Nhng khc bit gia Common Law v Civil law : Nhng c im khc nhau c bn ca hai h thng ny c th hin r nt nht

4 tiu ch: ngun gc ca lut (origin of law); tnh cht php in ha (codification); th tc t tng (Procedure); Vai tr ca thm phn v lut s (Role of the Jurists) 3.1. V ngun gc ca lut: Trong php lut lc a, cc quan h ti sn gn lin vi nhng nguyn tc ca Lut dn s La M - Tp hp nhng qui nh php lut lm nn tng cho Lut dn s La M ca Hong Justinian (Justinians Corpus Juris Civilis). Ni n s nh hng ca Lut La M, Mc tng nhn xt rng php lut cc nc Chu u khng th em li nhng hon thin ng k cho Lut La M c i m ch sao n li mt cch c bn. Php lut Anh M khng nh hng su sc v gn b mt thit vi nhng nguyn tc ca lut dn s La M nh php lut lc a. Tuy nhin c hai h thng php lut ny u t nhiu u tha hng s giu c v tnh chun mc ca thut ng php l La M. V d : stare decisis (Phn quyt ca Ta n trc phi c cng nhn nh tin l); pacta sunt servandas (Hp ng phi c tn trng). S nh hng ca cc hc thuyt php l, vi t cch l mt ngun lut th Common Law c xu hng p dng nhiu hn so vi cc nc theo truyn thng Civil law. 3.2.V tnh cht php in ha Quan nim tip cn php lut ca hai h thng php lut ny l khc nhau. H thng Civil law quan nim lut php l phi t cc ch nh c th (All law resides in institutions), cn h thng Common law li quan nim lut php c hnh thnh t tp qun (All law is custom). u im r nt ca cc B lut trong Civil Law l tnh khi qut ha, tnh n nh cao (certainty of law). Php lut Common Law da ch yu trn ngun lut l tin l php (Stare decisis. Thm phn va l ngi xt x va l ngi sng to ra php lut mt cch gin tip. u im r nt nht ca cc tp qun l tnh c th, linh hot v ph hp vi s pht trin ca cc quan h x hi. Php lut lc a chia thnh cng php (public law) v t php (private law), cn php lut Anh - M kh phn chia. Cng php bao gm cc ngnh lut, cc ch nh php lut iu chnh cc quan h v t chc v hot ng ca c quan nh nc, nhng quan h m mt bn tham gia l cc c quan nh nc. Cn t php bao gm cc ngnh lut, cc ch nh php lut iu chnh cc quan h lin quan n cc c nhn, t chc khc. 3.3. V th tc t tng: H thng php lut lc a pht trin hnh thc t tng thm vn, t tng vit (inquisitorial system/ written argument), cn H thng php lut Anh M pht trin hnh thc t tng tranh tng (Case system/ oral argument). Tuy nhin cng khng hon ton ng nu khng nh rng h thng Civil Law khng h p dng vic suy on v ti (presumption of innocence). Khi xt x, cc nc theo h thng Common Law rt coi trng nguyn tc Due process. y l nguyn tc c nhc n trong tu chnh n th 5 v 14 ca Hoa K. Ni dung chnh ca nguyn tc ny ni n ba yu cu chnh: yu cu bnh ng ca cc ng s trong vic a ra chng c trc To (equal footing); yu cu qui trnh xt x phi c tin hnh bi mt Thm phn c lp c chuyn mn, cng mt bi thm on v t, khch quan (fair trial and impartial jury); yu cu lut php phi c qui nh sao cho mt ngi dn bnh thng c th hiu c hnh vi phm ti (Laws must be written so that a reasonable person can understand what is criminal behavior). H thng Civil Law da trn qui trnh t tng thm vn (inquisitorial system) nn trong cc v n hnh s, thm phn cn c ch yu vo Lut thnh vn, kt qu ca c quan iu tra, v qu trnh xt x ti To ra phn quyt. To n cc nc theo truyn thng Common Law c coi l c quan lm lut ln th hai, hay c quan sng to ra n l (The second Legislation). Ngc li cc nc theo truyn thng Civil Law, ch c Ngh vin mi c quyn lm lut, cn To n ch l c quan p dng php lut. cc nc theo truyn thng Common Law a phn cc hip nh quc t khng phi l mt phn ca lut quc ni/ lut quc gia (domestic law). Chng ch c th c to n p dng khi cc hip nh quc t c ni lut ho bi c quan lp php. Cc nc theo truyn thng Civil Law th khc, v d nh Thy S, cc iu c quc t c p dng trc tip nh l mt phn ca lut quc ni, v vy cc To n c th trc tip p dng cc iu c quc t khi xt x. 3.4. V vai tr ca lut s v thm phn, chng c: Php lut Anh - M do n l l ngun c bn, c bit vi truyn thng coi trng chng c nn lut s, thm phn rt c coi trng. Php lut lc a do vn bn qui phm php lut l ngun ch yu, ng thi do thng l "n ti h s" - qu trnh iu tra ph thuc phn ln vo kt qu ca c quan iu tra do vy lut s ban u t c

coi trng nh cc nc theo h thng php lut Anh - M. Thm phn cc nc Civil Law ch tin hnh hot ng xt x m khng c tham gia hot ng lp php, h khng c to ra cc ch nh, cc QPPL. Thm phn ca Civil law c o to theo mt qui trnh ring, h thng trc khng phi l cc lut s. Nhng Common Law th khc, thm phn hu ht u c la chn t nhng lut s rt danh ting; Nguyn nhn dn n s khc nhau ca hai h thng php lut ny c rt nhiu, c c nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan, nhng c bn vn l do tin trnh pht trin ca cch mng t sn khc nhau quyt nh. Cch mng t sn cc nc din ra vi tnh cht, mc trit l khc nhau, c nc cch mng chng phong kin din ra trit , c nc khng trit . Ni n h thng php lut t sn th hai h thng php lut trn l hai h thng php lut ln, tuy nhin bn cnh hai h thng php lut ny cn c s tn ti ca h thng php lut cc nc Hi gio, h thng php lut Bc u T cui th k th 20, cc nc theo h thng Civil Law c nhiu thay i. V d khng cn ch da n thun vo B Dn lut , m cc nc ny, cc n l, cc vn bn di lut, cc nghin cu hc l t php cng c xem l nhng ngun lut quan trng. Cc b dn lut cng c b sung, sa i, nht l c (cn gi tt l BGB). 