Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.

com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009

Ti liu trch t cun: Ha hc v k xo pht hnh nm 2012










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********





Cc cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton t chy hp cht hu c.
C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
+ [x +

4

z
2
O
2
xCO
2
+
y
2
H
2
O +
t
2
N
2

Dng K xo Cng thc tnh
1. Bi cho s mol CO
2
v H
2
O
t
n
E
2
0
n
C0
2
= k
2xk = y
2. Bi cho s mol O
2
v H
2
O :
t
n
0
2
n
E
2
0
= k
2x +
y
2
(1 2k) = z
3. Bi cho s mol O
2
v CO
2
:
t
n
0
2
n
C0
2
= k
2x(1 k) +
y
2
= z
4. i vi bi ton t chy:
n
0
2
= n
C0
2
+
n
H
2
0
2

Vi hp cht hirocacbon: Cng thc chung : C
n
H
2n +2 -2k

C
n
H
2n +2 -2k
+
3n+1k
2
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n+1-k)H
2
O
Cng thc tnh s mol: C
n
H
2n +2 -2k
=
n
H
2
O
- n
CO
2

1-k
(K: k#1)
Vi hp cht X c dng C
n
H
2n+a
O
2
N
a
khi t ta c cc cng thc tnh s mol:
n
X
=
(n
H
2
O
- n
CO
2
).2
u

n
N
2
= n
H
2
0
n
C0
2

Hp cht X: C
x
H
y
O
z
:
Cho M=A : Tm z tng ng 12x + y = A - 16z
x =
A-16z
12
Ly phn nguyn suy ra: y Cng thc ca X (VD:6.26061992 x=6)
Cng thc trn c th tnh vi hp cht khng ch cha C, H, O
Bi ton t chy ancol no n chc : X:C
n
H
2n+2
O: c s mol l a
Cng thc tnh nhanh: m
X
= m
H
2
0
4n
C0
2

m
X
= m
H
2
0

m
C0
2
11

Mt s gi tr c bit khi tm cng thc phn t X : C
x
H
y
O
z

Nu % Oxi trong X Cng thc nghim
32.00
C
5
H
8
O
2

34.78
C
2
H
6
O
37.21 (C
4
H
6
O
2
)
n

43.24
(C
3
H
6
O
2
)
n

50.00 CH
4
O
53.33
(CH
2
O)
n

Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009


Ti liu trch t cun: Ha hc v k xo pht hnh nm 2012










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55.17 (CHO)
n

Tm cng thc ca cc hp cht hu c in hnh. Bi cho s n
CO
2
u n
H
2
O

Tn hp cht Cng thc chung K xo Cng thc tnh nhanh: Tm n (hoc
n)
1. Amin C
n
H
2n+3-2k
N
x

t
n
H
2
O
n
CO
2
= k
n =
3 2k
2(k 1)

2. Aminoacid
C
n
H
2n+1-2k
N
x
O
2t
t
n
H
2
O
n
CO
2
= k
n =
1 2k
2(k 1)

K xo tng gim khi lng:
Bi ton cho khi oxi ha ru :M
ru [O]
M
andehit
M
gim
=2
Bi ton cho khi oxi ha andehit :M
andehit [O]
M
acid
M
tng
=16
Tng hp c hai qu trnh trn: M
tng
=14
Ancol n chc + Na
Ing
==== 22n
Acid n chc + NaOH
Ing
====22n
Este + NaOH
Ing
==== Suy ra gc R l CH
3
-
.
Bi ton cho m gam cht bo tc dng va vi a (mol) dd NaOH. C cn dung dch thu c X
gam x phng :
Cng thc : X = m+
28u
3

V d: (KB-08): Cho 17,24 gam cht bo tc dng va vi 0,06 (mol) dd NaOH.
C cn dung dch thu c khi lng x phng l:
Gii : m= 17,24 +
280,06
3
= 17,8 (g)
Bi ton cho m (g) mui amin ca aminoaxit tc dng va vi a (mol) OH
-
(NaOH,BaOH...)
c khi lng b (g) c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c X gam mui khan:
X = m+ b
109u
4
(g)
Ch : Vi nhng bi tp nht nh cn linh hot cng thc:
V d vi cng thc trn: Nu baz l Ba(OH)
2

