I HC BCH KHOA H NI KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN ----------

PHN TCH YU CU PHN MM BI TP TUN 4

Ging Vin: PGS.TS Hunh Quyt Thng Nhm Sinh Vin Thc Hin: Nhm 9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Phm Hng Thnh Nguyn Quc Hong Phm Vn Mn ng Tun Anh Trnh Quang Ha

H Ni, 5/2013

MC LC 1. Phn bit hai khi nim: Requirements Verification and Requirements Validation.Lm r s khc bit ca cc khi nim ny.Lm r nh hng ca Requirements Verification trong cc giai on ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm.Lm r nh hng ca Requirements Validation trong cc giai on ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm ............. 3 2. Trnh by k thut duyt v kim sot yu cu phn mm Simple Check: Quy trnh thc hin, Khi no p dng, nhng tc nhn tham gia thc hin, Cc mu vn bn in hnh. Ly 1 v d minh ha trong BTL ca nhm ang thc hin ...................................... 4 3. Trnh by k thut duyt v kim sot yu cu phn mm Prototyping: Quy trnh thc hin, Khi no p dng, nhng tc nhn tham gia thc hin, cng c in hnh. Ly 1 v d minh ha trong BTL ca nhm ang thc hin ................................................................... 6 4. Trnh by k thut duyt v kim sot yu cu phn mm Reviews and Inspections.Quy trnh thc hin, Khi no p dng, nhng tc nhn tham gia thc hin, Cc cng c in hnh.Ly 1 v d minh ha trong BTL ca nhm ang thc hin.Tm hiu k thut Fagan Inspection v cc cng c h tr k thut ny.................................... 8 5. Phn bit hai k thut p dng trong m hnh ha hiu nng h thng: Markov models v Queuing models. ........................................................................................................... 11

1. Phn bit hai khi nim: Requirements Verification and Requirements Validation.Lm r s khc bit ca cc khi nim ny.Lm r nh hng ca Requirements Verification trong cc giai on ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm.Lm r nh hng ca Requirements Validation trong cc giai on ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm
a. Phn bit Requirements Verification v Requirements Validation - Requirements Verification: l qu trnh xc nhn rng cc sn phm c thit k v xy dng y theo cc yu cu ca ti liu. Yu cu xc nhn bao gm thc hin kim tra khc nhau, kim tra v phn tch trong sut vng i sn phm m bo rng cc thit k, lp i lp li, v sn phm hon tt a ch y cc yu cu. - Requirements Validation: l qu trnh xc thc tnh y v chnh xc cc yu cu. Xc thc cng m bo rng cc yu cu: o 1) t c mc tiu kinh doanh nu, o 2) p ng nhu cu ca cc bn lin quan, v o 3) l r rng v hiu bi cc nh pht trin. Xc thc l cn thit xc nh cc yu cu mt tch v m bo rng cc yu cu p ng cc c tnh cht lng nht nh. Xc nhn nu r cc yu cu c nhn m bo rng n l: + ng - ni mt cch chnh xc khch hng hoc nhu cu bn ngoi + R rng - ch c mt ngha c th + Kh thi - c th c thc hin trong ch ting +C th sa i - c th d dng thay i, vi lch s, khi cn thit +Ti liu mt ci g khch hng thc s cn - cn thit + u tin - c xp hng l tm quan trng ca bao gm trong sn phm + Theo di - c th c lin kt vi yu cu h thng, v thit k, m, v th nghim + Kim chng - thc hin chnh xc c th c xc nh bng cch kim tra, kim tra, phn tch, hoc trnh din. b. Requirements Verification: yu cu phi c nh gi v ph duyt trc khi thit k. Nu cc yu cu khng c xc nhn, sau xc nhn yu cu v kim tra sn phm chc chn s c thc hin cng nhau trong qu trnh thit k sn phm v cc hot ng pht trin. V xc minh c hng dn bi cc yu cu, c kh nng cao rng cc yu cu hoc khng hp l s khng c pht hin. Yu cu b mt v khng hp l gy ra lm li v c ngha vt chi ph.

