Hoavocoonghopdsds

Bin son v ging dy : Thy gio Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th
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Li gii thiu Phn 1:

Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha i cng v v c 12
11 11
Chuyn 1 : i cng v kim loi Chuyn 2 : Kim loi kim, kim loi kim th, nhm Chuyn 3 : Crom, st, ng, niken, ch, km, vng, bc, thic Chuyn 4 : Phn bit mt s cht v c, chun dung dch, ha hc v vn pht trin kinh t, x hi, mi trng
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296
Phn 2 : p n
318
Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing
Li gii thiu
T gii thiu
H v tn : Nguyn Minh Tun Gii tnh : Nam Ngy, thng, nm sinh : 31 05 1980 Trnh vn ha : 12/12 Trnh chuyn mn : C nhn Sinh Ha Tt nghip HSP H Ni 2 thng 06 2002 Hin l gio vin ging dy b mn ha hc Ngy vo ngnh : 31 12 2002 Ngy vo ng : 29 12 2009 Ngy vo ng chnh thc : 29 12 2010 i ch nh ring : S nh 16 T 9A Khu 5 Phng Gia Cm Vit Tr Ph Th S in thoi : 01689 186 513 a ch email : nguyenminhtuanchv@yahoo.com.vn a ch facebook: nguyn minh tun (Vit Tr) http://www.facebook.com/nguyen.minhtuan.1650?sk=wall Cc trng tng cng tc : Trng THPT Phng X (t thng 09 2002 n 04 2003) Trng THPT Xun ng (t thng 04 2003 n 08 2007) Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng (t thng 09 2007 n nay)
B ti liu n thi i hc, cao ng mn ha hc

B ti liu trc nghim n thi i hc, cao ng mn ha hc do thy bin son g m 12 quyn :
Quyn 1 : Gii thiu 7 chuyn ha hc 10 Quyn 2 : Gii thiu 3 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 11 Quyn 3 : Gii thiu 6 chuyn ha hc hu c 11 Quyn 4 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc hu c 12 Quyn 5 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 12 Quyn 6 : Gii thiu 11 phng php gii nhanh bi tp ha hc Quyn 7 : Gii thiu 40 luyn thi trc nghim mn ha hc Quyn 8 : Hng dn gii 7 chuyn ha hc 10 Quyn 9 : Hng dn gii 3 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 11 Quyn 10 : Hng dn gii 6 chuyn ha hc hu c 11 Quyn 11 : Hng dn gii 4 chuyn ha hc hu c 12 Quyn 12 : Hng dn gii 4 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 12
Nhng iu thy mun ni : iu th nht thy mun ni vi cc em rng : la tui ca cc em, khng c vic g l quan trng hn vic hc tp. Hy c gng ln cc em nh, tng lai ca cc em ph thuc vo cc em y. iu th hai thy mun ni rng : Nu cc em c mt c m trong sng th ng v nhng kh khn trc mt m t b n. Thy tng cc em cu chuyn di y (do thy su tm), hi vng cc em s hiu c gi tr ca c m.
i bng v G
Ngy xa, c mt ngn ni ln, bn sn ni c mt t chim i bng. Trong t c bn qu trng ln. Mt trn ng t xy ra lm rung chuyn ngn ni, mt qu trng i bng ln xung v ri vo mt tri g di chn ni. Mt con g mi tnh nguyn p qu trng ln y. Mt ngy kia, trng n ra mt ch i bng con xinh p, nhng bun thay ch chim nh c nui ln nh mt con g. Chng bao lu sau, i bng cng tin n ch l mt con g khng hn khng km. i bng yu gia nh v ngi nh ang sng, nhng tm hn n vn khao kht mt iu g cao xa hn. Cho n mt ngy, trong khi ang chi a trong sn, i bng nhn ln tri v thy nhng ch chim i bng ang si cnh bay cao gia bu tri. " - i bng ku ln - c g ti c th bay nh nhng con chim ". By g ci m ln: "Anh khng th bay vi nhng con chim c. Anh l mt con g v g khng bit bay cao". i bng tip tc ngc nhn gia nh tht s ca n, m c c th bay cao cng h. Mi l n i bng ni ra m c ca mnh, by g li bo n iu khng th xy ra. l iu i bng cu i cng tin l tht. Ri i bng khng m c na v tip tc sng nh mt con g. Cui cng, sau mt thi gian di sng lm g, i bng cht.
Trong cuc sng cng vy: Nu bn tin rng bn l mt ngi tm thng, bn s sng mt cuc sng tm thng v v, ng nh nhng g mnh tin. Vy th, nu bn tng m c tr thnh i bng, bn hy eo ui c m ... v ng sng nh mt con g!
Chng trnh n thi i hc cao ng mn ha hc Mn ha hc lp 10

Chuyn s 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Tn chuyn n t p ha hc 9 Nguyn t Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc v nh lut tun hon Lin kt ha hc Phn ng ha hc Nhm halogen Nhm oxi Tc phn ng ha hc v cn bng ha hc S bui hc 05 06 05 05 10 07 07 05 50 bui
Mn ha hc lp 11
Chuyn s 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Tn chuyn S in li Nhm nit Nhm cacbon i cng ha hu c Hirocacbon no Hirocacbon khng no Hirocacbon thm Dn xut halogen. Ancol Phenol Anehit Xeton Axit cacboxylic S bui hc 06 06 03 06 05 10 04 10 10 60 bui
Mn ha hc lp 12
Chuyn s 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Tn chuyn Este Lipit Cacbohirat Amin Amino axit Protein Polime Vt liu polime i cng v kim loi Kim loi kim Kim loi kim th Nhm Crom, st, ng v mt s kim loi khc Phn bit mt s cht v c. Ha hc v vn pht trin kinh t, x h i v mi trng S bui hc 07 03 07 03 07 10 10 05 52 bui
Phng php gii nhanh bi tp ha hc

Chuyn s 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Tn chuyn Phng php ng cho Phng php t chn lng cht Phng php bo ton nguyn t Phng php bo ton kh i lng Phng php tng gim khi lng, s mol, th tch kh Phng php bo ton electron Phng php quy i Phng php s dng phng trnh ion rt gn Phng php bo ton in tch Phng php s dng cc gi tr trung bnh S bui hc 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 20 bui
luyn thi trc nghim mn ha hc

Mi bu i hc cha 02 , 40 cha trong 20 bui.
Hnh thc hc tp
Hc theo tng chuyn , m i chuyn ng vi mt chng trong sch gio khoa, quy trnh hc tp nh sau : + Tm tt l thuyt c bn ; ch trng, khc su kin thc trng tm m thi thng hay khai thc. + Phn dng bi t p c trng, c cc v d minh ha. + Cung cp h thng bi tp trc nghim theo cu trc : L thuyt trc, bi t p sau. Cc bi tp tnh ton c chia theo tng dng hc sinh d dng nhn dng bi tp v p dng phng php gii cc v d mu vo cc bi tp ny nhm rn luyn v nng cao k nng gii bi tp. + Cung cp h thng p n chnh xc hc sinh kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp ca mnh. + i vi nhng bi tp kh, hc sinh khng lm c, thy s hng dn gii bng nhiu cch sau cht li cch ngn gn nht (khong t 1 n 10 dng). + Sau m i chuyn s c mt bi kim tra trn lp, thng qua kt qu ca bi kim tra nh gi, xp loi, pht hin ra nhng im mnh v im yu ca t ng hc sinh. Trn c s , s pht huy nhng im mnh v khc phc nhng im yu ca cc em nhm mc ch quan trng nht l nng cao thnh tch hc tp cho cc em.
Lu : i vi mt s em sinh d thi khi A, B v nhng l do no , n ht hc k 1 ca lp 12 m kin thc ha hc cn yu, khng p ng yu cu thi i hc, cao ng th c th n thy xin theo hc ly li kin thc. i vi cc em hc sinh nh vy thy s c mt chng trnh ring km cp cc em trong khong 40 bui : Ha i cng v v c hc 20 bui. Ha hu c hc 20 bui. Sau 40 bui hc cc em s ly li c nhng kin thc c bn nht v kt qu i m thi i hc mn ha hc ca cc em s t c khong t 5 n 6 i m hoc c th hn mt cht, tt nhin t c iu th cc em phi hc tp tht s nghim tc theo ng nhng hng dn ca thy. V tnh cht c bit nn nhng lp hc ny ch khong 1 n 5 hc sinh. T chc lp hc
- a ch t chc lp hc : Tng 2 S nh 16 T 9A Khu 5 Phng Gia Cm Vit Tr (pha trong khu th Trm So).
Nhng nghch l ny ang din ra hng ngy xung quanh bn

Bn c phi l ngi yu qu v quan tm n sc khe ca bn thn v ngi thn ca mnh hay khng? Bn c thy xung quanh v ngay trong bn thn chng ta y ry nhng nghch l m ta ang sng chung v ht th nh khng kh vy? Chng ta c nhiu tin hn xa, nhng sc khe km hn. Cc hiu thuc v bnh vin nhiu hn, nhng chng ta vn khng khe, m cng phi n nhng ni thng xuyn hn. Chng ta thy nhiu cng trnh p hn, nhng cc bnh vin th cng qu ti v tr thnh n i m nh khng khip hn. Con ci chng ta c chm sc nhiu hn, nhng chng d b m v km thch nghi hn. Chng ta lo lng v chun b rt nhiu iu cho tng lai xa xi n nhng th nh nht hin ti, nhng li rt t ch n iu quan trng nht l sc khe ca chng ta ngay by gi. Chng ta th vi sc khe ca mnh, mc c th ca ta ln ting bo ng ht ln ny n ln khc qua nhng triu chng v cn au, nhng i tra du v sa cha ngay cho chic xe khi n ku ct kt. Khi cn tr tin gi gn v nng cao sc khe, chng ta mc c vi chnh c th mnh tng ng, nhng sn sng tr rt nhiu tin cho cc bc s v ch hiu thuc xa l mong l y li sc khe mt. Chng ta sn sng tr rt nhiu tin cho nhng tin nghi snh iu, hng hiu, c sn,... nhiu khi ch tm ta c tha mn v hnh din vi ngi khc, m chng t hi xem iu c thc s mang li sc khe, s minh mn cho tr c v bnh an cho tm hn mnh hay khng. Chng ta khng tm hiu trn trng, yu qu v bo v c th ca mnh - mt b my v cng tinh t v k diu ca t nhin qua hng triu nm tin ha, m tin tng v ph thc hon ton vo nhng ngi c danh hiu bc s, thc s, tin s, trng khoa, m kin thc ca h mi ch nh a tr trc s b n k diu v v i ca s sng. Bn c nhn thy iu ny khng? Nu l ti sn qu gi, tin bc th ta gi trong kt bo mt trong ngi nh ca ta, hoc nhng ni an ton nht. Cn sc khe c th - ni tr ng ca linh hn, th ta trao vo tay v ph thc cho nhng "nh chuyn mn v y t ": Bc s - Hiu thuc - Bnh vin,... Ta ph thc cho nhng hng kinh doanh n nhanh, ru bia, nc ngt, nh hng, qun bia, cm bi,... V c nhng phng tin truyn thng ch bit doanh s v li nhun, nhng lung gi d lun khen, ch, tt, xu m chng bit thc s chng thi v u! Tht au lng, c nhng ngi u m bn 1 qu thn ly 40 triu ng, liu c ngi tr gi qu thn ca bn bao nhiu th bn s bn? 1 t , 2 t, hay 3 t ? Nu tnh c c th l con ngi bn, c phi bn ang s hu mt ti sn v gi m chng th no mua c, v cng chng ai c th bn cho bn? Chng ta sng st hoc th nghe tin nhng ngi quen b bnh nng sp t gi ci i, nhng khng bao gi ngh mnh hoc ngi thn thit ca mnh cng c th nh vy. Chng ta biu l v thng cm, an i, ng vin v biu qu cho nhng ngi au bnh, nhng chng cm nhn v rt ra c iu g t ni au n m h ang phi chu. Chng ta mc nhin v d dng chp nhn mt thc t l mnh chng gip g c, ngoi mt cht tin dnh tr cho bc s v hiu thuc.
Chng ta ving m tang nhng ngi thn, ngi quen nh mt th tc phi lm, nhng khng bao gi ngh n mnh v nhng ngi thn yu nht cng s l nhn vt chnh ca mt m tang, vo mt ngy no . V quan trng hn l lm cch no trnh xa ci ngy khng mong mun y? Chng ta v t ht thuc l, ung ru bia, nhi nht nhng th c hi vo c th mnh, mc d bit chng c hi. Chng ta coi ru bia l thc o ca sc khe v phong hnh din v t ho, s v t bn cht ca tnh bng hu! Chng ta t u c chnh tm tr mnh bng cch ho hng tm kim v nh i nht vo tm tr mnh nhng tin gy sc, v n, t nn, nhng th m chnh chng ta cm ght, gin d Nhiu ngi trong chng ta mua vui, gii tr t nhng vic lm m ta lun phi t m cch giu kn trc nhng ngi m ta tn trng, hoc phi xu h vi lng tm ca mnh (nu cha t la d i mnh rng iu l ng n). Chng ta vn hi h ngy m trong vng xoy kim tin, say sa tch ly ca ci, hnh din v nhng ti sn v danh vng ca mnh. Cng c nhiu, chng ta cng mun nhiu hn. i khi chng ta khng quan tm nhng vic ta lm c hi cho x h i v nhng ngi xung quanh hay khng, v khng cn bit hu qu. V chng ta ngh rng, nu c th nhng ngi xa l khc ch khng phi ta v ngi thn yu ca ta, s phi gnh chu nhng th ti t ! Bn ang bc bi v iu g? nhim v khi bi, rc, nc thi quanh nh bn? Nn t c ng v tai nn giao thng rnh rp trn m i no ng? Bnh vin qu ti, gi thuc "ct c", bc s v trch nhim v nn phong b? Thc phm ngy cng t v nhim hn lun e da sc khe ca gia nh, con ci bn? T nn x hi ang rnh rp lm h hoi nhng a con ca bn? Nhng m i quan h phc tp, k, ghen ght hay nhng mu m m ni lm vic? ... Nhng th ny ang hng ngy, hng gi hy hoi sc khe v ly i nhng gi tr cao qu ca cuc sng m ng l bn phi c. Chng ta rt ght nhng iu xy n vi mnh. Nhng i lc chnh chng ta cng gp la thm vo, hoc hng li t nhng iu ! Bn c t hi: l s v trch nhim, th , hay s bt lc ca chnh chng ta? iu quan trng hn, s v trch nhim ang ngy cng tr thnh thng xuyn hn - n n i tr thnh mt thi quen v lan ra c cng ng (ri t cng ng li len l i v ng tr trong chnh ngi nh ca ta), v lm cho i sng ca chng ta ngy cng nhim, ngt ngt v bc bi hn na. Chng ta c tng (v hy vng) rng nhng iu xui xo, vn hn ch n vi nhng ngi khc, m khng th n vi mnh, cha m v con ci mnh. Hoc chng ta lun lo lng, s hi v nhng iu xu s xy n, nhng li ch lo tch ly tin bc i ph vi chng. V chng ta vn ngh c nhiu tin l c th mua c tt c! Hoc nhiu ngi li i lo cu cng ng b, lm mm cao c y l Pht, dng sao gii hn mong trnh c tai qua nn kh i, m khng bit rng Lut Nhn - Qu ph trm v tr. Ngi ang sng khng dm nhn trch nhim lm ch v nh ot cuc i mnh, m li hy vng da dm, ph thc cho nhng ngi khut ni? Vi sc khe, chng ta c th v lnh lng c th ca mnh bo ng v ku cu ht ln ny n ln khc, bng nhng cn au m , hoc thong qua. Chng ta mun khai thc c th mnh nh th vi mt k n l khng cng, hoc c xe min ph, m ch cn cho n t thc n, thm ch c nhng th c hi- nu l nhng th a thch ca ta. Bi v ta thy nhiu ngi xung quanh cng lm nh vy!
Cho n khi, bnh tt v tai ha p trn u ta, trong ngi nh ca ta, ln b, m, v, chng, con ci ca ta. Ta au kh, ta ku cu, ta cu khn, ta li, ta hi hn v tic nu i. Ta cho l iu xui xo, l s phn, l nh mnh ca ta. ng thi, v chnh ta to ra s phn , bng nhng s la chn v hnh ng ca ta hng ngy, hng gi. Bn c dp him hoi no bnh cnh v lng nghe nhng ngi ang sp t gi ci i? Bn c bit h mong c iu g nht? C phi h ao c kim c nhiu tin hn? C c chc v v danh vng ln hn? c nhiu ngi bit n v n i ting hn? Hay h kht khao c sng thm vi ngy khe mnh? Hoc mong c thit tha li mt iu g thc s c ngha cho cuc i? Bn ang nm trong tay nhng iu . Nhng c l bn sp nh mt, nu bn vn lm nh nhng g m hm qua bn vn lm, nh a s m i ngi xung quanh chng ta vn lm mt cch m lm. Nh c t Lai Lt Ma ni: iu lm Ngi ngc nhin nht nhn loi chnh l con ngi. "Bi v con ngi dng sc khe tch ly tin bc, ri li dng tin bc mua li sc khe. Con ngi mi sng vi qu kh v lo cho tng lai m qun mt hin ti, n ni khng sng cho c hin ti ln tng lai. Con ngi sng nh th s khng bao gi cht Nhng ri s cht nh cha tng sng bao gi! Hy suy ngh li v nhng g ang xy ra xung quanh bn, trong tm tr bn! Sc khe, Hnh phc v ngha cuc sng nm trong tay bn. Tt c ph thuc vo s thc tnh v hnh ng ca bn, ngay t by gi! Vy chng ta cn phi lm g? Chng ta c nn th ng trng ch vo s ci thin ca h thng y t, gio dc, vo lc lng qun l th trng, vo h thng quy hoch giao thng, mi trng, ri bao nhiu h thng khc na? V khi khng tha mn th chng ta ch bit ln ting than vn, ch bai, ch trch? Con ng ci bin th gii tht n gin, nh mt cu ni ca mt bc v nhn: ng gin d v chin u vi bng m, hy thp ln mt ngn la d nh. Trc ht, m i ngi hy t tm bin php bo v sc khe ca chnh bn thn v gia nh mnh. Bn phi l ngi gn gi ly mt trong nhng ti sn qu nht ca chnh mnh - sc khe. ng nn trao n vo tay ngi khc. Hy bit tinh lc nhng g tt p vo trong tm hn mnh v trao truyn cho th h con ci chng ta. m i v tr cng vic trong cuc sng, chng ta u c th nh hng n nhng con ngi, mi trng xung quanh bng chnh t tng, li ni v hnh ng ca mnh. s l nhng ngn la nh, nhiu ngn la s thp sng cho mt cuc sng mi. Hy lm mt con ngi theo ng ch NHN, nh l i Khng T dy: iu mnh khng mun th ng em n cho k khc, iu g mnh mun th nn gip ngi t c. Gieo g gt ny, iu c bit hn l khi gieo 1 s gt c gp 10 ln. Nhiu ngi cng gieo ht ging tt th s c ma b i thu. Nu bn l ngi u tin gieo ht, bn s l tm gng, ng lo khng c ai lm theo bn, v bn s vn l CON NGI. Nu bn thy nhng thng tin ny c ch, hy chia s v gi tng cho nhng ngi m bn yu qu nh mt mn qu, thng ip ny c th truyn i mi, cho mt x hi mnh khe, sng sut v nhn i hn! Tht may mn cho ti gp v thay i suy ngh gip ti tm li cho mnh sc khe tng chng mt i. Hnh phc li mt ln na mm ci vi gia nh ti . Sc kho tuy cha phi l tt c nhng nu khng c sc kho th nhng th cn li u mt ht ngha 10
PHN 1 :
GII THIU 4 CHUYN HA I CNG V V C 12

I CNG V KIM LOI
CHUYN 1:
BI 1 : TNH CHT CHUNG CA KIM LOI. HP KIM A. L THUYT

I. V tr v cu to 1. V tr ca kim loi trong bng tun hon Cc nguyn t ho hc c phn thnh kim loi v phi kim. Trong s 110 nguyn t ho hc bit c ti gn 90 nguyn t l kim loi. Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t kim loi c mt : - Nhm IA (tr hiro) v IIA. - Nhm IIIA (tr bo) v mt phn ca cc nhm IVA, VA, VIA. - Cc nhm B (t IB n VIIIB). - H lantan v actini, c xp ring thnh hai hng cui bng. 2. Cu to ca nguyn t kim loi Nguyn t ca hu ht cc nguyn t kim loi u c t electron lp ngoi cng (1, 2 hoc 3e). V d : Na : 1s22s22p63s1 ; Mg : 1s22s22p63s2 ; Al : 1s22s22p63s23p1 Trong cng chu k, nguyn t ca nguyn t kim loi c bn knh nguyn t ln hn v in tch ht nhn nh hn so vi nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim. V d xt chu k 2 (bn knh nguyn t c biu din bng nanomet, nm) :
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl
0,157 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099 3. Cu to tinh th kim loi Hu ht cc kim loi iu kin thng u tn t i di dng tinh th (tr Hg). Trong tinh th kim loi, nguyn t v ion kim loi nm nhng nt ca mng tinh th. Cc electron ho tr lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch kh i nguyn t v chuyn ng t do trong mng tinh th. a s cc kim loi tn t i di ba kiu mng tinh th ph bin sau : a. Mng tinh th lc phng Trong tinh th, th tch ca cc nguyn t v ion kim loi chim 74%, cn li 26% l cc khe rng. Thuc loi ny c cc kim lo i : Be, Mg, Zn,...
b. Mng tinh th lp phng tm din Cc nguyn t, ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm cc mt ca hnh lp phng. Trong tinh th, th tch ca cc nguyn t v ion kim loi chim 74%, cn li 26% l cc khe rng. Thuc loi ny c cc kim loi : Cu, Ag, Au, Al,...
11
c. Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi Cc nguyn t, ion dng kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm ca hnh lp phng. Trong tinh th, th tch ca cc nguyn t v ion kim loi ch chim 68%, cn li 32% l cc khe rng. Thuc loi ny c cc kim loi : Li, Na, K, V, Mo,... 4. Lin kt kim loi Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do s tham gia ca cc electron t do. II. Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi 1. Tnh cht vt l chung a. Tnh do Khc vi phi kim, kim loi c tnh do : D rn, d dt mng v d ko si. Vng l kim loi c tnh do cao nht, c th dt thnh l m ng n mc nh sng c th xuyn qua. Kim loi c tnh do l v cc ion dng trong mng tinh th kim loi c th trt ln nhau d dng m khng tch ra kh i nhau nh nhng electron t do chuyn ng dnh kt chng vi nhau.
b. Tnh dn in Khi t mt hiu in th vo hai u dy kim loi, nhng electron t do trong kim loi s chuyn ng thnh dng c hng t cc m n cc dng, to thnh dng in. Kim loi dn in tt nht l Ag, sau n Cu, Au, Al, Fe,... Nhit ca kim loi cng cao th tnh dn in ca kim loi cng gim do nhit cao, cc ion dng dao ng mnh cn tr dng electron chuyn ng. c. Tnh dn nhit Tnh dn nhit ca cc kim loi cng c gii thch bng s c mt cc electron t do trong mng tinh th. Cc electron trong vng nhit cao c ng nng ln, chuyn ng hn lon v nhanh chng sang vng c nhit thp hn, truyn nng lng cho cc ion dng vng ny nn nhit lan truyn c t vng ny n vng khc trong khi kim loi. Thng cc kim loi dn in tt cng dn nhit tt. d. nh kim Cc electron t do trong tinh th kim loi phn x hu ht nhng tia sng nhn thy c, do kim loi c v sng lp lnh gi l nh kim. Tm li : Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi nh ni trn gy nn bi s c mt ca cc electron t do trong mng tinh th kim loi. 2. Tnh cht vt l ring Ngoi nhng tnh cht vt l chung kim lo i cn c mt s tnh cht vt l ring nh khi lng ring, nhit nng chy, tnh cng Nhng tnh cht ny ph thuc vo bn lin kt kim lo i, nguyn t khi, kiu mng tinh th, ca kim loi. 12
- Kim lo i do nht l Au, sau n Ag, Al, Cu, Sn, - Kim loi dn in, dn nhit tt nht l Ag, sau n Cu, Au, Al, Fe, - Kim loi c kh i lng ring D < 5 gam/cm3 l kim loi nh, nh : Na, Li, Mg, Al, - Kim loi c kh i lng ring D > 5 gam/cm3 l kim loi nng, nh : Cr, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ag, Hg, - Kim loi nh nht l Li, kim lo i nng nht l Os. - Kim loi d nng chy nht l Hg (-39oC). - Kim loi kh nng chy nht l W (3410oC). - Kim loi mm nht l Cs, kim loi cng nht l Cr. III. Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi Trong mt chu k, nguyn t ca cc nguyn t kim loi c bn knh tng i ln hn v i n tch ht nhn nh hn so vi phi kim, s electron ho tr t, lc lin kt vi ht nhn ca nhng electron ny tng i yu nn chng d tch khi nguyn t. V vy, tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi l tnh kh. M Mn+ + ne 1. Tc dng vi phi kim Nhiu kim loi c th kh c phi kim n s oxi ho m, ng thi nguyn t kim loi b oxi ho n s oxi ho dng. a. Tc dng vi clo Hu ht cc kim loi u c th kh trc tip clo to ra mu i clorua. V d : Dy st nng chy mnh trong kh clo t o ra khi mu nu l nhng ht cht rn st(III) clorua.
t 2Fe + 3Cl2 2 Fe Cl3
o
+3
Trong phn ng ny Fe kh t Cl2 xung Cl b. Tc dng vi oxi

o
Hu ht cc kim lo i c th kh t O 2 xung O . V d : Khi t, bt nhm chy mnh trong khng kh to ra nhm oxit.
t 4Al + 3O 2 2 Al2 O3
o
+3
c. Tc dng vi lu hunh
o 2
Nhiu kim loi c th kh lu hunh t S xung S . Phn ng cn un nng (tr Hg). V d :

t Fe + S Fe S
o
+2 2
t thng Hg + S Hg S
+2 2
2. Tc dng vi dung dch axit a. Vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long Nhiu kim loi c th kh c ion H trong cc dung dch axit trn thnh hiro. V d :
Fe + 2 H Cl Fe Cl2 + H 2
o +1 +2 1 o
b. Vi dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c

+5 +6
Hu ht kim loi (tr Pt, Au) kh c N (trong HNO3) v S (trong H2SO4 ) xung s oxi ho thp hn. V d :
13
3Cu + 8H N O3 3Cu(NO3 )2 + 2 N O + 4H2 O

t Cu + 2H 2 S O4 Cu SO4 + S O2 + 2H 2O o +5
o
+5
to
+2
+2
+2
+2
Ch : HNO3, H2SO4 c, ngui lm th ng ho Al, Fe, Cr, ... 3. Tc dng vi nc Cc kim loi nhm IA v IIA ca bng tun hon (tr Be, Mg) do c tnh kh mnh nn c th kh c H2O nhit thng thnh hiro. Cc kim loi cn li c tnh kh yu hn nn ch kh c H2O nhit cao (Fe, Zn,...) hoc khng kh c H2O (Ag, Au,...). V d:
Na + 2 H 2 O 2Na OH + H 2
o +1 +1 o
4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui Kim lo i mnh hn c th kh c ion ca kim loi yu hn trong dung dch mu i thnh kim loi t do. V d : Ngm mt inh st ( lm sch lp g) vo dung dch CuSO4, sau mt thi gian mu xanh ca dung dch CuSO4 b nht dn v trn inh st c lp ng mu bm vo.
Fe + Cu SO 4 FeSO 4 + Cu
o +2 +2 o
IV. Hp kim 1. nh ngha Hp kim l nhng vt liu kim loi c cha mt kim loi c bn v mt s kim loi hoc phi kim khc. V d : Thp l hp kim ca st vi cacbon v mt s nguyn t khc. 2. Tnh cht ca hp kim a. Tnh cht ha hc : Tng t nh cc cht trong hn hp ban u. b. Tnh cht vt l : So vi cc cht trong hn hp ban u th hp kim c : - Tnh dn in, dn nhit km hn. - Nhit nng chy thp hn. - Cng hn, gin hn.
14
BI 2 : DY IN HO CA KIM LOI
A. L THUYT
I. Cp oxi ho - kh ca kim loi Nguyn t kim loi d nhng electron tr thnh ion kim loi, ngc li ion kim loi c th nhn electron tr thnh nguyn t kim loi. V d :
Ag+ + 1e Ag Cu2+ + 2e Cu Fe2+ + 2e Fe