Suy ra b = 85.5o
X
X = m+ 58.25. o hay X = m+
233
2
. n
Bu(0H)
2
(g)
Hon ton tng t: Nu NaOH X = m+
51
4
. o (g)
Cng thc tnh nhanh khi cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi acid:
Acid in hnh
Loi axit
Vi H
2
SO
4 long


Vi HCl

Acid loi I (HCl,
H
2
SO
4 long
...) sinh ra
nH
2
(mol)
m
Mui
= m
KL
+ 96.n
H
2


m
Mui
= m
KL
+ 71. n
H
2


H
2
SO
4 c
cho ra n
enhn
(H
2
S, SO
2
,S) Vi HNO
3
to ra n
enhn

Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009


Ti liu trch t cun: Ha hc v k xo pht hnh nm 2012










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Acid loi II (H
2
SO
4 c
,
HNO
3
).Cho ra sn
phm kh duy nht

m
Mui
=m
KL
+ 48.n
c
nhn


m
Mui
=m
KL
+ 62. n
c
nhn

n
N0
2

3n
N0

Cc gi tr e
nhn
= 8n
N
2
0

8n
NH
4
N0
3

10n
N
2

Cng thc tnh nhanh khi cho m (g) hn hp oxit kim loi tc dng ht vi acid lng va ch
cho ra mui v H
2
O( khng km sn phm kh)
Vi H
2
SO
4 c

Vi HCl Vi HNO
3

m
Mui
= m
oxit
+ 80.n
E
2
S0
4

m
Mui
= m
oxit
+
55
2
. n
HCI

m
Mui
= m
oxit
+ 54. n
HN0
3

Ch : y l 3 trng hp thng dng nht nhng bit u li cho tc dng vi acid
H
3
PO
4
.
Cng thc tnh : m
Mui
= m
oxit
+ 71.n
E
3
P0
4

Cng thc tnh khi nhit phn hon ton mui nitrat ca hn hp kim loi. ( Ngoi tr Fe
2+
,
NH
4
+
) c A gam cht rn X
bi cho m
1
gam kim loi v m
2
gam mui nitrat tng ng: n
N0
3
- =
m
2
-m
1
62
= k
Mui ca kim loi nhm IA v
IIA:
Mui ca cc kim loi khc (ng trc
Ag trong dy Bktp)
A = m
2
16k =
23m
1
+8m
2
31
A = m
2
54k =
27m
1
+4m
2
31

Dng bi ny c th cho thm: Cho kh sau phn
ng vo nc c dung dch X. Tnh pH dung
dch.

Cng thc tnh nhanh vi bi ton:Nhm v Km
Cho t t dung dch x mol OH
-
vo dung dch cha a (mol) mui Al
3+
hoc Zn
2+
vo thu c b mol kt ta (
Ch : Cng thc c p dng khi ch c kt ta ca Al
3+
hoc Zn
2+
)
Al
3+
Zn
2+
OH
-
Min
= 3b (mol)
S mol OH
-
= 4a - b (mol)
OH
-
Max
= 4a ( Khi b=0)

OH
-
Min
= 2b (mol)
S mol OH
-
= 4a - 2b (mol)
OH
-
Max
= 4a ( Khi b=0)

Cho t t dung dch cha x mol H
+
vo dung dch cha a (mol) mui [Al(OH)
4
-
] hoc [Zn(OH)
4
2-
] vo thu
c b mol kt ta
[Al(OH)
4
-
] [Zn(OH)
4
2-
]
H
+
Min
= b
S mol H
+
= 4a - 3b
H
+
Max
= 4a
H
+
Min
= 2b
S mol H
+
= 4a - 2b
H
+
Max
= 4a
Bi ton cho m(g) Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
. S mol HNO
3

cn ha tan ht m(g) Fe?