Lu rng cht lng c trng nht c lit k trn l "kim chng." nh gi xc minh khi bn pht trin yu cu ca bn v xc nhn rng cc yu cu c kim chng ng k ci thin cht lng yu cu. Requirements Validation: Xc nhn rng xc minh h tr yu cu ca bn cung cp mt c s tnh ton chi ph thm tra v tin v gim chi ph xc minh. Mt yu cu cha c kim chng l mt yu cu xu hoc khng cn thit, nu bn khng th xc minh n, sau bn khng th thit k n hoc xy dng n. V d, hy yu cu "sn phm phi ng tin cy." L g ng tin cy? Nu bn khng th xc nh ng tin cy l nhng g, lm th no cc nh thit k s bit ng tin cy l nhng g? Nu bn khng th xc minh mt yu cu, bn c th khng c kh nng thuyt phc khch hng rng sn phm ca bn l ng tin cy.

2. Trnh by k thut duyt v kim sot yu cu phn mm Simple Check: Quy trnh thc hin, Khi no p dng, nhng tc nhn tham gia thc hin, Cc mu vn bn in hnh. Ly 1 v d minh ha trong BTL ca nhm ang thc hin
Simple Check l phn tch thut ton ca chng trnh chng minh prop-erties cc v hnh quyt ca h.N c ngun gc ca n t logic v l chng minh, c hai cung cp khun kh khi nim, trong chnh thc ha cc cu hi c bn v cung cp cc th tc thut ton phn tch cc cu hi hp l. Cc l undecidability [Turing 1936] loi tr kh nng ca mt m thanh v com-plete gii php thut ton cho bt k

m hnh lp trnh mnh, v ngay c di hn ch (chng hn nh khng gian hu hn nh nc), cc vn chnh xc ti mained tnh ton nan gii. Tuy nhin, ch v mt vn rt kh thc hin khng c ngha l n khng bao gi xut hin trong thc t. Ngoi ra, ch v vn chung l khng th quyt nh khng c ngha l trng hp c th ca vn cng s rt kh khn. Nh s phc tp ca h thng phn mm ln, do lm nhu cu i vi mt s l do c ch v hnh vi ng. (Trong khi chng ti tp trung y trn phn tch cc behavIOR ca mt chng trnh lin quan n thng s k thut chnh xc nht nh, s pht trin ca c ch c im k thut xy ra song song, v gi tr mt cuc kho st khc nhau.) Ban u, trng tm ca nghin cu xc minh chng trnh l trn l lun dn s dng, vs pht trin ca ng ngha tin v logic cho l lun v cc chng trnh cung cp mt phng tin iu tr cc chng trnh nh i tng hp l [Floyd 1967; Hoare 1969; Dijkstra 1976; Apt v Olderog 1991]. Nh kch thc ca h thng phn mm ln, cc gnh nng cung cp ton b chng c dn tr nn qu cng knh, v mang vo cu hi liu nhng bng chng lu di v mt thi gian ca mnh ng n c th l tin cy [Millo et al. 1979]. iu ny nh du mt xu hng t ng ho nhiu phn mun-dane, b ri con ngi hng dn cho mt cng c t ng (v d, thng qua bt bin vng lp v chc nng sau iu kin trc v [Dijkstra 1976]). Xu hng ny vn tip tc t: mc tiu ca m hnh phn mm kim tra nghin cu l m rng phm vi ca cc k thut t ng cho cc chng trnh l lun, c v quy m cc chng trnh x l v trong s phong ph ca ti sn c th c kim tra, gim gnh nng cho cc lp trnh vin ngi chuyn gia. Gn y hn, kim tra m hnh phn mm b nh hng bi ba song song nhng pht trin hi khc bit. Th nht, s pht trin ca logic chng trnh v th tc ra quyt nh nh-sociated [Nelson nm 1981, Nelson v oppen 1980; Shostak 1984] cung cp mt khun kh v cc cng c thut ton c bn v l do nh nc v hn khng gian. Th hai, t ng kim tra m hnh k thut [Clarke v Emerson 1981;Queille v Sifakis 1981; Vardi v Wolper 1994] cho logic thi gian [Pnueli 1977;Emerson 1990] cung cp cc cng c thut ton c bn thm d khng gian trng thi. Th ba, trnh bin dch phn tch, chnh thc ha bng cch gii thch tru tng, cung cp cc kt ni c gia cc th gii hp l ca khng gian trng thi v hn v cc thut ton th gii ca hu hn c quan i din. Trong sut nhng nm 1980 v nhng nm 1990, ba cng ng pht trin.