1. Dng h Civil Law c xu hng coi trng n l Civil Law l dng h coi trng l lun php lut, c trnh h thng ha, php in ha cao vi B lut dn s ra i rt sm v s. i din cho dng h ny c th k n Php, c, Tin l php lut khng c coi trng. c, n l trc y khng c coi l ngun lut ca h thng ny; Ta n khng c quyn lp php m ch c quyn p dng php lut vo nhng trng hp c th. Ngc li, php lut thnh vn c v tr quan trng.Trong xu hng hi t, cc h thng php lut thuc dng h Civil Law s ngy cng coi trng phn quyt ca ta n. iu ny th hin hai vn : - T th k XIX, c ch bo hin ra i, d tn ti cc t chc bo hin ( c l Ta n bo hin). Chnh v th, phn quyt ca t chc bo hin c tnh cht rng buc i vi cc ta n cp di. Ti c, Ta n bo hin lin bang v Ta n cp lin bang khc c ton quyn trong vic xy dng n l. Ta n cp di c ngha v phi thc hin n l ca cc ta n ny, nu khng bn n ca h c th b gim c thm. - Trong qu trnh xt x, m bo s thng nht trong vic xt x, m bo tnh ng n v chuyn mn nghip v cng nh th hin s tn trng phn quyt ca ta cp trn, ta cp di lun c xu hng tham kho nhng bn n c tuyn, cn c vo a ra quyt nh cho v n c th ca mnh. Cc phn quyt ca Ta n rt hay quy chiu n cc phn quyt tuyn trc . y cng c th coi l nhng biu hin ca vic s dng n l trong h thng php lu ca cc nc thuc dng h Civil Law. Ngy nay, n l ti c c cng nhn; trong mt s trng hp, lut thnh vn quy nh khng r rng hay khng c quy nh th ta n c th a ra nguyn tc gii quyt, nu p ng c mt s iu kin nht nh th nguyn tc s tr thnh php lut. 2. Dng h Common Law c xu hng coi trng php lut thnh vn Vi dng h ny, phn ln cc ch nh v quy phm php lut c hnh thnh bng n l. Thm phn va l ngi xt x va l ngi sng to ra php lut mt cch gin tip, va c quyn gii thch php lut. Tiu biu cho dng h Common Law l Anh, M, Canada, c n l c v tr rt quan trng, v d nh khi Ngh vin Anh ginh c quyn lc ti cao, lut tc phm ca ngh vin c hiu lc cao hn c cc quy tc Common Law v Equity, c th sa i cc nguyn tc ; tuy nhin do hai h thng ny c mt uy tn rt ln cho nn cc nh lm lut ch sa i, cng c chng m thi. Trn nguyn tc, khi tham gia vo cc Hip c ca khu vc, iu c quc t th nhng vn bn ny c hiu lc cao hn; tuy nhin, thc t, cc nh lm lut c th ban hnh bt k o lut no thay i nhng quy nh trn c s Common Law v Equity p dng i vi nc mnh. Trong xu hng hi t, dng h Common Law s ngy cng coi trng, s dng nhiu lut thnh vn, vn bn lut, c th di hnh thc cc b php in v hin php thnh vn. V d, Anh, t th k XX nhiu xo trn, lut thnh vn c xu hng pht trin. Lut c son tho theo mt t tng rt mi, khc nhiu so vi nguyn tc Common Law. Khi gia nhp cng ng chung chu u EEC, nay l EU, v cng l thnh vin ca Lin hp quc, Ngh vin Anh tip nhn cc iu c quc t v cc quy nh php lut ca Lin minh chu u (VD: Lut nm 1972, Cng c v nhn quyn) - theo truyn thng lut La m - vo trong h thng php lut Anh, bng hnh thc p dng trc tip cc vn bn hoc ni lut ha. V nguyn tc, trong trng hp xung t php lut th p dng quy nh ca iu c quc t hoc ca Lin minh. Mt nguyn nhn khc c th k n ca vic h thng php lut Anh cng ngy cng coi trng php lut thnh vn l Thng Ngh vin cng ngy cng mong mun khng nh vai tr ca mnh c quan quyn lc ti cao

ca vng quc. Cc quy tc Common Law v Equity ca Ta n Anh ngy cng t ra khng p ng c yu cu ngy cng cao trong vic kim tra, gim st cht ch hot ng ca cc c quan hnh chnh. Xu hng hi t cng th hin r nt hn M. Ngun gc ca ngi M l t Anh di c sang, bn thn h vn khng thch theo m hnh php lut phc tp ca Anh. Ngay t ngy u thnh lp Hp chng quc Hoa K, ngi M cho ra i bn Hin php u tin ca th gii mt vn bn php lut c gi tr php l ti cao i vi ngi M, trong khi Anh ch c hin php khng thnh vn. Ti M, do b my t php c t chc theo m hnh t tp trung cp TW hn Anh v do nhu cu phi thng xuyn ci cch h thng php lut, Ta n M sn sng hn ch phm vi hiu lc ca mt tin l, thm ch c th a ra mt quy tc hon ton ngc li nu thy cn thit. H thng php lut thnh vn ca M rt pht trin. M, vi rt nhiu nh lp php c trnh cao, cho ra i rt nhiu b lut v o lut c gi tr thc tin v c tnh n nh cao. cc bang, h thng php lut thnh vn gi mt v tr quan trng v cc quy tc Common Law khng c hiu lc ln nh Anh, Ngh vin cc bang rt tch cc v cc bang c thm quyn lp php rt rng. Nhng bt cp do s phn tn ca h thng php lut thnh vn cng c hn ch nh c cc d lut mu. V d: D tho mu B lut thng mi thng nht (Uniform Commercial Code) c tt c cc bang thng qua, k c bang Louisiane vi nhng im khng khc nhau ng k v ni dung. i vi phm vi lin bang, cn thit phi xy dng mt h thng php lut kinh t thng nht, h thng php lut lao ng v c ch bo m cc quyn t do ca cng dn c hiu lc tt c cc bang. H thng Common Law v Civil Law ang c khuynh hng xch li gn nhau do s pht trin ca hot ng lp php v s hn ch dn vi tr ca tin l php cc nc thuc h thng Common Law, do qu trnh ha nhp kinh t gia cc nc trong khun kh EEC, nay l Lin minh Chu u EU 5 v ton th gii. C th ni, cc h thng php lut ca hai dng h cng