Khi : _
n
HN0
3Min
=
2m.(c
nhn
+u)
56.c
nhn
n
HN0
3Mcx
=
3m.(c
nhn
+u)
56.c
nhn

a = 1 nu l: NO;NO
2
;NH
4
NO
3
.
a = 2 nu l: N
2
O,N
2
.
Cc trng hp in hnh:
Sinh ra NO _
n
HN0
3Min
=
m
21
n
HN0
3Mcx
=
m
14


Sinh ra NO
2
_
n
HN0
3Min
=
m
14
n
HN0
3Mcx
=
3m
28


Ch : Bi ton c th cho hn hp Cu v Fe tnh nh bnh thng vi Cu cn Fe s dng cng thc trn
Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009


Ti liu trch t cun: Ha hc v k xo pht hnh nm 2012










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Dng phi trin l trong dung dch s c hn hp hai mui khi s mol H
+
s nm trong khong gia gi
tr Max m Min:
Bi ton cho X (g) hn hp Cu, Cu
2
S, CuS, S vo dung dch HNO
3
d sinh ra a mol e
nhn
( VD: x mol NO
a =3x). Tnh s gam Cu c trong hn hp.
m
Cu
= 1,2X 6,4. n
c nn
(*)
Ch vi nhng bi ny c th s khng dng y. Hng b sung l s cho tc dng
vi dd Ba(OH)
2
sinh ra c (g) kt ta. Tnh c=?
T (*) m
s
m kt ta
Cu + O
2
hn hp A (CuO, Cu
2
O, Cu d)
+HN0
3
-- Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ SPK + H
2
O
Hoc: Cu + O
2
hn hp A (CuO, Cu
2
O, Cu d)
+H
2
S0
4
-- CuSO
4
+ SPK + H
2
O
Cng thc tnh nhanh: m
Cu
= , 8. m
h
2
A
+ , 4. n
e trau |

Khi lng mui : m
mu|
=
m
Cu
4
M
mu|

Fe + O
2
hn hp A (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe d)
+HN0
3
-- Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ SPK + H
2
O
Hoc: Fe + O
2
hn hp A (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe d)
+H
2
S0
4
-- Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SPK + H
2
O
Cng thc tnh nhanh: m
Fe
= , 7. m
h
2
A
+ 5, . n
e trau |

Khi lng mui : m
mu|
=
m
Fe
5
. M
mu|


STT Cng thc vit cc ng phn

1 S ng phn ancol no n chc, mch h : C
n
H
2n+2
O
S ancol = 2
n 2

vi n < 6
2 S ng phn anehit no n chc, mch h: C
n
H
2n
O
S andehit = 2
n 3

vi n < 7
3 S ng phn trieste to bi glyxerol v hn hp n acid bo
S tri este=
n
2
(n+1)
2

4 S ng phn acid cacboxylic no n chc, mch h:C
n
H
2n
O
2

S axit = 2
n 3

vi n < 7
5 s ng phn este no n chc, mch h :C
n
H
2n
O
2

S este = 2
n 2

vi n < 5
6 s ng phn ete no n chc, mch h: C
n
H
2n+2
O
S ete =
(n-1)(n-2)
2
vi 2< n <5
7 s ng phn xeton no n chc, mch h C
n
H
2n
O
S xeton =
(n-2)(n-3)
2
vi 3<n<7
8 S ng phn amin no n chc, mch h C
n
H
2n+3
N
S amin= 2
n 1

vi n < 5

9 T n aminoacid khc nhau ta c n! S peptit. Nhng nu c i cp aminoacid ging nhau th cng thc tnh s
peptit l :
n!
2
i


10
T n ancol s c
n(n+1)
2
s este c to thnh
Cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton tnh hiu sut tng hp amoniac:
Cho hn hp X gm : H
2
v N
2
c H

= o . Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH

3
c hn hp Y c H

= b.
Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH
3
=?
Phn tch bi : T M

= a. Ta hon ton tnh c t l s mol ( hay t l th tch ) Dng phng php

ng cho ca H
2
v N
2
. Gi s n
H
2
= x v n
N
2
= y.
Nu x > 3y. Tc nu hiu sut 100% th H
2
vn cn d:
Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009


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(i) Cng thc: H =
1
2
. [1
a
h
. [1 +
x
y

Nu x < 3y. Tc nu hiu sut 100% th N
2
vn cn d:
(ii) Cng thc: H =
3
2
. [1
a
h
. [1 +
y
x