3. Trnh by k thut duyt v kim sot yu cu phn mm Prototyping: Quy trnh thc hin, Khi no p dng, nhng tc nhn tham gia thc hin, cng c in hnh. Ly 1 v d minh ha trong BTL ca nhm ang thc hin
Prototyping l mt phng php c s dng bi cc nh thit k c c thng tin phn hi t ngi dng v thit k tng lai.Prototyping tng t nh mock-up (xem ny), nhng thng khng thp trung thc nh mock-up v hi sau ny trong qu trnh thit k Prototyping c th horisontal hoc theo chiu dc: Mt Prototyping horisontal xut hin c mt phm vi rt rng ca cc tnh nng trong tng lai d nh, nhng ch c rt t cc chc nng thc t ca cc tnh nng c thc hin. V d, mt Prototyping horisontal ca mt ng dng my tnh c th c mt giao din ngi dng rt pht trin tt v rng (kch thc horisontal) nhng khng nhiu cc chc nng c bn c thc hin (theo chiu dc, tc l cc lp su hn ca phn mm). Tng ng, mt Prototyping dc ch c rt t tnh nng, m mt khc hu ht u thc hin y hoc t nht l ci gi l "i b xng" .

Ni cch khc: Prototyping horisontal: Mt giao din ngi dng "cm" hay "nng" vi chc nng khng thc hin nhiu. Prototyping theo chiu dc: Ch c mt tp hp cc giao din ngi dng c thc hin nhng lnh ny c thc hin vo chiu su. Quy trnh thc hin:

Qu trnh Prototyping, mt khc, c th c m t nh l nng khm ph, th nghim, hoc tin ha. Mt Prototyping nng khm ph c s dng khm ph cc yu cu h thng phi hp vi ngi s dng v c th, nh vy, c xem nh l mt phng tin truyn thng v h tr gia ngi dng v nh thit k trong cng mt cch nh l mt m hnh th nghim. Mt Prototyping th nghim l loi Prototyping gn nht vi khi nim c in ca nguyn mu ("u tin ca loi hnh ny"). y l th nghim theo ngha l n c xy dng c gng xc nh xem liu h thng theo k hoch s c y v chp nhn c khi hon tt. Nguyn mu th nghim c th c s dng nh cc yu cu c im k thut. Cui cng, Prototyping c th tin ha, c ngha l mt h thng tin ha qua nhiu th h / mu th nghim thnh cng ln nhau. Nh vy, mi mu l phin bn u tin ca h thng c gia cng thm vo cho n khi cc mu th nghim pht trin thnh mt h thng hon chnh Theo , n l iu cn thit ghi nh cc a ch to mu vn (hoc t nht l mt trong s h). Ni cch khc, ti sao n khng th c c nhng thng tin phn hi rng mt nguyn mu to iu kin t ch phng vn nhng ngi s dng thay th? Mt l do quan trng l kin thc khng khai bo hoc ngm, l loi kin thc khng phi l li ni th din t c, ngha l ngi dng khng th ni nhng g h bit hoc nhng g h ngh. Cc vn bn cun sch v d v kin thc khng khai bo l kin thc lm th no i xe p, lm n c th c d dng nhng m t chnh xc nh th no lm iu l khng th. Kin thc khng khai bo tuy nhin c th c tit l thng qua quan st hnh ng nm v l nhng g chng ta cn nguyn mu cho. Thng qua quan st s dng ca mt ngi ca mt nguyn mu anh / c y c th truyn t kin thc ny. Nh mt im cui cng, Prototyping cng chm vo ci gi l vn ni-lm, tc l c s khc bit ng k gia nhng g mi ngi ni (hay ng hn, nhng g h c th ni) v nhng g h thc s lm. y l s khc bit gia nhng g thng c gi l "d liu t bo co" v "d liu quan st", hay n gin l ni-lm-vn . Mt s u im:

Prototyping kch ng ch trch t ngi s dng v chng c th l chi ph thp v thp trung thc.Nu mt ngi dng c trnh by vi phin bn u tin ca mt h thng yu cu cng vic ng k, anh / c y c th s min cng hn (cng nh c th) ch trch n. Prototyping thc hin vi mong mun hin th kt qu nhanh chng cho khch hng Prototyping c li th ca 't' cc cuc tho lun trong mt phin ngi dng, lm cho chc chn rng phin giao dch khng nhn c qu nhiu khi ng ua. Khng ch c chc nng Prototyping nh mt trung tho lun gia cc nh thit k v ngi s dng m cn gia cc thnh vin ca i ng thit k. Nh vy, Prototyping c th gip to iu kin lm vic qua bin gii k lut, quy t mt i ng khc nhau. Prototyping lm cho n c th lm th nghim kh nng s dng sm trong qu trnh pht trin Prototyping kch ng v hp php ha th nghim do t tn km thay i. Prototyping tp trung vo ni dung v chc nng v chuyn s ch ra khi chi tit ca thit k ha. Prototyping lm cho n c th c c s chp thun chnh thc ca thit k t c hai lp trnh vin v cc khch hng trc khi chuyn sang giai on pht trin Mt s nhc im: C th dn n phn tch khng . Ngi dng mong i hiu sut ca h thng cui cng c ging nh nguyn mu. Pht trin c th tr nn qu gn b vi nguyn mu ca h C th gy ra h thng cn li cha hon thnh v / hoc thc hin trc khi h sn sng. i khi dn n ti liu khng y . Nu nguyn mu phn mm phc tp (GL th 4 hoc Cng c CASE) c tuyn dng, li ch tit kim thi gian ca mu c th b mt.

4. Trnh by k thut duyt v kim sot yu cu phn mm Reviews and Inspections.Quy trnh thc hin, Khi no p dng, nhng tc nhn tham gia thc hin, Cc cng c in hnh.Ly 1 v d minh ha trong BTL ca nhm ang thc hin.Tm hiu k thut Fagan Inspection v cc cng c h tr k thut ny
Inspection in software engineering cp n ngang xem xt bt k sn phm cng vic ca c nhn c o to v tm kim cc khuyt tt s dng mt qu trnh c xc nh r.Vic kim tra cng c th c gi l mt kim tra Fagan sau khi Michael Fagan,