ngy cng c nhiu im nh hng, hc tp nhau, th hin r xu hng hi t: Php lut ca Sct- len trc khi nhp vo Anh tng theo m hnh php lut La M; hin nay, php lut ca Sct-len vn gi nhiu nt c th ca h thng php lut ny. Ngc li, php lut bang K-bch (Canada) v bang Louisiane (M) theo truyn thng php lut La M nhng chu nh hng rt ln ca h thng php lut Anh- M ang c s dng cc bang cn li nc ny. Ngoi ra, mt s nc Chu Phi v Chu nh: Nam Phi, Nht Bn li c xu hng chu nh hng ng thi c hai m hnh lut La M v lut Anh- M i vi mt s quy phm v mt s ch nh php lut nc mnh. Nh vy, chng ta c th nhn thy xu hng hi t ca hai dng h php lut Civil law v Common Law. S hi t ny l mt xu hng tt yu trong qu trnh vn ng, tip bin v hc hi nhau. Mi dng h s pht huy c nhng th mnh ca mnh ng thi khc phc c nhng hn ch ca mnh. l c s cho mt h thng php lut ton th gii pht trin./. l S phn bit gia lut cng v lut t ch mang tnh tng i a) Lut cng Lut cng c hnh thnh trn nn tng ca trng phi lut t nhin Lut cng l tng th cc quy phm php lut iu chnh mi quan h gia Nh nc vi cng dn hoc gia cc c quan nh nc vi nhau trong qu trnh thc hin cng quyn. Publicum jus est quod ad statum rei romanae spectat, privatium quod ad singulorum utilitarem (D.1.1.1.2) Lut cng c c im: - Quy phm lut cng mang tnh tng qut - i tng hng ti ca lut cng l li ch cng - Phng php iu chnh ca lut cng l mnh lnh, th hin ch n phng. - Lut cng mang tnh bt bnh ng, trong cc c quan nh nc c c quyn b)Lut t Lut t l lut iu chnh mi quan h gia cc t nhn. i tng hng ti ca lut t l li ch t, vi phng php iu chnh l tho thun ch. Nhng c im ca dng h Civil Law c th hin y nht lnh vc lut t. Lut Hnh s d theo bn cht thuc cng php nhng theo truyn thng Civil Law c coi l thuc lut t v nhiu quy nh ca n c ban hnh bo v cc quan h t php. c)L do phn chia lut cng v lut t Quan h gia ngi thng tr v ngi b thng tr l quan h c th, i hi mt s iu chnh khc

Li ch cng v li ch t khng th so snh vi nhau 2. S tng ng gia lut cng v lut t cc nc Civil Law Trong lnh vc cng php: c s phn chia thnh cc ngnh lut tng t, cc ch nh cng c cc im tng ng. L do: Tng ng v t duy php l Tng ng trong o to lut Do lut t c xy dng trn c s Lut La M Do cc nc tip nhn cc tp qun c p dng chung cc nc c cu trc lin bang th c h thng php lut ca tng bang v cu c lin bang Trong cng php, php lut ca cc nc c nhiu ch nh khc nhau nh ch nh bo hin Trong t php c s phn bit Lut Dn s, Lut Thng mi 3.Khc vi Civil law, Common law khng phn chia thnh lut cng v lut t v cc l do sau y : - S phn bit ny t c ngha trong thi k phong kin Anh, giai on u ca s pht trin Common law, v cc quyn cng v t c xc nh thng qua quyn li v ti sn, nhng khng c s phn bit gia s hu ti sn v cc s quan cng theo kiu Civil law. - C mt h thng ta n tr thnh ni xem xt cc hoati ng lp php, hnh php, k c trong tranh chp t. Do vy khng c s phn bit hon ton v quyn lc theo kiu Civil law. - Cc hc gi M ban u c khuynh hng l i s phn bit v xem nh khng cn thit cho xu hng tng hp cc quyt nh phn x ( 52. o to lut v ngh lut Php. Bng i hc (Maitrise) lut l iu kin tin quyt cn thit hnh ngh lut trong bt k lnh vc no ti Php o to thm phn v cng t vin Sau 4 nm hc i hc lut, mt ngi mun lm thm phn hoc cng t vin c th d tuyn vo Trng thm phn ti Bordeaux (Ecole national de la magistrature). Chng trnh o to thm phn di 31 thng, trong khi hc, cc hc vin c hng lng. Sau khi hon thnh tt chng trnh vi k thc tp rt quan trng, hc vin tt nghip c b nhim vo cc v tr xt x hoc cng t Ngh lut s Php Php, ngh lut s c quan nim l mt ngh t do v c quy ch c lp Lut s c quyn trong vic tr gip v i din cho cc bn trc to n, tr trng hp php lut c quy nh khc. Hot ng ca lut s Php khng ging nh lut s cc nc Common Law. Mc d php lut xc nh r th tc tranh lun ti phin to nhng trn thc t a s v vic c gii quyt trc khi lut s c mt ti to. iu kin bt buc hnh ngh lut s Php L thnh vin ca hi lut s a phng (barreau) vi iu kin gia nhp l: Phi c bng Maitrise v lut, Phi hon thnh kho hc 12 thng Trung tm o to lut s, tri qua k thi c Giy chng ch v kh nng hnh ngh lut s Phi lm lut s thc tp trong 2-5 nm Lut s phi mua bo him trch nhim ngh nghip dn s cho hot ng ngh nghip ca mnh Cng chng vin Cng chng vin (chng kh vin) l cc lut gia qua o to v kim tra v nghip v php lut. V php l, cng chng vin l ngi duy nht c quyn lm mt s giy chng nhn, l ngi son tho di chc, tho thun v ti sn v chng, chuyn i bt ng sn ... Chc nng ca cng chng vin khng ch l lm giy t m cn lm nhim v c vn cho cc bn, khuyn co v hu qu ca cc hnh vi ca h. S cng chng vin Php c hn nh bi quy nh ca php lut. 51. o to lut M v nhng kinh nghim ca h. * V u vo: vic o to lut M l o to sau i hc, sinh vin lut l nhng ngi tt nghip i hc c bng c nhn mt mn khoa hc bt k. Cc khoa lut M tuyn sinh vin u vo rt kht khe, thng la chn nhng sinh vin tht s xut sc. Nhng ngi trng tuyn s theo hc 3 nm ti khoa lut ly bng J.D ( jurist doctor ) - vn bng lut c bn M. tui trung bnh cho sinh vin khoa lut tt nghip M l 29, tui cho con ngi hon thin v nhn cch v gi vng lp trng li ni v hnh ng.