Nu x = 3y. Dng mt trong hai cng thc (i) v (ii) u c
Ch : Bi ton c th cho theo kiu khc: Cho hiu sut v t l
u
b
= k. T bt tnh t l s mol (t
l th tch)
H
2
N
2
(hoc ngc li). Th s c hai trng hp v vn s dng hai cng thc (i) v (ii)
tnh. Hoc n gin hn bi ton c th cho t l kh trc v sau phn ng. Khi th tch sau gim
bao nhiu so vi th tch ban u th y chnh l th tch NH
3
thot ra, cng vic cn li l very d.
Bi ton cho hn hp cc kim loi kim v kim th tc dng vi H
2
O d th c dung dch X v a mol
kh . Cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch Y cha b mol H
+
. Tnh b theo a
Cng thc : b = 2a. ( Tc s mol OH
-
gp hai ln s mol kh ).
Ch : Bi ton c th m rng cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch cha cc cation nh Al
3+
hoc
Zn
2+
c c mol kt ta khi s dng: Cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton Nhm v Km gii quyt
bi ton.
Cng thc tnh nhanh bi ton in phn:
i vi bi ton in phn ghi nh 2 cng thc :
(i): m
k|m |u|
=
AIt
n95

(ii):n
e trau |
=
It
95
Nu thi gian i thnh gi th n
e trau |
=
It
2,8

Ch rng kh gii bi ton cn ch n th t cc in phn. Nh rng c mnh ht trc ri n yu .
Ghi nh cp Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
v Fe
3+
/Fe. Khi Fe
3+
b kh thnh Fe
2+
khi no ht Fe
3+
th mi n qu trnh kh
Fe
2+
.

Bi ton: Cho hn hp X gm H
2
v 1 anken c M

=2a nung X vi Ni
Hn hp Y
-- Khng lm mt mu dung dch
brom v c t khi l 2b. Tm cng thc phn t ca anken:
Cng thc : S nguyn t cacbon trong anken =
a(h-1)
7(h-a)
(*)
Ch : y l trng hp cho lun l hn hp Y lm mt mu brom.Nu hn hp Y khng lm mt mu
brom th so nguyn t cacbon tnh theo cng thc :
2u-1-7n
7n-u
=
7n+1-b
7n-b
(Cng thc cc kh nh!! Tt nht
khng nn nh).M i hc c cho ch cho dng tnh theo cng thc (*)
V d: Cho hn hp X gm H
2
v 1 anken c H

=12 nung X vi Ni
Hn hp
-- Khng lm mt mu dung dch brom
v c t khi l 16. Tm cng thc phn t ca anken:
o Gii : phn tch : H

=12=2a
u
a=6. Tng t suy ra b=8.
- Mt khc Y khng lm mt mu dd Brom suy ra n
cacbon
=
6(8-1)
7(8-6)
=3
- Vy anken l : C
3
H
6


Cng thc tng qut cho ancol c s nhm OH bng s cacbon:
- Cng thc :
n
O
2
n
cnccl
= n + 0,5 = C, 5

iu kin tn ti ca hp cht hu c c Nit: Gi s : C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
Cc quan trng trong vic vit v xc nh s
ng phn


u tin tnh bt bo ha : o =
2x+2+t-
2

Nu l:
I. Mui amino hoc mui amin th s lin kt = a + 1
II. Aminoacid , Este ca aminoacid hoc hp cht nitro th s lin kt = a
III. Cc trng hp c bit:C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
.
M=77 : C
2
H
7
O
2
N : 2 ng phn
M=91: C
3
H
9
O
2
N : 4 ng phn
Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009


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Cng thc tnh nhanh phn trm ca 1 trong hai cht khi bit gi tr trung bnh( khi lng mol, lin kt , s
C trung bnh) ca c hp cht : gii s 2 cht A
1
v A
2
c 1 gi tr trung bnh l A

:
%A
1
=
|A

-A
2
|
|A
2
-A
1|
.
%A
2
=
|A-A
1
|
|A
2
-A
1|
.
Bi ton cracking ankan C
n
H
2n+2
c khi lng mol l M
Crack|ng
-- c hn hp kh c M

= A<M. Tnh hiu

sut phn ng:
Cng thc tnh : %E =
M-A
A
=
M
A
1
Lu : i khi cho hiu sut, cho A tm ankan. Suy ngc li t cng thc trn :M= (%H+ 1)A

