /4) (V).
Biu thc ca cng dng in qua on mch l:
A. i = 2sin(100t - /2) (A).
C. i = 2 2 sin100t (A).

B. i = 2 2 sin(100t - /4) (A).

D. i = 2sin100t (A).
Gii:

Gi :
Ta dng nh lut Ohm I =

U
gii.
R

Cch lm:

Ta c: R=50
ZL=50.
U
Suy ra I =
.
R+ZL

Nhn [SHIFT] [2] [3] chuyn sang dng lng gic:

p n : A

Bi 2: Khi t hiu in th khng i 30V vo hai u on mch gm in trthun mc ni

1
tip vi cun cm thun c t cm
(H) th dng in trong mch l dng in 1 chiu c
4
cng 1A. Nu t vo hai u on mch ny in p u = 150 2 cos120t (V) th biu thc
cng dng in trong mch l:

A. i = 5 2 cos(120t ) (A)
B. i = 5 cos(120t + ) (A)
4
4

C. i = 5 2 cos(120t + ) (A)
D. i = 5 cos(120t ) (A)
4
4
(Trch thi tuyn sinh i hc 2009)
Gii:
Gi :
Tnh R, sau dng cng thc I =

U
tnh.
R

Cch lm:

Khi t hiu in th khng i (hiu in th 1 chiu) th on mch ch cn c R.

U 30
R = = 1 = 30
I
Ta c R=30.
ZL=30.
U
Suy ra I =
.
R+ZL

Chuyn sang dng lng gic:

p n : D

Bi 3: Hiu in th xoay chiu t vo hai u on mch R, L, C ni tip c biu thc:

u = 220 2 cos(100t )(V ) . Bit R = 100, L = 0,318H v C = 15,9 F. Biu thc hiu in
12
th gia hai bn t l:

A. u = 440 cos(100t )
B. u = 400 cos(100t ) V
4
V
3

C. u = 440 cos(100t + )
D. u = 440 cos(100t
)V
12
+
V
Gii:
6
Gi :
Tnh I sau dng cng thc UC = I . ZC
Cch lm:

Ta c: R=100
ZL=100.

ZC=200.
U
.
I=
R + Z L + ZC
Nhp vo my:

Nhn [=] :

C I ri, ta suy ra UC bng cng thc: UC = I . ZC

Chuyn sang dng lng gic:

p n : A

2. Tm cc thnh phn (Bi ton hp en)

Ta chia R, L, C thnh 2 nhm:
+ Nhm 1: in tr (R).
+ Nhm 2: Cun cm v t in (L v C).
Ly u chia i, hin th di dng i s th kt qu s ri vo nhng dng nh sau:
a + bi : on mch c c nhm 1 v nhm 2 ( Trong a l gi tr ca in tr, b
l tng tr ca nhm 2. Nu nhm 2 ch c 1 phn t th b l tr khng ca phn
t )
a : on mch ch c in tr.
bi : on mch ch c nhm 2.

Bi 1: t hiu in th xoay chiu u = 120 2 cos(100t +

khng

)(V ) vo hai u ca mt cun dy

thun cm thy dng in trong mch c biu thc i = 2 cos(100t

bng:
A. 60

B. 85

C. 100

)( A) . in tr thun r c gi tr
12

D. 120

Gii:
-

Chuyn u, i sang s phc:

u :120 2
6

i : 2
12
Ly u chia i:

- Suy ra r = 60.
p n : A

Bi 2: in p gia hai u cun dy v cng dng in qua cun dy l:

u = 80 cos(100t + )(V ) ; i 2 cos(100t )( A) . in tr thun R v t cm L ca cun

=

dy

l:

A. 40 v 0,368 H
C. 40 2 v 0,127 H
-

Chuyn u, i sang s phc:

u : 80
8
i : 2

Ly u chia i:

B. 40 v 0,127 H
D. 40 2 v 0,048 H
Gii:

Suy ra R = 40.
ZL = 40
C ZL = 40 , suy ra L = 0,127H.

p n : B

Bi 3: Cho on mch xoay chiu nh hnh v.

2
4
Cho R = 50 , C = .10 F , u AM = 80 cos(100t )(V ) ;

uMB = 200 2 cos(100t + )(V ) . Gi tr ca v L l:

R

2
A. 250 v 0,8 H
C. 176,8 v 0,56 H

B. 250 v 0,56 H
D. 176,8 v 0, 8 H
Gii:

Gi :
Tnh I, sau ly UMB chia cho I.
Cch lm:

Ta c: R = 50
ZC = 50.

Chuyn uAM, uMB sang s phc:

u AM : 80
uMB : 200 2

R0, L

C
M

U AM
80
=
+
R Z C 50 50i

Tnh I : I =

U MB 200 2 2
Ly UMB chia I:
=
4 4
I
+ i
5 5

Suy ra R0 = 176,8.
ZL = 176,8 => L = 0,56 H

p n : C

3. Cng cc u
Nh ta bit, trong on mch mt chiu, mun bit hiu in th on mch th ta ch cn
cng cc hiu in th thnh phn c trong mch li vi nhau.
Bi 1: on mch AC c in tr thun, cun dy thun cm v t in mc ni tip. B l mt im trn

AC vi uAB = sin100t (V) v uBC = 3sin(100t - ) (V). Tm biu thc hiu in th uAC.
2
A. u AC = 2 2 sin(100t)

C. u AC = 2 sin 100 t +

D. u AC = 2 sin 100 t V

Gii:
Gi :
Cng cc hiu in th thnh phn li vi nhau.
Cch lm:

B. u AC = 2 sin 100t + V

Chuyn uAB, uBC sang s phc:

u AB :1
uBC : 3

Tnh UAC :

=u

u
AC

+u
AB

BC

=1
+

Chuyn sang dng lng gic:

Suy ra u AC = 2 sin(100t

)(V )

p n : D
(Bi ny cng c th gii nhanh bng phng php gin vect)

III. BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Cho on mch nh hnh v: R = 100, L = 0,138H v C = 15,9 F

L
uMB = 220 cos(100t )(V ) . Biu thc cng
C
3
R
B
A
M
dng in trong mch l:

A. i = 2 cos(100t )
B. i = 2 cos(100t + ) (A)
6
(A)
6
2

C. i = 2 cos(100t )
D. i =
(A)

2 cos(100t +

) (A)
2

Bi 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu gm mt cun dy c in tr thun r =

20
3

, t cm

1
103
L=
( H ) v t in c in dung C =
( F mc ni tip. Bit biu thc in p hai u
5
)
4
cun dy l ud = 100 2 cos100t (V). in p hai u mch l:
A. u =100 2 cos(100t

2
) (V)
3
D. u =100 cos(100t ) (V)

B. u =100 cos(100t +

(V)

3
C. u =100 cos(100t + ) (V)

Bi 3: Mt on mch xoay chiu gm R mc ni tip vi mt trong hai phn t C hoc cun

dy thun cm L. in p gia hai u mch in v cng dng in qua mch c biu
thc:

u = 100 2 cos(100t )(V ) , i = 2 cos(100t )( A) . on mch gm

4
A. R v C c R = 30, ZC = 30

B. R v L c R = 40, ZL = 30

C. R v C c R = 50, ZC = 50

D. R v L c R = 50, ZL = 50

Bi 4: on mch AC c in tr thun, cun dy thun cm v t in mc ni tip. B l mt

im trn AC vi uAB = sin100 t (V) v uBC = 3sin(100t - ) (V). Tm biu thc hiu in th
2
uAC.

A. u AC = 2 2 sin(100t)
B. u AC = 2 sin 100t + V
3

C. u AC = 2 sin 100t +
3

D. u AC = 2 sin 100 t V
3

Bi 5: t mt hiu in th u = 200 2 .sin(100 t + /6) (V) vo hai u ca mt cun dy

thun cm c t cm L = 2/ (H). Biu thc ca cng dng in chy trong cun dy l
A. i =

2 sin (100t + 2/3 ) (A).

C. i = 2 sin (100t - /3 ) (A).

B. i = 2 sin ( 100t + /3 ) (A).

D. i =

2 sin (100t - 2/3 ) (A).

Bi 6: Cho mt on mch in xoay chiu gm in tr thun R v t in c in dung C

mc ni tip. in p t vo hai u on mch l u = 100 2 cos100t (V ) , b qua in tr dy
ni. Bit
cng dng in trong mch c gi tr hiu dng l 3 A v lch pha
Gi tr ca R v C l:

so vi in p hai u mch.
3

A. R =

50

v C = 10 F
3

C. R = 50 3 v C =

104
F

50

10
F
v C =
B. R =
5
3
D. R = 50 3 v C =

103
F
5

Bi 7: Cho mt on mch in xoay chiu gm hai trong trong phn t: in tr thun R, cun
dy thun cm L, t C mc ni tip. Hiu in th gia hai u mch v cng dng
in trong mch c biu thc:
u = 220 2 sin (100t - /3 ) (V)
i = 2 2 sin (100t + /6) (A)
Hai phn t l hai phn t no?
A. R v L.
B. R v C
C. L v C.
D. R v L hoc L v C.
Bi 8 : t mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = 60sin100t (V) vo hai u on mch gm cun
thun cm L = 1/ H v t C = 50/ F mc ni tip. Biu thc ng ca cng dng in
chy trong mch l
A. i = 0,2sin(100t + /2) (A).
B. i = 0,2sin(100t - /2) (A).
C. i = 0,6sin(100t + /2) (A).
D. i = 0,6sin(100t - /2) (A).
-4
Bi 9 : Cho on mch nh hnh v, R=50, L=1/(H), C=2.10 /(F), bit
u MB = 100 2 sin(100t 3)(V ) . Tm biu thc hiu in th uAB?

A. 100 2 sin(100t
C. 100

6)(V )
4)(V )

B. 100 2 sin(100t +
D. 100

6)(V )
3)(V )

2 sin(100t +

2 sin(100t +

Bi 10: Mch in ni tip R, L, C trong cun dy thun cm (ZL < ZC). t vo hai u on

mch mt in p xoay chiu u = 200 2 cos(100t + )V . Khi R = 50 cng sut mch t

gi

tr cc i. Biu thc dng in qua mch lc :

A. i = 4 cos(100t + ) (A)
2

C. i = 4 2 cos(100t + ) (A)
4
Gi :
Khi R = 50 cng sut mch t gi tr cc i, suy
ra Cc dng ton cc tr trong dng in xoay
chiu).
Mt khc ZC > ZL nn trong s phc ta c: ZL + ZC =
-50i

200 2
u
4 = 4
Suy ra: i =
=
R + Z L + ZC
50 50i
2

B. i = 4 cos(100t + ) (A)
4
D. i = 4 2 cos(100t) (A)
ZL
ZC

= R = 50 (Xem thm chuyn