Cc nguyn t kim loi (Ag, Cu, Fe,...) ng vai tr cht kh, cc ion kim loi (Ag+, Cu2+, Fe2+ ...) ng vai tr cht oxi ho. Cht oxi ho v cht kh ca cng mt nguyn t kim loi to nn cp oxi ho - kh. V d ta c cp oxi ho - kh : Ag+/Ag ; Cu2+/Cu ; Fe2+/Fe. c im ca cp oxi ha - kh : Trong cp oxi ha - kh, dng kh c tnh kh cng mnh th dng oxi ha c tnh oxi ha cng yu v ngc li. II. Pin in ha 1. Cu to v hot ng - Kim loi mnh lm in cc m (anot) v b n mn. - Kim loi c tnh kh yu hn c bo v. - Cu mu i c tc dng trung ha dung dch 2. Tnh sut in ng ca pin in ha Epin = Ecatot - Eanot = Emax - Emin xc nh tnh kh cc kim lo i v tnh oxi ha cc ion kim lo i, ngi ta thit lp cc pin in ha vi mt in cc bng H2 lm chun cn in cc cn l i l kim lo i cn xc nh. Qua ngi ta a ra c mt gi tr g i l th in cc chun. K hiu E o M n+ .
M
IV. Dy in ho ca kim loi 1. Dy in ha : Dy in ha ca kim loi l mt dy cc cp oxi ha - kh c sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh oxi ha ca ion kim loi v gim dn tnh kh ca nguyn t kim loi. Ngi ta so snh tnh cht ca nhiu cp oxi ho - kh v sp xp thnh dy in ho ca kim loi : Mg2+ Al3+ Mg Al
E o M n+
M
Zn2+ Zn
Fe2+ Fe
Ni2+ Ni
Sn2+ Sn
Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag Pb H2 Cu Fe2+ Ag
Au3+ Au 1,5
-2,37 -,166 -0,76 -0,44
-0,23 -0,14 -0,13 0,00 0,34 0,77 0,8
Chiu gim dn tnh kh ca kim loi v tng dn tnh oxi ha ca ion kim loi 2. ngha ca dy in ho ca kim loi a. D on chiu xy ra phn ng oxi ha - kh Dy in ho ca kim loi cho php d on chiu ca phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ho - kh theo quy t c (anpha) : Phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ho - kh s xy ra theo chiu, cht oxi ho mnh nht s oxi ho cht kh mnh nht, sinh ra cht oxi ho yu hn v cht kh yu hn.
15
V d : Phn ng gia 2 cp Ag+/Ag v Cu2+/Cu xy ra theo chiu ion Ag+ oxi ho Cu t o ra ion Cu v Ag.
2+
2Ag+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Ag Cht oxi ho mnh Cht kh mnh Cht oxi ho yu Cht kh yu b. So snh tnh cht ca cc cp oxi ho - kh V d : So snh tnh cht ca hai cp oxi ho - kh Cu2+/Cu v Ag+ /Ag, thc nghim cho thy Cu tc dng c vi dung dch mu i Ag+ theo phng trnh ion rt gn : Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag (kh mnh) (oxi ha mnh) (kh yu) (oxi ha yu) Theo phng trnh ta th y : Tnh kh : Cu > Ag; Tnh oxi ha : Ag+ > Cu2+
Ai quyt nh s phn mnh

Leonardo da Vinci v bc Ba tic ly mt by nm lin. l bc tranh v Cha Jsu v 12 v tng trong ba n cu i cng trc khi ngi b mn Judas phn b i. Leonardo tm ngi mu rt cng phu. Gia hng ngn thanh nin ng mi chn oc mt chng trai c gng mt thnh thin, mt tnh cch thanh khit tuyt i lm mu v Cha Jsu. Da Vinci lm vic khng mt m i sut su thng lin trc chng trai, v hnh nh Cha Jsu hin ra trn bn v. Su nm tip theo ng ln lt v xong 12 v tng , ch cn c Judas, v mn phn b i Cha v 30 ng bc. Ha s mun t m mt ngi n ng c khun mt hn ln s hm li, la lc, o c gi v cc k tn c. Khun mt phi tot ln tnh cch ca k sn sng bn i ngi bn thn nht, ngi thy knh yu nht ca chnh mnh ... Cuc tm kim dng nh v vng. Bao nhiu gng mt xu xa nht, c c nht, Vinci u th y cha biu l ci c ca Judas. Mt hm Vinci c thng bo c mt k m ngoi hnh c th p ng c yu cu ca ng. Hn ang trong mt hm ngc Roma, b kt n t hnh v ti git ngi v nhiu ti c ty tri khc ... Vinci lp tc ln ng n Roma. Trc mt ng l mt g n ng nc da en sm vi mi tc di bn thu xa xung gng mt, mt gng mt xu xa, him c, hin hin r tnh cch ca mt k hon ton b tha ha. ng y l Judas! c s cho php c bit ca c vua, ngi t c a ti Milan ni bc tranh ang v d. M i ngy tn t ng i trc Da Vinci v ngi ha s thin ti cn mn vi cng vic truyn ti vo bc tranh din mo ca mt k phn phc. Khi nt v cu i cng c hon tt, kit sc v phi i mt vi ci c mt thi gian di, Vinci quay sang bo lnh gc:" Cc ngi em hn i i!". Lnh canh tm ly k t t, nhng hn t nhin vng ra v lao n qu xung bn Da Vinci, khc nc ln :" i, ngi Da Vinci! Hy nhn con! Ngi khng nhn ra con ?". Da Vinci quan st k m su thng qua ng lin tc nhn mt. Cui cng ng p: " Khng! Ta cha tng nhn thy ngi cho n khi ngi c a n t hm ngc Roma ...". Tn t t ku ln: " Ngi Vinci ... Hy nhn k ti! Ti chnh l ngi m by nm v trc ngi chn lm mu v Cha Jsu..." Cu chuyn ny l c tht, nh bc tranh Ba tic ly l c tht. Chng trai t ng c chn lm hnh mu ca Cha Jsu, ch sau hn 2000 ngy t bin mnh thnh hnh t ng hon ho ca k ph n b i gh gm nht trong lch s. Tng lai khng h c nh trc. Chnh chng ta l ngi quyt nh s phn ca chnh mnh... 16
B. PHNG PHP GII BI TP V KIM LOI

I. Phng php - Phn ng ca kim loi vi phi kim; vi cc dung d ch : axit, kim, mu i l phn ng oxi ha kh, nn phng php c trng gii bi tp v kim loi l phng php bo ton electron, ngoi ra c th s dng phng php tng gim khi lng i vi nhng bi tp lin quan n kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mu i. i vi nhng bi tp tng hp lin quan n nhiu lo i phn ng th c th kt hp cc phng php : bo ton electron, bo ton kh i lng, tng gi m kh i lng, bo ton nguyn t ... II. n tp v phng php bo ton electron 1. Ni dung nh lut bo ton electron : - Trong phn ng oxi ha - kh, tng s electron m cc cht kh nhng lun bng tng s electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn. 2. Nguyn tc p dng : - Trong phn ng oxi ha - kh, tng s mol electron m cc cht kh nhng lun bng tng s mol electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn. Lu : Khi gii bi tp bng phng php bo ton electron ta cn phi xc nh y , chnh xc cht kh v cht oxi ha; trng thi s oxi ha ca cht kh, cht oxi ha trc v sau phn ng; khng cn quan tm n s oxi ha ca cht kh v cht oxi ha cc qu trnh trung gian. 3. Cc dng bi tp a. Kim loi tc dng vi phi kim V d 1: Hn hp X gm S v Br2 tc dng va vi hn hp Y gm 9,75 gam Zn, 6,4 gam Cu v 9,0 gam Ca thu c 53,15 gam cht rn. Kh i lng ca S trong X c gi tr l : A. 16 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 40 gam. D. 12 gam. Hng dn gii Gi s mol S l x v s mol Br2 l y ta c : 32x + 160y = 53,15 9,75 6,4 9,0 32x + 160y = 28 (1) p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : nelectron cho = nelectron nhn 2.n S + 2.n Br2 = 2.n Zn + 2.n Cu + 2.n Ca (*) 2x + 2y = 0,15.2 + 0,1.2 + 0,225.2 2x + 2y = 0,95 (2) T (1) v (2) ta c : x = 0,375 v y = 0,1 mS = 0,375.32 = 12 gam. Nu nu cc em hc sinh khng hnh dung c biu thc (*) th c th vit cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh, ri p dng nh lut bo ton electron suy ra (*) : Qu trnh oxi ha : Qu trnh kh : Zn Zn+2 + 2e S + 2e S-2 mol : 0,15 0,3 Cu Cu+2 + 2e mol : 0,1 0,2 Ca Ca+2 + 2e mol : 0,225 0,45 p n D. x 2x Br2 + 2e 2Brmol: y 2y mol:
17
V d 2: Cho 11,2 lt hn hp kh A g m clo v oxi phn ng va ht vi 16,98 gam hn hp B gm magie v nhm to ra 42,34 gam hn hp cc mu i clorua v oxit hai kim loi. Thnh phn % kh i lng ca magie v nhm trong hn hp B l : A. 48% v 52%. B. 77,74% v 22,26%. C. 43,15% v 56,85%. D. 75% v 25%. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c :
(Cl2 ,O 2 )
= 0,5 mol ;
(Cl 2 ,O 2 )
= 25,36 gam.
Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Cl2 v O2 ta c : x+y = 0,5 x = 0, 24 71x+32y = 25,36 y = 0,26 Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca Al v Mg ta c : 27a + 24b = 16,98 (1) p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : nelectron cho = nelectron nhn 3.n Al + 2.n Mg = 2.n Cl2 + 4.n O2 3a + 2b = 1,52 (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra : a = 0,14 ; b = 0,55 Thnh phn % kh i lng ca magie v nhm trong hn hp B l : 0,14.27 .100% = 22, 26% ; % Mg = (100 22,26)% = 77,74%. % Al = 16, 98 p n B. b. Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch axit V d 1: Ho tan ht 9,6 gam kim loi M trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, thu c SO2 l sn phm kh duy nht. Cho ton b lng SO2 ny hp th vo 0,5 lt dung dch NaOH 0,6M, sau phn ng em c cn dung dch c 18,9 gam cht rn. Kim loi M l : A. Ca. B. Mg. C. Fe. D. Cu. Hng dn gii Kh SO2 tc dng vi dung d ch NaOH c th xy ra cc kh nng : - To ra mu i NaHSO3. - To ra mu i Na2SO3. - To ra mu i NaHSO3 v Na2SO3. - To ra mu i Na2SO3 v d NaOH. Gi s phn ng to ra hai mu i NaHSO3 (x mol) v Na2SO3 (y mol). Phng trnh phn ng : NaOH + SO2 NaHSO3 (1) x mol : x x 2NaOH + SO2 Na2SO3 (2) y mol : 2y y Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c : x+2y = 0,3 x = 0 104x+126y = 18,9 y = 0,15 Nh vy phn ng ch t o ra mu i Na2SO3.
18
Gi n l ha tr ca kim loi M. p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : n = 2 9, 6 .n = 2.0,15 M = 32n M M = 64 Vy kim loi M l Cu. p n D.
n.n M = 2.n SO2
V d 2: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp g m Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 d, thu c 1,12 lt (ktc) hn hp kh NO v NO2 c t kh i so vi hiro bng 20. Tng khi lng mu i nitrat sinh ra l : A. 66,75 gam. B. 33,35 gam. C. 6,775 gam. D. 3,335 gam. Hng dn gii p dng s ng cho cho hn hp N2O v NO ta c : 40 30 = 10 46 n
NO2
40
n NO
46 40 = 6
n NO2 n NO
10 5 = 6 3
30
5 Suy ra : n NO2 = .0,05 = 0,03125 mol, n NO = 0,05 0,03125 = 0,01875 mol. 8 Ta c cc qu trnh oxi ha kh : Qu trnh kh : NO3 + 3e NO mol : 0,05625 0,01875 NO3 + 1e NO2 mol : 0,03125 0,03125 Nh vy, tng s mol electron nhn = tng s mol electron nhng = 0,0875 mol. Thay cc kim loi Cu, Mg, Al bng kim loi M. Qu trnh oxi ha :
M
mol :
+n
M(NO3 )n
ne
0, 0875 0,0875 n Kh i lng mu i nitrat sinh ra l :
m = m M( NO3 )n = m M +m NO = 1,35 +
3
0, 0875 .n.62 = 6,775 gam. n
Suy ra : nNO tao muoi = n electron trao oi

3
p n C. V d 3: Cho 12,9 gam hn hp Al, Mg phn ng va ht vi dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. Sau phn ng thu c 0,125 mol S, 0,2 mol SO2 v dung dch X. C cn dung d ch X thu c m gam mu i. Gi tr ca m l : A. 68,1. B. 84,2. C. 64,2. D. 123,3. Hng dn gii t s mol ca Al v Mg ln lt l x v y. Phng trnh theo tng khi lng ca Al v Mg : 27x + 24y = 12,9 (1)
19
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : nelectron cho = nelectron nhn 3x + 2y = 0,125.6 + 0,2.2 = 1,15 (2) T (1) v (2) ta c : x = 0,1 v y = 0,425 Phn ng to ra mu i sunfat Al2(SO4)3 (0,05 mol) v MgSO4 (0,425 mol) nn kh i lng mu i thu c l : m = 0,05. 342 + 0,425.120 = 68,1 gam. p n A. c. Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui Tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng V d 1: Cho m gam Mg vo dung dch cha 0,12 mol FeCl3. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 3,36 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2,88. B. 2,16. C. 4,32. D. 5,04. Hng dn gii Khi cho Mg vo dung dch mu i Fe , u tin Mg kh Fe3+ thnh Fe2+, sau Mg kh Fe2+ v Fe. Vy phn ng (1) xy ra xong sau mi n phn ng (2). Gi s t t c lng Fe2+ chuyn ht thnh Fe th kh i lng st to thnh l 6,72 gam. Trn thc t khi lng cht rn thu c ch l 3,36 gam, suy ra Fe2+ cha phn ng ht, Mg phn ng ht, 3,36 gam cht rn l Fe to thnh. Phng trnh phn ng : (1) Mg + 2Fe3+ Mg2+ + 2Fe2+ mol: 0,06 0,12 0,06 0,12 Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe (2) 0,06 0,06 mol: 0,06 0,06
3+
Cn c vo (1) v (2) suy ra : nMg = 0,12 mol m Mg = 0,12.24 = 2,88 gam. p n A. V d 2: Cho 100 ml dung dch FeCl2 1,2M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 2M, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l : A. 12,96. B. 34,44. C. 47,4. D. 30,18. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c : n FeCl2 = 0,1.1, 2 = 0,12 mol n Fe2+ = 0,12 mol, n Cl = 0, 24 mol.
n AgNO3 = 0, 2.2 = 0, 4 mol n Ag+ = 0, 4 mol.

Phng trnh phn ng : mol: Ag+ + Cl- AgCl 0,24 0,24 0,24 (1)
Ag+ + Fe2+ Ag + Fe3+ (2) mol: 0,12 0,12 0,12 Theo phng trnh phn ng ta thy kt ta thu c l Ag v AgCl. m = m (Ag AgCl) = 0, 24.143,5 + 0,12.108 = 47, 4 gam. p n C.
20
Lu : Trong dung dch, th t xy ra phn ng l : + Phn ng trao i. + Phn ng oxi ha - kh. bi trn nu (1) Ag+ ht th phn ng (2) khng xy ra. S phng php tng gim khi lng V d 3: Ngm mt thanh ng c kh i lng 15 gam trong 340 gam dung dch AgNO3 6%. Sau mt thi gian ly vt ra thy khi lng AgNO3 trong dung d ch gim 25%. Kh i lng ca vt sau phn ng l : A. 3,24 gam. B. 2,28 gam. C. 17,28 gam. D. 24,12 gam. Hng dn gii
340.6 = 0,12 mol. 170.100 25 n AgNO3 ( p- ) = 0,12. = 0,03 mol. 100 Phng trnh phn ng : n AgNO3 ( b ) =
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag mol : 0,015 0,03 0,03 mvt sau phn ng = mthanh ng ban u + mAg (sinh ra) mCu (phn ng) = 15 + 108.0,03 64.0,015 = 17,28 gam. p n C. V d 4: Nhng thanh km vo dung dch cha 8,32 gam CdSO4. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd2+ kh i lng thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Kh i lng thanh km ban u l : A. 60 gam. B. 70 gam. C. 80 gam. D. 90 gam. Hng dn gii Gi kh i lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng tng thm l Phng trnh phn ng : Zn + CdSO4 ZnSO4 + Cd mol : 0,04 0,04 0,04
2,35a gam. 100
(1)
2,35a a = 80 gam. 100
Theo gi thit v (1) ta c : 0,04.112 0,04.65 = p n C.
V d 5: Cho m gam bt Zn vo 500 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,24M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, kh i lng dung dch tng thm 9,6 gam so vi kh i lng dung dch ban u. Gi tr ca m l : A.32,50. B. 20,80. C. 29,25. D. 48,75. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : 2Fe3+ + Zn 2Fe2+ + Zn2+ mol: 0,24 0,12 0,24 0,12 Fe2+ + Zn Fe + Zn2+ mol: x x x x
21
V trc v sau phn ng tng khi lng khng i nn sau phn ng khi lng dung dch tng 9,6 gam th kh i lng kim loi gim 9,6 gam. Theo phng trnh ta thy : Kh i lng kim loi gim = mZn phn ng - mFe sinh ra = (0,12+x)65 56x = 9,6 x= 0,2 Vy mZn = (0,2 + 0,12).65 = 20,8 gam. p n B. V d 6: Nhng mt thanh km v mt thanh st vo cng mt dung dch CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim loi ra thy trong dung dch cn li c nng mol ZnSO4 bng 2,5 ln nng mol FeSO4. Mt khc, kh i lng dung dch gim 2,2 gam. Khi lng ng bm ln thanh km v bm ln thanh st ln lt l : A. 12,8 gam; 32 gam. B. 64 gam; 25,6 gam. C. 32 gam; 12,8 gam. D. 25,6 gam; 64 gam. Hng dn gii V trong cng dung d ch sau phn ng [ZnSO4] = 2,5[FeSO4] nn suy ra n ZnSO4 = 2,5n FeSO4 . t nFeSO = x mol ; n ZnSO = 2,5x mol .
4 4
Phng trnh phn ng ha hc : Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu mol : 2,5x 2,5x 2,5x 2,5x (1)
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (2) mol : x x x x Ta nhn thy gim kh i lng ca dung d ch bng tng khi lng ca kim loi. Do : mCu (sinh ra) mZn (phn ng) mFe (phn ng) = 2,2 64.(2,5x + x) 65.2,5x 56x = 2,2 x = 0,4 mol. Vy : mCu (bm ln thanh km) = 64.2,5.0,4 = 64 gam ; mCu (bm ln thanh st) = 64.0,4 = 25,6 gam. p n B. V d 7: Cho 2,7 gam hn hp bt X gm Fe v Zn tc dng vi dung dch CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian, thu c dung dch Y v 2,84 gam cht rn Z. Cho ton b Z vo dung dch H2SO4 (long, d). Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc th kh i lng cht rn gim 0,28 gam v dung dch thu c ch cha mt mu i duy nht. Phn trm kh i lng ca Fe trong X l : A. 58,52%. B. 51,85%. C. 48,15%. D. 41,48%. Hng dn gii Phn ng ca hn hp X vi dung dch CuSO4 lm khi lng cht rn tng chng t Fe tham gia phn ng (v nu ch c Zn phn ng th kh i lng cht rn phi gim do nguyn t kh i ca Zn ln hn Cu). Cht rn Z phn ng vi H2SO4 th thy kh i lng cht rn gim v dung dch thu c ch c mt mu i duy nht nn kim loi d ch c Fe, kh i lng Fe d l 0,28 gam. Gi s mol ca Zn v Fe phn ng vi dung dch mui CuSO4 ln lt l x v y mol. Phng trnh phn ng : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu (1) mol: x x x 2+ 2+ Fe Fe + Cu + Cu (2) y mol: y y 22
Theo cc phn ng v gi thit ta c :

65x + 56y = 2,7 0,28 x = 0,02 2,7 65x 56y + 64x + 64y = 2,84 y = 0,02
Phn trm khi lng ca Fe trong X l : p n B.
0,02.56 + 0,28 .100 = 51,85% . 2,7
V d 8: Cho 3,78 gam bt Al phn ng va vi dung dch mu i XCl3 to thnh dung dch Y. Kh i lng cht tan trong dung dch Y gim 4,06 gam so vi dung dch XCl3. Cng thc ca mu i XCl3 l : A. FeCl3. B. AlCl3. C. CrCl3. D. Khng xc nh. Hng dn gii
3,18 = 0,14 mol . 27 Phng trnh phn ng : Al + XCl3 AlCl3 nAl =
+ X
(1)
mol : 0,14 0,14 0,14 Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : (X + 35,5.3).0,14 133,5.0,14 = 4,06 X = 56. Vy kim loi X l Fe v mu i FeCl3. p n A. V d 9: Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim lo i ha tr (II) vo dung dch CuSO4 d. Sau phn ng kh i lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24 gam. Cng thanh graphit ny nu c nhng vo dung dch AgNO3 d th khi phn ng xong thy kh i lng thanh graphit tng ln 0,52 gam. Kim lo i ha tr (II) l kim lo i no sau y ? A. Pb. B. Cd. C. Al. D. Sn. Hng dn gii t kim loi ha tr (II) l M vi s mol l x mol. Phng trnh phn ng ha hc : M + CuSO4 MSO4 + Cu (1) mol : x x x x Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : Mx 64x = 0,24 (*) M + 2AgNO3 M(NO3)2 + 2Ag (2) mol : x 2x x 2x Theo (2) v gi thit ta c : 108.2x Mx = 0,52 (**) Ly (*) chia cho (**) ta c phng trnh m t n M, t suy ra M = 112 (Cd). p n B.
23
V d 10: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO4, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy kh i lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch Pb(NO3)2, sau mt thi gian thy kh i lng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp nh nhau. A. Al. B. Zn. C. Mg. D. Fe. Hng dn gii G i m l kh i lng thanh kim loi, M l nguyn t kh i ca kim lo i, x l s mol mu i phn ng. Phng trnh phn ng ha hc : M + CuSO4 MSO4 + Cu (1) mol : x x x 0,05.m Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : Mx 64x = (*) 100 M + Pb(NO3)2 M(NO3)2 + Pb (2) mol : x x x 7,1.m Theo (2) v gi thit ta c : 207x Mx = (**) 100 Ly (*) chia cho (**) ta c phng trnh m t n M, t suy ra M = 65 (Zn). p n B. S dng phng php bo ton electron V d 11: Cho a mol kim loi Mg vo dung dch hn hp cha b mol CuSO4 v c mol FeSO4. Kt thc phn ng dung d ch thu c cha 2 mu i. Xc nh iu kin ph hp cho kt qu trn. A. a b. B. b a < b +c. C. b a b +c. D. b < a < 0,5(b + c). Hng dn gii Tnh oxi ha : Cu > Fe . Th t phn ng : Mg + Cu2+ Mg2+ + Cu (1) 2+ 2+ Mg Mg + Fe + Fe (2) Theo gi thit, sau phn ng thu c dung dch cha 2 mu i, suy ra hai mu i l Mg2+ v Fe2+. V trong dung dch c mu i Fe2+ nn s mol electron m Mg nhng nh hn s mol electron m Cu2+ v Fe2+ nhn, suy ra : 2n Mg < 2n Cu 2+ + 2.n Fe2+ a < b + c (*). Dung dch sau phn ng cha Mg2+ v Fe2+ nn (1) xy ra hon ton, (2) c th xy ra hoc cha xy ra, nn s mol electron m Mg nhng ln hn hoc bng s mol electron m Cu2+ nhn, suy ra : 2n Mg 2n Cu 2+ a b (**) Vy b a < b +c. p n B. V d 12: Cho hn hp g m 1,2 mol Mg v x mol Zn vo dung dch cha 2 mol Cu2+ v 1 mol Ag+ n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt dung dch cha ba loi ion kim loi. Trong cc gi tr sau y, gi tr no ca x tho mn trng hp trn ? A. 2. B. 1,2. C. 1,5. D. 1,8. Hng dn gii Th t kh : Mg > Zn ; th t oxi ha : Ag+ > Cu2+. Cn c vo th t kh ca cc kim loi v th t oxi ha ca cc ion suy ra dung dch sau phn 24
2+ 2+
ng cha cc ion l Mg2+, Zn2+ v Cu2+. Vy chng t Mg, Zn phn ng ht, Cu2+ d. V mu i Cu2+ d nn : nelectron cho < nelectron nhan 2.1,2 + 2x < 2.2 + 1.1 x < 1,3. Vy ch c phng n x = 1,2 l ph hp. p n B. V d 13: Cho 2,8 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch g m AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M; khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c m gam cht rn X. Gi tr ca m l : A. 4,72. B. 4,08. C. 4,48. D. 3,20. Hng dn gii S mol electron do Fe nhng = 2n Fe = 0,1 mol. S mol electron do Ag+ v Cu2+ nhn = n Ag+ + 2n Cu 2+ = 0,02 + 0,1 = 0,12 mol. Nh vy n Ag+ < 2n Fe < n Ag+ + 2n Cu2+ . Do Ag+, Fe phn ng ht, Cu2+ d.
0,12 0,1 = 0,01 mol n Cu2+ p = n Cu = 0,04 mol. 2 Khi lng cht rn = m Ag + m Cu = 0,02.108 + 0,04.64 = 4,72 gam. n Cu2+ d =
p n A. V d 14: Cho 0,42 gam hn hp bt Fe v Al vo 250 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,12M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v 3,333 gam cht rn. Kh i lng Fe trong hn hp ban u l : A. 0,168 gam. B. 0,123 gam. C. 0,177 gam. D. 0,150 gam. Hng dn gii Gi s AgNO3 phn ng ht th mAg = 108.0,12.0,25 = 3,24 gam < 3,333 gam : ng!. Vy AgNO3 ht, trong cht rn ngoi Ag cn c Fe d hoc Al d v Fe cha phn ng vi kh i lng l 3,333 3,24 = 0,093 gam. Kh i lng Al v Fe phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 l 0,42 - 0,093 = 0,327 gam. Gi s mol ca Al v Fe phn ng ln lt l x v y (x > 0, y 0). Phng trnh theo khi lng ca Al, Fe : 27x + 56y = 0,327 (1) p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : 3x + 2y = 0,12.0,25 (2) T suy ra x = 0,009 mol v y = 0,0015 mol. St phn ng chng t Al ht, 0,093 gam kim loi d l Fe. Kh i lng ca Fe trong hn hp = 0,093 + 0,0015.56 = 0,177 gam. p n C. d. Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch kim V d 1: Hn hp X gm Na v Al. Cho m gam X vo mt lng d nc th thot ra V lt kh. Nu cng cho m gam X vo dung dch NaOH d th c 1,75V lt kh. Thnh phn phn trm theo kh i lng ca Na trong X l (bit cc th tch kh o trong cng iu kin) : A. 41,94%. B. 77,31%. C. 49,87%. D. 29,87%. Hng dn gii X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c lng kh nhiu hn so vi khi X tc dng v i H2O, chng t khi X tc dng vi H2O th Al cn d, dung dch sau phn ng cha NaAlO2. i vi cc cht kh th t l th tch cng chnh l t l mol nn cn c vo gi thit ta chn s mol H2 gii phng hai trng hp ln lt l 1 mol v 1,75 mol. t s mol ca Na v Al tham gia phn ng vi H2O l x mol.
25
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : 1.n Na + 3.n Al = 2.n H 2 1.x + 3.x = 2.1 x = 0,5 t s mol Al ban u l y, khi X tc dng vi dung d ch NaOH d th Al phn ng ht. p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : 1.n Na + 3.n Al = 2.n H 2 1.0,5 + 3.y = 2.1,75 y = 1 Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Na trong X l :
0,5.23 .100% = 29,87% . 0,5.23 + 1.27
p n D. e. Kim loi tc dng vi nhiu cht oxi ha (phi kim, dung dch axit, baz, mui) V d 1: Trn 56 gam bt Fe vi 16 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch B v kh D. t chy D cn V lt O2 (ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. V c gi tr l : A. 11,2 lt. B. 33,6 lt. C. 22,4 lt. D. 44,8 lt. Hng dn gii
+1 2 o H2 H 2 O O 2 ,t o +4 2 H 2S S O2 Kh D l hn hp H2S v H2. t D thu c SO2 v H2O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh ph n ng l Fe v S nhng electron, cn O2 thu electron. p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c :
+1 +2 Fe: 1mol FeS: 0,5 mol HCl to S phn ng : Fe Cl2 + S: 0,5 mol Fe: 0,5 mol
nelectron cho = nelectron nhn 2.n Fe + 4.nS = 4.nO (*) n O = 1 mol VO = 22,4 lt. 2 2 2 Nu nu cc em hc sinh khng hnh dung c biu thc (*) th c th vit cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh, ri p dng nh lut bo ton electron tnh s mol ca O2 : Qu trnh oxi ha : Qu trnh kh : +2 Fe Fe + 2e O2 + 4e 2O-2 mol : 1 2 mol : x 4x +4 S S + 4e mol : 0,5 2 p n C. V d 2: Cho m gam Al tc dng vi O2, thu c 25,8 gam cht rn X. Ho tan hon ton X bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng, thu c 6,72 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l : A. 21,6. B. 16,2. C. 18,9. D. 13,5. Hng dn gii
2 o +4 Al t o Al2 O3 to , H2 +S6 O4 +3 S phn ng : o Al2 (SO 4 )3 + S O 2 + H 2O Al O 2 Cn c vo s phn ng ta thy : Cht kh l Al ; cht oxi ha l O2 v H2SO4. t s mol ca Al l x v s mol ca O2 l y (x, y > 0) Phng trnh theo tng kh i lng ca hn hp X : 27x + 32y = 25,8 (1) p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : nelectron cho = nelectron nhn 3x = 4y + 0,3.2 (2) T (1), (2) suy ra x = 0,6 v y = 0,3.
26
Vy kh i lng nhm l : m = 0,6.27 = 16,2 gam. Nu nu cc em hc sinh khng hnh dung c biu thc (2) th c th vit cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh, ri p dng nh lut bo ton electron suy ra (2) : Qu trnh oxi ha : Qu trnh kh : +3 Al Al + 3e O2 + 4e 2O-2 mol : x 3x mol : y 4y S+6 + 2e S+4 (SO2) mol : 0,6 0,3 p n B. V d 3: a gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian s chuyn thnh hn hp A c kh i lng l 75,2 gam g m Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3 O4. Cho hn hp A phn ng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng thu c 6,72 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Kh i lng a gam l : A. 56 gam. B. 11,2 gam. C. 22,4 gam. D. 25,3 gam. Hng dn gii S phn ng :
2 +6 +3 +4 Fe, Fe2 O3 H S O4 Fe (A) Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 + SO 2 + H 2 O 2 2 Fe O , Fe O 4 3 t s mol ca Fe v O2 ln lt l x v y. Theo gi thit v nh lut bo ton kh i lng ta c : mA = 56x + 32y = 75,2 (*) o + O2
o
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : ne cho = ne nhn 3x = 4y + 0,3.2 (**) x = 1 T (*) v (**) a = 1.56 = 56 gam. y = 0, 6 p n A. V d 4: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO, Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X bng H2SO4 c, nng thu c 4,48 lt (ktc) kh SO2 duy nht. Gi tr m l : A. 9,68 gam. B. 15,84 gam. C. 20,32 gam. D. 22,4 gam. Hng dn gii
Cu +6 o 2 +2 +4 + O2 H S O4 (X) Cu 2 O Cu SO 4 + SO 2 + H 2 O S phn ng : Cu 2 Cu O Cn c vo s phn ng ta thy : Cht kh l Cu (x mol) ; cht oxi ha l O2 (y mol) v H2SO4. Ta c phng trnh theo tng kh i lng ca hn hp X : 64x + 32y = 24,8 (1) p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : nelectron cho = nelectron nhn 2.n Cu = 4.n O2 + 2.n SO2 2x = 4y + 0,2.2 (2)
o
T (1) v (2) ta c : x = 0,35 v y = 0,075 m = 0,35.64 = 22,4 gam. p n D.