* V chng trnh o to: M l nh nc lin bang nn ngoi h thng php lut lin bang cn c 50 h thng php lut ca bang v qun Columbia. V phm vi o to, trng hc ca mt s bang ch o to lut ca bang, c trng li o to c lut lin bang, thm ch nhng sinh vin tt nghip ra cn c th hnh ngh nhng ni chp nhn Common Law. Cht lng gia cc trng o to lut cng c s khc bit, th hin c th bi cc trng hng u vi s o to bi bn, cht lng, khoa hc vi c s vt cht tt, lc lng ging vin c nng lc chuyn mn v kh nng ging dy hiu qu nh Havard, Columbia,.. Bn cnh c s cnh tranh rt gay gt v cht lung c trong vic tuyn dng v o to sinh vin ca cc trng o to lut ti M, nhm em li danh ting cho trng mnh. H mi cc tc gi, nhng ngi ni ting trong lnh vc php lut v trng nghin cu, ging dy nhm thu ht sinh vin v cc ngun ti tr. * Phng php o to: Phng php ging dy php lut ca M rt ph hp vi tnh hnh phc tp v lun lun thay i ca x hi M. Nu nh vic o to lut nhiu nc khc, trong c Vit Nam, thng dy cho sinh vin nhng vn c bn v lut v tm lut u (hc thuc lng) gii quyt cc v vic c th th h thng gio dc lut M khng trc tip truyn t nhng kin thc thuc lng v ni dung ca cc o lut, cc n l m li nhm vo vic o to ra nhng lut s c kh nng thng kin, cc gio s lut M hng ti vic dy cho cc sinh vin mi k nng cn thit thng kin hn l dy lut. Vic gio dc php lut M l nhm o to ra nhng ngi khng ch bit lut, hiu lut m cn bit gii quyt cc cng vic a dng v phc tp trong thc t. Trong o to lut M: phng php Socratic (hng bin) trong truyn t kin thc v h thng tnh hung c v tr rt quan trng. Vi phng php tnh hung (case study), sch ging dy thng vit v tng mn hc ring bit trn c s phn tch nhng n l c chn lc a vo cun sch. Phng php Socratic i hi lp hc nng ng vi s trao i cc kin, cc cu hi v cu tr li gia cc sinh vin v i hi sinh vin phi tham gia tch cc. H thng tnh hung i hi sinh vin c trc cc v vic do cc quan ta vit ra. Cc nguyn tc php l chung khng c trnh by thng qua bi ging l thuyt m rt ra t vic xem xt tnh hung do sinh vin thut li, ging vin s cht vt sinh vin rn luyn k nng phn ng ca h vi tnh hung a ra. Bn cnh , h cn lng ghp vo ni dung hc nhng Moot court (phin ta gi nh) nhm cho sinh vin lm quen hn vi thc t. Vi cch hc ny sinh vin va t trau di c kin thc php l, k nng lm vic li va to cho bn thn kh nng lp lun, kh nng thuyt phc, to tin cho cng vic sau ny ca chnh h. Phng php ging theo tnh hung v phng php Socratic c s dng ch yu nm th nht. nhng nm sau, khi sinh vin c coi l c ng k k nng phn tch th phng php tnh hung khng cn hiu qu na. nm th nht cc kha hc tng i ng v hc nhng lnh vc rng. Nhng kha sau cc lp hc c chn lc v chia nh hn. Cc kha hc c gi l cc seminar vi s lng thng l 20 ngi v i hi sinh vin nghin cu rt nhiu. c trng ca cc cuc tho lun trn lp l hng vo nhng kt qu nghin cu ca chnh sinh vin. n nm th 3, sinh vin trong trng c th p dng phng php thc hnh trc tip (clinical method). Phng php thc tp thc t cng l mt phn trong chng trnh trng lut t tiu chun c cch y chng 30 nm. Cc kha ny cho sinh vin cc kinh nghim thc t, thng l cc phin ta, bng cch cho h tham gia cc v n c thc di s gim st cht ch ca khoa. Sinh vin cng c to c hi lm vic c lp trong cc vn phng lut v cc ta n. S thay i thc cht c ngha nht trong gio dc M 30 nm qua l vic a o to k nng nng cao vo cc chng trnh hc thng qua cc kha gio dc thc t v gii quyt tnh hung phc tp. Cch o to ny em li cho sinh vin s hng th thc s bi h phi gii quyt cc cng vic phc tp xy ra trong thc t ch khng phi nhng kin thc qu kh khan c trong sch. y l cch o to lut em li cho nhng ngi c o to nhng kin thc php lut, nhng k nng lm vic v cng cn thit, chnh v iu ny m cc sinh vin c hc tp lut ti M khi ra trng ch cn tp s mt thi gian ngn l c th lm c vic. V hc liu: Trc khi n lp sinh vin phi c cc ti liu gm: cc bn n (case method), cc vn bn php lut, hc thuyt php l lin quan, mt s bi vit v kinh t v x hi (modified case method). 53.Cn c xc nh mt h thng php lut Hi gio Mt quc gia c xem l thnh vin thuc h thng php lut Hi gio khi tho mn ng thi hai iu kin: + o Hi c xem l quc o (l tng gio chnh thng, c hiu lc v nh hng cao nht, su rng nht c v lng v cht so vi cc tn gio khc trong c nc); + Lut php hon ton xy dng t kinh thnh; c im ca h thng php lut x hi ch ngha

V c bn HTPL x hi ch ngha c nhng c im sau: + HTPL x hi ch ngha phn nh r mc ch x hi v tnh cht giai cp, ngha l HTPL ny thc cht l phng tin ca vic th hin v ghi nhn cc li ch ca giai cp cng nhn v ca ton th nhn dn lao ng. Cc mc ch m HTPL ny hng n t c, cng nh cc phng tin ca vic t c cc mc ch c ghi nhn trong cc vn bn quy phm php lut c ban hnh. + Ch ngha Mac Lnin l c s t tng ca cc HTPL x hi ch ngha. C.Mc, Ph. ng ghen v V. I. Lnin chi r cc c trng c bn ca php lut x hi ch ngha l tnh b quyt nh ca n bi ch kinh t - x hi ca x hi; tnh giai cp ca php lut vi t cch l ch ca giai cp thng tr v kinh t c a ln thnh lut, l cng c ca quyn lc chnh tr ca giai cp ; kh nng tc ng ngc li mt cch ng k ca php lut i vi s pht trin ca cc quan h kinh t - x hi v chnh tr. + HTPL x hi ch ngha ch xut hin do kt qu chin thng ca cch mng x hi ch ngha v cuc cch mng khng ty thuc vo hnh thc thc hin khc, c th hin vic ginh quyn lc Nh nc bng cuc cch mng do nhn dn lao ng di s lnh o ca giai cp cng nhn thc hin. + HTPL x hi ch ngha khng xut hin t pht m l do c s tc ng ca ng cch mng. Vai tr lnh o v nh hng ca ng Mcxit Lninnt l iu kin c bn ca ca s hnh thnh h thng php lut x hi ch ngha. + Cc phng thc xut hin ca HTPL x hi ch ngha l rt a dng, phong ph ty thuc vo mi tng quan c th ca cc lc lng giai cp, vo mc chng i ca nhng ngi bc lt b nh , vo cc truyn thng php l dn ch v vo cc c trng khc ca nc ny hay ca nc khc. + Php lut x hi ch ngha khng ch iu chnh cc quan h bn trong ca mt x hi x hi ch ngha, m cn iu chnh c cc quan h gia cc nc x hi ch ngha. Do vy m HTPL x hi ch ngha x hi tr thnh hin tng mang tnh quc t. + Hu ht HTPL ca cc nc x hi ch ngha c xy dng theo truyn thng php lut chu u lc a. Chnh v vy HTPL ny cng mang nhng im ging nh HTPL chu u lc a. l, HTPL ny c tnh php in ha rt cao, lut thc nh u th hn nhiu so vi lut t tng, thm phn khng tham gia vo hot ng lp php v hnh thc php lut ca HTPL x hi ch ngha l HTPL thnh vn nhng khc vi HTPL chu u lc a, cu trc php lut ca HTPL x hi ch ngha khng c s phn chia php lut thnh lut cng v lut t. Tuy nhin, ti mt s nc x hi ch ngha, php lut x hi ch ngha c kt hp vi cc truyn thng khc, khin cho HTPL ny cha ng nhiu tnh cht rt c trng m nghin cu trn. Cu 3: Nu v phn tch cc yu cu ca phng php so snh chc nng. Phng php lun ch yu ca phng php ny l g v ti sao? Cc yu cu ca phng php so snh chc nng : - xut pht t bn thn h thng php lut nc ngoi; phi pht hin ra v tp trung vo cc chc nng; phn tch cc gii php gii quyt cc vn x hi pht sinh - phi ch ti tt c cc loi ngun ca php lut theo quan nim ca h thng php lut ang nghin cu, - phi am hiu ngnh khoa hc c lin quan. Phng php lun ca phng php ny l (vn chc nng) cc ch nh php lut ny sinh t nhu cu iu chnh x hi, nn cch gii quyt chng s c nhng im khc nhau tu theo tng h thng php lut. So snh v chc nng s c hiu qu v cc ch nh tuy c tn gi v cch din t khc nhau vn c mt mu s chung l chc nng lm mc so snh. Khi so snh cn ch n ngun ca h thng php lut. Phng php ny i hi hiu bit su rng v cc h thng php lut v cc khoa hc lin quan. Cu 4: Nu v phn tch chc nng v mc ch ca lut so snh? Lut so snh c ngha nh th no vi Vit Nam hin nay? Chc nng ca lut so snh: - So snh cc h thng php lut trn th gii nhm tm ra im tng ng v khc bit. - nh gi, so snh cc gii php ca lut php cc nc. - Phn nhm php lut- Nghin cu s hiu qu ca phng php so snh trong nghin cu lut so snh. Mc ch ca lut so snh: - Nng cao hiu bit v cc h thng php lut trn th gii. - H tr ci cch php lut quc gia. - Tm ra cc gii php cho lut thc nh - H tr vic thc hin v p dng php lut.