ngi pht minh ra qu trnh ny. Vic kim tra l mt trong nhng loi ph bin nht ca thc tin nh gi tm thy trong cc d n phn mm. Mc ch ca vic kim tra l cho tt c cc thanh tra vin t c s ng thun v mt sn phm cng vic v ph chun cho s dng trong d n. Sn phm cng vic thng c kim tra bao gm cc phn mm yu cu k thut v k hoch kim tra. Trong kim tra, mt sn phm cng vic c la chn xem xt v mt nhm c tp hp cho mt cuc hp kim tra xem xt cc sn phm cng vic. Mt bi c chn n trung bnh cuc hp. Mi thanh tra vin chun b cho cuc hp bng cch c cc sn phm cng vic v ghi nhn mi khim khuyt. Mc ch ca vic kim tra l xc nh v sa cha cc khuyt tt. Trong kim tra, mt khim khuyt l bt k phn no ca sn phm cng vic s gi mt thanh tra ph duyt t n. V d, nu nhm nghin cu ang kim tra mt c t yu cu phn mm, mi khim khuyt s c vn bn trong cc ti liu m thanh tra khng ng vi. Mt xem xt m l mt loi c bit ca thanh tra, trong i kim tra mt mu m v sa bt k li trong . Trong xem xt m, mt khim khuyt l mt khi m m khng thc hin ng cc yu cu ca n, m khng c chc nng nh cc lp trnh vin c nh, hoc l khng sai nhng c th c ci thin (v d, n c th c thc hin d c hn hay ca n hiu sut c th c ci thin). Ngoi vic gip cc i tm kim v sa li, m s nhn xt rt hu ch cho c cc lp trnh vin qua o to trn m ang c xem xt v gip cc nh pht trin c s tm hiu k thut lp trnh mi. Nhn xt ngang hng c coi l mt ngnh cng nghip thc hnh tt nht cho vic pht hin li phn mm u v hc hi v vt phm phn mm. Nhn xt ngang hng bao gm cc walkthroughs phn mm v kim tra phn mm v lun gn lin vi cc hot ng sn phm phn mm k thut. Mt b su tp cc kin thc phi hp, k nng v hnh vi to iu kin cho vic thc hnh tt nht c th xt Peer. Cc yu t ca Peer Nhn xt bao gm qu trnh cu trc xem xt, tiu chun ca bn danh sch sn phm xut sc, vai tr xc nh ngi tham gia, v cc hnh thc v bo co. Kim tra phn mm l hnh thc kht khe nht ca Peer Nhn xt v s dng y cc yu t ny trong vic pht hin cc khuyt tt. Walkthroughs phn mm v chn lc trn cc yu t trong vic h tr cc nh sn xut c c nhng hiu bit su sc ca mt vt v t c mt s ng thun gia cc thnh vin. Kt qu o cho thy Peer Nhn xt sn xut mt s tr li hp dn v u t thu c thng qua hc tp tng tc v pht hin li sm. c kt qu tt nht, Nhn xt Peer c trin khai trong mt t chc thng qua mt chng trnh xc nh chun b mt chnh sch v th tc, cc hc vin o to v qun l, xc nh php o v populating mt cu trc c s d liu, v duy tr vic trin khai ra c s h tng. Quy trnh thc hin:

Hng dn vn hnh Vn hnh chnh c thc hin trn c s hng dn vn hnh y chi tit. Nhng hng dn ny c bt ngun cho tng giai on vn hnh v da trn cc k hoch vn hnh th tng ng v cc chng trnh l mt phn ca cc trng hp an ton cho vn hnh th. l thc t ph bin (v hp l) xem xt d tho ca h trc khi h s c p dng trong qu trnh thc t vn hnh. Nn cn thn rng nhng ngi hng dn hot ng v kim tra inserve (ISI) hng dn c lin quan cho cc hot ng trong vn hnh cng c sn trong vn hnh t nht l d tho. Gim st v Kim tra Gim st c lp, kim tra trong vn hnh ca cc thnh phn, h thng v ton b nh my c thc hin trn trang web; s tham gia d kin ca cc thanh tra vin bn ngoi c k hiu trong cc chng trnh vn hnh th v xc nh cc im gi trong cc bc tng ng trong qu trnh vn hnh. Hot ng ny s m bo rng khng c hi cho nhn vin, cng cng v mi trng pht sinh t vn hnh th. nh gi kt qu Vn hnh Bc cui cng trong vn hnh l nh gi kt qu vn hnh th. Ny c thc hin trn c s cc ti liu hon thnh trong qu trnh vn hnh. Cc yu cu v ti liu c xc nh trong chng trnh vn hnh. Vn hnh v TQC Vn hnh l trong mi trng cp giy php nht nh gii quyt trong bi cnh th nghim thut ng chung chung hn, trnh v vn hnh (TQC). Mc d, ngay t ci nhn u tin, vn hnh v TQC xut hin c t nhiu ging nhau, c s khc bit ng k: Th nghim l mt phn khng th thiu ca c hai vn hnh v trnh chuyn mn, tc l n khng ch gii hn vn hnh. ngha ca thut ng ny nn c t gii thch. l thc t ph bin m, v d cho cc nh my u tin ca 1 loi, gii php k thut mi hoc cc m my tnh, hiu qu ca cc tnh nng mi nht nh ghi trong cc phn tch an ton cn phi c chng minh trong qu trnh trnh chuyn mn c th. Khc hn vn hnh, trnh chuyn mn c th tr thnh mt vn trong giai on