27
V d 5: Ha tan hon ton 30,4 gam cht rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu2S v S bng dung dch HNO3 d, thot ra 20,16 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch Y thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l : A. 81,55. B. 110,95. C. 115,85. D. 104,20. Hng dn gii
o +2 Cu Cu 2S, CuS HNO3 +2 Cu(NO3 )2 Ba(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 S phn ng : o N O + +6 S, Cu BaSO 4 S H 2 S O 4 Quy i hn hp X thnh hn hp Cu v S. Qu trnh oxi ha : Cu Cu+2 + 2e mol: x x 2x S S+6 + 6e mol: y y 6y Qu trnh kh : N+5 + 3e N+2 (NO) mol: 3.0,9 0,9
2x + 6y = 0,9.3 Ta c h phng trnh : 64x 32y 30, 4 + = 2+ 2Ba + SO4 BaSO4 mol: 0,35 0,35 2+ Cu + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 mol: 0,3 0,3 Vy m = 0,35.233 + 0,3.98 = 110,95 gam. p n B.
x = 0,3 mol y = 0, 35 mol
V d 6: Cho 8,3 gam hn hp X g m Al, Fe (c t l mol l 1 : 1) vo 100 ml dung dch Y g m Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn A g m 3 kim loi. Ha tan hon ton cht rn A vo dung dch HCl d thy c 1,12 lt kh thot ra (ktc) v cn li 28 gam cht rn khng tan B. Nng CM ca Cu(NO3)2 v ca AgNO3 ln lt l : A. 2M v 1M. B. 1M v 2M. C. 0,2M v 0,1M. D. kt qu khc. Hng dn gii Th t oxi ha : Al > Fe; Th t kh : Ag+ > Cu2+. 8,3 = 0,1 mol. Theo gi thit ta c : nAl = nFe = 83 t n AgNO3 = x mol v n Cu ( NO3 )2 = y mol . Gi thit hn hp X tc dng vi dung dch Y to ra cht rn A g m 3 kim loi, suy ra l Ag, Cu, Fe. Vy Al ht, Fe cha phn ng hoc cn d. Hn hp hai mui phn ng ht. Ha tan A trong HCl d th ch c Fe phn ng, 28 gam cht rn B l Ag v Cu. Vy cht kh l Al, Fe; cht oxi ha l Ag+, Cu2+, H+. Qu trnh oxi ha : Al Al3+ + 3e Fe Fe2+ + 2e mol : 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2 Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing 28
Qu trnh kh : Ag+ + 1e Ag Cu2+ + 2e Cu 2H+ + 2e H2 mol : x x x y 2y y 0,1 0,05 Theo nh lut bo ton electron, ta c phng trnh : x + 2y + 0,1 = 0,5 hay x + 2y = 0,4 (1) Mt khc, cht rn B khng tan l Ag: x mol ; Cu: y mol 108x + 64y = 28 (2) Gii h (1), (2) ta c x = 0,2 mol ; y = 0,1 mol. 0, 2 0,1 = 2M ; [ Cu(NO3 ) 2 ] = = 1M. [ AgNO3 ] = 0,1 0,1 p n B. V d 7: Cho 1,82 gam hn hp bt X gm Cu v Ag (t l s mol tng ng 4 : 1) vo 30 ml dung dch g m H2SO4 0,5M v HNO3 2M, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c a mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ca N+5). Trn a mol NO trn vi 0,1 mol O2 thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho ton b Y tc dng vi H2O, thu c 150 ml dung dch c pH = z. Gi tr ca z l : A. 1. B. 3. C. 2. D. 4. nCu = 0,02 mol; nAg 0,045 mol. n H+ = 0,09 mol; n NO = 0,06 mol.
3
Hng dn gii = 0,005 mol. Suy ra tng s mol electron cho ti a = 0,02.2 + 0,005.1 =
4H + NO3 + 3e NO + 2H2O mol: 0,06 0,015 0,045 0,015 Nh vy H+ v NO3- d, cn Ag, Cu phn ng ht.
+ + O2 + O 2 , H 2O N O2 H N O3 S chuyn ha NO thnh HNO3 : N O +2
o
+4 2
+5
Nhn xt : 3.n NO < 4.n O2 nn O2 d, do NO chuyn ht thnh HNO3. Suy ra n HNO3 = n NO = 0, 015 mol [HNO3 ] = p n A. V d 8: Cho 0,87 gam hn hp g m Fe, Cu v Al vo bnh ng 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,32 gam cht rn v c 448 ml kh (ktc) thot ra. Thm tip vo bnh 0,425 gam NaNO3, khi cc phn ng kt thc th th tch kh NO (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) to thnh v kh i lng mu i trong dung dch l : A. 0,224 lt v 3,750 gam. B. 0,112 lt v 3,750 gam. C. 0,112 lt v 3,865 gam. D. 0,224 lt v 3,865 gam.
0, 015 = 0,1M pH = 1. 0,15
n H 2SO4 = 0, 03 mol n H+
2
Hng dn gii = 0, 06 mol, n SO 2 = 0, 03 mol.

4
nH = 0,02 mol n H+ p = 0,04 mol n H+ d = 0,02 mol.

nCu = 0,005 mol. t nFe = x mol ; nAl = y mol, ta c :
56x + 27y = 0, 55 x = 0, 005 2x + 3y = 0,02.2 y = 0, 01
29
Khi cho tip 0,005 mol NO3- vo bnh th s xy ra phn ng oxi ha Cu trc sau mi n Fe . V t l mol H+ v NO3- l 4 : 1 ng bng t l phn ng v p dng nh lut bo ton eletron, ta c : 2n Cu + n Fe2+ p = 3nNO n Fe2+ p = 0,005 mol ng bng s mol Fe2+ trong dung dch nn
2+
3
NO3 , H , Cu, Fe u ht.
2+
nNO = n NO = 0,005 mol VNO = 0,112 lt.

3
Kh i lng mu i trong dung dch l :
m muoi = m (Al, Fe, Cu) + m SO 2 + m Na+ = 0,87 + 0,03.96 + 0,005.23 = 3,865 gam.
4
p n C.
10 iu lng ph nht trong cuc i

Trong hnh trnh to dng mt cuc i c ngha, nu bn l coi thng mt trong 10 iu thit yu di y, coi nh bn t nh mt mt phn nha sng ca chnh mnh. 1. Sc khe : Lc cn tr, ngi ta thng li vo sc sng trn tr ang c. H lm vic nh in, vui chi thu m, n ung khng iu .... C nh th, c th mt m i v lo ho nhanh. Khi v gi, c nu ko sc kho th mun. 2. Thi gian : Mi thi khc "vng ngc" qua i l khng bao gi ly li c. Vy m khng hi m k nm 8 gi lm vic qua ca s. Mi ngy, hy nhn li xem mnh lm c iu g. Nu cu tr li l "khng"!, hy xem li qu thi gian ca bn nh! 3. Tin bc : Nhiu ngi h c tin l mua sm, tiu xi hoang ph trong pht chc. n khi cn mt s tin nh, h cng phi i vay mn. Nhng ai khng bit tit kim tin bc, s khng bao gi s hu c mt gia ti ln. 4. Tui tr : L qung thi gian m con ngi c nhiu sc kho v tr tu lm nhng iu ln lao. Vy m c ngi qun mt iu ny. "Tr n chi, gi h i hn" l li khuyn dnh cho nhng ai ph hoi tui thanh xun cho nhng tr v b. 5. Khng c sch : Sch truyn b vn minh. Khng c sch, lch s im lng, vn chng cm ic, khoa hc t lit, t tng v suy xt ng. T sch, bn c th khm ph bit bao iu k th trn khp th gii. Tht ph "na cuc i" cho nhng ai cha bao gi bit c sch l g! 6. C hi : C h i l iu khng d dng n vi chng ta trong i. Mt c may c th bin bn thnh gim c thnh t hay mt t ph lm tin. Nu th vn may vt khi tm tay, bn kh c th tin v pha trc. 7. Nhan sc : L v kh li hi nht ca ph n. C nhan sc, bn s t tin v chim c nhiu u th hn so vi ngi khc. Tuy nhin, "tui th" ca nhan sc c hn. Tht hoang ph khi sc p xung dc. Hy chm sc mnh ngay t by gi. 8. Sng c thn : Ph n ngy nay theo tro lu "ch ngha c thn". Thc t l khi sng mt mnh, bn rt c n v d cm thy thiu vng vng tay yu thng ca chng con. Bn bu gia nh chnh l mt nim vui. Sng c thn, bn lng ph tnh cm p y. 9. Khng i du lch : Mt v nhn tng ni: "Khi i du lch v, con ngi ta ln thm v chc chn mt iu l tri t phi nh li". V th, nu cho rng i du lch ch lm hoang ph thi gian v tin bc, bn hy ngh li nh! 10. Khng hc tp : Mt ngi lun bit trau di kin thc s d thnh cng hn ngi ch bit t mn vi nhng g mnh bit. Nu khng hc hnh, bn ang lng ph b c y!
30
BI 3 : S IN PHN
A. TM TT L THUYT I. nh ngha in phn l qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc khi cho dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch cht in li hoc cht in li trng thi nng chy. S in phn l qu trnh s dng in nng to ra s bin i ha hc. V d: in phn NaCl nng chy iu ch Na.
pnc 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 in cc: L thanh kim loi hoc cc vt dn in khc nh cacbon (graphit), nh n cc electron chuyn t dung dch trong bnh in phn vo mch in hoc ngc li, chuyn t mch in vo dung dch. + in cc n i vi cc m () ca ngun in c gi l catot - cc m. + in cc n i vi cc dng (+) ca ngun in c gi l anot - cc dng. in cc tr : L in cc ch ng vai tr cht dn in, khng tham gia cho nhn electron (oxi ho - kh) trong qu trnh in phn. l in cc platin (Pt), cacbon (graphit). Trn b mt catot, cation ca cht in li n nhn electron. (tng qut: Cht oxi ho n nhn electron). Xt v d trn: Na+ + 1e Na Vy trn catot xy ra s kh, c s chuyn electron t in cc n cation cht in li. Trn b mt anot, anion ca cht in li n nhng electron. (tng qut: Cht kh nhng electron). Cng xt v d trn : 2Cl Cl2 + 2e Vy trn anot xy ra s oxi ho, c s chuyn electron t anion ca cht in li t i b mt i n cc. II. S in phn cht in li 1. in phn nng chy in phn nng ch y thng dng iu ch cc kim lo i ho t ng m nh nh kim lo i ki m, ki m th, nhm v m t s phi kim nh F2 . V d 1 : in phn Al2O3 nng chy iu ch Al.
t Al2O3 2Al3+ + 3O2 catot (cc m) : 4Al3+ + 12e 4Al (1) anot (cc dng) : 6O2- 3O2 + 12e (2)
o
pnc 2Al2O3 (3) 4Al + 3O2 (1), (2) l cc phn ng xy ra trn b mt cc in cc, (3) l phn ng in phn t ng qut. Khng th in phn nng chy AlCl3 v l hp cht cng ha tr, nhit cao n khng nng chy thnh ion m thng hoa. V d 2 : in phn MgCl2 nng chy iu ch Mg.
t MgCl2 Mg2+ + 2Cl catot : Mg2+ + 2e Mg anot : 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
o
MgCl2
pnc Mg + Cl2
31
V d 3 : in phn nng chy NaOH NaOH Na+ + OH catot : 2Na+ + 2e 2Na anot : 2OH-
1 O2 + H2O + 2e 2 1 O2 + H2O 2
pnc 2NaOH Na +
2. in phn dung dch cht in li a. Nguyn tc: Khi in phn dung dch nc, ngoi cc ion ca cht in li cn c th c cc ion H+ v ion OH ca nc v bn thn kim loi lm in cc tham gia cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh in cc. Khi qu trnh oxi ho - kh thc t xy ra ph thuc vo tnh oxi ho - kh mnh hay yu ca cc cht trong bnh in phn. Ta xt trng hp in phn dung dch vi in cc tr. Th t kh catot : Ni chung, nu kim loi c tnh kh cng yu th cation kim loi c tnh oxi ho cng mnh v cng d b kh. + Khi in phn dung dch nc, thng nhng kim loi no ng sau nhm s thot ra trn catot: Mn+ + ne M + Nu trong dung dch cht in li ch c cation ca kim loi c tnh kh mnh (t K+ n Al3+), nhng cation ny l nhng cht oxi ho yu, chng kh b kh hn cc phn t nc. Khi , catot xy ra s kh cc phn t nc thnh kh hiro v ion OH: 2H2O 2H+ + 2OH 2H+ + 2e H2 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH - Th t kh ti catot (cc m) xy ra theo th t u tin t phi qua tri : Xt cc cation H2O K+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Ni2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+ ...
Cc ion khng b in phn trong dung d ch
Cc ion b in phn trong dung d ch
Th t oxi ho anot: Ni chung, nhng phi kim c tnh oxi ho cng yu th anion ca n c tnh kh cng mnh v cng d b oxi ho. Thng khi in phn dung d ch nc, th t phng in (in phn) ca cc anion nh sau : + Nu trong dung dch cht in li c anion gc axit khng c oxi (S2, I, Br, Cl...). Nhng ion ny d b oxi ho hn so vi phn t nc. Thc t trn anot ch xy ra s oxi ho cc ion ny thnh nguyn t (phn t ) t do: S2 S + 2e 2X X2 + 2e + Nu trong dung dch cht in li ch c anion gc axit c oxi (SO42, NO3, ClO4...), nhng anion ny kh b oxi ho hn cc phn t nc. Do vy trn anot ch xy ra s oxi ho cc phn t nc to ra kh oxi v ion H+: 4H2O 4H+ + 4OH 4OH O2 + 2H2O + 4e 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e 32
- Th t oxi ha ti anot (cc dng) xy ra theo th t u tin t tri qua phi : Xt cc anion S2 I Br Cl OH 4OH O2+ 2H2O + 4e SO42, NO3, ClO4 Cc ion khng b in phn trong dung dch 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e H+
M (Anot tan)
Cc ion b in phn n+ M M + ne trong dung dch S2- S + 2e 2X X2 + 2e - Cc ion tiu biu: Cation Anion OH
Na+ Cl
Cu2+ SO42
- Cc cht tiu biu : CuCl2 , CuSO4 , NaCl , NaOH , H2SO4 , Na2SO4. b. Cc trng hp c th: in phn dung dch mu i ca axit khng c oxi (HCl, HBr...) vi cc kim loi t sau nhm. V d: + in phn dung dch CuCl2. CuCl2 Cu2+ + 2Cl H2O H+ + OH Ti catot (): Ti anot (+): Phng trnh ion: 1 Cu2+ + 2e Cu 1 2Cl Cl2 + 2e
pdd Cu2+ + 2Cl Cu + Cl2 (catot) (anot)
pdd Phng trnh phn t : CuCl2 Cu + Cl2 in phn dung dch mu i ca axit c oxi (H2SO4, HNO3...) vi cc kim loi t sau nhm. V d: in phn dung d ch CuSO4 , in cc tr. CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42 H2O H+ + OH
Ti catot (): Ti anot (+): Phng trnh ion :
2 Cu2+ + 2e Cu 1 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e

pdd 2Cu2+ + 2H2O 2Cu + O2 + 4H+ (catot) (anot)
pdd Phng trnh phn t: 2CuSO4 + 2H2O 2Cu + O2 + 2H2SO4 in phn dung dch mu i ca axit khng c oxi (HCl, HBr...) vi cc kim loi t nhm tr v trc (Al3+, Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+, K+). V d: in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn. NaCl Na+ + Cl H2O H+ + OH
Ti catot (): Ti anot (+): Phng trnh ion :
1 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH 1 2Cl Cl2 + 2e

pdd 2Cl + 2H2O
2OH + H2 + Cl2 33
pdd co mang ngan Phng trnh phn t : 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 (catot) (anot) Nu khng c mng ngn, Cl2 sinh ra s tc dng vi NaOH to thnh nc Gia-ven : 2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO + H2O in phn nc: + in phn dung dch kim (NaOH, KOH...): NaOH Na+ + OH H2O H+ + OH
Ti catot (): Ti anot (+):
2 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH 1 2OH O2 + 2H+ + 4e
Phng trnh in phn:
pdd 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (catot) (anot) + in phn dung dch cc axit c oxi (v d H2SO4 long...): H2SO4 2H+ + SO42 H2O H+ + OH
Ti catot (): Ti anot (+):
2 2H+ + 2e H2 1 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e
pdd 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (catot) (anot) in phn dung dch mu i ca cc axit c oxi (H2SO4, HClO4...) vi cc kim loi t nhm tr v trc (K+, Na+, Ca2+...): V d: in phn dung dch Na2SO4: Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42 H2O H+ + OH
Phng trnh in phn:
Ti catot (): Ti anot (+): Phng trnh ion:
2 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH 1 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e
pdd 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (catot) (anot) (Trong qu trnh in phn, nng ion H3O+ khu vc anot tng v nng OH tng khu vc catot. Do , khu vc anot c phn ng axit cn khu vc catot c phn ng kim). Nhn xt : Trong cc trng hp in phn dung dch mui Na2SO4, axit H2SO4, baz kim NaOH... bn cht l s in phn nc. Khi mui, axit, kim ch ng vai tr cht dn in. Lng cht (s mol) cc cht trong dung dch khng thay i (nng cc cht tng dn do nc b in phn, th tch dung dch gim). (Ch :-Trong dung dch in li nu c ion F v nc th H2O s b in phn. -Nu c ion R-COO khi b in phn: 2R-COO 2e = R-R + 2CO2 ). c. in phn hn hp +Nu trong dung dch cht in li c cha nhiu ion ca nhng kim loi khc nhau (c nng mol bng nhau) th catot s xy ra s kh nhng ion kim lo i ny theo trnh t sau: Ion kim lo i no c tnh oxi ho mnh hn (ng sau trong dy th in ho) s b kh trc.
34
+ Nu trong dung dch cht in li c nhng anion gc axit khc nhau cng khng cha oxi nh: Br , Cl, S2, I (c cng nng mol) th anion no c tnh kh mnh hn s b oxi ho trc. Trn anot s xy ra s oxi ho nhng anion trn theo trnh t : S2, I , Br, Cl. V d: in phn dung dch cha hn hp cc mui KBr, FeCl3, CuCl2, FeCl2. Hy vit th t cc phn ng xy ra ti cc in cc. Phng trnh phn li: KBr K+ + Br FeCl3 Fe3+ + 3Cl CuCl2 Cu2+ + 2Cl FeCl2 Fe2+ + 2Cl H2O H+ + OH
Th t in phn ti catot: (Cc m)

3+ 2+
Th t in phn ti anot: (Cc dng)
Fe + 1e Fe 2Br Br2 + 2e Cu2+ + 2e Cu 2Cl Cl2 + 2e Fe2+ + 2e Fe s oxi ho nc 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e s kh nc 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH 3. in phn vi anot (dng cc) tan Nu khi in phn ta dng anot bng kim loi hoc hp kim th lc anot b tan dn do kim loi b oxi ho thnh ion kim loi. V d: Khi in phn dung d ch CuSO4 nu thay cc dng (anot) tr (Pt hay than ch) bng bn ng th sn phm ca s in phn s khc. CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42 H2O H+ + OH Ti catot (): Cu2+ + 2e Cu Ti anot (Cu) (+): Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu2+ (dd) + Cu (r) Cu (r) + Cu2+ (dd) (anot-tan) (catot-bm) Kt qu: Cu kim loi kt ta cc m (catot), khi lng catot tng, cc dng (anot) tan ra, kh i lng anot gim, nng ion Cu2+ v SO42 trong dung dch khng bin i. Kt qu nh l s vn chuyn Cu t anot sang catot. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta li dng tnh tan ca cc dng khi in phn tinh ch cc kim loi, nht l ng v m kim loi. Chng hn mun m mt kim lo i ln trn mt vt no , ngi ta vt cc m (catot) ri in phn dung dch mu i ca kim loi vi cc dng (anot) lm bng chnh kim loi . 4. nh lng trong in phn AIt Cng thc Faraday : m = nF Trong : m : Kh i lng cht thu c in cc (gam) A : Kh i lng mol ca cht thu c in cc F : Hng s Faraay c gi tr bng 96500.
35
n : S electron m nguyn t hoc ion cho hoc nhn (s electron trao i) I : Cng dng in (ampe) t : Thi gian in phn (giy) T cng thc Faraday ta c th bin i thnh :
m .n A { So mol 14 4244 3
So mol electron trao oi
It F
Vy ta c : n electron trao oi =
It F
V n l bn chu!
Ti nghe cu chuyn ny Vit Nam v ngi ta bo l s tht. Ti khng bit iu c tht hay khng; nhng ti bit nhng iu k l hn th xy ra t nc ny. John Mansur Cho d c nh trc, nhng kh i b tng vn ri xung tri tr m ci trong mt lng nh. Mt, hai a tr b cht ngay lp tc. Rt nhiu em khc b thng, trong c mt b gi khong tm tui. Dn lng yu cu th trn ln cn lin lc vi lc lng qun i Hoa K gip v mt y t. Cui cng, mt bc s v mt y t ngi M mang dng c n. H ni rng b gi b thng rt nng, nu khng c x l k p thi n s cht v b sc v mt mu. Phi truyn mu ngay. Ngi cho mu phi c cng nhm mu vi b gi. Mt cuc th mu nhanh cho thy khng c ai trong hai ngi M c nhm mu , nhng phn ln nhng a tr m ci b thng li c. Ngi bc s ni vi ting Vit l l, cn c y t th ni t ting Php lm bm. H kt hp vi nhau v dng iu b, c ch c gii thch cho bn tr ang s hi rng nu h khng k p thi truyn mu cho b gi th chc chn n s cht. V vy, h hi c em no tnh nguyn cho mu khng. p li li yu cu l s yn lng cng vi nhng i mt m to. Mt vi giy tri qua, mt cnh tay chm chp, run ry gi ln, h xung, ri li gi ln. - , cm n. Chu tn g? c y t ni bng ting Php. - Hn cu b tr li. H nhanh chng t Hn ln cng, xoa cn ln cnh tay v cho kim vo tnh mch. Hn nm im khng ni li no. Mt lt sau, cu b nc ln, song n nhanh chng ly cnh tay cn li che mt. Ngi bc s h i C au khng Hn?. Hn lc u nhng ch vi giy sau li c ting nc khc. Mt ln na, cu b c chng t l mnh khng khc. Bc s h i kim c lm n au khng, nhng cu b li lc u. By gi th ting nc cch qung nhng ch cho ting khc thm, u u. Mt nhm nghin li, cu b t nguyn c nm tay vo ming ngn khng cho nhng ting nc thot ra. Cc nhn vin y t tr nn lo lng. R rng l c iu g khng n ri. Va lc , mt n y t ngi Vit n. Thy r v cng thng trn mt cu b, ch nhanh chng ni chuyn vi n, nghe n h i v tr li bng mt ging ht sc nh nhng. Sau mt lc, cu b ngng khc v nhn ch y t bng nh mt t v hoi nghi. Ch y t gt u. V mt cu ta nhanh chng tr nn nh nhm. Ch y t kh gii thch vi nhng ngi M: Cu b c ngh l mnh sp cht. N hiu nhm. N ngh cc v mun n cho ht mu cu sng b gi kia. - Vy t i sao n li t nguyn cho mu? ngi y t lc qun h i Ch y t ngi Vit phin dch cu h i li cho cu b v nhn c cu tr li rt n gin: V n l bn chu. 36
B. Phng php gii bi tp in phn Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : Tnh s mol electron trao i trong qu trnh in phn (nu bi cho bit thi gian in phn v cng dng in). It nelectron trao i = 96500 Trong : I l cng dng in tnh bng ampe ; t l thi gian in phn tnh bng giy. - Bc 2 : Xc nh th t kh trn catot, th t oxi ha trn anot ca cc ion v H2O ; Vit qu trnh kh trn catot v oxi ha trn anot theo ng th t u tin. - Bc 3 : p dng nh lut bo ton electron cho qu trnh in phn : S mol electron trao i = S mol electron m cc ion dng v H2O nhn catot = S mol electron m cc ion m v H2O nhng anot. Lu : Phn ng in phn nc trn cc in cc : + Ti anot : 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e + Ti catot : 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OHTrong qu trnh in phn, khi lng dung dch gim bng khi lng ca cc kh thot ra v kim loi sinh ra bm vo in cc.
Cc v d minh ha
Dng 1 : in phn nng chy V d 1: in phn nng chy a gam mu i A to bi kim loi M v halogen X thu c 0,96 gam M catot v 0,896 lt kh anot. Mt khc ho tan a gam mu i A vo nc r i cho dung dch trn tc dng vi AgNO3 d c 11,48 gam kt ta. X l halogen no ?
A. F.
B. Cl.
C. Br.
D. I.
Hng dn gii Gi cng thc ca mui A l MXn vi s mol l b, ta c phn ng :

pnc 2MXn 2M
mol :
MXn mol : b
+ nX2 nb b 2 + nAgNO3 M(NO3)2 + nAgX nb
nb 0,896 = = 0, 04 X=35,5. Vy halogen l clo. Suy ra : 22, 4 2 nb(108 + X) = 11, 48 p n B.
37
V d 2: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100%) thu c m kg Al catot v 67,2 m3 (ktc) hn hp kh X c t kh i so vi hiro bng 16. Ly 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh X sc vo dung dch nc vi trong (d) thu c 2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l : A. 54,0. B. 75,6. C. 67,5. D. 108,0. Hng dn gii Cch 1 : Phng trnh phn ng :
pnc 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
t C + O2 CO2 t 2C + O2 2CO CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O mol: 0,02 0,02 Trong qu trnh in phn nng chy oxit nhm, anot gii phng kh O2, oxi sinh ra s ph n ng vi anot than ch t o ra CO, CO2 v c th c O2 d. t s mol ca CO, CO2, O2 d trong 67,2 m3 hn hp kh X l x, y, z ta c :
o o
x+ y+z =
67,2.1000 = 3000 22,4
(1)
Mt khc t kh i ca X vi hiro l 16 nn suy ra :
28x + 44y + 32z = 16.2 = 32 x+y+z y 0,02 = x+y+z 0,1
(2)
Thnh phn phn trm v s mol ca CO2 trong hn hp l : (3)
x = 1800 T (1), (2), (3) ta c : y = 600 z = 600
nO trong Al O = nCO + 2.n CO + 2.nO = 1800 + 2.600 + 2.600 = 4200 mol .

2 3 2 2
Trong oxit nhm :

n Al 2 2 = nAl = .n O = 2800 mol m Al = 2800.27 = 75600 gam = 75,6 kg. nO 3 3
Cch 2 :
M X = 16.2 = 32 gam / mol Hn hp X c CO, CO2 v cn c th c O2 d.
V kh i lng mol ca O2 l 32 m kh i lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp X cng l 32 nn suy ra kh i lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp CO v CO2 cng bng 32. p dng s ng cho cho hn hp CO v CO2 ta c : 44 32 = 12 28 n
CO
32
32 28 = 4
nCO
44
n CO 12 3 = = n CO 4 1
2
38
%CO2 =
0,02 = 20% %CO = 60%, %O2 = 20% . 0,1
T suy ra trong 3000 mol hn hp c 600 mol CO2, 1800 mol CO v 600 mol O2. p n B. Dng 2 : in phn dung dch a. in phn dung dch cha mt cht tan S dng phn ng xy ra trn cc in cc v nh lut bo ton electron V d 1: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi cng dng in l 1,93A ti khi catot bt u c bt kh thot ra th dng li, cn thi gian l 250 giy. Th tch kh thu c anot (ktc) l : A. 28 ml. B. 0,28 ml. C. 56 ml. D. 280 ml. Hng dn gii
1,93.250 = 0, 005 mol. 96500 Phn ng xy ra ti anot : 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e
nelectron trao i =
Kh thot ra anot l O2, s mol kh O2 l

2
0, 005 = 0,00125 mol, th tch kh O2 l : 4
VO = 0,00125.22,4 = 0,028 lt = 28 ml.

p n A. V d 2: Ha tan 13,68 gam mu i MSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. in phn X (vi in cc tr, cng dng in khng i) trong thi gian t giy, c y gam kim loi M duy nht catot v 0,035 mol kh anot. Cn nu thi gian in phn l 2t giy th tng s mol kh thu c c hai in cc l 0,1245 mol. Gi tr ca y l : A. 4,480. B. 3,920. C. 1,680. D. 4,788. Hng dn gii in phn X (vi in cc tr, cng dng in khng i) trong thi gian t giy : p dng bo ton electron ta c :
4.nO = 2.nM2+ n M2+ = 0,07 mol n M = 0,07 mol.