Lut so snh c ngha ln i vi Vit Nam hin nay. Trnh lp php ca Vit Nam cn yu km, php in ho php lut khng tt, nhiu iu lut chng cho nhau hoc khng cn thit, rt cn nghin cu t duy php l, k thut lp php cc nc b sung cho php lut hin hnh. Hn na trong thi hi nhp nu khng hiu bit php lut quc t th rt d b thua thit, nn vic hc lut so snh li cng cn thit. Cu 5: Cch thc phn loi cc h thng php lut trn th gii c cc nh lut hc so snh ni ting trn th gii tip cn nh th no? Nu mt s cch tip cn chnh. Vic phn loi cc h thng php lut thc cht l hot ng so snh cp v m, tc l cn c vo cc c im nh t duy php l, k thut lp php.. m phn chia thnh cc h php lut c cc im tng ng vi nhau. Khi tin hnh phn loi cc h thng php lut nht thit phi chn mt cch tip cn nht nh. Di y l mt s cch tip cn chnh: - Phn loi ca lut gia x hi ch ngha: Cn c vo ch chnh tr. Chia ra thnh 2 nhm php lut XHCN v t sn. - Phn loi ca Rene David v John E.C. Brierley: theo tiu ch k thut gm thut ng, ngun, phng pho v tiu ch chnh tr x hi gm nguyn tc chnh tr, x hi trit hc v l tng x hi. Phn chia thnh 7 nhm: La M-c, XHCN, Anh-M, o Hi, n , Vin ng, Chu Phi v Madagascar. - Phn loi ca Levy-Ullmann: theo ngun php lut, chia thnh H php lut lc a, h cc nc ni ting Anh v h php lut Hi gio. Cu 6: Mt cng trnh so snh php lut cn c nhng yu t g? Ti sao? Mt cng trnh so snh php lut cn c nhng yu t sau: - Xc nh vn php lut cn so snh, xy dng gi thuyt so snh. - La chn h thng php lut so snh.- M t h thng php lut c la chn hoc vn php l ca h thng ny c la chn nghin cu. - Xc nh cc im tng ng v khc bit gia cc h thng php lut - Gii thch ngun gc cc im tng ng v khc bit, phn tch v nh gi u im, hn ch ca gii php ca cc h thng php lut c la chn.Cc yu t trn m bo cho cng trnh nghin cu tnh khoa hc v hp l. Vic la chn ti v h thng l phn rt quan trng v phc tp, tu theo ch nghin cu m kh nng tm kim thng tin ca nh nghin cu. Vic m t, xc nh v gii thch cc im tng ng v khc bit chnh l so snh vi m v v m, nhm tm ra gii php cho vn php l ang nghin cu. Cu 7: Nu t tng ch yu ca cc trng phi php lut thc y s ra i ca h php lut La Mc? Cc trng phi ny nh hng th no i vi h php lut ny? * Corpus juris civilis: Do hong Justinian ban hnh vo th k 6, nn tng ca lut La M. Cc trng phi php lut c nh hng ln ti s hnh thnh ca h php lut La M-c:- Trng phi lut hc s (glossator): th k 13 ti Italia. Tp trung gii thch cc ch nh php lut theo ngha nguyn thu trong Corpus juris civilis, bi b mt s ch nh khng ph hp(n l) hoc c iu chnh bi lut Gio hi. C nhiu thnh tu trong nghin cu, ch gii lut La M. - Trng phi php lut hu hc s(post-glossator): Th k 14. Tm cch gii thch Lut La M cho ph hp vi x hi ng thi. Tm kim cc gii php trong lut La M v k tc, hon thin n. ng gp nhiu vo lnh vc thng mi v xung t php lut. - Trng phi nhn vn (humanist): Th k 16. Tm cch khi phc nguyn bn lut La M. Rt ging Glossator. - Trng phi php in ho hin i (Pandectist): th k 16 c. K tc cc im tin b ca post-glossator, k tha, hon thin Lut La M cho ph hp, thm vo mt cht tnh c. Th hin trong B lut Dn s c 1896. - Trng phi php lut t nhin (Natural Law School): th k 17,18. T tng ch o l ngoi php lut do nh nc ban hnh cn c php lut cao hn l php lut t nhin cng tn ti vi th gii v con ngi, quyn t nhin l thing ling bt kh xm phm. t nn mng cho vic phn chia lut cng v lut t cng nhiu mn khoa hc php l. nh hng to ln ti s pht trin ca lut La M, t ra cc ch nh hn ch quyn lc nh nc, bo m quyn t do c nhn, thc y php in ho... Cu 8: L gii ti sao h thng php lut cc nc thuc h php lut La M-c li c s khc bit? Tuy cc nc thuc h php lut La M-c cng tip thu nn tng php lut La M, nhng s tip nhn gia cc nc li c s khc bit tu theo cc iu kin chnh tr-x hi hay t duy php l, to ra s a dng gia php lut cc nc. V d, Php cho rng tp qun php l ngun li thi ca php lut, cao php lut thnh vn, coi n l cng l ngun ca php lut, cc gii php ca lut chung (Jus commune) c chp nhn, lut Php chu nh hng ln ca trng phi php lut T nhin. Trong khi , c li c cch tip cn vi lut

La M thng quan trng phi Pandectist, coi tp qun v lut thnh vn c gi tr ngang nhau, trong khi khng coi n l l mt ngun ca php lut. Cc nc vng Nam u cng c cch tip cn khc v lut La M. Cu 9: Trng phi php lut t nhin c vai tr nh th no i vi h php lut La M ni ring v i vi php lut ca cc nc trn th gii ni chung? ng gp i vi h php lut La M:- Khng nh tm quan trng ca vic phn chia lut cng (lus publicum) v lut t (lus privatum). Nhn mnh vic pht trin lut cng s l c s pht trin lut t, bo v cc quyn c bn ca con ngi. - Nng k thut lp php ln php in ho. T tng ca php lut t nhin l a php lut c ging dy vo thc tin, khin nh lm lut phi xem xt li ton b h thng php lut. T dn n php in ho. ng gp i vi php lut th gii ni chung: - t nn tng cho cc quyn cng dn v quyn con ngi, chng li s lm dng quyn lc ca nh nc. - Xy dng nhiu ch nh php lut v nhiu ngnh khoa hc php l. Cu 10: ng lc, ngha, gi tr v cc hn ch ca php in ho. ng lc ca php in ho: - Trong giai on u ca php lut thnh vn, mi quc gia u p dng php lut tp qun cho cc vng, min khc nhau, dn n s phc tp, chng cho khi p dng php lut gia cc vng, cn tr s pht trin kinh t-x hi, dn n nhu cu php in ho c c php lut thng nht trn c nc. ngha: - Cho php tng ca trng phi lut t nhin bin thnh hin thc. - Chm dt tnh trng manh mn, trn lan ca tp qun. Gi tr: - Xy dng c nhng b lut thnh vn hon chnh u tin (BLDS Php 1804, BLDS c 1894) lm nn mng cho php lut hin i. - To ra s thng nht, thun tin khi p dng php lut. - a php lut chu u lc a ra khp th gii. - Hnh thnh mt h thng php lut hon chnh chu u. Hn ch: - Qu cao php lut thnh vn m coi nh s quan trng ca tp qun php v n l. - Khng tha nhn php lut t nhin, cho rng php lut do nh nc t ra l ti cao. - B qua cc quy tc ng x x hi mang tnh siu quc gia. Cu 11: Cng thc ho quy tc php l cc nc thuc h php lut La M-c l g? So snh vi cng thc ho quy tc php l Vit Nam. Cng thc ho quy tc php l h php lut La M-c l mt qu trnh i t cc nguyn tc c bn ca php lut, p dng vo thc tin gii quyt tranh chp, la chn gii php no l ng n nht, dn dn hnh thnh cc quy tc php l mang tnh bt buc chung. Ni cch khc, quy tc l bc trung gian gia nguyn tc v gii quyt tranh chp. N cng gn nh php in ho.Cng thc ho quy tc php l Vit Nam c bn cng lm theo cc bc trn, tuy nhin khng hon thin. T cc nguyn tc php l n gii quyt tranh chp thc t l giai on kh khn nhng Vit Nam li lm qu ch quan, nng vi khin cc quy tc a ra khng th p dng c. Vd: cm bn hng rong trn ph c vi phm trc tip quyn t do bun bn trong hin php. Nhng thiu st trn ch yu do yu km trong khu lp php v nghin cu php lut. Cu 12: So snh cc c im ca qui tc php l thuc cc h php lut La M-c, Anh-M, XHCN v o Hi. La M-c Anh- M X hi ch ngha o Hic im ca qui tc php l - Thnh vn, tnh khi qut, chnh xc cao. Ly ra t cc o lut. - Chu nh hng ln ca lut La M - Khng thnh vn, p dng mm do tu theo phn quyt ca thm phn. - Ly ra t phn quyt ca thm phn. - Thnh vn, tnh chnh xc, khi qut cao. - Chu nh hng ln ca hc thuyt Mc-Lnin. - nh hng nng n ca tn gio - Quy tc c rt ra t kinh Coran hoc li dy ca ng Tin tri, li l kh hiu, tnh bt buc rt cao. - Khng chp nhn cc quy tc php lut mi. Cu 13: So snh t duy php l ca cc h php lut La M- c La M-c Anh-M X hi ch ngha o Hi T duy php l - Coi php lut l ci Sollen (ci cn phi lm) - T duy theo li din dch, t l lun khoa hc rt ra gii php.

- Nhn mnh ch ngha duy l, coi trng php in ho. - H ng. - Coi php lut l ci Sein (ci ang xy ra trong thc tin). - T duy theo li quy np, t thc tin m rt ra gii php. - H m. - Khng coi trng php in ho. - Coi trng php in ho, khi qut ho. - Coi li ch tp th cao hn li ch c nhn. - Php lut phi c lp ra cho cc gii php c th. - Chng li tru tng ho, khi qut ho, php in ho. - Trnh khi qut, thm ch c nh ngha - Khng chp nhn quy tc php lut mi. Cu 14: So snh cc c im chnh ca h php lut La M-c, Anh-M, XHCN v o Hi. La M-c Anh-M XHCN o Hi c im - Chu nh hng su sc ca lut La M. - Phn chia thnh cng php v t php. - Coi trng l lun php lut.- Trnh php in ho, khi qut ho cao. - Coi trng lut thnh vn, khng coi trng tin l php v n l. - Chu nh hng ca php lut Anh. - Thm phn c vai tr quan trng trong sng to v pht trin quy phm php lut. - Nhn chung khng phn bit lut cng v lut t. - Coi trng th tc php l. - Coi n l l ngun php lut chnh. Khng coi trng php in ho. - Gn lin vi ch ngha Mc-Lnin - Coi trng php in ho, khi qut ho. - Khng phn chia lut cng v lut t. - Nng v hnh chnh, nh v dn s. - Coi trng lut thnh vn. - Gn cht vi tn gio. Xy dng trn nn tng kinh Coran. - Ngun php lut l kinh thnh, li dy ca ng tin tri.- Khng tch bch quyn lc nh nc v nh th, o v i, php lut v tn gio. - Gii hn nghim ngt quy ch c nhn, bt bnh ng vi ph n. - Nhiu ch nh li thi, vn vt, h thng ho km. Cu 15: Phn tch Cu ni "Writ l tri tim ca common law". Writ (trt) l ch nh rt c th ca common law, im khc bit to ln phn bit common law vi cc h thng php lut khc. H thng trt (writ system) l hnh thc khi kin v th tc t tng tng ng gii quyt tranh chp, th hin di dng vn bn do nh vua cp. Khi vua cp trt cng l lc vua ra lnh cho bn lin quan thc thi thc thi cng l ngay lp tc vi cc ng s c tn trong trt. Ngi dn c tranh chp mun khiu kin s xin cp loi trt ph hp vi bn cht v vic To n Hong gia th l gii quyt, nu khng c trt thch hp th to n c quyn bc n khiu kin ca bn nguyn. Nh vy, mt v kin ch c th tin hnh nu bn nguyn ginh c trt thch hp, nu khng s mt quyn khi kin. Loi trt c pht hnh s quyt nh hnh thc khi kin v th tc p dng gii quyt v vic. Ban u ch c 3 loi trt, sau tng ln nhiu ln do nhu cu x hi.T nhn nh trn, ta thy c tm quan trng ca trt trong gii quyt cc tranh chp php l ca common law vn rt coi trng th tc php l. Tuy bc l nhiu bt cp nh s phc tp, cng nhc ca cc loi trt, writ vn gi v tr quan trng trong h thng phplut Anh. Khng qu khi ni rng "writ l tri tim ca common law". Cu 16: Ti sao ngi ta li cho rng Cu chm ngn ni ting ca Holmes: "i sng ca php lut khng phi l logic m l kinh nghim" rt ph hp vi common law? Cu chm ngn trn ph hp vi common law v t duy php l c th ca common law. Common law cho rng lut php l ci ang xy ra trong thc tin, nn cc quy tc php lut s c rt ra t gii quyt cc tranh chp php l thc t, ch khng rt ra t cc l lun khoa hc. V vy, common law vai tr ca thm phn rt quan trng trong vic t ra v pht trin php lut. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca common law s khng c tm thy trong cc b lut thnh vn do cc nh lm lut xy dng m trong tp hp cc phn quyt ca thm phn (n l). Qua , ta thy c rng i sng php lut ca common law l "kinh nghim" ch khng phi logic. Cu 17: So snh cc c im ca php lut Anh v php lut Hoa K.Tr li: - Ging: + Cng h php lut common law. + Coi trng vai tr ca thm phn, n l. + Th tc t tng tranh tng.