Mt cng thc tng qut ca cht v c M c dng: A
a
B
b
. Bit phn trm ca B ( hoc A). Gi s bit phn
trm ca B l x%:
o Nu x<50% th
M
B.h
M
A.a
< 1
o Nu x>50% th
M
B.h
M
A.a
> 1
o Nu x=50% th
M
B.h
M
A.a
= 1
V ngc li...
1) Ch : Cng thc ny nhn c v chng c ngha l g.Nhng hy nh ta ang thi trc nghim vy nn thi gian
cc k quan trng do loi tr c cng nhiu p n n sai cng tt. Ba cng thc trn c ch trong vic tm
tm cng thc ca hp cht v c v mt s hp cht hu c. Vi mc ch loi tr p n. (Cng thc trn
khng th tm c chnh xc cng thc phn t ca mt hp cht)
pH = |ug(Cu) = |ugK. C = |ug_
K
u
]
Cng thc tnh pH:
Vi nhng cht in ly hon ton: pH c tnh da trn nng ca H
+
hoc OH
-

pH=-log([H
+
])
pOH=-log([OH
-
])
pH +pOH = 14
Vi nhng cht in ly yu: nu cho 2 trong 3 yu t sau: hng s cn bng K, nng mol C , in ly
Vi HX: HX
phan |y
-- H
+
+ X
-

pH c tnh bng mt trong nhng cng thc sau:
? Ch : = _
K
C

Lu : Nu cho thm vo mt cht in l mnh v d NaX c nng mol l C
0

pH = |ug
K.C
C

mt
V d:Tnh pH ca dung dch NH
4
Cl 0,2M v NH
3
0.1M bit K
a
=5.10
-5

Gii:
Ta c: NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+ Cl
-

NH
4
+
NH
3
+ H
+
C :K
u
=
[H
+
][NH
3
]
[NH
4
]
thi im cn bng: K
u
=
[H
+
]([H
+
]+0.1)
(0.2-[H
+
])
=
[H
+
]0.1
0.2

L ra phi gii phng trnh bc hai loi nghim. Nhng [H
+
] rt nh suy
ra:
([H
+
]+0.1)
(0.2-[H
+
])
=
0.1
0.2

Suy ra [E
+
] =
K
c
0.2
0.1
= 2. K
u
= 10
-4

pH
== pE = 4
Lu : Cn thn trng khi tnh pH ca dung dch m
? Ch vi nhng cht in ly hai nc. V d H
2
CO
3
c hai gi tr K
1
v K
2
khi ta c
K1. K2 =
[H
+2
]
[H
2
C0
3
]
suy ra [E
+
] = K
1
. K
2
. [E
2
C0
3
]
Vi nhng bi nht nh cn linh hot trong cng thc

Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009


Ti liu trch t cun: Ha hc v k xo pht hnh nm 2012










V

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,

b

n

c
h

t

h

t

c

t

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h

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n
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g

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b

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l

t
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c

a

h

Cng thc tnh nhanh xc nh s hp cht c to thnh khi cho s ng v ca cc n cht trong hp
cht:
V d:C bao nhiu phn t kh CO
2
c to thnh t kh oxi v cacbon bit Oxi c 3 ng v, Cacbon c 2
ng v:
Cch gii:
C in: Vit ht cc trng hp ra: Cui cng ta c kt qu l 12 phn t kh CO
2

Hin i:
S dng kin thc ton hc:
1 nguyn t C: c 2 cch chn ( v c 2 ng v)
2 nguyn t Oxi: Coi l : O
1
O
2
. O
1
c 3 cch chn. O
2
c 2 cch chn v khng trng vi cch chn O
1
.
Suy ra 2 nguyn t Oxi c 6 cch chn.
Nh vy theo quy tc nhn ta c s phn t kh CO
2
l :6.2=12

Bng mt s loi hp cht hu c thng gp























Bi Hu Lc - 12A1 Buihuuloc_1992@yahoo.com Vn n Qung Ninh - 2009


Ti liu trch t cun: Ha hc v k xo pht hnh nm 2012










V

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b

n

c
h

t

h

t

c

t

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t

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g

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,

b

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t
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a

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