2
in phn X (vi in cc tr, cng dng in khng i) trong thi gian 2t giy :
nO = 2.0,035 = 0,07 mol nH = 0,0545 mol M2 + b in phn ht.

2 2
p dng bo ton electron ta c :
4.nO = 2.nM2+ + 2.n H n M2+ = 0,0855 mol n M = 0,0855 mol.

2 2
M + 96 =
13,68 = 160 M = 64 (Cu). 0,0855
Vy y =64.0,07 = 4,48 gam. p n A.
39
S dng phn ng in phn dng phn t V d 3: Ngi ta iu ch H2 v O2 bng phng php in phn dung dch NaOH vi in cc tr, cng dng in 0,67A trong thi gian 40 gi. Dung dch thu c sau in phn c kh i lng 100 gam v nng NaOH l 6%. Nng dung dch NaOH trc in phn l (gi thit lng nc bay hi khng ng k) A. 5,08%. B. 6,00%. C. 5,50%. D. 3,16%. Hng dn gii Bn cht ca phn ng in phn dung dch NaOH l phn ng in phn nc. Ta c : n e t = 2n H2 = 4n O2 =
0,67.40.3600 = 1 mol n H2 = 0,5 mol. 96500
Phng trnh phn ng : 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (1) mol: 0,5 0,5 Vy nng phn trm ca dung dch NaOH trc in phn l :
C%NaOH =
p n C.
100.6% .100 = 5,5%. 100 + 0,5.18
V d 4: in phn (vi in cc tr) 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 nng x mol/l, sau mt thi gian thu c dung dch Y vn cn mu xanh, c kh i lng gim 8 gam so vi dung d ch ban u. Cho 16,8 gam bt Fe vo Y, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 12,4 gam kim loi. Gi tr ca x l A. 2,25. B. 1,5. C. 1,25. D. 3,25. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng :
pdd 2CuSO4 + 2 H2O 2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 (1) mol : 2a 2a 2a a Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 2a.64 + 32a = 8 a = 0,05 mol Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 (2) mol : 0,1 0,1 Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (3) mol : b b Theo (2), (3) v gi thit ta c : 16,8 (0,1 + b).56 + 64b = 12,4 b = 0,15 mol
Vy tng s mol ca CuSO4 ban u l : 2a + b = 0,25 mol x = p n C.
0, 25 = 1, 25M . 0, 2
40
V d 5: in phn 150 ml dung dch AgNO3 1M vi in cc tr trong t gi, cng dng in khng i 2,68A (hiu sut qu trnh in phn l 100%), thu c cht rn X, dung dch Y v kh Z. Cho 12,6 gam Fe vo Y, sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c 14,5 gam hn hp kim loi v kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ca N+5). Gi tr ca t l : A. 0.8. B. 0,3. C. 1,0. D. 1,2. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng in phn : 4AgNO3 + 2H2O 4Ag + 4HNO3 + O2 mol: x x T phn ng in phn suy ra s mol ca HNO3 bng s mol ca AgNO3 phn ng. t s mol ca AgNO3 tham gia phn ng in phn v AgNO3 d l x v y, ta c : x + y = 0,15. Dung dch Y gm x mol HNO3 v y mol AgNO3. Cho Fe vo dung dch Y sau phn ng thu c hn hp kim loi nn Fe d, mu i st trong dung dch l Fe(II). Qu trnh oxi ha - kh : 4H+ + NO3- + 3e NO + 2H2O mol: x 0,75x + Ag + e Ag y y mol: y Fe2+ + 2e Fe mol: (0,375x + 0,5y) (0,75x + y) Cn c vo gi thit, cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh v nh lut bo ton electron ta c : 12, 6 (0,375x + 0,5y).56 + 108y = 14,5 Gii phng trnh tm c x= 0,1; y = 0,05 96500.0,1 = 3600s = 1h. Thi gian in phn l : 2, 68 b. in phn dung dch cha hn hp cc cht tan S dng phn ng xy ra trn cc in cc v nh lut bo ton electron V d 1: Cho mt dng in c cng dng in khng i i qua 2 bnh in phn mc n i tip, bnh 1 cha 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,01M, bnh 2 cha 100 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,01M. Bit rng sau thi gian in phn 500 giy th bn bnh 2 xut hin kh bn catot. Cng I, khi lng Cu bm bn catot v th tch kh (ktc) xut hin bn anot ca bnh 1 l : A. 0,193A; 0,032 gam Cu; 5,6 ml O2. B. 0,193A; 0,032 gam Cu; 11,2 ml O2. C. 0,386A; 0,64 gam Cu; 22,4 ml O2. D. 0,193A; 0,032 gam Cu; 22,4 ml O2. Hng dn gii: Khi cho dng in 1 chiu i qua 2 bnh in phn mc n i tip th s mol electron trao i ti qua cc bnh in phn l nh nhau. Theo gi thit th sau 500 giy th bnh 2 AgNO3 b in phn ht nn : 96500.0, 001 = 0,193A. nelectron trao i = n Ag+ = 0,001 mol Cng dng in I = 500 0, 001 .64 = 0, 032 gam . bnh 1 : Kh i lng Cu bm vo catot l 2
41
Th tch O2 l p n A.
0, 001 .22, 4 = 5, 6 ml. 4
V d 2: in phn (in cc tr) dung dch X cha 0,2 mol CuSO4 v 0,12 mol NaCl bng dng in c cng 2A. Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot sau 9650 giy in phn l : A. 2,240 lt. B. 2,912 lt. C. 1,792 lt. D. 1,344 lt. Hng dn gii Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl > H2O 2.9650 = 0, 2 mol nelectron trao i = 96500 Cc qu trnh oxi ha : 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e mol : 0,12 0,06 0,12 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e mol : 0,02 (0,2 0,12) Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot l (0,06 + 0,02).22,4 = 1,792 lt. p n A. V d 3: in phn c mng ngn 500 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm CuCl2 0,1M v NaCl 0,5M (in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100%) vi cng dng in 5A trong 3860 giy. Dung dch thu c sau in phn c kh nng ho tan m gam Al. Gi tr ln nht ca m l : A. 4,05. B. 2,70. C. 1,35. D. 5,40. Hng dn gii Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl > H2O Th t kh trn caot : Cu2+ > H2O 5.3860 = 0, 2 mol > 2. n Cu2+ = 0,1 mol nn Cu2+ ht v catot nc b in nelectron trao i = 96500 phn mt phn. Phn ng in phn ti catot : Cu2+ + 2e Cu mol : 0,05 0,1 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OHmol : (0,2 0,1) 0,1 Phn ng ca nhm vi dung dch sau in phn : 2Al + 2H2O + 2OH- 3H2 + 2AlO2mol : 0,1 0,1 Kh i lng Al phn ng l 0,1.27 = 2,7 gam. p n B.
-
42
V d 4: in phn 200 ml dung dch Y g m KCl 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2M vi cng dng in 5A trong thi gian 1158 giy, in cc tr, mng ngn xp. Gi s nc bay hi khng ng k. gim kh i lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l : A. 3,59 gam. B. 2,31 gam. C. 1,67 gam. D. 2,95 gam. Hng dn gii Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl > H2O Th t kh trn caot : Cu2+ > H2O 5.1158 = 0,06 mol nelectron trao i = 96500 Ta thy : nelectron trao i > n Cl nn t i anot Cl- v H2O b oxi ha. nelectron trao i < 2. n Cu2 + nn t i catot ch c Cu2+ b kh. Qu trnh oxi ha : 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e mol : 0,02 0,01 0,02 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e mol : 0,01 (0,06 0,02) = 0,04 Qu trnh oxi kh : Cu2+ + 2e Cu mol : 0,06 0,03 gim kh i lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn bng tng kh i lng cc sn phm kh thot ra trn cc in cc v kh i lng kim loi bm vo catot l : mgim = mCl2 + m O2 + mCu = 0,01.71 + 0,01.32 + 0,03.64 = 2,95 gam. p n D. V d 5: in phn 100 ml hn hp dung dch gm Fe(NO3)3 1M, Cu(NO3)31M v HCl 2M v i in cc tr c mng ngn xp cng dng in l 5A trong 2 gi 40 pht 50 giy. Gi s nc bay hi khng ng k. gim kh i lng ca dung d ch sau khi in phn l : A. 15,9 gam. B. 16,3 gam. C. 16,1 gam. D. 13,5 gam. Hng dn gii Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl > H2O Th t kh trn caot : Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+ > H2O 5.(2.3600 + 40.60 + 50) = 0,5 mol nelectron trao i = 96500 Qu trnh kh trn catot: Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ mol : 0,1 0,1 0,1 Cu2+ + 2e Cu mol : 0,1 0,2 0,1 2H+ + 2e H2 mol : 0,2 0,2 0,1 Nh vy t i catot va kh ht H+ ca HCl.
-
43
Qu trnh oxi ha : 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e mol : 0,2 0,1 0,2 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e mol : 0,075 (0,5 0,2) = 0,3 Nh vy ti anot Cl b oxi ha ht, H2O b oxi ha mt phn. gim kh i lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l : mgim = mCl2 + m H 2 + mO2 + m Cu = 0,1.71 + 0,1.2 + 0,075.32 + 0,1.64 = 16,1 gam. p n C. V d 6: Ho tan 55,6 gam tinh th FeSO4.7H2O vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,6M c dung dch A. Tin hnh in phn dung dch Avi dng in c cng 1,34A trong bn gi. Tnh kh i lng kim lo i thot ra catot v th tch kh (ktc) thu c anot. Bit hiu sut in phn l 100%. A. 5,6 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 5,6 gam v 1,792 lt. C. 2,24 gam v 1,792 lt. D. 2,24 gam v 2,24 lt. Hng dn gii S mol FeSO4 = s mol tinh th FeSO4.7H2O ban u = 55,6 : 278 = 0,2 mol. S mol HCl ban u = 0,12 mol. Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl- > H2O Th t kh trn caot : H+ > Fe2+ > H2O 1,34.4.60.60 = 0, 2 mol. nelectron trao i = 96500 Nhn xt : nelectron trao i > n H+ = 0,12 nn H+ b in phn ht, nelectron trao i < n H+ + 2. n Fe2+ = 0,52 nn Fe2+ ch b in phn mt phn ; nelectron trao i > n Cl = 0,12 nn Cl- b in phn ht v anot nc b in phn mt phn. Qu trnh kh ti catot : 2H+ + 2e H2 mol : 0,12 0,12 0,06 Fe2+ + 2e Fe mol : (0,2 0,12) 0,04 Vy kh i lng Fe thu c catot l 2,24 gam. Qu trnh oxi ha ti anot : 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e mol : 0,12 0,06 0,12 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e mol : 0,02 (0,2 0,12) Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot l : (0,06 + 0,02).22,4 = 1,792 lt. p n C.
44
S dng phn ng in phn dng phn t V d 7: in phn dung dch gm 7,45 gam KCl v 28,2 gam Cu(NO3)2 (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) n kh kh i lng dung dch gim i 10,75 gam th ngng in phn (gi thit lng nc bay hi khng ng k). Tt c cc cht tan trong dung dch sau in phn l : A. KNO3 v KOH. B. KNO3, KCl v KOH. C. KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. D. KNO3, HNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Hng dn gii
nKCl = 0,1 mol, nCu(NO ) = 0,15 mol.

3 2
Ti anot, th t oxi ha : Cl- > H2O. Ti catot, th t kh : Cu2+ > H2O. Phng trnh phn ng in phn : 2KCl + Cu(NO3)2 Cl2 + Cu + 2KNO3 mol: 0,1 0,05 0,05 0,05 Kh i lng dung dch gim = 0,05.64 + 0,05.71 = 6,75 < 10,75. Suy ra Cu(NO3)2 tip tc b in phn. 2H2O + 2Cu(NO3)2 O2 + 2Cu + 4HNO3 mol: 2x x 2x Kh i lng dung dch gim = 6,75 + 32x + 2x.64 = 10,75 x = 0,025 Tng s mol Cu(NO3)2 phn ng l 0,1 < 0,15, suy ra Cu(NO3)2 cn d. Vy trong dung d ch sau phn ng c cc cht : KNO3, HNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. p n C. V d 8: in phn dung dch cha m gam hn hp 2 mu i CuSO4 v NaCl bng in cc tr n khi nc b in phn c hai in cc th dng li. Dung dch thu c sau in phn hon tan va 1,6 gam CuO v anot ca bnh in phn c 448 ml kh bay ra (ktc). Gi tr ca m l : A. 5,97 gam. B. 7,14 gam. C. 4,95 gam. D. 3,87 gam. Hng dn gii Ti anot, th t oxi ha : Cl > H2O. Ti catot, th t kh : Cu2+ > H2O. Cn c vo th t kh v oxi ha trn cc in cc ta thy : Lc u CuSO4 tham gia in phn cng vi NaCl. Sau nu CuSO4 ht trc th NaCl s in phn cng vi nc, ngc li nu NaCl ht trc th CuSO4 s in phn cng vi nc. Phng trnh phn ng in phn : 2NaCl + CuSO4 Cl2 + Cu + Na2SO4 (1) mol: 2x x x V dung dch sau in phn ha tan c 0,02 mol CuO nn suy ra dung dch ny phi c tnh axit. Vy ngoi phn ng (1) cn c phn ng in phn CuSO4 cng vi H2O. 2H2O + 2CuSO4 O2 + 2Cu + 2H2SO4 (2) mol: 2y y 2y Phn ng ca CuO vi dung dch sau in phn : CuO + H2SO4 H2O + CuSO4 (3) mol: 2y 2y Kh thot ra anot l Cl2 v O2 c tng s mol l 0,02 mol.
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45
Vy theo cc phn ng v gi thit ta c :

x + y = 0,02 x = 0,01 2y = 0,02 y = 0,01 Tng khi lng CuSO4 v NaCl ban u l : m = 2.0,01.58,5 + (0,01+0,01.2).160 = 5,97 gam. p n C. V d 9: in phn (cc in cc tr) 0,8 lt dung dch A cha HCl v Cu(NO3)2 vi cng dng 2,5 ampe. Sau thi gian t thu c 3,136 lt kh ( ktc) mt cht kh duy nht anot. Dung dch sau in phn phn ng va vi 550 ml dung dch NaOH 0,8M v thu c 1,96 gam kt ta. Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch A v thi gian t.
Hng dn gii Ti anot, th t oxi ha : Cl > H2O. Ti catot, th t kh : Cu2+ > H+ > H2O. Cn c vo th t oxi ha trn anot v gi thit ta thy 3,136 lt kh ( ktc) thot ra trn trn anot l Cl2. Phng trnh phn ng : 2HCl + Cu(NO3)2 Cl2 + Cu + 2HNO3 (1) 0,14 0,28 mol: 0,28 0,14 Dung dch sau phn ng in phn phn ng vi NaOH thu c kt ta chng t c Cu(NO3)2 d, ngoi ra cng c th cn HCl d. HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O (2) mol: 0,28 0,28 HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (3) mol: x x Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + Cu(OH)2 (4) mol: 0,02 0,04 0,02 Theo cc phn ng v gi thit ta c tng s mol ca NaOH tham gia phn ng l : 0,28 + x + 0,04 = 0,44 x = 0,12. Vy nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch A l :
-
[HCl] =
0,12 + 0,28 0,14 + 0,02 = 0,5M; [Cu(NO3 )2 ] = = 0,2M. 0,8 0,8 It 96500.0,14.2 va nelectron trao oi = 2nCl2 t = = 10808 giay. 96500 2,5
Thi gian in phn :
nelectron trao oi =
46
BI 4 : N MN KIM LOI
A. L THUYT
I. n mn kim loi S n mn kim loi l s ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi trng xung quanh. l mt qu trnh ho hc hoc qu trnh in ho trong kim loi b oxi ho thnh ion dng. M Mn+ + ne C hai kiu n mn kim loi l n mn ho hc v n mn in ho. 1. n mn ho hc n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ho - kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi c chuyn trc tip n cc cht trong mi trng. My mc dng trong cc nh my ho cht, nhng thit b ca l t, n i hi, cc chi tit ca ng c t trong b n mn do tc dng trc tip v i cc ho cht ho c v i hi nc nhit cao. Nhit cng cao, kim lo i b n mn cng nhanh. 2. n mn in ho hc (n mn in ha) n mn in ho l qu trnh oxi ho - kh, trong kim loi b n mn do tc dng ca dung dch cht in li v to nn dng electron chuyn di t cc m n cc dng. a. Th nghim n mn in ho Nhng thanh km v thanh ng khng tip xc vi nhau vo cc ng dung d ch H2SO4 long. Ni thanh km vi thanh ng bng dy dn cho i qua mt vn k. Kim vn k quay, chng t c dng in chy qua. Thanh Zn b mn dn, thanh Cu c bt kh thot ra. Gii thch : in cc m (anot), km b n mn theo phn ng : Zn Zn2+ + 2e Ion Zn2+ i vo dung dch, cn electron theo dy dn sang in cc ng. in cc dng (catot), ion H+ ca dung dch H2SO4 nhn electron bin thnh nguyn t H ri thnh phn t H2 thot ra : 2H+ + 2e H2 b. C ch n mn in ha st (hp kim st trong khng kh m) Ly s n mn st lm th d. Trong khng kh m, trn b mt ca st lun c mt lp nc rt m ng ho tan O2 v kh CO2 trong kh quyn, to thnh mt dung dch cht in li. St v cc tp cht (ch yu l cacbon) cng tip xc vi dung dch to nn v s pin rt nh m st l anot v cacbon l catot. Ti anot, st b oxi ho thnh ion Fe2+ : Fe Fe2+ + 2e Cc electron c gii phng chuyn d ch n catot. Ti vng catot, O2 ho tan trong nc b kh thnh ion hiroxit : O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH Cc ion Fe2+ di chuyn t vng anot qua dung dch in li n vng catot v kt hp vi ion OH to thnh st(II) hiroxit. St(II) hiroxit tip tc b oxi ho bi oxi ca khng kh thnh st(III) hiroxit, cht ny li phn hu thnh st(III) oxit. G st mu nu, c thnh phn chnh l Fe2O3.xH2O. c. iu kin xy ra s n mn in ho + Cc in cc phi khc cht nhau, c th l cp 2 kim loi khc nhau hoc cp kim lo i vi phi kim. + Cc in cc phi tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip vi nhau qua dy dn.
47
+ Cc in cc cng tip xc vi dung d ch cht in li. Thiu mt trong ba iu kin trn s khng xy ra s n mn in ho. II. Chng n mn kim loi S n mn kim loi gy tn tht to ln cho nn kinh t quc dn. Hng nm chng ta phi sa cha, thay th nhiu chi tit ca my mc, thit b dng trong cc nh my v cng trng, cc phng tin giao thng vn ti,... M i nm, lng st, thp b g chim n gn 1/4 lng c sn xut ra. V vy, chng n mn kim loi l cng vic quan trng cn phi lm thng xuyn ko di thi gian s dng ca cc my mc, vt dng lm bng kim loi. Di y l mt vi phng php chng n mn kim loi. 1. Phng php bo v b mt Dng nhng cht bn v ng i v i mi trng ph ngoi mt nh ng vt bng kim lo i nh bi du m, sn, m, trng men,... St ty l st c trng thic, tn l st c trng k m. Cc vt bng st thng c m niken hay crom. 2. Phng php in ho N i kim loi cn bo v vi mt kim loi hot ng hn to thnh pin in ho v kim lo i hot ng hn b n mn, kim loi kia c bo v. Th d bo v v tu bin lm bng thp v v tu (phn chm di nc), ng thp dn nc, dn du, dn kh t di t, ngi ta lp vo mt ngoi ca thp nhng kh i km. Kt qu l km b nc bin hay dung dch cht in li trong t n mn thay cho thp.
Hai cch din ging