- Khc: + M l nh nc lin bang nn tn ti hai h thng php lut ca Lin bang v tiu bang, Anh ch c mt v l nh nc n nht. + H thng to n M cng gm 2 cp lin bang v tiu bang, t chc to n Anh rt phc tp. + M c s tch bch quyn lp php, hnh php, t php, Anh th khng v Thng vin kim lun chc nng xt x phc thm. + Tuy thuc h common law nhng M coi trng lut thnh vn, c hin php thnh vn, Anh th khng. Cu 18: L do ra i, c im, vai tr, ngha, thnh tu ca equity. L do ra i: - H thng trt (writ) bc l nhiu nhc im nh s cng nhc, phc tp ca cc loi trt, ngi khi kin nu khng chn ng trt th mt quyn khi kin, gy bc xc trong dn chng. Equity l gii php do to i php t ra gii quyt cc phn quyt bt cng ca To Hong gia. - c im: + Equity ngha l l phi, cng bng. + V phng din php l, n l h thng hc thuyt v th tc php l pht trin song song vi common law, nhm b sung nhng thiu st ca common law. + Equity b sung, hon thin common law ch khng thay th common law. - Vai tr, ngha: + Ngun b sung quan trng ca common law. + t ra ch nh u thc(trust). Cu 19: Cc loi ngun ca php lut o Hi c g khc bit vi cc h Php lut khc? Ti sao? Cc loi ngun ca php lut o Hi: - Kinh Coran: thnh kinh ca o Hi, c xem nh hin php. - Sunna: Ghi chp li sng, cch hnh x ca Mohammed. - Ijima: Gi thch cc ngun lut c bn. - Qias: Cc suy lun php l gii thch lut. Nh vy ngun ca lut Hi gio rt khc vi cc h php lut khc my im sau: - Lut mang tnh cht thn thnh, do Thng t ra, l thing ling bt kh xm phm, tn ch c th tun theo ch khng c sa i. - Khng c s tch bch gia tn gio v php lut. - Khng c l lun php lut hon chnh. - Khng tha nhn tin l php, tp qun php l ngun ca lut. L do: - Mohammed va l gio ch, va l ngi ng u nh nc, va l th lnh qun s, va l nh lm lut v xt x, nn o Hi khng c s phn bit gia tn gio v php lut. Cu 20: Phn tch cc loi ngun v gi tr ca tng loi ngun ca php lut Anh. Cc loi ngun php lut ca Anh: a. n l: - Nhng nguyn tc php l rt ra t nhng phn quyt ca to do thm phn sng to ra, cung cp tin l hay c s php l cc thm phn gii quyt v vic c tnh tit tng t trong hin ti v tng lai. - Sn phm ca c quan t php. - Nguyn tc stare decisis: To n cp di phi tun th n l do to n cp trn t ra. - Gi tr: Ngun lut quan trng, to ra s khc bit ca php lut Anh. Tuy nhin cng lm hn ch s sng to khi a ra phn quyt. b. Lut thnh vn:- Do Ngh vin ban hnh v cc vn bn php lut Ngh vin u quyn ban hnh. - Ra i mun. - C gi tr cao hn n l, c th b sung hoc thay th n l. - Ngoi ra cn th xem xt lut ca lin minh chu u. c. Tp qun: - Php lut Anh c ngun gc t tp qun. - C ngun gc xa xa, tn ti lu di, c cng ng dn c tha nhn v c l. - Tp qun ngy nay vn c th c p dng nhng khng cng bc tun th. - Mt ngun b sung ca php lut.

