Chng 2: I PHN T SINH HC

I.Protein:

1.Cu trc ho hc: _ n phn l axitamin gm 1 gc amin (NH2),cacborxylic(COOH )

_ Cc Axit amin phn bit nhau bi gc R,c 20 loi axit amin _ Cc axit amin lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt peptide,lin kt uc hnh thnh do s kt hp ca nhm amin ca axit amin ny vi gc cacborxyl( -COOH) ca axit amin k tip v loi i 1 phn t nc - Peptide l 1 chui cc axit amin( s lng < 30 axit amin ) _ vi chui c s lng axit amin ln hn gi l polypeptide 2Cu trc khng gian: a)cu trc bc 1: _n gin l cc axit amin lin kt vi nhau theo th t b)cu trc bc 2: _ Mch polypeptide to 1 xon tha c dng l xo u n to thnh nhng chui xon alpha _ s vn xon l xo ny l do cc lien kt bn ca nguyn t C-alpha ca cc axit amin,trong xon cc nhm C=O v N-H thuc cc vng lien kt peptide c ko li gn nhau v hnh thnh cc lien kt Hidro _ Dng xon beta l mch polypeptide c ko di v nm song song vi cc lin kt Hidro _ C 2 loi cu trc ny u c to nn bi lien kt Hidro gia cc khu vc lien kt peptide ca mch polypeptide,gc R khng tham gia vo vic to thnh cu trc bc 2 c)Cu trc bc 3:

_Quy nh s kt hp cc chui xon hay cc lp mng thnh hnh dng ba chiu trong khng gian ,to thnh nhng khi cu _ cu trc ny c bit ph thuc vo gc R d) cu trc bc 4: _Gm 2 hay nhiu chui polypeptide lien kt vi nhau _ v d cu trc ca hemoglobin gm 2 chui xon alpha v 2 chui xon beta

Hinh1.1 Cu trc protein

3.Chc nng ca protein:

_ chc nng bo v:l thnh phn cu to ca mng t bo _chc nng xc tc phn ng :enzim _Chc nng iu ho:hoocmon _chc nng dinh dung:khi thiu glucid v lipid,protein phn hu to ra glucid v lipid cung cp nng lng cho c th _chc nng vn chuyn:cc protein xuyn mng ,khm trn mng sinh cht.. _cu to nn nhim sc th: protein loi histon c 1 on DNA qun quanh to thnh n v c bn ca nhim sc th l nucleoxom

IINucleic acid:
1.Cu trc ho hc:
_ acid nucleic c 2 loi: DNA v ARN _n phn ca acid nucleic l nucleic( DNA) v ribonucleic( RNA) _Cu trc ca n phn:

NUCLEIC( DNA) RIBONUCLEIC( RNA) 3 thnh phn: ung oxiribo,1 gc 3 thnh phn:1 ng Ribo, 1 gc photphat(H3PO4),1 trong 4 loi bazo nito photphat,1 trong 4 loi bazo nito:A,U,G,C A,T,G,C _ 5 loi bazo nito gm 2 nhm: purine( A ,G) v pyrimidine (T ,C ,U)

2.Cu trc ca DNA:

_Cu trc dng B,cu trc thng gp cc sinh vt _ DNA gm 2 on polynucleic xon song song nguc chiu nhau v ngc chiu kim ng h _Chiu cao ca vng xon gm 10 cp Nu _Cu trc trn 1 mch n : Cc nucleic acid lien kt vi nhau bng lin kt photphodieste gia ung ca Nu ny vi gc photphat acid ca Nu k tip to thnh on polynucleotide Mi mch n c trnh t nh hung l u 5photphat t do v ti Nu cui ca mcn n l v tr 3 t do ca ng,v vy DNA c chiu 53 _cu trc trn mch kp: 2 mch n lien kt vi nhau bng lien kt Hidro gia cc bazo nito trn mi mch n theo nguyn tc b sung A-T,G-C

Hnh 2: Cu trc DNA A lien kt vi T bng 2 lin kt Hidro,G lien kt vi C bng 3 lin kt Hidro _ l cu trc DNA dng B( c hu ht sinh vt eukaryote) _cn sinh vt prokaryote DNA c th c dng A,C,T,Z,dng mch vng

Hnh: plasmid- mt dng DNA mch vng

*Chc nng ca DNA: cha v truyn t thong tin di truyn cp phn t C kh nng lm khun tng hp protein C kh nng t sao,sao m trun t thong tin di truyn cho th h sau

3.Cu trc ca RNA:

_c 3 loi RNA:RNA thng tin(mARN), RNA vn chuyn (tRNA) v RNA riboxom(rRNA) a)mRNA: _chim 2-5% tng s RNA ca t bo _bn sao ca 1 on DNA nht nh,c dng mch thng _l 1 on polyribonucleic (60-100 ribonucleic),cc ribonucleic lien kt vi nhau bng lien kt photphodieste gia gc ng ribo ca Ribonucleic ny vi gc acidphotphat ca ribonucleic k tip _mRNA ng vai tr trung gian trong vic truyn t thng tin di truyn,tham gia vo giai on dch m tng hp protein b)tRNA: _Chim 8-15% RNA ca t bo

_tRNA c dng c ba l _tRNA cng l mch n,nhng mch n ny xon li,ti nhng v tr ph hp vi quy lut b sung th hnh thnh nhng lin kt Hidro gia cc Ribonucleic,cn nhng v tr khng b sung th phnh ra to nn nhng thu,1 trong 3 thu cha b ba i m _trn u 3 ca tRNA mang axit amin tung ng vi b ba i m