Ngy xa, c mt ng Hong Rp n triu m t nh tin tri ti h i ng s sng c bao nhiu nm. Nh tin tri ni : B h s sng lu, sng lu ti c Ngi s chng kin c cc ci cht ca cc con Ngi. ng Hong tc gin v li ni sc phm, ra lnh cho qun s mang ra chm u. ng lin triu mt nh tin tri khc v cng h i cu hi v tui th ca ng. Nh tin tri ny tr li nh sau : Tha B H, Ngi s sng lu, Ngi s sng th hn tt c m i ngi trong gia nh Ngi ng Hong hoan h v tng rt nhiu tin cho nh tin tri Hai nh tin tri u ni ln s tht, nhng mt li ni th bc trc, v mt li ni th uyn chuyn hn. Cng mt s tht, nhng cch din ging v cch dng t ng khn kho th d lt tai hn.
48
BI 5 : IU CH KIM LOI
A. L THUYT
I. Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi Trong thin nhin, ch c mt s t kim loi nh vng, platin,... tn ti dng t do, hu ht cc kim lo i cn li u tn ti dng hp cht. Trong hp cht, kim loi tn ti di dng ion dng Mn+. Mu n iu ch kim lo i, ta ph i kh ion kim lo i thnh nguyn t . Vy : Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi l kh ion kim loi thnh nguyn t. Mn+ + ne M II. Cc phng php iu ch kim loi 1. Phng php nhit luyn Nhng kim loi c hot ng trung bnh nh Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb c iu ch bng phng php nhit luyn, ngha l kh ion kim lo i trong hp cht nhit cao bng cc cht kh thng thng nh C, CO, H2, Al. V d :
t PbO + H2 Pb + H2O
o
t Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 Phng php ny c dng sn xut kim loi trong cng nghip. Cht kh hay c s dng trong cng nghip l cacbon. 2. Phng php thu luyn C s ca phng php ny l dng nhng dung mi thch hp nh dung dch H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN,... ho tan kim lo i hoc hp cht ca kim loi v tch ra kh i phn khng tan c trong qung. Sau kh nhng ion kim loi ny bng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Fe, Zn, ... V d : Dng Fe kh ion Cu2+ trong dung dch mui ng. Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu Hoc dng Zn kh ion Ag+ trong dung dch mu i bc. Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag Zn + 2Ag+ Zn2+ +2Ag 3. Phng php in phn (xem bi s in phn)
o
49
C rt, trng v c ph
(Dn tr) - Anna, con gi ngi u bp phn nn vi b v cuc sng kh khn ca mnh. C khng bit phi gii quyt th no v mun t b tt c. Anna mt m i v phi u tranh, dng nh chuyn rc ri ny cha qua th chuyn khc n. B ca Anna dn c vo trong bp, y nc vo 3 ci n i nh ri un. Khi nc si, ng t 1 c c rt, 1 qu trng v 1 t c ph xay vo ln lt 3 ci n i v khng ni cu no. Anna khng hiu cha nh lm g. C kin nhn ch i xem chuyn g s xy ra. Khong 20 pht sau, ng t t bp v vt c c rt t ln chic a. Cng tng t nh vy, ng vt trng v mc c ph vo 1 ci cc. ng quay ra hi Anna: Con gi, con ang nhn thy nhng th g? Tt nhin con vn ch nhn thy c rt, trng v caf thi, Anna p. ng dn Anna n gn v bo c nm th c c rt. Sau mt thi gian luc chn, c c rt mm hn rt nhiu. Sau ng li bo con gi cm qu trng ln v bc v. Sau khi bc v trng, Anna thy phn lng trng cng li. Cu i cng ng bo Anna nm th cht caf. C mm ci khi nm v caf nng m ang ta hng thm trong chic cc nh. C hi ng: Rt cuc l sao h b? ng gii thch rng, m i th nh c c rt, qu trng, caf xay u gp phi chuyn khng may l b luc chn, nhng chng phn ng theo nhng cch khc nhau. C c rt lc u rt cng, nhng sau khi luc tr nn mm v yu t. Qu trng vn d v. N ch c bao bc bng lp v mng manh nhng sau khi luc li cng cp hn rt nhiu. Bt caf vn th rn nhng bin i thnh nc sau khi un. Con l ci no trong 3 th ny?, ng tru mn hi Anna. Khi iu khng may g ca, con s phn ng th no? Con c tr nn yu u i nh c c rt, rn ri nh qu trng hay thay i hn nh bt caf? Con ngi c nhiu cch phn ng trc kh khn. ng tr nn yu ui hoc km nn bn thn, hy thay i bn thn t bn trong trc . 50
B. BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 1: Cho cc cu pht biu v v tr v cu t o ca kim loi nh sau : (I) : Hu ht cc kim loi ch c t 1 n 3 electron lp ngoi cng. (II) : Tt c cc nguyn t nhm B u l kim loi. (III) : trng thi rn, n cht kim loi c cu to tinh th. (IV) : Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh do sc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng kim loi v cc electron t do. Nhng pht biu no ng ? A. Ch c I ng. B. Ch c I, II ng. C. Ch c IV sai. D. C I, II, III, IV u ng. Cu 2: Ging nhau gia lin kt ion v lin kt kim loi l : A. u c to thnh do sc ht tnh in. B. u c s cho v nhn cc electron ha tr. C. u c s gp chung cc electron ha tr. D. u to thnh cc cht c nhit nng chy cao. Cu 3: Ging nhau gia lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt kim loi l : A. u c nhng cp electron dng chung. B. u to thnh t nhng electron chung gia cc nguyn t . C. u l nhng lin kt tng i km bn. D. u to thnh cc cht c nhit nng chy thp. Cu 4: Nhn nh no ng ? A. Tt c cc nguyn t s l kim loi. B. Tt c cc nguyn t p l kim loi. C. Tt c cc nguyn t d l kim loi. D. Tt c cc nguyn t nhm A l kim loi. Cu 5: a s kim loi c cu to theo ba kiu mng tinh th sau : A. Tinh th lp phng tm kh i, tinh th t din u, tinh th lp phng tm din. B. Tinh th lc phng, tinh th lp phng tm din, tinh th lp phng tm kh i. C. Tinh th lc phng, tinh th t din u, tinh th lp phng tm din. D. Tinh th lc phng, tinh th t din u, tinh th lp phng tm kh i. Cu 6: Mng tinh th kim loi g m c A. nguyn t, ion kim loi v cc electron c thn. B. nguyn t , ion kim loi v cc electron t do. C. nguyn t kim loi v cc electron c thn. D. ion kim loi v cc electron c thn. Cu 7: So vi nguyn t phi kim cng chu k, nguyn t kim lo i A. thng c bn knh nguyn t nh hn. B. thng c nng lng ion ho nh hn. C. thng d nhn electron trong cc phn ng ho hc. D. thng c s electron cc phn lp ngoi cng nhiu hn.
51
Cu 8: Trong mt nhm A (phn nhm chnh), tr nhm VIIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VIII), theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t th A. tnh phi kim gim dn, bn knh nguyn t tng dn. B. tnh kim loi tng dn, m in tng dn. C. m in gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn. D. tnh kim loi tng dn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn. Cu 9: Cho cc nguyn t c cu hnh electron nh sau : 1) 1s22s22p63s2 2) 1s22s22p1 3) 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 4) 1s22s22p5 5) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 6) 1s2 Trong s cc nguyn t trn, c bao nhiu nguyn t l kim loi ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 10: Mt nguyn t c s th t trong bng tun hon l 31. V tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 4, nhm IIIA. B. chu k 3, nhm IIIA. C. chu k 4, nhm IA. D. chu k 3, nhm IA. Cu 11: Nguyn t st c s hiu nguyn t l 26. Trong bng tun hon, st thuc A. chu k 4 nhm VIIIA. B. chu k 4 nhm VIIIB. C. chu k 4 nhm IVA. D. chu k 5 nhm VIIIB. Cu 12: Cu hnh ca nguyn t hay ion no di y c biu din khng ng ? A. Cr (Z = 24) [Ar] 3d54s1. B. Mn2+ (Z = 25) [Ar] 3d34s2. C. Fe3+ (Z = 26) [Ar] 3d5. D. Cu (Z = 29) [Ar] 3d104s1. Cu 13: Cu hnh electron no di y ca ion Cu+ (ZCu = 29) ? A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2. B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1. C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d94s1. D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d10. Cu 14: Mt cation Rn+ c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. Cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t R c th l : A. 3s2. B. 3p1. C. 3s1. D. 3s1, 3s2 hoc 3p1. Cu 15: Trong cc nguyn t c Z = 1 n Z = 20. C bao nhiu nguyn t m nguyn t c 1 eletron c thn ? A. 6. B. 8. C. 5. D. 7. Cu 16: Trong cc nguyn t c Z = 1 n Z = 20. C bao nhiu nguyn t m nguyn t c 2 eletron c thn ? A. 3. B. 6. C. 5. D. 4. Cu 17: C bao nhiu nguyn t m trong cu hnh electron nguyn t c phn lp ngoi cng l 4s2? A. 1. B. 9. C. 11. D. 3. Cu 18: C bao nhiu nguyn t m trong cu hnh electron nguyn t c phn lp ngoi cng l 4s1? A. 1. B. 2. C. 4. D. 3. x+ Cu 19: Ion M c tng s ht l 57. Hiu s ht mang in v khng in l 17. Nguyn t M l : A. K. B. Ni. C. Ca. D. Na. 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ Cu 20: C 4 ion l Ca , Al , Fe , Fe . Ion c s electron lp ngoi cng nhiu nht l : A. Fe3+. B. Fe2+. C. Al3+. D. Ca2+. 52
Cu 21: Anion X- v cation Y2+ u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p6. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l : A. X c s th t 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII) ; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II). B. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VI) ; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II). C. X c s th t 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII) ; Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II). D. X c s th t 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIA (phn nhm chnh nhm VII) ; Y c s th t 20, chu k 3, nhm IIA (phn nhm chnh nhm II). Cu 22: Chn th t tng dn bn knh nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim : A. Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs. B. Cs < Rb < K < Na < Li. C. Li < K < Na < Rb < Cs. D. Li < Na < K< Cs < Rb. Cu 23: Dy nguyn t no sau y c xp theo chiu bn knh nguyn t tng ? A. I, Br, Cl, P. B. C, N, O, F. C. Na, Mg, Al, Si. D. O, S, Se, Te. Cu 24: Cho cc nguyn t v s hiu nguyn t 13Al ; 11Na ; 12 Mg ; 16S. Dy th t ng v bn knh nguyn t tng dn l : A. Al < Na < Mg < S. B. Na < Al < S < Mg. C. S < Mg < Na < Al. D. S < Al < Mg < Na. Cu 25: Cho cc nguyn t: K (Z = 19), N (Z = 7), Si (Z = 14), Mg (Z = 12). Dy gm cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu gim dn bn knh nguyn t t tri sang phi l : A. K, Mg, N, Si. B. Mg, K, Si, N. C. K, Mg, Si, N. D. N, Si, Mg, K. Cu 26: Sp xp cc nguyn t Al, Si, Na, K, Mg theo chiu bn knh nguyn t tng dn : A. K, Na, Mg, Al, Si. B. Si, Al, Mg, Na, K. C. Na, K, Mg, Si, Al. D. Si, Al, Na, Mg, K. Cu 27: Cc ion hoc cc nguyn t sau Cl , Ar, Ca2+ u c 18 electron. Th t gim dn bn knh nguyn t v ion l : A. Ar, Ca2+, Cl-. B. Cl-, Ca2+, Ar. C. Cl-, Ar, Ca2+. D. Ca2+, Ar, Cl-. Cu 28: Dy no sau y c sp xp theo th t gim dn bn knh nguyn t v ion ? A. K+ > Ca2+ > Ar. B. Ar > Ca2+ > K+. C. Ar > K+ > Ca2+. D. Ca2+ > K+ > Ar. Cu 29: Cho nguyn t R, ion X2+ v ion Y2- c s electron lp v bng nhau. S sp xp bn knh nguyn t v ion no sau y l ng ? A. R < X2+ < Y2-. B. X2+ < R < Y2-. C. X2+ < Y2-< R. D. Y2- < R < X2+. Cu 30: Cho cc ht vi m: O2-, Al3+, Al, Na, Mg2+, Mg. Dy no sau y c xp ng th t bn knh ht ? A. Al3+< Mg2+ < O2- < Al < Mg < Na. B. Al3+< Mg2+< O2-< Mg < Al < Na. C. Na < Mg < Al < Al3+< Mg2+ < O2-. D. Na < Mg < Mg2+< Al3+< Al < O2-. Cu 31: Mt nguyn t c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 40. l nguyn t ca nguyn t no sau y ? A. Canxi. B. Bari. C. Nhm. D. St. Cu 32: Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 155. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33. Nguyn t l : A. bc. B. ng. C. ch. D. st.
53
Cu 33: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p, n, e) bng 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. X l kim loi A. Mg. B. Al. C. Fe. D. Ca. Cu 34: Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong 2 nguyn t kim loi M v X l 94, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 30. S ht mang in ca nguyn t X nhiu hn ca M l 18. Hai kim loi M v X ln lt l : A. Na, Ca. B. Mg, Ca. C. Be, Ca. D. Na, K. 2 2 6 2 Cu 35: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p64s1, nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p5. Lin kt ho hc gia nguyn t X v nguyn t Y thuc loi lin kt A. kim loi. B. cng ho tr. C. ion. D. cho nhn. Cu 36: Hp cht A c cng thc MXa trong M chim 46,67% v kh i lng, X l phi kim chu k 3, trong ht nhn ca M c s proton t hn s ntron l 4; trong ht nhn ca X c s proton bng s ntron. Tng s proton trong phn t A l 58. Cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca M l : A. 3s23p4. B. 3d104s1. C. 2s22p4. D. 3d64s2. Cu 37: M thuc nhm IIA, X thuc nhm VIA. Trong oxit cao nht M chim 71,43% kh i lng, cn X chim 40% kh i lng. Lin kt gia X v M trong hp cht thuc loi lin kt no sau y ? A. Lin kt ion. B. Lin kt cng ho tr. C. Lin kt cho nhn D. Lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr. Cu 38: Mt phn t XY3 c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn t l 76. a. XY3 l cng thc no sau y ? A. SO3. B. AlCl3. C. BF3. D. NH3. b. Lin kt gia X v Y trong phn t XY3 thuc loi lin kt no ? A. Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc. B. Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc. C. Lin kt ion. D. Lin kt cho - nhn. Cu 39: Gi thit trong tinh th, cc nguyn t st l nhng hnh cu chim 75% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l cc khe rng gia cc qu cu. Khi lng nguyn t ca Fe l 55,85 20oC, kh i 4 lng ring ca Fe l 7,78 g/cm3. Cho Vhc = r3. Bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Fe l : 3 -8 -8 A. 1,44.10 cm. B. 1,29.10 cm. C. 1,97.10-8 cm. D. Kt qu khc. Cu 40: Crom c cu trc mng lp phng tm kh i trong th tch cc nguyn t chim x% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng. Cho khi lng nguyn t ca Cr l 52, kh i lng ring ca Cr l 7,2 g/cm3. Nu xem nguyn t Cr c dng hnh cu th bn knh gn ng ca n l 0,125 nm ( 1A = 1010 m; 1nm = 10 A ). Gi tr ca x l : A. 68. B. 75. C. 62. D. 74. Cu 41: Trong nguyn t, gia bn knh ht nhn (r) v s kh i ca ht nhn (A) c m i quan h nh sau : r = 1,5.10-13.A1/3 cm. Kh i lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t (tn/cm3) l : A. 117,5.106. B. 117,5.1012. C. 116.106. D. 116.1012. Cu 42: Kim loi c tnh cht vt l chung l dn in, dn nhit, do v c nh kim. Nguyn nhn ca nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi l do trong tinh th kim loi c A. nhiu electron c thn. B. cc ion dng chuyn ng t do. C. cc electron chuyn ng t do. D. nhiu ion dng kim loi. 54
o o
Cu 43: Kim loi khc nhau c dn in, dn nhit khc nhau. S khc nhau c quyt nh bi A. khi lng ring khc nhau. B. kiu mng tinh th khc nhau. C. mt electron t do khc nhau. D. mt ion dng khc nhau. Cu 44: iu kin thng kim loi th lng l : A. Na. B. K. C. Hg. D. Ag. Cu 45: Kim loi no sau y c tnh dn in tt nht trong tt c cc kim loi ? A. Vng. B. Bc. C. ng. D. Nhm. Cu 46: Kim loi no sau y do nht trong tt c cc kim loi ? A. Bc. B. Vng. C. Nhm. D. ng. Cu 47: Kim loi no sau y c cng ln nht trong tt c cc kim loi ? A. Vonfam. B. Crom. C. St. D. ng. Cu 48: Kim loi no sau y l kim loi mm nht trong tt c cc kim loi ? A. Liti. B. Xesi. C. Natri. D. Kali. Cu 49: Kim loi no sau y c nhit nng chy cao nht trong tt c cc kim loi ? A. Vonfam. B. St. C. ng. D. Km. Cu 50: Ngi ta quy c kim loi nh l kim loi c t kh i A. ln hn 5. B. nh hn 5. C. nh hn 6. D. nh hn 7. Cu 51: Kim loi no sau y nh nht (c khi lng ring nh nht) trong t t c cc kim loi ? A. Liti. B. Natri. C. Kali. D. Rubii. Cu 52: Tnh cht vt l no di y ca kim loi khng phi do cc electron t do gy ra ? A. nh kim. B. Tnh do. C. Tnh cng. D. Tnh dn in v nhit. Cu 53: Dy so snh tnh cht vt l ca kim loi no di y l khng ng ? A. Dn in v nhit Ag > Cu > Al > Fe. B. T kh i Li < Fe < Os. C. Nhit nng chy Hg < Al < W. D. Tnh cng Cs < Fe < Al < Cu < Cr. Cu 54: Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca kim loi l : A. tnh kh. B. tnh oxi ho. C. va c tnh kh va c tnh oxi ho. D. khng c tnh kh, khng c tnh oxi ho. Cu 55: Pht biu no sau y l ph hp vi tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi ? A. Kim lo i c tnh kh, n b kh thnh ion m. B. Kim loi c tnh oxi ho, n b oxi ho thnh ion dng. C. Kim lo i c tnh kh, n b oxi ho thnh ion dng. D. Kim lo i c tnh oxi ho, n b kh thnh ion m. Cu 56: Dy kim loi tc dng c vi nc nhit thng l : A. Fe, Zn, Li, Sn. B. Cu, Pb, Rb, Ag. C. K, Na, Ca, Ba. D. Al, Hg, Cs, Sr. Cu 57: Hi thu ngn rt c, bi vy khi lm v nhit k thu ngn th cht bt c dng rc ln thu ngn ri gom li l : A. vi sng. B. ct. C. mu i n. D. lu hunh. Cu 58: Kim loi no c th phn ng vi N2 ngay iu kin nhit thng ? A. Ca. B. Li. C. Al. D. Na. Cu 59: Dung dch CuSO4 tc dng c vi t t c kim loi trong dy A. Al, Fe, Cu. B. Mg, Fe, Ag. C. Mg, Zn, Fe. D. Al, Hg, Zn.
55
Cu 60: Kim loi Ni phn ng c vi t t c mui trong dung d ch dy no sau y ? A. NaCl, AlCl3, ZnCl2. B. MgSO4, CuSO4, AgNO3. C. Pb(NO3)2, AgNO3, NaCl. D. AgNO3, CuSO4, Pb(NO3)2. Cu 61: Cho 4 kim loi Al, Mg, Fe, Cu v bn dung dch mu i ring bit l : ZnSO4, AgNO3, CuCl2, Al2(SO4). Kim loi no tc dng c vi c bn dung dch mu i cho ? A. Al. B. Fe. C. Cu. D. Mg. Cu 62: Cho Cu d tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 thu c dung dch X. Cho Fe d tc dng vi dung dch X c dung dch Y. Dung d ch Y cha A. Fe(NO3)2. B. Fe(NO3)3. C. Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 d. D. Fe(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2 d. Cu 63: Nhng mt l st nh vo dung dch cha mt trong nhng cht sau : FeCl3, AlCl3, CuSO4, Pb(NO3)2, NaCl, HCl, HNO3 d, H2SO4 (c nng, d), NH4NO3. S trng hp phn ng to mu i st (II) l : A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. Cu 64: Trong s cc phn t (nguyn t hoc ion) sau, phn t va ng vai tr cht kh, va ng vai tr cht oxi ho l : A. Cu. B. Ca2+. C. O2-. D. Fe2+. Cu 65: Trong nhng cu sau, cu no khng ng ? A. Hp kim l vt liu kim loi c cha mt kim loi c bn v mt s kim loi khc hoc phi kim. B. Tnh cht ca hp kim ph thuc vo thnh phn, cu t o ca hp kim. C. Hp kim c tnh cht ho hc khc tnh cht ca cc kim loi t o ra chng. D. Hp kim c tnh cht vt l v tnh c hc khc nhiu cc kim loi t o ra chng. Cu 66: Trong cu mu i ca pin in ho khi hot ng, xy ra s di chuyn cc A. ion. B. electron. C. nguyn t kim loi. D. phn t nc. Cu 67: Trong pin in ha Zn Cu, qu trnh kh trong pin l : A. Zn2+ + 2e Zn. B. Cu Cu2+ + 2e. C. Cu2+ + 2e Cu. D. Zn Zn2+ + 2e. Cu 68: Trong pin in ho Zn Cu, phn ng ho hc no xy ra in cc m ? A. Cu Cu2+ + 2e. B. Cu2+ + 2e Cu. C. Zn2+ + 2e Zn. D. Zn Zn2+ + 2e. Cu 69: Trong pin in ho, s oxi ho A. ch xy ra cc m. B. ch xy ra cc dng. C. xy ra cc m v cc dng. D. khng xy ra cc m v cc dng. Cu 70: Trong pin in ho Zn Cu cp cht no sau y phn ng c vi nhau ? A. Zn2+ + Cu2+. B. Zn2+ + Cu. C. Zn + Cu2+. D. Zn + Cu. 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ Cu 71: Cho cc cp oxi ho - kh : Fe /Fe, Zn /Zn, Cu /Cu, Pb /Pb. C th lp c bao nhiu cp pin in ho t cc cp oxi ho - kh trn ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 6. 2+ Cu 72: Pin in ho c to thnh t cc cp oxi ho kh sau y : Fe /Fe v Pb2+/Pb ; Fe2+/Fe v Zn2+/Zn ; Fe2+/Fe v Sn2+/Sn ; Fe2+/Fe v Ni2+/Ni. S trng hp st ng vai tr cc m l : A. 4. B. 3. C. 2. D. 1.
56
Cu 73: Trong qu trnh pin in ho Zn Ag hot ng, ta nhn thy A. khi lng ca in cc Zn tng ln. B. khi lng ca in cc Ag gim. C. nng ca ion Zn2+ trong dung dch tng. D. nng ca ion Ag+ trong dung d ch tng. Cu 74: Trong qu trnh hot ng ca pin in ho Cu Ag, nng ca cc ion trong dung dch bin i nh th no ? A. Nng ca ion Ag+ tng dn v nng ca ion Cu2+ tng dn. B. Nng ca ion Ag+ gim dn v nng ca ion Cu2+ gim dn. C. Nng ca ion Ag+ gim dn v nng ca ion Cu2+ tng dn. D. Nng ca ion Ag+ tng dn v nng ca ion Cu2+ gim dn. Cu 75: Phn ng ho hc xy ra trong pin in ho : 2Cr + 3Cu2+ 2Cr3+ + 3Cu. Eo ca pin in ho l (Bit Eo = + 0,34V ; E o = 0,74V) : Cu 2+ /Cu Cr 3+ /Cr A. 0,40V. B. 1,08V. C. 1,25V. D. 2,5V. 3+ Cu 76: Phn ng ho hc xy ra trong pin in ho : 2Au + 3Ni 2Au + 3Ni2+. Eo ca pin i n ho l (Bit Eo = + 1,5V; Eo = 0,26V ) : Au 3+ /Au Ni2+ / Ni A. 3,75V. Cu 77: Cho bit E
o Mg2 + /Mg
B. 2,25V. = 2,37V ; E
o Zn2 + /Zn
C. 1,76V. = 0,76V ; E
o Pb 2 + / Pb
D. 1,25V. = 0,13V ; Eo = + 0,34V. Cu 2 + /Cu
Pin in ha c sut in ng chun bng 1,61V c cu to bi hai cp oxi ha - kh no ? A. Pb2+/Pb v Cu2+/Cu. B. Zn2+/Zn v Pb2+/Pb. C. Zn2+/Zn v Cu2+/Cu. D. Mg2+/Mg v Zn2+/Zn. = +0,80V ; Cu 78: Cho cc gi tr th in cc chun ca cc cp oxi ha kh nh sau : E o Ag+ /Ag = 1,66V ; E o = 2,37V ; Eo = 0,76V ; Eo = +0,34V. Eo Zn2 + /Zn Cu 2 + /Cu Mg2 + /Mg Al3+ /Al Gi tr 1,56V l sut in ng ca pin in ho : A. Mg v Al. B. Zn v Cu. Cu 79: Cho cc th in cc chun : C. Mg v Ag. D. Zn v Ag.
Eo Al3+ /Al = 1,66V ; E o Zn2+ / Zn = 0, 76V ; Eo Pb2+ / Pb = 0,13V ; E o Cu2+ /Cu = +0,34V.
Trong cc pin sau y, pin no c sut in ng chun ln nht ? A. Pin Zn Pb. B. Pin Pb Cu. C. Pin Al Zn. A. Ion Pb2+ c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Cr3+. B. Nguyn t Pb c tnh kh mnh hn nguyn t Cr. C. Ion Cr3+ c tnh oxi ho mnh hn ion Pb2+. D. Nguyn t Cr v nguyn t Pb c tnh kh bng nhau.
D. Pin Zn Cu.
Cu 80: Cho bit : E o (Cr3+ / Cr ) = 0, 74V ; E o (Pb2+ / Pb) = 0,13V . S so snh no sau y l ng ?
Cu 81: Cho bit: E o (Ag + / Ag) = + 0,80V ; E o (Hg 2+ / Hg) = + 0,85V. Phn ng ho hc no sau y ng ? A. Hg + Ag+ Hg2+ + Ag. C. Hg2+ + Ag+ Hg + Ag. B. Hg2+ + Ag Hg + Ag+. D. Hg + Ag Hg2+ + Ag+.
57
Cu 82: Cho E o Al3+
Al
= 1,66V ; E oSn 2+
= 0,14V. Chiu ca phn ng ho hc gia hai cp oxi