lp k hoch, qu trnh thit k hoc trong qu trnh xy dng v lp t sn khu c ngha l trnh khng phi l ch c mt qu trnh i km c quyn vn hnh. Qu trnh trnh sau hn hoc t hn cng mt logic nh qu trnh vn hnh, tc l n c da trn mt k hoch trnh chuyn mn hn na chi tit trong chng trnh trnh chuyn mn v hng dn. Kt qu ca cc hot ng trnh chuyn mn l ti liu v nh gi theo cc yu cu c xc nh trc chng minh tnh y ca v d cc gii php k thut c la chn. nh gi, kim tra trong vn hnh thng hot ng sau cp php.

5. Phn bit hai k thut p dng trong m hnh ha hiu nng h thng: Markov models v Queuing models.
Markov models n gin l chui Markov. N m hnh trng thi ca mt h thng vi mt bin ngu nhin m thay i qua thi gian. Trong bi cnh ny, cc tnh cht Markov cho thy s phn b cho cc bin ny ch ph thuc vo s phn b ca cc trng thi trc . S dng mt v d v mt chui Markov l Markov Chain Monte Carlo, trong s dng cc tnh cht Markov chng minh rng mt phng php c th thc hin mt bc i ngu nhin s ly mu t cc phn phi chung ca h thng. Mt qu trnh quyt nh Markov l mt chui Markov trong chuyn trng thi ph thuc vo trng thi hin ti v mt vector hnh ng c p dng cho h thng. Thng thng, mt qu trnh quyt nh Markov c s dng tnh ton mt chnh sch hnh ng s ti a ha mt s tin ch i vi phn thng d kin vi. N lin quan cht ch n vic hc gia c, v c th c gii quyt vi s lp li gi tr v phng php lin quan. Queuing models: Mt h thng xp hng bao gm mt hoc nhiu my ch cung cp dch v ca somesort n khch hng. Cc khch hng n tm tt c cc my ch bn rn thng tham gia mt hoc nhiu hng i (dng) pha trc ca my ch, do tn xp hng h thng. C mt s v d hng ngy c th c m t nh h thng xp hng, chng hn nh dch v ngn hng rt tin, h thng my tnh, h thng sn xut, bo tr h thng, h thng thng tin lin lc v nh vy. Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng Queuing: Mt xp hng systemis c trng bi ba thnh phn: - Qu trnh n

- C ch dch v - Sp xp cc k lut. Quy trnh: Khch c th bt ngun t ngun fromone hoc mt s c gi l dn gi. Dn s gi c th b hn ch hoc 'khng gii hn'. Mt v d v mt s ku gi hn ch dn s c th l ca mt s c nh ca my m khng ngu nhin. s xut hin qu trnh bao gm m t cch khch hng n vi h thng. Nu Aiis thi gian lin n gia khch ca (i-1) ln th v khch hng th i, chng ta s biu th c ngha l (hoc d kin) thi gian lin n bng E (A) v gi n l () = 1 / (E (A) s xut hintn s. C ch dch v: Dch v mechanismof mt h thng xp hng c xc nh bi s lng my ch (k hiu l s), mi my ch c hng i ring ca mnh hoc mt danh sch chung v xc sut phn phi thi gian customer'sservice. cho Sibe thi gian phc v khch hng th i, chng ti s biu th thi gian phc v trung bnh ca mt khch hng ca E (S) v = 1 / (E (S) t l dch v ca mt my ch. K lut hng i: K lut ca mt xp hng systemmeans cc quy tc m mt my ch s dng la chn tip theo khch hng fromthe hng i (nu c) khi my ch hon thnh dch v ca hin ti khch hng. Ngnh hng i thng c s dng l: FIFO - Khch hng c phc v trn mt u tin trong ln u tin ra khi c s. LIFO - Khch hng c phc v trong mt cui cng trong cch u ra. u tin - Khch hng c phc v theo th t tm quan trng ca h trn c s dch v ca h yu cu.