Hnh 3: cu trc tRNA _tRNA ng vai tr vn chuyn axit amin trong qu trnh sinh tng hp protein c)rRNA: _Chim 80% lung RNA ca t bo _L 1 on RNA xon cun li,c nhng on c lien kt b sung _rRNA kt hp vi 1 s protein chuyn bit to thnh riboxom _1s RNA cn c kh nng xc tc

Hnh 4: 2 tiu phn ca ribosome

III.LIPID:
_n v cu trc ca lipid l acid bo,mi acid bo bao gm 1 mch hydrocarbon gn vi 1 gc COOH _cc acid bo phn bit nhau bi di,cc ni i trong mch hydrocarbon _2 loi: .cc acid bo khng mang ni i l acid bo ho .cc acid bo cha n i l acid cha bo ho

_chc nng L thnh phn cu to ca mng t bo

hnh5: mng t bo cht giu nng lng cho hot ng sng ca c th ng vai tr d tr nng lng cho t bo(ch yu l ng vt) iu ho nhit (lp m dy,gi n nh thn nhit c th)

IV:Polysaccharide:
_Cng thc ho hc chung (C6H10O5)n,cng thc cu to dng mch vng _Phn loi: 1. ung n: monosaccharide: ng t 3C n 6C (ng gluco, ng fructose), ng 5C nh ng ribo,hoc deoxiribo

Hnh6 : cu trc ng gluco

2. ng nh: (Disaccharide)gm 2 ung n lien kt vi nhau v loi i 1 phn t nuc,lien kt gi l lien kt glycosidic.V d mantozo,saccarozo.. 3. ng a: (polysaccharide) tinh bt,xenlulozo,glycogen _Chc nng: Hp cht cung cp nng lng thng xuyn cho hot ng sng ca t bo C th c d tr:glycogen ng vt,tinh bt thc vt Tham gia vo cu to ca t bo,vch t bo-vch cellulose t bo thc vt kt hp vi proteinglycoprotein ng tham gia vo vic vn chuyn cc cht *Chng minh tnh a dng ca protein v cu trc,chc nng v s phi hp vi cc phn t sinh hc khc: 1.Tnh a dng v cu trc: cu trc bc 1: _n gin l cc axit amin lin kt vi nhau theo th t _Cc axit amin lien kt vi nhau bng lien kt peptid c hnh thnh gia gc amin ca axit amin ny v gc carboxyl ca axit amin k tip cu trc bc 2: _ Mch polypeptide to 1 xon tha c dng l xo u n to thnh nhng chui xon alpha _ s vn xon l xo ny l do cc lien kt bn ca nguyn t C-alpha ca cc axit amin,trong xon cc nhm C=O v N-H thuc cc vng lien kt peptide c ko li gn nhau v hnh thnh cc lien kt Hidro _ Dng xon beta l mch polypeptide c ko di v nm song song vi cc lin kt Hidro _ C 2 loi cu trc ny u c to nn bi lien kt Hidro gia cc khu vc lien kt peptide ca mch polypeptide,gc R khng tham gia vo vic to thnh cu trc bc 2 Cu trc bc 3: _Quy nh s kt hp cc chui xon hay cc lp mng thnh hnh dng ba chiu trong khng gian ,to thnh nhng khi cu _ cu trc ny c bit ph thuc vo gc R cu trc bc 4: _Gm 2 hay nhiu chui polypeptide lien kt vi nhau _ v d cu trc ca hemoglobin gm 2 chui xon alpha v 2 chui xon beta 2Tnh a dng v chc nng: _ chc nng bo v:l thnh phn cu to ca mng t bo _chc nng xc tc phn ng :enzim _Chc nng iu ho:hoocmon _chc nng dinh dung:khi thiu glucid v lipid,protein phn hu to ra glucid v lipid cung cp nng lng cho c th _chc nng vn chuyn:cc protein xuyn mng ,khm trn mng sinh cht.. _cu to nn nhim sc th: 8 protein loi histon c 1 on DNA qun quanh to thnh n v c bn ca nhim sc th l nucleoxom 3.s phi hp gia cc i phn t sinh hc:

_Protein v LiPid: trong cu trc khm ng ca mng t bo,gm 1 lp kp photpholipid( l dn xut ca lipid) v cc protein xuyn mng khm trn lp kp to thnh cu trc mng vng chc v linh ng trong vic trao i cht qua mng t bo _Protein vi acid nucleic: trong cu trc ca nhim sc th,1 on DNA qun quanh 8 phn t protein loi histon,lien kt ny c hnh thnh do lc tnh in,to nn n v c bn ca nhim sc th l nucleoxom ,hoc protein vi rRNA to thnh ribosome _Protein vi glucid: phn t glycoprotein=oligosaccharic+protein, ng vai tr l nhng cht mang trong qu trnh vn chuyn cht *Vai tr ca cc lien kt ho hc y trong cu trc khng gian ca cc

phn t:
_ Cc lien kt yu gm: lien kt hydro lc ht vanderwaal 1.trong cu trc ca DNA: _lin kt hydro gia cc bazo nito b sung gip gi cho 2 mch n DNA lien kt vi nhau,bo m cho tnh n nh v bn vng ca DNA,chng chu tc ng ngoi 2.Trong cu trc khng gian ca protein _ Lin kt hydro hnh thnh cu trc khng gian bc 2 bc 3,cu trc m protein mi th hin c chc nng ca mnh _lc ht vanderwaal gp phn to lien kt 2 si polypeptide vi nhau to cu trc bc 4 ca protein