Sn
ho - kh Al3+/Al vi Sn2+/Sn v sut in ng chun ca pin in ho tng ng l : A. 2Al3+ + 3Sn 2Al + 3Sn2+ ; Eopin = 1,8V. B. 2Al3+ + 3Sn 2Al + 3Sn2+ ; Eopin = 1,52V. C. 2Al + 3Sn2+ 2Al3+ + 3Sn ; Eopin = 1,8V. D. 2Al + 3Sn2+ 2Al3+ + 3Sn ; Eopin = 1,52V. Cu 83: Th t mt s cp oxi ho - kh trong dy in ho (c sp xp theo chiu Eo tng dn) nh sau : Fe2+/Fe ; Cu2+/Cu ; Fe3+/Fe2+. Cp cht khng phn ng vi nhau l : A. Fe v dung d ch CuCl2. B. Fe v dung d ch FeCl3. C. dung dch FeCl2 v dung dch CuCl2. D. Cu v dung d ch FeCl3. Cu 84: Cho gi tr th in cc chun ca mt s cp oxi ha - kh : Cp oxi ha/ kh M2+ X 2+ Y 2+ Z2+ M X Y Z o E (V) +0,34 2,37 0,76 0,13 Phn ng no sau y xy ra ? A. X + Z2+ X2+ + Z B. X + M2+ X2+ + M C. Z + Y2+ Z2+ + Y D. Z + M2+ Z2+ + M Cu 85: Cho phn ng ho hc : Zn + Sn2+ Zn2+ + Sn. So snh tnh oxi ho v tnh kh ca cc cht v ion no sau y l ng ? Tnh oxi ho Tnh kh Zn > Sn Sn2+ > Zn2+ A Zn < Sn Sn2+ < Zn2+ B Sn2+ > Zn2+ Zn > Sn C 2+ 2+ Sn < Zn Zn < Sn D 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ Cu 86: Cho cc ion kim loi : Zn , Sn , Ni , Fe , Pb2+. Th t tnh oxi ho gim dn l : A. Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Fe2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+. B. Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Pb2+ > Fe2+. C. Zn2+ > Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Pb2+. D. Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+. Cu 87: Dy cc ion xp theo chiu gim dn tnh oxi ho l (bit trong dy in ha, cp Fe3+/Fe2+ ng trc cp Ag+/Ag) : A. Ag+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Fe2+. B. Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+, Fe2+. C. Ag+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe2+. D. Fe3+, Ag+, Cu2+, Fe2+. Cu 88: Cho cc phn ng ha hc sau : Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu Cu + 2Fe3+ Cu2+ + 2Fe2+ Nhn xt no sau y sai ? A. Tnh kh ca Fe mnh hn Cu. B. Tnh oxi ha ca Fe3+ mnh hn Cu2+. C. Tnh oxi ha ca Fe2+ yu hn Cu2+. D. Tnh kh ca Cu yu hn Fe2+. Cu 89: Fe tc dng c vi dung dch CuCl2 to ra Cu v FeCl2. Cu tc dng c vi dung d ch FeCl3 t o ra FeCl2 v CuCl2. Tnh oxi ho ca cc ion kim loi tng theo chiu : A. Fe2+ < Cu2+ < Fe3+. B. Fe3+ < Cu2+ < Fe2+. C. Cu2+ < Fe3+ < Fe2+. D. Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Cu2+. 58
Cu 90: Hai kim lo i X, Y v cc dung dch mu i clorua ca chng c cc phn ng ha hc sau: X + 2YCl3 XCl2 + 2YCl2 Y + XCl2 YCl2 + X Pht biu ng l : A. Ion Y2+ c tnh oxi ha mnh hn ion X2+. B. Kim loi X kh c ion Y2+. C. Kim lo i X c tnh kh mnh hn kim loi Y. D. Ion Y3+ c tnh oxi ha mnh hn ion X2 +. Cu 91: Cho cc phn ng xy ra sau y : (1) AgNO3 + Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 + Ag (2) Mn + 2HCl MnCl2 + H2 Dy cc ion c sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh oxi ho l : A. Mn2+, H+, Fe3+, Ag+. B. Ag+, Fe3+, H+, Mn2+. C. Ag+ , Mn2+, H+, Fe3+. D. Mn2+, H+, Ag+, Fe3+. Cu 92: Cho cc phn ng sau : Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 3Fe(NO3)2 AgNO3 + Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 + Ag Dy sp xp theo th t tng dn tnh oxi ha cc ion kim loi l : A. Ag+, Fe2+, Fe3+. B. Fe2+, Fe3+, Ag+. C. Fe2+, Ag+, Fe3+. D. Ag+, Fe3+, Fe2+. Cu 93: Cho bit cc phn ng xy ra sau : 2FeBr2 + Br2 2FeBr3 2NaBr + Cl2 2NaCl + Br2 Pht biu ng l : A. Tnh kh ca Cl- mnh hn ca Br-. B. Tnh oxi ha ca Br2 mnh hn ca Cl2. 2+ C. Tnh kh ca Br mnh hn ca Fe . D. Tnh oxi ha ca Cl2 mnh hn ca Fe3+. Cu 94: Cho sut in ng chun Eo ca cc pin in ho : Eo(Cu - X) = 0,46V ; Eo(Y - Cu) = 1,1V ; Eo(Z - Cu) = 0,47V (X, Y, Z l ba kim loi). Dy cc kim loi xp theo chiu tng dn tnh kh t tri sang phi l : A. Z, Y, Cu, X. B. X, Cu, Z, Y. C. Y, Z, Cu, X. D. X, Cu, Y, Z. o o Cu 95: Cho sut in ng chun E ca cc pin in ho : E (Ni - X) = 0,12V ; Eo(Y - Ni) = 0,02V ; Eo(Ni - Z) = 0,60V (X, Y, Z l ba kim loi). Dy cc kim loi xp theo chiu gim dn tnh kh t tri sang phi l : A. Y, Ni, Z, X. B. Z, Y, Ni, X. C. X, Z, Ni, Y. D. Y, Ni, X, Z. Cu 96: Kh i lng thanh st gim i trong trng hp nhng vo dung d ch no sau y ? A. Fe2(SO4)3. B. CuSO4. C. AgNO3. D. MgCl2. 3+ 2+ 2+ Cu 97: Ngm bt Fe vo cc dung dch mu i ring bit Fe , Zn , Cu , Pb2+, Mg2+, Ag+. S phn ng xy ra l : A. 4. B. 5. C. 3. D. 6. Cu 98: Trong cc kim loi di y c bao nhiu kim loi c th kh Fe3+ trong dung dch thnh Fe : Zn, Na, Cu, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ni ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 6.
59
Cu 99: Trong cc kim loi di y c bao nhiu kim loi ch c th kh Fe3+ trong dung dch thnh Fe2+ : Zn, Na, Cu, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ni ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 6. Cu 100*: Cho ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cu v su dung dch mu i ring bit l Ni(NO3)2, AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3. Cho cc cht phn ng vi nhau theo tng cp, s phn ng xy ra l : A. 11. B. 12. C. 13. D. 14. Cu 101: Ho tan hon ton 3 kim loi Zn, Fe, Cu bng dung dch HNO3 long. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c cht rn khng tan l Cu. Phn dung dch sau phn ng cha cht tan no ? B. Zn(NO3)2 ; Fe(NO3)2. A. Zn(NO3)2 ; Fe(NO3)3. C. Zn(NO3)2 ; Fe(NO3)3 ; Cu(NO3)2. D. Zn(NO3)2 ; Fe(NO3)2 ; Cu(NO3)2. Cu 102: Cho hn hp bt Mg v Zn vo dung dch cha Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Sau phn ng thu c 2 kim loi, dung d ch g m 3 mu i l : A. Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3 v Mg(NO3)2. B. Mg(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. C. Mg(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2 v Cu(NO3)2. D. Zn(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Cu 103: Cho hn hp g m Fe v Zn vo dung dch AgNO3 n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X gm hai mu i v cht rn Y ch c 1 kim loi. Hai mu i trong X l : B. Zn(NO3)2 v Fe(NO3)2. A. Fe(NO3)3 v Zn(NO3)2. C. AgNO3 v Zn(NO3)2. D. A hoc B. Cu 104: Cho hn hp g m Fe v Zn vo dung dch AgNO3 n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X gm hai mu i v cht rn Y gm hai kim loi. Hai mu i trong X l : A. Zn(NO3)2 v Fe(NO3)2. B. Fe(NO3)3 v Zn(NO3)2. C. Fe(NO3)2 v AgNO3. D. AgNO3 v Zn(NO3)2. Cu 105: Hn hp bt gm Fe, Cu, Ag, Al ho cht duy nht dng tch Ag sao cho kh i lng khng i l : A. AgNO3. B. Fe(NO3)2. C. Fe(NO3)3. D. HNO3 long. Cu 106: Khng nh no sau y l ng ? (1) Cu c th tan trong dung dch Fe2(SO4)3. (2) Hn hp g m Cu, Fe2O3 Fe3O4 trong s mol Cu bng tng s mol Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 c th tan ht trong dung d ch HCl d. (3) Dung d ch AgNO3 khng tc dng c vi dung dch Fe(NO3)2. (4) Cp oxi ha kh MnO4-/Mn2+ c th in cc ln hn cp Fe3+/Fe2+. A. Tt c u ng. B. (1), (2), (4). C. (1), (2). D. (1), (3). Cu 107: Trong qu trnh in phn, nhng ion m (anion) di chuyn v A. anot, y chng b kh. B. anot, y chng b oxi ho. C. catot, y chng b kh. D. catot, y chng b oxi ho. Cu 108: Trong qu trnh in phn, nhng dng (cation) di chuyn v A. anot, y chng b kh. B. anot, y chng b oxi ho. C. catot, y chng b kh. D. catot, y chng b oxi ho. Cu 109: Phng php in phn nng chy dng iu ch cc kim loi A. ng sau hiro trong dy in ho. B. kim, kim th v nhm. C. ng trc hiro trong dy in ho. D. kim v nhm.
60
Cu 110: Dy g m cc kim loi c iu ch trong cng nghip bng phng php in phn nng chy hp cht ca chng l : A. Na, Ca, Al. B. Na, Ca, Zn. C. Na, Cu, Al. D. Fe, Ca, Al. Cu 111: Phn ng no xy ra catot trong qu trnh in phn MgCl2 nng chy ? A. s oxi ho ion Mg2+. B. s kh ion Mg2+. C. s oxi ho ion Cl-. D. s kh ion Cl-. Cu 112: Trong qu trnh in phn KBr nng chy, phn ng no xy ra in cc dng (anot) ? A. ion Br - b kh. B. ion Br - b oxi ho. C. ion K+ b oxi ho. D. ion K+ b kh. Cu 113: Phn ng no xy ra anot trong qu trnh in phn Al2O3 nng chy ? A. s oxi ha ion Al3+. B. s kh ion Al3+. C. s oxi ho ion O2-. D. s kh ion O2-. Cu 114: Sn phm thu c khi in phn NaOH nng chy l g ? A. catot (-) : Na v anot (+) : O2 v H2O. B. catot (-) : Na2O v anot (+) : O2 v H2. C. catot (-) : Na v anot (+) : O2 v H2. D. catot (-) : Na2O v anot (+) : O2 v H2O. Cu 115: in phn (in cc tr, c mng ngn xp) mt dung dch c cha cc anion: I-, Cl-, Br-, S2-, SO42-, NO3-. Th t xy ra s oxi ha anot l : A. S2-, I-, Br-, Cl-, OH-, H2O. B. Cl-, I-, Br-, S2-, OH-, H2O. C. I-, S2-, Br-, Cl-, OH-, H2O. D. I-, Br-, S2-, OH-, Cl-, H2O. Cu 116: in phn dung dch hn hp g m HCl, NaCl, CuCl2, FeCl3. Th t cc qu trnh nh n electron trn catot l : A. Cu2+ Fe3+ H+ Na+ H2O. B. Fe3+ Cu2+ H+ Fe2+ H2O. D. Cu2+ Fe3+ Fe2+ H+ H2O. C. Fe3+ Cu2+ H+ Na+ H2O. Cu 117: Mt dung dch X cha ng thi NaNO3, Cu(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3. Th t cc kim loi thot ra catot khi in phn dung dch trn l : A. Ag, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na. B. Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn. C. Ag, Cu, Fe. D. Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn, Na. + 3+ 2+ 2Cu 118: Cho cc ion : Na , Al , Ca , Cl , SO4 , NO3-. Cc ion khng b in phn khi trng thi dung dch l : A. Na+, Al3+, SO42- , Ca2+, NO3-. B. Na+, Al3+, SO42-, Cl-. C. Na+, Al3+, Cl-, NO3-. D. Al3+, Cu2+, Cl-, NO3-. Cu 119: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch Pb(NO3)2 vi cc in cc tr, ion Pb2+ di chuy n v A. catot v b oxi ho. B. anot v b oxi ho. C. catot v b kh. D. anot v b kh. Cu 120: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch AgNO3 (cc in cc tr), cc dng xy ra phn ng no sau y ? A. Ag Ag+ + 1e. B. Ag+ + 1e Ag. C. 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e. D. 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH-.
61
Cu 121: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch AgNO3 (anot lm bng Ag), cc dng xy ra phn ng no sau y ? A. Ag Ag+ + 1e. B. Ag+ + 1e Ag. C. 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e. D. 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH-. Cu 122: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch CuSO4 (cc in cc tr), anot xy ra qu trnh no ? A. oxi ho ion SO42-. B. kh ion SO42-. C. kh phn t H2O. D. oxi ho phn t H2O. Cu 123: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch CuSO4 (anot lm bng Cu), anot xy ra qu trnh no ? A. oxi ho Cu. B. kh ion SO42-. C. kh phn t H2O. D. oxi ho phn t H2O. Cu 124: Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch ZnSO4 (cc in cc tr), cc m xy ra phn ng no sau y ? A. Zn2+ + 2e Zn. B. Zn Zn2+ + 2e. C. 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH. D. 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e. Cu 125: Phn ng ho hc no sau y ch thc hin bng phng php in phn ? A. Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu. B. 2CuSO4 + 2H2O 2Cu + O2 + 2H2SO4. C. CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4. D. Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag. Cu 126: Cho cc phng trnh in phn sau, phng trnh vit sai l (M l kim loi kim) :
pdd A. 4AgNO3 + 2H2O 4Ag + O2 + 4HNO3. pdd B. 2CuSO4 + 2H2O pnc C. 2MCln
2Cu + O2 + 2H2SO4.
2M + nCl2.
pnc D. 4MOH 4M + 2H2O. Cu 127: Cho cc trng hp sau : 1. in phn nng chy MgCl2 2. in phn dung dch ZnSO4 3. in phn dung d ch CuSO4 4. in phn dung dch NaCl S trng hp ion kim lo i b kh thnh kim loi l : A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 128: Dy cc kim loi u c th c iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch mu i ca chng l : A. Fe, Cu, Ag. B. Mg, Zn, Cu. C. Al, Fe, Cr. D. Ba, Ag, Au. Cu 129: Khi in phn dung dch CuSO4 ngi ta thy kh i lng catot tng ng bng kh i lng anot gim. iu chng t ngi ta dng A. catot Cu. B. catot tr. C. anot Cu. D. anot tr. Cu 130: Khi in phn dung dch AgNO3, sau mt thi gian thy nng ca dung dch khng thay i (gi s nc bay hi khng ng k trong qu trnh in phn). iu chng t ngi ta dng A. catot Ag. B. catot tr. C. anot Ag. D. anot tr.
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Cu 131: Khi in phn dung dch KCl c mng ngn th anot thu c A. Cl2. B. H2. C. KOH v H2. D. Cl2 v H2. Cu 132: Khi in phn dung dch NaCl (cc m bng st, cc dng bng than ch, c mng ngn xp) th : A. cc dng xy ra qu trnh oxi ha ion Na+ v cc m xy ra qu trnh kh ion Cl-. B. cc m xy ra qu trnh kh H2O v cc dng xy ra qu trnh oxi ha Cl-. C. cc m xy ra qu trnh oxi ha H2O v cc dng x ra qu trnh kh ion Cl-. D. cc m xy ra qu trnh kh ion Na+ v cc dng xy ra qu trnh oxi ha ion Cl-. Cu 133: Khi in phn c mng ngn dung d ch mu i n bo ho trong nc th xy ra hin t ng no sau y ? A. Kh oxi thot ra catot v kh clo thot ra anot. B. Kh hiro thot ra catot v kh clo thot ra anot. C. Kim lo i natri thot ra catot v kh clo thot ra anot. D. Nc Gia-ven c to thnh trong bnh in phn. Cu 134: Khi in phn dung dch NaCl (c mn ngn), cc dng khng lm bng st m lm bng than ch l do : A. st dn in tt hn than ch. B. cc dng to kh clo tc dng vi Fe. C. than ch dn in tt hn st. D. cc dng t o kh clo tc dng vi than ch. Cu 135: Trong cng nghip, natri hiroxit c sn xut bng phng php A. in phn dung dch NaCl, khng c mng ngn in cc. B. in phn dung dch NaCl, c mng ngn in cc. C. in phn dung d ch NaNO3, khng c mng ngn in cc. D. in phn NaCl nng chy. Cu 136: Khi in phn dung dch NaCl (in cc tr, khng c mng ngn xp) th sn phm thu c gm : A. H2, Cl2, NaOH. B. H2, Cl2, nc Gia-ven. C. H2, nc Gia-ven. D. H2,Cl2, NaOH, nc Gia-ven. Cu 137: Cho cc dung dch ring bit sau : KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, ZnSO4, H2SO4, KNO3, AgNO3, NaOH. Dung dch khi in phn thc cht ch l in phn nc l : A. NaOH, NaCl, ZnSO4, KNO3, AgNO3. B. NaOH, Na2SO4, H2SO4, KNO3, CaCl2. C. NaOH, Na2SO4, H2SO4, KNO3. D. Na2SO4, KNO3, KCl. Cu 138: Cho cc dung dch : KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, ZnSO4, H2SO4, KNO3, AgNO3, NaOH. Sau khi in phn, cc dung dch cho mi trng baz l : A. KCl, KNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4. B. KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, NaOH. C. NaCl, CaCl2, NaOH, H2SO4. D. NaCl, NaOH, ZnSO4, AgNO3. Cu 139: Pht biu no sau y khng ng ? A. Khi in phn cc cht nng chy th catot cc cation kim loi nhn electron. B. Khi in phn cc cht nng chy th anot cc anion nhng electron. C. Khi in phn th trn cc b mt in cc xy ra qu trnh oxi ha kh. D. Khi in phn cc dung dch mu i trong nc th cc dng b n mn.
63
Cu 140: C cc qu trnh in phn sau : (1) in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi anot lm bng kim loi Cu. (2) in phn dung dch FeSO4 vi 2 in cc bng graphit. (3) in phn Al2O3 nng chy vi 2 in cc bng than ch. (4) in phn dung d ch NaCl vi anot bng than ch v catot bng thp. Cc qu trnh in phn m cc dng b mn l : A. (1), (2). B. (1), (3). C. (2), (3). D. (3), (4). Cu 141: iu no l khng ng trong cc iu sau : A. in phn dung dch NaCl thy pH dung dch tng dn. B. in phn dung dch CuSO4 thy pH dung dch gim dn. C. in phn dung dch hn hp NaCl v CuSO4 thy pH dung dich khng i. D. in phn dung dch hn hp NaCl v HCl thy pH dung dch t ng dn. (coi th tch dung dch khi in phn l khng i, khi c mt NaCl th dng thm mng ngn) Cu 142: in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi anot bng ng (anot tan) v in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi anot bng graphit (in cc tr) u c c im chung l : A. catot xy ra s oxi ha : 2H2O +2e 2OH +H2. B. anot xy ra s kh : 2H2O O2 + 4H+ +4e. C. anot xy ra s oxi ha : Cu Cu2+ +2e. D. catot xy ra s kh : Cu2+ + 2e Cu. Cu 143: in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc tr, cng dng 5A. Khi anot c 4 gam kh oxi bay ra th ngng in phn. iu no sau y lun ng ? A. Kh i lng ng thu c catot l 16 gam. B. Thi gian in phn l 9650 giy. C. pH ca dung dch trong qu trnh in phn lun gim. D. Khng c kh thot ra catot. Cu 144: in phn dung dch cha HCl v KCl vi mng ngn xp, sau mt thi gian thu c dung dch ch cha mt cht tan v c pH = 12. Vy A. ch c HCl b in phn. B. ch c KCl b in phn. C. HCl v KCl u b in phn ht. D. HCl b in phn ht, KCl cha b in phn. Cu 145: Khi in phn dung dch (c mng ngn) g m NaCl, HCl, CuCl2 v qu tm. Mu ca dung dch bin i ra sao khi in phn n khi ht NaCl ? A. Tm xanh. B. Tm xanh . D. Xanh tm . C. tm xanh. Cu 146: in phn mt dung dch gm NaCl v CuSO4 c cng s mol n khi catot xut hin bt kh th dng in phn. Trong c qu trnh in phn, sn phm thu c anot l : A. kh Cl2 v O2. B. H2 v O2. C. Cl2. D. Cl2 v H2. Cu 147: Khi in phn in cc tr c mng ngn dung dch hn hp g m NaCl v CuSO4 n khi NaCl v CuSO4 u ht nu dung d ch sau in phn ho tan c Fe th A. NaCl ht trc CuSO4. B. CuSO4 ht trc NaCl. C. NaCl v CuSO4 cng ht. D. xy ra trng hp A hoc B.
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Cu 148: in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l (bit ion SO42- khng b in phn trong dung dch) A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. 2b = a. Cu 149: Khi in phn in cc tr c mng ngn dung dch hn hp g m NaCl v CuSO4 n khi NaCl v CuSO4 u ht nu dung dch sau in phn ho tan c Al2O3 th A. NaCl ht trc CuSO4. B. CuSO4 ht trc NaCl. C. NaCl v CuSO4 cng ht. D. xy ra trng hp A hoc B. Cu 150: in phn (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) mt dung dch g m a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl. Dung dch sau in phn c th ho tan c kim loi nhm, NaHCO3, Al2O3 m i quan h gia a v b l A. 2a = b B. 2a > b. C. 2a < b. D. B hoc C. Cu 151: Khi in phn (vi cc in tr, mng ngn xp) dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v 1,5a mol NaCl n khi nc bt u b in phn trn c 2 in cc th pH ca dung d ch sau phn ng A. nh hn 7. B. bng 7. C. ln hn 7. D. bng pH ca dung dch trc phn ng. Cu 152: in phn mt dung dch g m a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl. Nu b > 2a m catot cha c kh thot ra th dung dch sau in phn cha cc ion no ? B. Na+, SO42-, Cu2+. A. Na+, SO42-, Cl-. C. Na+, Cl-. D. Na+, SO42-, Cu2+, Cl-. Cu 153: ng dng no di y khng phi l ng dng ca s in phn ? A. iu ch mt s kim loi, phi kim v hp cht. B. Thng qua cc phn ng sn sinh ra dng in. C. Tinh ch mt s kim loi nh Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag, Au, ... D. M Zn, Sn, Ni, Ag, Au, ... bo v v trang tr kim loi. Cu 154: Pht biu no sau y l khng ng ? A. n mn kim lo i l s ph hu kim loi v hp kim di tc dng ca mi trng xung quanh. B. n mn kim loi l mt qu trnh ho hc trong kim loi b n mn bi cc axit trong mi trng khng kh. C. Trong qa trnh n mn, kim loi b oxi ho thnh ion ca n. D. n mn kim loi c chia lm 2 dng : n mn ho hc v n mn in ho hc. Cu 155: Cht no sau y trong kh quyn khng gy ra s n mn kim loi ? A. O2. B. CO2. C. H2O. D. N2. Cu 156: Phn ng ho hc no xy ra trong s n mn kim loi ? A. Phn ng trao i. B. Phn ng oxi ho kh. C. Phn ng thu phn. D. Phn ng axit baz. Cu 157: S n mn kim loi khng phi l : A. s kh kim loi. B. s oxi ho kim loi. C. s ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi trng. D. s bin n cht kim loi thnh hp cht.
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Cu 158: S ph hu kim loi do kim loi tc dng trc tip vi cc cht oxi ho trong mi trng gi l : A. s kh kim loi. B. s tc dng ca kim loi vi nc. C. s n mn ho hc. D. s n mn in ho. Cu 159: Pht biu no sau y l ng khi ni v n mn ho hc ? A. n mn ho hc khng lm pht sinh dng in. B. n mn ho hc lm pht sinh dng in mt chiu. C. Kim lo i tinh khit s khng b n mn ho hc. D. V bn cht, n mn ho hc cng l mt dng ca n mn in ho. Cu 160: S ph hu kim loi (khng nguyn cht) hay hp kim do tc dng ca dung dch cht in li v to nn dng electron chuyn di t cc m sang cc dng g i l : A. s kh kim loi. B. s tc dng ca kim loi vi nc. C. s n mn ho hc. D. s n mn in ho. Cu 161: iu kin xy ra n mn in ho l : A. Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau hoc c n i vi nhau bng mt dy dn. B. Cc in cc phi c nhng trong dung d ch in li. C. Cc in cc phi khc nhau v bn cht. D. C ba iu kin trn. Cu 162: Cu no ng trong cc cu sau ? Trong n mn in ho hc, xy ra A. s oxi ho cc dng. B. s kh cc m. C. s oxi ho cc dng v s kh cc m. D. s oxi ho cc m v s kh cc dng. Cu 163: Nu vt lm bng hp kim Fe Zn b n mn in ho th trong qu trnh n mn A. km ng vai tr catot v b oxi ho. B. st ng vai tr anot v b oxi ho. C. km ng vai tr anot v b oxi ho. D. st ng vai tr catot v ion H+ b oxi ho. Cu 164: Cho cc cp kim loi nguyn cht tip xc trc tip vi nhau: Fe v Pb ; Fe v Zn ; Fe v Sn ; Fe v Ni. Khi nhng cc cp kim loi trn vo dung dch axit, s cp kim loi trong Fe b ph hu trc l : A. 4. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3. Cu 165: Qu trnh n mn v mn tu thu (ch to t thp cacbon) khu vc mn tu tip xc vi nc bin v khng kh l qu trnh n mn A. kim loi. B. ho hc. C. in ho. D. cacbon. Cu 166: Trong cc trng hp sau, trng hp kim loi b n mn in ho hc l : A. kim loi Zn trong dung dch HCl. B. thp cacbon trong khng kh m. C. t dy st trong kh oxi. D. kim loi ng trong dung d ch HNO3 long. Cu 167: St ty l st trng thic. Nu lp thic b xc su ti lp st th kim loi b n mn trc l : A. thic. B. c 2 u b n mn nh nhau. C. st. D. khng kim loi no b n mn. Cu 168: C nhng vt bng st c m bng nhng kim lo i khc nhau di y. Nu cc vt ny u b sy st su n lp st, th vt no st b g chm nht ? A. St trng km. B. St trng thic. C. St trng niken. D. St trng ng. Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing 66
Cu 169: Mt chic cha kho lm bng hp kim Cu Fe b ri xung y ging. Sau mt thi gian chic cha kho s A. b n mn ho hc. B. b n mn in ho. C. khng b n mn. D. n mn in ho hoc ho hc. 2+ Cu 170: Bit rng ion Pb trong dung dch oxi ha c Sn. Khi nhng hai thanh kim loi Pb v Sn c ni vi nhau bng dy dn in vo mt dung dch cht in li th A. c Pb v Sn u b n mn in ho. B. c Pb v Sn u khng b n mn in ho. C. ch c Pb b n mn in ho. D. ch c Sn b n mn in ho. Cu 171: Mt si dy Cu n i vi mt si dy Fe ngoi khng kh m, sau mt thi gian c hi n tng A. Dy Fe v dy Cu b t. B. ch ni dy Fe b t. C. ch ni dy Cu b mn v t. D. Khng c hin tng g. Cu 172: Mt l Al c n i vi mt l Zn m t u, u cn li ca 2 thanh kim loi u c nhng trong dch mu i n. Ti ch ni ca 2 thanh kim loi s xy ra qu trnh no ? A. Ion Zn2+ thu thm 2e t o Zn. B. Ion Al3+ thu thm 3e to Al. C. Electron di chuyn t Al sang Zn. D. Electron di chuyn t Zn sang Al. Cu 173: C 4 dung dch ring bit : a) HCl, b) CuCl2, c) FeCl3, d) HCl c ln CuCl2. Nhng vo m i dung dch mt thanh Fe nguyn cht. S trng hp xut hin n mn in ho l : A. 0. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3. Cu 174: C 4 dung dch ring bit : CuSO4, ZnCl2, FeCl3, AgNO3. Nhng vo mi dung dch mt thanh Ni. S trng hp xut hin n mn in ho l : A. 1. B. 4. C. 3. D. 2. Cu 175: inh st b n mn nhanh nht trong trng hp no sau y ? A. Ngm trong dung dch HCl. B. Ngm trong dung dch HBr. C. Ngm trong dung dch H2SO4 long. D. Ngm trong dung dch H2SO4 v CuSO4. Cu 176: Cho bt st vo dung dch HCl sau thm tip vi git dung dch CuSO4. Quan st thy hin tng : A. Bt kh bay ln t v chm hn lc u. C. Khng c bt kh bay ln. B. Bt kh bay ln nhanh v nhiu hn lc u. D. Dung d ch khng chuyn mu. Cu 177: Nhng thanh km trong dung dch HCl 1M (TN1), nhng thanh km trong dung dch HCl 1M c nh vi git CuSO4 (TN2), nhng hp kim km v st trong dung dch HCl 1M (TN3). Th nghim c tc thot kh hiro nhanh nht l : A. th nghim 1. B. th nghim 2. C. th nghim 3. D. khng xc nh c. Cu 178: Cho bn ng nghim cha dung dch HCl, nhng vo m i ng mt mu km. Sau cho thm mt vi git dung dch mui X vo. Mui X l mui no th kh H2 thot ra nhanh nht ? A. NiSO4. B. CuSO4. C. FeSO4. D. SnSO4. Cu 179: Ni mt thanh Al vi mt thanh Cu bng dy dn in, nhng hai thanh trong dung dch HCl, s quan st c hin tng : A. Thanh Al tan nhanh, bt kh H2 thot ra t thanh Cu. B. Thanh Cu tan, bt kh H2 thot ra t thanh Al. C. C 2 thanh cng tan v bt kh H2 thot ra t c 2 thanh. D. Thanh Al tan trc, bt kh H2 thot ra t thanh Al.
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Cu 180: Kt lun no sau y khng ng ? A. Cc thit b my mc bng kim loi tip xc vi hi nc nhit cao c kh nng b n mn ho hc. B. Ni thanh Zn vi v tu thu bng thp th v tu thu s c bo v. C. vt bng thp ra ngoi khng kh m th vt s b n mn in ho. D. Mt ming v hp lm bng st ty (st trng thic) b xy xt tn bn trong, trong khng kh m th Sn s b n mn trc. Cu 181: Pht biu no sau y l khng ng ? A. G st c cng thc ho hc l Fe2O3. xH2O. B. Trong qu trnh n mn, kim lo i b kh thnh ion ca n. C. Cc dng bng st thng b n mn do khng c ch to t Fe tinh khit m thng c ln cc tp cht khc. D. Trong qu trnh t o thnh g Fe, catot xy ra qu trnh : O2 +2H2O + 4e 4OHCu 182: Sau mt ngy lao ng, ngi ta phi lm v sinh b mt kim loi ca cc thit b my mc, dng c lao ng. Vic lm ny c mc ch chnh l g ? A. kim loi sng bng p mt. B. khng gy nhim mi trng. C. khng lm bn qun o khi lao ng. D. kim loi b n mn. Cu 183: bo v ni hi (Supde) bng thp kh i b n mn, ngi ta c th lt nhng kim loi no sau y vo mt trong ca ni hi. A. Zn hoc Mg. B. Zn hoc Cr. C. Ag hoc Mg. D. Pb hoc Pt. Cu 184: Gi cho b mt kim loi lun lun sch, khng c bn t bm vo l mt bin php bo v kim lo i khng b n mn. Hy cho bit nh vy l p dng phng php chng n mn no sau y ? A. Cch li kim loi vi mi trng. B. Dng phng php in ho. C. Dng phng php ph. D. Dng phng php bin i ho hc lp b mt. Cu 185: Trn ca cc p nc bng thp thng thy c gn nhng l Zn m ng. Lm nh vy l chng n mn cc ca p theo phng php no trong cc phng php sau y ? A. Dng hp kim chng g . B. Phng php ph. C. Phng php bin i ho hc lp b mt. D. Phng php in ho. Cu 186: Nguyn tc chung c dng iu ch kim loi l : A. cho hp cht cha ion kim loi tc dng vi cht kh. B. oxi ho ion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn t kim loi. C. cho hp cht cha ion kim loi tc dng vi cht oxi ho. D. kh ion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn t kim loi.
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Cu 187: Cho cc pht biu sau : (1) Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi l kh ion kim loi. (2) Phng php thy luyn dng iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Hg, Ag, Au (3) Phng php nhit luyn dng iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh nh Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb (4) iu ch cc kim loi nhm, kim loi kim, kim loi kim th bng phng php in phn nng chy mu i halogenua ca chng. (5) in phn dung dch dng iu ch cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v kim lo i c tnh kh yu. Cc pht biu ng l : A. (1), (2), (3), (4), (5). B. (1), (2), (3), (5). C. (1), (2), (4), (5). D. (1), (2), (3), (4). Cu 188: Dy cc ion kim loi no sau y u b Zn kh thnh kim lo i ? A. Cu2+, Mg2+, Pb2+. B. Cu2+, Ag+, Na+. C. Sn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+. D. Pb2+, Ag+, Al3+. Cu 189: Kim loi M c th c iu ch bng cch kh ion ca n trong oxit bi kh H2 nhit cao. Mt khc, kim loi M kh c ion H+ trong dung dch axit long thnh H2. Kim loi M l : A. Al. B. Mg. C. Fe. D. Cu. Cu 190: Phn ng iu ch kim loi no di y thuc phng php nhit luyn ? A. C + ZnO Zn + CO. B. 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2. C. MgCl2 Mg + Cl2. D. Zn + 2Ag(CN)2- Zn(CN)4- + 2Ag. Cu 191: Phn ng iu ch kim loi no di y khng thuc phng php nhit luyn ? A. 3CO + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO2. B. 2Al + Cr2O3 2Cr + Al2O3. C. HgS + O2 Hg + SO2. D. Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu. Cu 192: Cho lung kh H2 (d) qua hn hp cc oxit CuO, Fe2O3, ZnO, MgO nung nhit cao. Sau phn ng hn hp rn cn li l : A. Cu, Fe, Zn, MgO. B. Cu, Fe, ZnO, MgO. C. Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg. D. Cu, FeO, ZnO, MgO. Cu 193: Nung hn hp bt MgO, Fe2O3, PbO, Al2O3 nhit cao ri cho dng kh CO (d) i qua hn hp thu c cht rn gm : A. MgO, Fe, Pb, Al2O3. B. MgO, Fe, Pb, Al. C. MgO, FeO, Pb, Al2O3. D. Mg, Fe, Pb, Al. Cu 194: Cht no sau y c iu ch trong cng nghip bng phng php in phn ? A. Lu hunh. B. Axit sunfuric. C. Kim lo i st. D. Kim lo i nhm. Cu 195: Phng php iu ch kim lo i bng cch dng n cht kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi khc trong dung dch mu i gi l : A. phng php nhit luyn. B. phng php thu luyn. C. phng php in luyn. D. phng php thu phn. Cu 196: Dung d ch FeSO4 c ln tp cht CuSO4. Phng php ho hc n gin lo i c tp cht l : A. in phn dung d ch vi in cc tr n khi ht mu xanh. B. chuyn 2 mui thnh hiroxit, oxit, kim loi r i ho tan bng H2SO4 long. C. th Mg vo dung dch cho n khi ht mu xanh. D. th Fe d vo dung d ch, ch phn ng xong ri lc b cht rn.
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Cu 197: lm sch mt loi thu ngn c ln cc t p cht km, thic, ch c th dng cch A. ho tan loi thu ngn ny trong dung dch HCl d. B. ho tan loi thu ngn ny trong axit HNO3 long, d, ri in phn dung dch. C. khuy loi thu ngn ny trong dung dch HgSO4 long, d ri lc dung dch. D. t nng loi thu ngn ny v ho tan sn phm bng axit HCl. Cu 198: C th iu ch c Ag nguyn cht t dung dch AgNO3 vi dung dch no sau y ? A. Fe(NO3)3. B. Fe(NO3)2. C. Al(NO3)3. D. Mg(NO3)2. Cu 199: Vng b ln tp cht l Fe. thu c vng tinh khit, ngi ta c th cho dng lng d dung dch A. CuSO4. B. FeSO4. C. Fe2(SO4)3. D. ZnSO4. Cu 200: C hn hp 3 kim loi Ag, Fe, Cu. Ch dng mt dung dch c th thu c Ag ring r m khng lm khi lng thay i. Dung dch l : A. AgNO3. B. Cu(NO3)2. C. Fe(NO3)3. D. Hg(NO3)2. Cu 201: thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm x mol Al2O3, y mol CuO, z mol Ag2O), ngi ta ho tan X bi dung dch cha (6x + 2y + 2z) mol HNO3 c dung dch Y, sau thm (gi s hiu sut cc phn ng u l 100%) A. 2z mol bt Al vo Y. B. z mol bt Cu vo Y. C. z mol bt Al vo Y. D. 2z mol bt Cu vo Y. Cu 202: iu ch Cu c tinh khit cao t qung malachit Cu(OH)2.CuCO3 (X) ; ngi ta c th tin hnh A. cho X tc dng vi dung dch HCl ri in phn dung d ch thu c. B. cho X tc dng vi dung dch HCl r i cho dung d ch thu c tc dng vi km. C. nung X n kh i lng khng i ri kh bng CO nhit cao. D. nung X n kh i lng khng i ri kh bng H2 nhit cao. Cu 203: T qung olomit (CaCO3.MgCO3) ta phi dng phng php no v ho cht no sau y iu ch kim loi Ca v Mg ring bit ? A. nhit phn ; H2O ; in phn nng chy. B. nhit phn ; H2O ; H2SO4 ; in phn nng chy. C. nhit phn ; HCl ; in phn dung dch. D. nhit phn ; H2O ; HCl ; in phn nng chy. Cu 204*: T cc nguyn liu NaCl, CaCO3, H2O, K2CO3 v cc iu kin cn thit c , c th iu ch c cc n cht A. Na, Cl2, C, H2, Ca, K. B. Ca, Na, K, C, Cl2, O2. C. Na, H2, Cl2, C, Ca, O2. D. Ca, Na, C, K, H2, Cl2, O2. Cu 205: Mt loi ng thau c cha 59,63% Cu v 40,37% Zn. Hp kim ny c cu to tinh th ca hp cht ho hc gia ng v km. Cng thc ho hc ca hp kim l : A. Cu3Zn2. B. Cu2Zn3. C. Cu2Zn. D. CuZn2. Cu 206: Hn hp kh A g m clo v oxi. A phn ng va ht vi mt hn hp gm 4,8 gam magie v 8,1 gam nhm t o ra 37,05 gam hn hp cc mui clorua v oxit hai kim loi. Thnh phn % th tch ca oxi v clo trong hn hp A l : A. 26,5% v 73,5%. B. 45% v 55%. C. 44,44% v 55,56%. D. 25% v 75%.
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Cu 207: Ha tan 15 gam hn hp X g m hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y g m HNO3 v H2SO4 c thu c 0,1 mol m i kh SO2, NO, NO2, N2O. Bit rng khng c phn ng to mu i NH4NO3. Phn trm kh i lng ca Al v Mg trong X ln lt l : A. 63% v 37%. B. 36% v 64%. C. 50% v 50%. D. 46% v 54%. Cu 208: Mt hn hp bt 2 kim loi Mg v R c chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau : - Phn 1 cho tc dng vi HNO3 d thu c 1,68 lt N2O duy nht. - Phn 2 ha tan trong 400 ml HNO3 long 0,7M, thu c V lt kh khng mu, ha nu trong khng kh. Gi tr ca V (bit cc th tch kh u o ktc) l : A. 2,24 lt. B. 1,68 lt. C. 1,568 lt. D. 4,48 lt. Cu 209: Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp 3 kim loi cha r ha tr bng dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt hn hp kh A (ktc) gm NO2 v NO (khng sinh ra mu i NH4NO3). T kh i hi ca A so vi H2 bng 18,2. Tng s gam mui khan t o thnh theo m v V l : A. m + 6,0893V. B. m + 3,2147. C. m + 2,3147V. D. m + 6,1875V. Cu 210: Cho hn hp A g m 0,200 mol Al, 0,350 mol Fe phn ng ht vi V lt dung dch HNO3 1M, thu c dung dch B, hn hp G g m 0,050 mol N2O v 0,040 mol N2 v cn 2,800 gam kim loi. Gi tr V l : A. 1,200. B. 1,480. C. 1,605. D. 1,855. Cu 211*: Cho 29 gam hn hp gm Al, Cu v Ag tc dng va vi 950 ml dung dch HNO3 1,5M, thu c dung dch cha m gam mu i v 5,6 lt hn hp kh X (ktc) gm NO v N2O. T kh i ca X so vi H2 l 16,4. Gi tr ca m l A. 98,20. B. 97,20. C. 98,75. D. 91,00. Cu 212: Ho tan ht 14,4 gam kim loi M trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, thu c SO2 l s n phm kh duy nht. Cho ton b lng SO2 ny hp th vo 0,75 lt dung dch NaOH 0,7M, sau phn ng em c cn dung d ch c 31,35 gam cht rn. Kim loi M l : A. Ca. B. Mg. C. Fe. D. Cu. Cu 213: Khi ha tan cng mt lng kim loi R vo dung dch HNO3 c, nng v vo dung dch H2SO4 long th th tch kh NO2 thu c gp 3 ln th tch kh H2 cng iu kin. Kh i lng mu i sunfat thu c bng 62,81% kh i lng mui nitrat to thnh. Kh i lng nguyn t v tn ca R l : A. 27, nhm. B. 52, crom. C. 56, st. D. 65, Zn. Cu 214: Ha tan m gam h n hp A g m Fe v mt kim lo i M (c ha tr khng i) trong dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,008 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch cha 4,575 gam mu i khan. a. Gi tr m l : A. 2,9775. B. 1,38. C. 0,255. D. 4,48. b*. Ha tan ht cng lng hn hp A trn trong dung dch hn hp HNO3 c v H2SO4 nhit thch hp th thu c 1,8816 lt hn hp hai kh (ktc) c t kh i so vi H2 l 25,25. Tn kim loi m l : A. Fe. B. Al. C. Ca. D. Mg. Cu 215: C mt cc ng m gam dung dch cha HNO3 v H2SO4. Ho tan ht 3,64 gam kim loi M (c ho tr khng i) vo dung dch trong cc th thu c 2,1504 lt (ktc) hn hp 2 kh NO2 v X, sau phn ng kh i lng cc cht trong cc gim 1,064 gam so vi m. Kim loi M l : A. Fe. B. Cu. C. Al. D. Zn. Cu 216: Cho m gam Mg vo dung dch cha 0,12 mol FeCl3. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 3,36 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2,88. B. 2,16. C. 4,32. D. 5,04.
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Cu 217: Cho 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 1M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch FeCl2 0,1 M thu c kh i lng kt ta l : A. 3,95 gam. B. 2,87 gam. C. 23,31 gam. D. 28,7 gam. Cu 218: Cho 100 ml dung dch FeCl2 1,2M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 2M, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l A. 12,96. B. 34,44. C. 47,4. D. 30,18. Cu 219: Ho tan hon ton 24,4 gam hn hp gm FeCl2 v NaCl (c t l s mol tng ng 1 : 2) vo mt lng nc (d), thu c dung dch X. Cho dung dch AgNO3 (d) vo dung dch X, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton sinh ra m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l : A. 68,2. B. 28,7 . C. 10,8. D. 57,4. Cu 220: Cho 100 ml dung dch AgNO3 2a mol/l vo 100 ml dung dch Fe(NO3)2 a mol/l. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c 8,64 gam cht rn v dung dch X. Cho dung dch HCl d vo X thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l A. 11,48. B. 14,35. C. 17,22. D. 22,96. Cu 221: Cho m gam bt Cu vo 400 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,2M, sau mt thi gian phn ng thu c 7,76 gam hn hp cht rn X v dung dch Y. Lc tch X, ri thm 5,85 gam bt Zn vo Y, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 10,53 gam cht rn Z. Gi tr ca m l : A. 3,84. B. 6,40. C. 5,12. D. 5,76. Cu 222: Cho m gam bt Zn vo 500 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,24M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, kh i lng dung dch tng thm 9,6 gam so vi kh i lng dung dch ban u. Gi tr ca m l : A. 32,50. B. 20,80. C. 29,25. D. 48,75. Cu 223: Nhng mt thanh Mg vo 200 ml dung dch Fe(NO3)3 1M, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra cn li thy kh i lng tng 0,8 gam. S gam Mg tan vo dung dch l : A. 1,4 gam. B. 4,8 gam. C. 8,4 gam. D. 4,1 gam. Cu 224: Nhng mt thanh st nng 100 gam vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v AgNO3 0,2M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra, ra sch lm kh cn c 101,72 gam (gi thit cc kim loi to thnh u bm ht vo thanh st). Kh i lng st phn ng l : A. 2,16 gam. B. 0,84 gam. C. 1,72 gam. D. 1,40 gam. Cu 225: Cho 2,7 gam hn hp bt X gm Fe v Zn tc dng vi dung dch CuSO4. Sau mt thi gian, thu c dung dch Y v 2,84 gam cht rn Z. Cho ton b Z vo dung dch H2SO4 (long, d). Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc th kh i lng cht rn gim 0,28 gam v dung dch thu c ch cha mt mu i duy nht. Phn trm kh i lng ca Fe trong X l : A. 58,52%. B. 51,85%. C. 48,15%. D. 41,48%. Cu 226: Tin hnh 2 th nghim sau : Th nghim 1 : Cho m gam bt st (d) vo V1 lt dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M ; Th nghim 2 : Cho m gam bt st (d) vo V2 lt dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi cc th nghim u xy ra hon ton, khi lng cht rn thu c 2 th nghim u bng nhau. Gi tr ca V1 so vi V2 l : A. V1 = 10V2. B. V1 = 5V2. C. V1 = 2V2. D. V1 = V2. Cu 227: Cho 6,596 gam hn hp Mg v Zn tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, d thu c 2,3296 lt H2 (ktc). Mt khc, 13,192 gam hn hp trn tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 thu c 13,352 gam cht rn. Nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 l : A. 0,04M. B. 0,25M. C. 1,68M. D. 0,04M hoc 1,68M. Cu 228: Nhng 1 thanh kim loi ha tr II vo dung dch CuSO4 d. Sau phn ng kh i lng thanh kim loi gim 0,24 gam. Cng thanh kim loi nu nhng vo dung dch AgNO3 th khi phn ng xong thy kh i lng thanh kim lo i tng 0,52 gam. Kim loi l : A. Pb. B. Cd. C. Sn. D. Al. Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing 72
Cu 229: Ly 2 thanh kim loi R ho tr II c kh i lng p gam. Thanh 1 nhng vo dung dch Cu(NO3)2 ; thanh 2 nhng vo dung dch Pb(NO3)2. Sau th nghim thanh 1 gim 0,2%, thanh 2 tng 28,4%. Bit s mol mui nitrat ca R to ra trong 2 dung dch bng nhau. Vy R l : A. Fe. B. Ni. C. Zn. D. Mg. Cu 230: Cho hn hp kim loi g m x mol Zn v y mol Fe vo dung dch cha z mol CuSO4. Kt thc phn ng thu c dung d ch thu cha 2 mui. Xc nh iu kin ph hp cho kt qu trn ? A. x z. B. x z. C. z x + y. D. x < z x + y. 2+ Cu 231: Cho x mol Al v y mol Zn vo dung dch cha z mol Fe v t mol Cu2+. Cho bit 2t/3 < x. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. iu kin ca y theo x, z, t dung dch thu c c cha 3 loi ion kim loi l : A. y < z 3x + t. B. y < z + t 3x/2. C. y < 2z + 3x t. D. y < 2z 3x + 2t. Cu 232: Cho hn hp g m 1,2 mol Mg v x mol Zn vo dung dch cha 2 mol Cu2+ v 1 mol Ag+ n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt dung d ch cha ba ion kim loi. Trong cc gi tr sau y, gi tr no ca x tho mn trng hp trn ? A. 2. B. 1,2. C. 1,5. D. 1,8. Cu 233: Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch cha hn hp g m AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2,80. B. 4,08. C. 2,16. D. 0,64. Cu 234: Cho 19,3 gam hn hp bt Zn v Cu c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2 vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol Fe2(SO4)3. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam kim loi. Gi tr ca m l : A. 6,40. B. 16,53. C. 12,00. D. 12,80. Cu 235: Cho 6,48 gam bt kim loi nhm vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp Fe2(SO4)3 1M v ZnSO4 0,8M. Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c m gam hn hp cc kim loi. Gi tr ca m l : A. 14,50 gam. B. 16,40 gam. C. 15,10 gam. D. 15,28 gam. Cu 236: Cho 0,3 mol magie vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp cha Fe(NO3)3 2M v Cu(NO3)2 1M, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng kim loi thu c l : A. 12 gam. B. 11,2 gam C. 13,87 gam. D. 16,6 gam. Cu 237: Cho hn hp bt gm 2,7 gam Al v 5,6 gam Fe vo 650 ml dung dch AgNO3 1M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l : A. 3,24. B. 64,8. C. 59,4. D. 54,0. Cu 238: Cho hn hp bt gm 9,6 gam Cu v 2,8 gam Fe vo 550 ml dung dch AgNO3 1M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l (bit th t trong dy th in ho: Fe3+/Fe2+ ng trc Ag+/Ag) : A. 54,0. B. 48,6. C. 32,4. D. 59,4. Cu 239: Cho hn hp X (dng bt) gm 0,01 mol Al v 0,025 mol Fe tc dng vi 400 ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO3)2 0,05M v AgNO3 0,125M. Kt thc phn ng, lc kt ta cho nc lc tc dng vi dung d ch NaOH d thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2,740 gam. B. 35,2 gam. C. 3,52 gam. D. 3,165 gam. Cu 240: Cho m gam hn hp X gm Al v Na tc dng vi H2O d, thu c 8,96 lt kh H2 (ktc) v cn li mt lng cht rn khng tan. Khi lng ca Na trong m gam X l : A. 2,3 gam. B. 4,6 gam. C. 6,9 gam. D. 9,2 gam.
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Cu 241: Chia m gam hn hp g m Al v Na lm hai phn bng nhau : - Phn 1 cho vo nc d thu c 13,44 lt kh (ktc). - Phn 2 cho vo dung dch NaOH d thu c 20,16 lt kh (ktc). Gi tr ca m l A. 40,8 gam. B. 20,4 gam. C. 33 gam. D. 43,8 gam. Cu 242: Trn 5,6 gam bt st vi 3,2 gam bt lu hunh r i nung nng trong iu kin khng c khng kh, thu c hn hp rn Y. Cho Y tc dng vi lng d dung dch HCl, gii phng h n hp kh Z v cn li mt phn khng tan G. t chy hon ton Z v G cn va V lt O2 ( ktc). Gi tr ca V l : A. 2,8. B. 3,36. C. 3,08. D. 4,48. Cu 243: Cho 16,2 gam kim loi M c ho tr n tc dng vi 0,15 mol O2. Cht rn thu c sau phn ng em ho tan vo dung dch HCl d thy thot ra 13,44 lt H2 (ktc). Kim loi M l : A. Fe. B. Al. C. Ca. D. Mg. Cu 244: Cho m gam bt st vo dung dch hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuSO4 v 0,2 mol HCl. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,725m gam hn hp kim loi. Gi tr ca m l A. 16,0. B. 18,0. C. 16,8. D. 11,2. Cu 245: Chia hn hp X gm K, Al v Fe thnh hai phn bng nhau. - Cho phn 1 vo dung dch KOH (d) thu c 0,784 lt kh H2 (ktc). - Cho phn 2 vo mt lng d H2O, thu c 0,448 lt kh H2 (ktc) v m gam hn hp kim loi Y. Ha tan hon ton Y vo dung dch HCl (d) thu c 0,56 lt kh H2 (ktc). Kh i lng (tnh theo gam) ca K, Al, Fe trong m i phn hn hp X ln lt l : A. 0,39 ; 0,54 ; 1,40. B. 0,78 ; 0,54 ; 1,12. C. 0,39 ; 0,54 ; 0,56. D. 0,78 ; 1,08 ; 0,56. Cu 246: Ha tan hon ton 28,8 gam kim loi Cu vo dung dch HNO3 long, tt c kh NO thu c em oxi ha thnh NO2 r i sc vo nc c dng oxi chuyn ht thnh HNO3. Th tch kh oxi ktc tham gia vo qu trnh trn l : A. 100,8 lt. B. 10,08 lt. C. 50,4 lt. D. 5,04 lt. Cu 247: Cho hn hp gm 0,01 mol Al v 0,02 mol Mg tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c m gam cht rn X g m 3 kim loi, X tc dng hon ton vi HNO3 c, d thu c V lt NO2 ( ktc v duy nht). Gi tr ca V l : A. 1,232. B. 1,456. C. 1,904. D. 1,568. Cu 248: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 long, un nng. Sau phn ng thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch D v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 l : A. 3,2M. B. 3,5M. C. 2,6M. D. 5,1M. Cu 249: Nung 2,23 gam hn hp X g m cc kim loi Fe, Al, Zn, Mg trong oxi, sau mt thi gian thu c 2,71 gam hn hp Y. Ha tan hon ton Y vo dung dch HNO3 (d), thu c 0,672 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). S mol HNO3 phn ng l A. 0,12. B. 0,14. C. 0,16. D. 0,18. Cu 250*: t 16,2 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe trong kh Cl2 thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Cho Y vo nc d, thu c dung dch Z v 2,4 gam kim loi. Dung dch Z tc dng c vi ti a 0,21 mol KMnO4 trong dung dch H2SO4 (khng to ra SO2). Phn trm kh i lng ca Fe trong hn hp X l A. 72,91%. B. 64,00%. C. 37,33%. D. 66,67%.
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Cu 251*: t chy hn hp g m 1,92 gam Mg v 4,48 gam Fe vi hn hp kh X g m clo v oxi, sau phn ng ch thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit v mu i clorua (khng cn kh d) ha tan Y bng mt lng va 120 ml dung dch HCl 2M, thu c dung d ch Z. Cho AgNO3 d vo dung dch Z, thu c 56,69 gam kt ta. Phn trm th tch ca clo trong hn hp X l : A. 51,72%. B. 76,70%. C. 53,85%. D. 56,36%. Cu 252*: Cho 18,4 gam hn hp X g m Cu2S, CuS, FeS2 v FeS tc dng ht vi HNO3 (c nng d) thu c V lt kh ch c NO2 ( ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch Y. Cho ton b Y vo mt lng d dung dch BaCl2, thu c 46,6 gam kt ta, cn khi cho ton b Y tc dng vi dung d ch NH3 d thu c 10,7 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l : A. 38,08. B. 11,2. C. 24,64. D. 16,8. Cu 253*: Nung nng m gam bt Fe vi S trong bnh kn khng c khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c 12,8 gam hn hp rn X gm Fe, FeS, FeS2, S. Ho tan hon ton X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng d, thu c 10,08 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l : A. 5,6. B. 8,4. C. 11,2. D. 2,8. Cu 254: Cho 1,82 gam hn hp bt X gm Cu v Ag (t l s mol tng ng 4 : 1) vo 30 ml dung dch gm H2SO4 0,5M v HNO3 2M, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c a mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ca N+5). Trn a mol NO trn vi 0,1 mol O2 thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho ton b Y tc dng vi H2O, thu c 150 ml dung dch c pH = z. Gi tr ca z l : A. 1. B. 3. C. 2. D. 4. Cu 255*: Cho 0,87 gam hn hp g m Fe, Cu v Al vo bnh ng 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,32 gam cht rn v c 448 ml kh (ktc) thot ra. Thm tip vo bnh 0,425 gam NaNO3, khi cc phn ng kt thc th th tch kh NO (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) to thnh v kh i lng mu i trong dung dch l : A. 0,112 lt v 3,750 gam. B. 0,112 lt v 3,865 gam. C. 0,224 lt v 3,750 gam. D. 0,224 lt v 3,865 gam. Cu 256: in phn nng chy mu i clorua ca kim loi M. catot thu c 20,55 gam kim lo i v anot c 3,36 lt kh (ktc) thot ra. Mui clorua l : A. NaCl. B. KCl. C. BaCl2. D. CaCl2. Cu 257: in phn nng chy a gam mt mu i X to bi kim loi M v mt halogen thu c 0,896 lt kh nguyn cht (ktc). Cng a gam X trn nu ha tan vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M r i cho tc dng vi AgNO3 d th thu c 25,83 gam k t ta. Tn ca halogen l : A. Flo. B. Clo. C. Brom. D. Iot. Cu 258: in phn nng chy a gam mt mu i X to bi kim loi M v mt halogen thu c 0,224 lt kh nguyn cht (ktc). Cng a gam X trn nu ha tan vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,5M ri cho tc dng vi AgNO3 d th thu c 10,935 gam kt ta. Tn ca halogen l : A. Flo. B. Clo. C. Brom. D. Iot. Cu 259: in phn nng chy a gam mu i A to bi kim loi M v halogen X thu c 0,96 gam M catot v 0,896 lt kh anot. Mt khc ho tan a gam mu i A vo nc r i cho dung dch trn tc dng vi AgNO3 d c 11,48 gam kt ta. Cng thc ca mu i A l : B. MgCl2. C. CaBr2. D. MgBr2. A. CaCl2. Cu 260*: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100%) thu c m kg Al catot v 67,2 m3 (ktc) hn hp kh X c t kh i so vi hiro bng 16. Ly 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh X sc vo dung d ch nc vi trong (d) thu c 2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l : A. 54,0. B. 75,6. C. 67,5. D. 108,0. Cu 261: in phn dng in cc tr dung dch mu i sunfat kim lo i ho tr 2 vi cng dng in 3A. Sau 1930 giy thy kh i lng catot tng 1,92 gam. Mui sunfat in phn l : B. NiSO4. C. MgSO4. D. ZnSO4. A. CuSO4. Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing 75
Cu 262: in phn bng in cc tr dung dch mu i sunfat ca kim loi ho tr II vi dng in c cng 6A. Sau 29 pht in phn thy kh i lng catot tng ln 3,45 gam. Kim loi l : A. Zn. B. Cu. C. Ni. D. Sn. Cu 263: in phn dung dch KCl (d) vi in cc tr, mng ngn xp thi gian 16,1 pht dng in I = 5A thu c 500 ml dung dch A. pH ca dung dch A c gi tr l : A. 12,7. B. 1. C. 13. D. 1,3. Cu 264: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi I = 1,93A t i khi catot bt u c bt kh thot ra th dng li, cn thi gian l 250 giy. Th tch kh thu c anot (ktc) v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 l : A. 28 ml ; 0,0125M. B. 28 ml ; 0,025M. C. 56 ml ; 0,0125M. D. 280 ml ; 0,025M. Cu 265: in phn dung dch CuSO4 (in cc tr) cho n khi catot thu c 3,2 gam kim loi th dng in phn. Dung dch sau in phn c th tch l 1000 ml. pH ca dung dch sau in phn v th tch kh (ktc) thu c anot l : A. 1 ; 3,36 lt. B. 2 ; 0,56 lt. C. 1 ; 0,56 lt. D. 3 ; 2,24 lt. Cu 266: in phn dung dch X cha 0,4 mol M(NO3)2 (vi in cc tr) trong thi gian 48 pht 15 giy, thu c 11,52 gam kim loi M ti catot v 2,016 lt kh (ktc) ti anot. Tn kim loi M v cng dng in l : A. Fe v 24A. B. Zn v 12A. C. Ni v 24A. D. Cu v 12A. Cu 267: in phn 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,4M (in cc tr) trong thi gian 4 gi, cng dng in l 0,402A. Nng mol/l cc cht c trong dung dch sau in phn l (gi s th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k) : B. AgNO3 0,1M v HNO3 0,3M. A. AgNO3 0,15M v HNO3 0,25M. C. AgNO3 0,1M. D. HNO3 0,3M. Cu 268: in phn dung dch AgNO3 (in cc tr) trong thi gian 15 pht, thu c 0,432 gam Ag catot. Sau lm kt ta ht ion Ag+ cn li trong dung dch sau in phn cn dng 25 ml dung dch NaCl 0,4M. Cng dng in v khi lng AgNO3 ban u l (Ag=108) A. 0,429A v 2,38 gam. B. 0,492A v 3,28 gam. C. 0,429A v 3,82 gam. D. 0,249A v 2,38 gam. Cu 269: in phn c mng ngn 150 ml dung dch BaCl2. Kh thot ra anot c th tch l 112 ml (ktc). Dung dch cn li trong bnh in phn sau khi c trung ha bng HNO3 phn ng va vi 20 gam dung dch AgNO3 17%. Nng mol dung dch BaCl2 trc in phn l : A. 0,01M. B. 0,1M. C. 1M. D. 0,001M. Cu 270: in phn 200 ml dung dch mu i nitrat kim loi M ha tr I in cc tr cho n khi b mt catot xut hin bt kh th ngng in phn. trung ha dung dch sau in phn phi cn 250 ml dung dch NaOH 0,8M. Nu ngm 1 thanh Zn c khi lng 50 gam vo 200 ml dung dch mu i nitrat trn, phn ng xong kh i lng l Zn tng thm 30,2% so vi kh i lng ban u. Tnh nng mol mu i nitrat v kim loi M ? A. [MNO3]=1M, Ag. B. [MNO3]=0,1M, Ag. C. [MNO3]=2M, Na. D. [MNO3]=0,011M, Cu. Cu 271: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 nng 0,5M vi in cc tr mt thi gian th th y kh i lng catot tng 1 gam. Nu dng dng in mt chiu c cng 1A, th thi gian in phn t i thiu l : A. 0,45 gi. B. 40 pht 15 giy. C. 0,65 gi. D. 50 pht 16 giy.
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Cu 272: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,2 M vi I = 9,65A. Tnh kh i lng Cu bm ln catot khi thi gian in phn t 1 = 200 giy, t2 = 500 giy ln lt l : A. 0,32 gam v 0,64 gam. B. 0,64 gam v 1,28 gam. C. 0,64 gam v 1,32 gam. D. 0,32 gam v 1,28 gam. Cu 273*: Ha tan 13,68 gam mu i MSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. in phn X (vi in cc tr, cng dng in khng i) trong thi gian t giy, c y gam kim loi M duy nht catot v 0,035 mol kh anot. Cn nu thi gian in phn l 2t giy th tng s mol kh thu c c hai in cc l 0,1245 mol. Gi tr ca y l : A. 4,480. B. 3,920. C. 1,680. D. 4,788. Cu 274: Ha tan 4,5 gam tinh th MSO4.5H2O vo nc c dung dch X. in phn dung dch X vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1,93A. Nu thi gian in phn l t giy th thu c kim loi M catot v 156,8 ml kh t i anot. Nu thi gian in phn l 2t giy th thu c 537,6 ml kh. Bit th tch cc kh o ktc. Kim loi M v thi gian t ln lt l : A. Ni v 1400 giy. B. Cu v 2800 giy. C. Ni v 2800 giy. D. Cu v 1400 giy. Cu 275: Ho tan a mol Fe3O4 bng dung dch H2SO4 va , thu c dung dch X. in phn X vi 2 in cc tr bng dng in cng 9,65A. Sau 1000 giy th kt thc in phn v khi trn catot bt u thot ra bt kh. Gi tr ca a l : A. 0,0125. B. 0,050. C. 0,025. D. 0,075. Cu 276: in phn 200 ml dung dch cha Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v AgNO3 0,1M vi anot bng Cu, cng dng in 5A, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng anot gim 1,28 gam. a. Kh i lng kim loi thot ra trn catot l : A. 2,8 gam. B. 4,72 gam. C. 2,16 gam. D. 3,44 gam. b. Thi gian in phn l : A. 386 giy. B. 1158 giy. C. 772 giy. D. 965 giy. Cu 277: in phn dung dch B g m 0,04 mol CuSO4 v 0,04 mol Ag2SO4 trong thi gian 38 pht 36 giy vi in cc tr, cng dng in 5A. Kh i lng kim loi thot ra catot l : A. 9,92 gam. B. 8,64 gam. C. 11,20 gam. D. 10,56 gam. Cu 278: in phn 100 ml dung dch Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v AgNO3 0,1M vi cng dng in I = 3,86 A. Tnh thi gian in phn c mt khi lng kim loi bm bn catot l 1,72 gam. A. 250 giy. B. 1000 giy. C. 500 giy. D. 750 giy. Cu 279: in phn dung dch hn hp g m 0,1 mol FeCl3, 0,2 mol CuCl2 v 0,1 mol HCl (in cc tr). Khi catot bt u thot kh th anot thu c V lt kh (ktc). Bit hiu sut ca qu trnh in phn l 100%. Gi tr ca V l : A. 5,60. B. 11,20. C. 22,40. D. 4,48. Cu 280: in phn 100 ml hn hp dung dch gm FeCl3 1M, FeCl2 2M, CuCl2 1M v HCl 2M vi in cc tr c mng ngn xp, cng dng in l 5A trong 2 gi 40 pht 50 giy, catot thu c A. 5,6 gam Fe. B. 2,8 gam Fe. C. 6,4 gam Cu. D. 4,6 gam Cu. Cu 281: in phn dung dch hn hp cha 0,1 mol FeCl3, 0,2 mol CuCl2 v 0,1 mol HCl (in cc tr, mng ngn xp). Khi catot bt u si bt kh th dng in phn. Ti thi im ny kh i lng catot tng A. 0,0 gam. B. 5,6 gam. C. 12,8 gam. D. 18,4 gam.
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Cu 282: in phn c mng ngn 500 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm CuCl2 0,1M v NaCl 0,5M (in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100%) vi cng dng in 5A trong 3860 giy. Dung dch thu c sau in phn c kh nng ho tan m gam Al. Gi tr ln nht ca m l : A. 4,05. B. 2,70. C. 1,35. D. 5,40. Cu 283: in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,1M v CuCl2 0,5M bng in cc tr. Khi catot c 3,2 gam Cu th th tch kh thot ra anot l : A. 0,672 lt. B. 1,12 lt. C. 6,72 lt. D. 0,448 lt. Cu 284: in phn (in cc tr) dung dch X cha 0,2 mol CuSO4 v 0,12 mol NaCl bng dng in c cng 2A. Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot sau 9650 giy in phn l : A. 2,240 lt. B. 2,912 lt. C. 1,792 lt. D. 1,344 lt. Cu 285*: in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp g m HCl 0,1M v CuSO4 0,5M bng in cc tr. Khi catot c 3,2 gam Cu th th tch kh thot ra anot l : A. 0,672 lt. B. 0,84 lt. C. 6,72 lt. D. 0,448 lt. Cu 286*: in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,1M v FeSO4 0,5M bng in cc tr. Khi catot c 5,6 gam Fe th th tch kh thot ra anot l : A. 0,672 lt. B. 0,84 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 0,448 lt. Cu 287: Ha tan 50 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,6 M thu c dung dch X. em in phn dung dch X (cc in cc tr) vi cng dng in 1,34A trong 4 gi. Kh i lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch kh thot ra anot ( ktc) ln lt l (Bit hiu sut in phn l 100%) : A. 6,4 gam v 1,792 lt. B. 10,8 gam v 1,344 lt. C. 6,4 gam v 2,016 lt. D. 9,6 gam v 1,792 lt. Cu 288: in phn 200 ml dung dch Y g m KCl 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2M vi cng dng in 5A trong thi gian 1158 giy, in cc tr, mng ngn xp. Gi s nc bay hi khng ng k. gim kh i lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l : A. 3,59 gam. B. 2,31 gam. C. 1,67 gam. D. 2,95 gam Cu 289: in phn 2 lt dung dch hn hp g m NaCl v CuSO4 n khi H2O b in phn hai cc th dng li, ti catot thu 1,28 gam kim lo i v anot thu 0,336 lt kh (ktc). Coi th tch dung dch khng i th pH ca dung dch thu c l : A. 3. B. 2. C. 12. D. 13. Cu 290: C hai bnh in phn mc n i tip nhau. Bnh 1 cha dung d ch CuCl2, bnh 2 cha dung dch AgNO3. Tin hnh in phn vi in cc tr, kt thc in phn thy catot ca bnh 1 t ng ln 1,6 gam. Kh i lng catot ca bnh 2 t ng ln l : A. 10,80 gam. B. 5,40 gam. C. 2,52 gam. D. 3,24 gam. Cu 291: C 2 bnh in phn mc n i tip bnh 1 cha CuCl2, bnh 2 cha AgNO3. Khi anot ca bnh 1 thot ra 22,4 lt mt kh duy nht th anot ca bnh 2 thot ra bao nhiu lt kh ? (Bit cc th tch o cng iu kin). A. 11,2 lt. B. 22,4 lt. C. 33,6 lt. D. 44,8 lt. Cu 292: C hai bnh in phn mc n i tip : Bnh 1 cha 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,1M ; Bnh 2 cha 100 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M tin hnh in phn c mng ngn cho ti khi bnh hai to ra dung dch c pH = 13 th ngng in phn. Gi s th tch dung dch hai bnh khng i. Nng mol ca Cu2+ trong dung dch bnh 1 sau in phn l : A. 0,04M. B. 0,10M. C. 0,05M. D. 0,08M.
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Cu 293: Cho mt dng in c cng I khng i i qua 2 bnh in phn mc n i tip, bnh 1 cha 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,01M, bnh 2 cha 100 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,01M. Bit rng sau thi gian in phn 500 giy th bnh 2 xut hin kh bn catot. Cng dng in I, kh i lng Cu bm vo catot v th tch kh (ktc) xut hin anot ti bnh 1 l : B. 0,193A ; 0,032 gam Cu ; 11,2 ml O2. A. 0,193A ; 0,032 gam Cu ; 5,6 ml O2. C. 0,386A ; 0,64 gam Cu ; 22,4 ml O2. D. 0,193A ; 0,032 gam Cu ; 22,4 ml O2. Cu 294: Mc n i tip hai bnh in phn : bnh (1) cha dung dch MCl2 v bnh (2) cha dung dch AgNO3. Sau 3 pht 13 giy th catot bnh (1) thu c 1,6 gam kim loi cn catot bnh (2) thu c 5,4 gam kim loi. C hai bnh u khng thy kh thot ra catot. Kim loi M l v cng dng in dng l : A. Zn ; 25A. B. Cu ; 25A. C. Cu ; 12,5A. D. Pb ; 25A. Cu 295: Tin hnh in phn (vi in cc Pt) 200 gam dung dch NaOH 10% n khi dung dch NaOH trong bnh c nng 25% th ngng in phn. Th tch kh ( ktc) thot ra anot v catot ln lt l : A. 149,3 lt v 74,7 lt. B. 156,8 lt v 78,4 lt. C. 78,4 lt v 156,8 lt. D. 74,7 lt v 149,3 lt. Cu 296: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 (dung dch X) vi in cc tr sau thi gian ngng in phn th thy kh i lng X gim. Dung dch sau in phn tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch BaCl2 0,3M to kt ta trng. Cho bit kh i lng ring dung dch CuSO4 l 1,25g/ml ; sau in phn lng H2O bay hi khng ng k. Nng mol/lt v nng % dung dich CuSO4 trc in phn l : A. 0,35M, 8%. B. 0,52, 10%. C. 0,75M, 9,6%. D. 0,49M, 12%. Cu 297: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,1M cho n khi va bt u si bt bn catot th ngng in phn. pH ca dung dch sau in phn (hiu sut 100%, th tch dung dch c xem nh khng i) l : A. pH = 1,0. B. pH = 0,7. C. pH = 1,3. D. pH = 2,0. Cu 298: Sau mt thi gian in phn 200 ml dung dch CuCl2 thu c 1,12 lt kh X ( ktc). Ngm inh st vo dung dch sau in phn, khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thy khi lng inh st tng thm 1,2 gam. Nng mol ca CuCl2 ban u l : A. 1M. B. 1,5M. C. 1,2M. D. 2M. Cu 299: in phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc tr, sau mt thi gian thu c 0,32 gam Cu catot v mt lng kh X anot. Hp th hon ton lng kh X trn vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng). Sau phn ng, nng NaOH cn li l 0,05M (gi thit th tch dung dch khng thay i). Nng ban u ca dung d ch NaOH l : A. 0,15M. B. 0,2. C. 0,1. D. 0,05. Cu 300: in phn dung dch NaCl n ht (c mng ngn, in cc tr), cng dng i n 1,61A th ht 60 pht. Thm 0,03 mol H2SO4 vo dung dch sau in phn th thu c mu i v i kh i lng l : A. 4,26 gam. B. 8,52 gam. C. 2,13 gam. D. 6,39 gam. Cu 301: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1A. Khi th y catot bt u c bt kh thot ra th dng in phn. trung ha dung d ch thu c sau khi in phn cn dng 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Thi gian in phn v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u l : A. 965 giy v 0,025M. B. 1930 giy v 0,05M. C. 965 giy v 0,05M. D. 1930 giy v 0,025M.
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Cu 302: in phn 500 ml dung dch AgNO3 vi in cc tr cho n khi catot bt u c kh thot ra th ngng li. trung ha dung dch sau in phn cn 800 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Nng mol AgNO3 v thi gian in phn l bao nhiu (bit I = 20A) ? A. 0,8M, 3860 giy. B. 1,6M, 3860 giy. C. 1,6M, 360 giy. D. 0,4M, 380 giy. Cu 303: Sau mt thi gian in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc tr, khi lng dung dch gim 4 gam. lm kt ta ht ion Cu2+ cn li trong dung dch sau khi in phn cn dng 50 ml dung dch H2S 0,5M. Nng mol/l ca dung dch CuSO4 trc lc in phn l : A. 0,375M. B. 0,420M. C. 0,735M D. 0,750M. Cu 304: in phn (vi in cc tr) 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 nng x mol/l, sau mt thi gian thu c dung dch Y vn cn mu xanh, c khi lng gim 8 gam so vi dung dch ban u. Cho 16,8 gam bt Fe vo Y, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 12,4 gam kim loi. Gi tr ca x l : A. 2,25. B. 1,5. C. 1,25. D. 3,25. Cu 305: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc tr bng dng in mt chiu I = 9,65 A. Khi th tch kh thot ra c hai in cc u l 1,12 lt (ktc) th dng in phn. Kh i lng kim loi sinh ra catot v thi gian in phn l : A. 3,2 gam v 2000 giy. B. 3,2 gam v 800 giy. C. 6,4 gam v 3600 giy. D. 5,4 gam v 800 giy. Cu 306*: in phn 200 ml dung dch Fe(NO3)2. Vi dng in mt chiu cng dng in 1A trong 32 pht 10 giy th va in phn ht Fe2+, ngng in phn v yn dung dch mt th i gian th thu c 0,28 gam kim loi. Kh i lng dung dch gim l : A. 0,16 gam. B. 0,72 gam. C. 0,59 gam. D. 1,44 gam. Cu 307*: in phn 200 ml dung dch Cu(NO3)2 n khi bt u c kh thot ra catot th ngng. yn dung dch cho n khi kh i lng khng i th kh i lng catot tng 3,2 gam so vi lc cha in phn. Nng mol/l ca dung d ch Cu(NO3)2 trc phn ng l : A. 0,5M. B. 0,9M. C. 1M. D. 1,5M. Cu 308: Tin hnh in phn hon ton dung dch X cha 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c 56 gam hn hp kim loi catot v 4,48 lt kh anot (ktc). Nng mol AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong X ln lt l : A. 2M v 1M. B. 1M v 2M. C. 2M v 4M. D. 4M v 2M. Cu 309: in phn 400 ml dung dch cha 2 mui KCl v CuCl2 vi in cc tr v mng ngn cho n khi anot thot ra 3,36 lt kh (ktc) th ngng in phn. trung ha dung dich sau in phn cn 100 ml dung dch HNO3 1M. Dung dch sau khi trung ha tc dng vi AgNO3 d sinh ra 2,87 gam kt ta trng. Nng mol ca m i mui trong dung d ch trc in phn l : A. [CuCl2] = 0,25M, [KCl] = 0,03M. B. [CuCl2] = 0,25M, [KCl] = 3M. C. [CuCl2] = 2,5M, [KCl] = 0,3M. D. [CuCl2] = 0,25M, [KCl] = 0,3M. Cu 310: in phn dung dch g m 7,45 gam KCl v 28,2 gam Cu(NO3)2 (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) n kh kh i lng dung dch gim i 10,75 gam th ngng in phn (gi thit lng nc bay hi khng ng k). Tt c cc cht tan trong dung d ch sau in phn l : A. KNO3 v KOH. B. KNO3, KCl v KOH. C. KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. D. KNO3, HNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Cu 311: in phn (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) mt dung dch cha m gam hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl cho ti khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th dng li. anot thu c 0,448 lt kh (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn c th ho tan ti a 0,68 gam Al2O3. Kh i lng ca m l : A. 4,47. B. 4,97. C. 4,47 hoc 5,97. D. 4,47 hoc 4,97. 80
Trong ci ri c ci may
(Dn tr) - Ngy xa c mt ng vua c rt nhiu cn thn thn tn. Tuy nhin ng ta t ra c bit yu mn mt ngi trong s h bi ngi ny rt thng minh, gi i giang v lun lun a ra nhng li khuyn hu ch. Mt ngy n, nh vua b mt con ch cn vo ngn tay v vt thng ngy cng tr nn trm trng. Nh vua lin h i ngi cn thn rng c phi mt im xu hay khng. Ngi cn thn tr li: l iu tt hay xu th kh m c th ni trc c, tha c vua. Cu i cng, ngn tay ca nh vua b hoi t nng v cn phi ct b. Nh vua lin h i li ngi cn thn: Hn y l mt im xu?. Mt ln na, ngi cn thn vn tr li nh c: Tt hay xu rt kh ni, tha c vua. Nh vua tc gin tng giam ngi cn thn ca mnh. Vo mt ngy nh vua i sn trong rng. ng khp khi mng thm khi mi m u i theo mt con nai ri ngy cng dn su hn vo rng rm. Cui cng nh vua nhn thy mnh b lc. iu ti t hn l ng b th dn bt li lm vt t thn. Nhng h bt ng nhn ra rng nh vua thiu mt mt ngn tay. Ngay lp tc h th nh vua ra v ng ta khng phi l mt ngi n ng hon ho v khng ph hp dng ln c Thnh Thn. Sau nh vua tm c ng v cung in. Nh vua hiu ra li ni ca ngi cn thn nm xa: Tt hay xu th kh m c th ni trc c. Nu khng b mt mt ngn tay, nh vua c th b git. Ngay lp tc, nh vua truyn lnh th ngi cn thn ca mnh v xin l i anh ta. Nhng ngi c n thn khng c v g on trch nh vua khi b t y. Tri li, ngi cn thn ni: khng hn l iu ti t khi c vua giam thn li. Ti sao?, nh vua h i. Bi nu c vua khng giam thn li, thn s c i theo trong chuyn i sn. Nu ngi dn bn a nhn ra rng nh vua khng thch hp cho vic cng t, h s s dng thn dng ln v th n ca h. i khi chng ta lun cm thy tht vng, au bun khi m i th khng sun s nh mong i. Cng c khi cm gic nh c th gi i ang sp . Khi iu xy, khng c g l sai khi chng ta khc hoc cm thy tht vng. Nhng mt khi bn bnh tnh v kim sot bn thn tr li, hy th nhn chng di mt gc khc, c th bn s nhn ra rng chng khng ti t nh bn ngh v i khi l c hi bn c c iu t t hn. C nhng iu tng chng nh thun li ban u l i c kt thc ti t v ngc li. Khng c g thc s xc nh c l xu hay tt. Hay chng ch l vn m chng ta nhn n theo chiu hng tch cc hay bi quan m thi. Ni cch khc, trong ci ri c ci may, v iu quan trng nht l khng bao gi c t b hi vng. Bi v th gii vn lun c mt ni tt p v cuc sng vn mun mu.
81
PHN 2 :
CHUYN 1:
1D 11B 21C 31C 41C 51A 61D 71D 81B 91A 101D 111B 121A 131A 141C 151A 161D 171B 181B 191D 201B 211A 221B 231B 241A 251C 261A 271D 281C 291A 301A 311C 2A 12B 22A 32A 42C 52C 62A 72B 82D 92B 102C 112B 122D 132B 142D 152D 162D 172C 182D 192A 202A 212D 222B 232B 242B 252A 262B 272B 282B 292C 302B 3B 13D 23D 33C 43C 53D 63B 73C 83C 93D 103D 113C 123A 133B 143C 153B 163C 173C 183A 193A 203D 213C 223B 233B 243B 253C 263C 273A 283B 293A 303D
P N
I CNG V KIM LOI
4C 14D 24D 34A 44C 54A 64D 74C 84A 94B 104A 114A 124A 134B 144C 154B 164D 174D 184A 194D 204D 214BB 224D 234A 244A 254A 264A 274D 284C 294B 304C 5B 15B 25C 35C 45B 55C 65C 75B 85C 95D 105C 115A 125B 135B 145C 155D 165C 175D 185D 195B 205A 215D 225B 235C 245C 255B 265C 275A 285A 295D 305A 6B 16D 26B 36D 46B 56C 66A 76C 86D 96A 106B 116B 126D 136C 146A 156B 166B 176B 186D 196D 206C 216A 226D 236A 246D 256C 266D 276AC 286C 296C 306C 7B 17B 27C 37B 47B 57D 67C 77D 87C 97A 107B 117B 127C 137C 147A 157A 167C 177B 187B 197C 207B 217A 227C 237B 247D 257B 257B 277A 287A 297B 307C 8A 18D 28C 38BA 48B 58B 68D 78D 88D 98B 108C 118A 128A 138B 148A 158C 168A 178B 188C 198B 208C 218C 228B 238B 248A 258C 268A 278D 288D 298A 308A 9B 19A 29B 39B 49A 59C 69A 79D 89A 99B 109B 119C 129C 139D 149D 159A 169B 179A 189C 199C 209A 219A 229C 239A 249D 259B 269B 279A 289B 299C 309D 10A 20B 30A 40A 50B 60D 70C 80A 90D 100C 110A 120C 130C 140B 150D 160D 170D 180D 190A 200C 210B 220A 230D 240B 250D 260B 270A 280C 290B 300A 310D
82
CHUYN 2: KIM LOI KIM, KIM LOI KIM TH, NHM BI 1 : KIM LOI KIM V HP CHT CA KIM LOI KIM
1A 11C 21C 31B 41D 51B 61A 71D 81A 91AB 101D 111A 121C 131B 2A 12A 22D 32A 42C 52B 62B 72A 82B 92B 102D 112A 122C 132D 3B 13C 23D 33C 43B 53B 63B 73D 83B 93D 103A 113A 123D 133C 4C 14B 24D 34C 44D 54B 64C 74B 84D 94B 104B 114B 124C 134C 5C 15C 25B 35A 45A 55B 65A 75C 85C 95C 105A 115A 125A 135C 6D 16A 26B 36A 46C 56B 66A 76B 86B 96A 106C 116B 126C 136C 7C 17A 27B 37B 47A 57A 67D 77C 87A 97B 107B 117A 127B 137A 8B 18D 28C 38A 48A 58B 68B 78D 88A 98D 108B 118A 128C 138B 9A 19B 29C 39B 49A 59C 69B 78B 89D 99D 109B 119D 129D 139B 10B 20D 30C 40A 50A 60A 70B 80A 90B 100B 110B 120D 130D 140D
BI 2 :
KIM LOI KIM TH V HP CHT CA KIM LOI KIM TH

3D 13D 23B 33C 43D 53C 63D 73D 83B 93D 103A 113C 123C 133C 143D 153B 163C 173A 4A 14B 24A 34D 44D 54B 64A 74B 84B 94DD 104D 114C 124A 134C 144B 154CAD 164B 174B 5B 15D 25C 35B 45D 55B 65A 75B 85A 95A 105C 115D 125D 135B 145C 155B 165C 175B 6A 16B 26D 36B 46B 56A 66AB 76A 86B 96A 106D 116A 126A 136D 146D 156D 166B 176D 7B 17C 27A 37A 47A 57A 67D 77A 87C 97B 107A 117B 127C 137B 147B 157D 167A 177C 8D 18B 28A 38C 48B 58A 68A 78D 88D 98C 108B 118C 128C 138D 148B 158B 168D 178D 9D 19C 29A 39C 49C 59A 69B 78A 89B 99C 109A 119D 129B 139D 149C 159C 169C 179A 10B 20D 30D 40D 50B 60A 70C 80A 90B 100D 110B 120A 130C 140C 150D 160A 170A 180C 83
1B 11C 21A 31D 41A 51C 61A 71A 81C 91BD 101D 111C 121D 131A 141C 151B 161C 171C
2B 12C 22A 32C 42A 52DA 62C 72A 82A 92C 102C 112C 122C 132C 142A 152B 163B 172D
BI 3 : NHM V HP CHT CA NHM

1D 11B 21D 31B 41C 51C 61D 71C 81B 91B 101A 111A 121B 131B 141B 151A 161A 171D 181B 191C 201A 211B 221C 2B 12D 22C 32B 42B 52B 62D 72A 82A 92B 102B 112B 122C 132D 142C 152A 162B 172B 182B 192A 202C 212A 222D 3C 13B 23B 33D 43D 53D 63C 73D 83B 93B 103A 113D 123B 133A 143B 153A 163C 173C 183A 193C 203D 213C 223B 4A 14B 24A 34B 44C 54B 64A 74B 84A 94C 104AC 114A 124A 134B 144A 154B 164C 174A 184B 194C 204D 214B 224A 5B 15A 25A 35B 45D 55A 65D 75B 85D 95D 105A 115B 125C 135C 145D 155A 165B 175D 185B 195C 205B 215A 225B 6D 16A 26D 36B 46D 56D 66B 76D 86B 96D 106A 116D 126D 136D 146A 156C 166A 176A 186D 196D 206B 216A 226B 7B 17A 27D 37B 47A 57D 67D 77C 87A 97D 107D 117A 127C 137A 147D 157B 167B 177A 187B 197A 207A 217C 8B 18B 28A 38D 48D 58B 68B 78C 88A 98A 108C 118A 128C 138A 148B 158A 168C 178C 188C 198B 208B 218C 9B 19D 29B 39C 49B 59D 69C 78B 89B 99A 109C 119D 129C 139C 149B 159B 169A 179D 189C 199B 209B 219B 10C 20A 30B 40C 50A 60D 70C 80C 90A 100A 110C 120D 130B 140C 150A 160C 170D 180B 190D 200D 210A 220C
84
CHUYN 3:
CROM, ST, NG, NIKEN, CH, KM, VNG, BC, THIC
BI 1 : CROM V HP CHT CA CROM

1B 11C 21B 31B 41D 51D 61B 71D 81C 2C 12B 22A 32C 42C 52D 62B 72C 82B 3B 13C 23D 33A 43B 53B 63B 73A 83D 4C 14C 24D 34B 44B 54D 64B 74A 84C 5C 15A 25B 35C 45C 55B 65B 75A 85C 6A 16B 26A 36D 46C 56D 66D 76B 86D 7A 17C 27C 37D 47C 57B 67A 77B 87B 8B 18D 28A 38C 48D 58A 68D 78A 88D 9A 19C 29D 39A 49A 59C 69C 78A 89C 10C 20C 30C 40C 50C 60A 70B 80A
Mi th khng lun ging nh bn ngh

C hai thin thn, mt gi mt tr, ang i ngao du v dng li ngh m t i mt gia nh giu c. Gia nh giu c nhng khim nh khng cho nhng thin thn ngh phng khch. Thay vo , h ch cho cc thin thn mt ch trong tng hm lnh lo. Khi ang nm ng, v thin thn gi nhn thy mt ci l trn bc tng ca tng hm. V thin th n lin dy sa li bc tng bng cch bt li ci l. Khi thin thn tr h i ti sao lm vy, thin th n gi p, M i th khng lun ging nh con ngh. m hm sau, hai thin thn ngh chn t i mt gia nh nng dn ngho nhng mn khch. Sau khi chia cho h phn thc n t i ca mnh, v chng ch nh nhng chic ging ca mnh cho cc thin thn ngh trn . Sng hm sau, khi thc dy, cc thin thn thy v chng ngi nng dn ang khc. Con b sa, ngun thu nhp duy nht ca h, cht ngoi ng. Thin thn tr tc gin h i thin thn gi, Ti sao ng c th iu ny xy ra? Ngi ch nh u tin c m i th th ng li gip , trong khi gia nh ny rt ngho kh v sn sng chia s th ng li cho con b ca h cht. M i th khng lun ging nh con ngh, thin thn gi tr li. Khi chng ta trong tng h m ca to lu i, ta thy c mt kho vng c giu trong ci l trn tng. Nhng v tn ch nh qu tham lam v ch k, ta bt kn ci l li khin hn khng th tm ra kho bu. Cn m qua, khi chng ta ng trong nh ngi nng dn, thn cht n y v nh ly i mng sng ca ngi v. Ta xin thn cht ly mng sng ca con b thay cho mng sng ca b y. i khi, m i vic xy ra khng theo bn mun. Nhng nu bn c nim tin, bn hy lun tin rng cc thin thn lun bn bn sp xp m i chuyn xy ra c li cho bn. Ch c iu, c th ph i mt mt thi gian sau bn mi nhn ra c iu .
85
BI 2 : ST V HP CHT CA ST. HP KIM CA ST

1DCD 11A 21B 31A 41D 51D 61C 71A 81D 91C 101B 111B 121D 131B 141B 151B 161C 171C 181C 191B 201B 211D 221C 231C 241B 251A 261C 271D 281D 291D 301C 2D 12D 22C 32D 42C 52D 62B 72B 82B 92A 102A 112B 122A 132D 142B 152C 162A 172D 182C 192B 202A 212B 222B 232C 242BB 252A 262A 272A 282B 292D 302B 3A 13CC 23B 33C 43C 53D 63D 73C 83C 93C 103A 113A 123A 133C 143C 153B 163B 173C 183A 193A 203B 213C 223C 233B 243C 253D 263B 273B 283A 293A 303D 4A 14D 24D 34D 44C 54C 64CB 74A 84C 94D 104D 114B 124D 134D 144D 154A 164A 174B 184B 194C 204C 214B 224A 234A 244A 254A 264C 274B 284C 294D 304A 5D 15D 25D 35BB 45D 55D 65A 75C 85B 95C 105B 115D 125B 135B 145B 155A 165C 175A 185C 195B 205B 215CC 225B 235D 245B 255B 265D 275A 285C 295C 305A 6A 16C 26A 36B 46C 56B 66C 76C 86C 96A 106C 116B 126D 136D 146C 156A 166A 176B 186A 196A 206A 216C 226B 236C 246C 256A 266B 276B 286C 296B 306C 7D 17C 27C 37B 47AB 57C 67A 77C 87D 97C 107B 117A 127A 137B 147C 157A 167D 177B 187A 197C 207B 217A 227A 237D 247B 257D 267A 277B 287B 297D 307A 8D 18C 28A 38C 48B 58C 68B 78B 88A 98B 108C 118C 128B 138A 148A 158D 168D 178A 188A 198A 208B 218B 228B 238A 248B 258A 268C 278A 288B 298D 9D 19A 29A 39B 49C 59B 69D 78B 89A 99B 109C 119C 129B 139A 149C 159A 169A 179CB 189B 199B 209A 219A 229C 239A 249A 259D 268C 279B 289A 299B 10A 20C 30A 40D 50B 60B 70D 80C 90B 100D 110D 120B 130B 140B 150D 160B 170AB 180B 190B 200A 210D 220B 230C 240C 250C 260A 270A 280D 290CAA 300D
86
BI 3 : NG V MT S KIM LOI KHC

1D 11C 21D 31D 41A 51A 61D 71D 81A 91C 101C 111D 2B 12B 22A 32C 42A 52B 62A 72C 82C 92BB 102D 112D 3A 13A 23C 33B 43A 53D 63A 73A 83D 93D 103D 113A 4BA 14B 24D 34B 44A 54C 64A 74C 84A 94B 104D 114A 5D 15A 25B 35B 45A 55A 65C 75B 85D 95B 105B 115D 6C 16B 26D 36A 46C 56B 66B 76A 86C 96B 106D 116D 7A 17A 27D 37D 47A 57A 67D 77B 87B 97D 107A 117D 8B 18B 28B 38D 48B 58B 68B 78A 88D 98D 108B 118A 9B 19A 29D 39A 49A 59C 69A 78B 89B 99B 109B 119A 10C 20C 30D 40B 50C 60A 70B 80A 90B 100B 110D
Bi hc t loi ngng
Vo ma thu, khi bn thy n ngng bay v phng Nam trnh ng theo hnh ch V, bn c t h i nhng l l khoa hc no c th rt ra t ? Mi khi mt con ngng v i cnh ca mnh, n to ra mt lc y cho con ngng bay sau n. Bng cch bay theo hnh ch V, n ngng tit kim c 71% sc lc so vi khi chng bay t ng con mt. Khi l thnh vin ca mt nhm, ta cng chia s nhng mc tiu chung, ta s i n ni ta mu n nhanh hn v d dng hn, v ta ang i da trn s tin tng ln nhau. Mi khi con ngng bay lc h i hnh ch V ca n, n nhanh chng cm thy sc tr ko v nhng kh khn ca vic bay mt mnh. N nhanh chng tr li n bay theo hnh ch V nh c v c hng nhng u th ca sc mnh by n. Nu chng ta cng cm nhn s tinh t ca loi ngng, chng ta s chia s thng tin vi nhng ngi cng ang cng mt mc tiu nh chng ta. Khi con ngng u n mt m i, n s chuyn sang v tr bn cnh v mt con ngng khc s dn u. Chia s v tr lnh o s em li li ch cho tt c v nhng cng vic kh khn nn c thay phin nhau m nhn. Ting ku ca n ngng t ng sau s ng vin nhng con i u gi c tc ca chng. Nhng li ng vin s to nn sc mnh cho nhng ngi ang u con sng, gip h gi vng tc , thay v h mi ngy phi chu ng p lc cng vic v s mt m i trin min. Cui cng khi mt con ngng b bnh hay b thng ri xung, hai con ngng khc s ri kh i b y cng xung vi con ngng b thng v bo v n. Chng s li cho n khi no con ngng b thng c th bay li c hoc l cht v khi chng s nhp vo mt n khc v bay v Phng Nam. Nu chng ta c tinh thn ca loi ngng, chng ta s st cnh bn nhau khi c kh khn. Ln sau c c h i thy mt n Ngng bay bn hy nh....Bn ang hng mt c n khi l thnh vin ca mt nhm.
87
CHUYN 4: PHN BIT MT S CHT V C, CHUN DUNG DCH, HO HC V VN PHT TRIN KINH T, X HI, MI TRNG
1D 11C 21D 31B 41A 51D 61C 71D 81A 91D 101C 111C 2B 12B 22D 32C 42C 52D 62D 72B 82D 92D 102B 112D 3D 13D 23C 33D 43D 53A 63D 73D 83C 93C 103B 113B 4D 14A 24D 34A 44D 54B 64D 74B 84C 94B 104B 114C 5D 15C 25A 35D 45A 55B 65B 75B 85C 95C 105A 6CA 16A 26A 36C 46C 56B 66BC 76C 86A 96A 106C 7B 17C 27A 37B 47D 57B 67B 77B 87D 97B 107A 8A 18A 28A 38D 48A 58B 68B 78B 88D 98D 108B 9D 19B 29B 39C 49A 59B 69B 79D 89A 99B 109A 10B 20D 30B 40B 50D 60D 70C 80D 90A 100A 110C
Gieo v Gt
Gieo thnh tht, s gt lng tin Gieo lng tt, s gt thn thin Gieo khim t n, s gt cao thng Gieo kin nhn, s gt chin thng Gieo cn nhc, s gt ho thun Gieo chm ch, s gt thnh cng Gieo tha th, s gt ho gii Gieo ci m, s gt thn mt Gieo chu ng, s gt cng tc Gieo nim tin, s gt php mu Gieo di tr, s gt ng vc Gieo ch k, s gt c n Gieo kiu hnh, s gt hu dit Gieo k, s gt phin mun Gieo li bing, s gt m mn Gieo cay ng, s gt c lp Gieo tham lam, s gt tn hi Gieo t m pho, s gt k th Gieo lo lng, s gt u lo Gieo ti l i, s gt ti l i s hu cun 4 chuyn ha v c 12, cc em c th lin h vi c Hon theo s in thoi :0918457167 88

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Bin son v ging dy : Thy gio Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Li gii thiu Phn 1:

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

B ti liu n thi i hc, cao ng mn ha hc

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Chng trnh n thi i hc cao ng mn ha hc Mn ha hc lp 10

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Phng php gii nhanh bi tp ha hc

luyn thi trc nghim mn ha hc

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Nhng nghch l ny ang din ra hng ngy xung quanh bn

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

GII THIU 4 CHUYN HA I CNG V V C 12

BI 1 : TNH CHT CHUNG CA KIM LOI. HP KIM A. L THUYT

Trong phn ng ny Fe kh t Cl2 xung Cl b. Tc dng vi oxi

Nhiu kim loi c th kh lu hunh t S xung S . Phn ng cn un nng (tr Hg). V d :

b. Vi dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c

3Cu + 8H N O3 3Cu(NO3 )2 + 2 N O + 4H2 O

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Ag+ + 1e Ag Cu2+ + 2e Cu Fe2+ + 2e Fe

Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag Pb H2 Cu Fe2+ Ag

-2,37 -,166 -0,76 -0,44

-0,23 -0,14 -0,13 0,00 0,34 0,77 0,8

Ai quyt nh s phn mnh

B. PHNG PHP GII BI TP V KIM LOI

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

0, 0875 0,0875 n Kh i lng mu i nitrat sinh ra l :

0, 0875 .n.62 = 6,775 gam. n

Suy ra : nNO tao muoi = n electron trao oi

n AgNO3 = 0, 2.2 = 0, 4 mol n Ag+ = 0, 4 mol.

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Theo gi thit v (1) ta c : 0,04.112 0,04.65 = p n C.

Theo cc phn ng v gi thit ta c :

Phn trm khi lng ca Fe trong X l : p n B.

0,02.56 + 0,28 .100 = 51,85% . 2,7

3,18 = 0,14 mol . 27 Phng trnh phn ng : Al + XCl3 AlCl3 nAl =

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

0,5.23 .100% = 29,87% . 0,5.23 + 1.27

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

T (1) v (2) ta c : x = 0,35 v y = 0,075 m = 0,35.64 = 22,4 gam. p n D.

x = 0,3 mol y = 0, 35 mol

0, 015 = 0,1M pH = 1. 0,15

Hng dn gii = 0, 06 mol, n SO 2 = 0, 03 mol.

nH = 0,02 mol n H+ p = 0,04 mol n H+ d = 0,02 mol.

NO3 , H , Cu, Fe u ht.

nNO = n NO = 0,005 mol VNO = 0,112 lt.

Kh i lng mu i trong dung dch l :

10 iu lng ph nht trong cuc i

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Cc ion khng b in phn trong dung d ch

Cc ion b in phn trong dung d ch

Ti catot (): Ti anot (+): Phng trnh ion :

2 Cu2+ + 2e Cu 1 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e

Ti catot (): Ti anot (+): Phng trnh ion :

1 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH 1 2Cl Cl2 + 2e

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Ti catot (): Ti anot (+):

2 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH 1 2OH O2 + 2H+ + 4e