d. Cc hc thuyt php l, tc phm c uy tn: - C th c trch dn ti to n. e. L phi (equity) - B sung nhng thiu st ca common law. - Lm h thng php lut Anh tr thnh h thng m. Cu 21: Phn tch cc c im ca php lut o Hi di gc dn ch v nhn quyn a. Dn ch: - Dn ch bt ngun t ting Hy Lp demockratia ngha l cai tr bi nhn dn. - Cc thnh t ca dn ch: + Chnh quyn do dn bu. + T do ngn lun, t do bo ch, t do hi hp + Tn trng cc quyn t do c nhn. + Bnh ng trc php lut. + Hn ch quyn lc nh nc. Nhn vo c im ca php lut o Hi ta thy s xung t ca n vi dn ch: - Khng c t do ngn lun, bo ch. Mi kin tri ngc vi nguyn tc Hi gio u b loi tr. - Chnh quyn Hi gio hoc l qun ch chuyn ch, hoc theo ch cng ho nhng cc gio s vn iu khin nh nc (Iran, A-rp X-t).- Khng c bnh ng trc php lut. Phn b phn bit i x. b. Nhn quyn: - Tuyn ngn 1948 v quyn con ngi ca Lin Hip Quc l c s. - Quyn con ngi v o Hi: + Khng tn trng quyn con ngi. Cc nc Hi gio c cnh st vn ho i tra xt nhng hnh vi b coi l tri vi o Hi, ngi vi phm k c du khch nc ngoi cng b trng tr. + Ph n b phn bit i x, phi eo mng che mt, phi c ngha v chung thu, vi phm c th b x t. + Lut Sharia ca o Hi c nhiu hnh pht d man nh cht tay ngi n trm, nm n cht... + Hn nhn khng t nguyn, ch a th, nhiu im bt li vi ph n. + Ph nhn cc tn gio khc, coi o Hi l c tn. + Ch ngha cc oan, khng b. Cu 22: Phn tch Cu ni ca ngi Anh: Lut khng phi c lm ra m c tuyn b. Cu ni ny da trn nn tng php lut Anh: lut khng phi do c quan lp php to ra m do c quan t php t ra. Anh khng c php in ho php lut, cc quy tc php l c ly ra t tp qun v c bit t cc phn quyt ca cc thm phn, c rt thnh cc n l.Cc thm phn l ngi t ra v gii thch lut php. Phi n tn i vua Henri th hai lut thnh vn mi bt u c ch trng. V vy, ngi dn Anh c thni rng: Lut khng phi c (Ngh vin) lm ra m c( Thm phn) tuyn b. Cu 23: c im a h thng php lut ca Hoa K pht sinh t u v dn ti h qu g? Nguyn nhn ca a h thng php lut: - Khng c s ng nht v chnh tr trong cc thuc a, cc thuc a thuc quyn nhiu nc nh Anh, Php, Ty Ban Nha. - Nhiu thuc a ca cc nc khc nhau gia nhp c cc h thng php lut khc nhau. H qu: - Chu nh hng ca Common law nhng khng su sc.- To ra h thng lut lin bang v lut tiu bang. Cu 24: Cc im c bit trong t chc t php Anh. T chc t php Anh c nhiu im c bit, phn nh su sc truyn thng php lut Anh - Anh khng c mt h thng to n n nht c t chc cht ch m pht trin cc b, rt phc tp, ri rm. Tng c thi k tn ti ti 2 cp to n hnh s v 3 cp to n dn s cng c thm quyn xt x s thm, quyn hn chng cho. Hin ti, Anh vn cha c mt h thng to n duy nh v thng nht, England v x Wales c chung mt h thng to n, Scottland Bc Ireland li c h thng to n ring. - Th tc dn s rt phc tp, phn ln cc v n dn s khn gii quyt to dn s m cc c quan ti phn (tribunals) v t chc trng ti (arbitration). Cu 25: Lut cng v lut t c phn bit th no h php lut La M-c? Ngun gc ca s phn bit? Ti sao h php lut Anh-M li khng c s phn bit nh vy? Khuynh hng hin nay ca h php lut ny? Cc nc thuc h php lut La M-c u chia php lut thnh hai ngnh lut c bn: lut cng v lut t.

- Lut cng: gii quyt mi quan h gia cng dn v nh nc v gia cc nh nc vi nhau. - Lut t: gii quyt mi quan h gia cng dn v cng dn. Ngun gc ca s phn bit: - Xut pht t quan im ca trng phi php lut T nhin, mi quan h gia ngi b cai tr v ngi b cai tr pht sinh ra cc vn c bit hn so vi quan h gia cc t nhn, quyn lc cng cng v quyn li t nhn khng ging nhau. - bo v quyn li c nhn v hn ch quyn lc nh nc, cn t ra 2 ngnh lut cng v t, lut t nh nc s gi vai tr trng ti, cn lut cng th nh nc bt buc phi tun th php lut. H php lut Anh-M khng phn bit lut cng v t v: - Cc quyn li cng v t c xc lp qua quyn li v ti sn, nhng Anh khng c s phn bit s hu ti sn ca c quan cng v t nhn nh chu u lc a. - C mt h thng to n ring xem xt cc hot ng lp php, hnh php v cc tranh chp t, nn khng c s phn bit quyn lc cng cng v t nhn nh chu u. - D dng cho vic tng hp cc bn n. Xu hng hin nay ca Common Law: - Xch li gn Civil Law nhng khng ho ng. - Php in ho php lut, ban hnh nhiu o lut thnh vn. - Ci cch h thng to n. Cu 26: Phn tch ngun gc ra i, c im ca ch nh trust: * Ngun gc: - Ch nh trust (u thc) l ng gp ln nht ca equity i vi h thng php lut Anh. Trust l mt ngha v da trn mt ngi l trustee (ngi c u thc) c ngi ch s hu php l ca ti sn giao cho quyn qun l s dng ti sn v li ch ca mt ngi khc (beneficiary) hoc v mt mc ch xc nh. - Ch nh u thc ra i vo giai on gia th k 12 v 13, ngi s hu t phi thc hin nhiu ngha v nh np a t hay np thu cho nh nc, hoc vo hon cnh khng th thc hin ngha v nh i vin chinh... Trong trng hp , anh ta s vit giy sang tn mnh t cho mt ngi khc( ngi c u thc) h thay mt mnh qun l mnh t vi iu kin: Phn t s tr li cho ch s hu ngat khi anh ta tr v v bn c u thc phi chu cp cho bn u thc hoc bn th hng mt phn hoa li t t. Trn thc t, bn c u thc s khng tr li mnh t v khi sang tn th ch s hu c s mt quyn s hu i vi mnh t , vic tr li hay khng l tu vo lng tm ca h. Nhng ngi ch km may mn thng n ln nh vua, nh vua li chuyn sang cho i php quan gii quyt. i php quan cho rng vic ngi c u thc ph nhn quyn i li t ca ngi u thc l tri vi lng tm v l cng bng (equity), v ra quyt nh cng ch thi hnh buc bn c u thc thc hin cam kt ca mnh trong hp ng u thc. Sau ny, ngi ta tp hp phn quyt ca php quan v xy dng cc quy phm php lut lm nn tng cho ch nh trust. * c im: - Chia tch quyn s hu v quyn hng dng ti sn. - Cc thnh t ca trust: + An equitable obligation (ngha v u thc). + A trustee (ngi c u thc) + Trust property (ti sn u thc)+ Beneficiary (ngi hng dng). Cu 27: Nhng c im ca h thng t php cc nc theo truyn thng Civil Law: Cc c im ca h thng t php cc nc theo truyn thng civil law: - C mt h thng to n n nht, c lp, t chc cht ch t trung ng ln a phng. - S hin din ca To n Hin php thc hin chc nng kim hin. - S lng to chuyn trch nhiu. vd: to hnh chnh, to hnh s, to dn s, hn nhn, to kinh t... - Phn cp xt x cht ch. - Thng c 3 h thng to n: to hin php, to hnh chnh, to t php. Cu 28: Nhng hn ch ca php in ho cc nc thuc h php lut La M-c. - Gii hn vai tr ca cc trng i hc trong l gii lut thc nh.- B qua cc qui tc ng x x himang tnh siu quc gia (?) (ch quan tm n php lut nc mnh m khng coi trng nghin cu php lut nc ngoi). - Lm xut hin trng phi thc chng php l, qu cao vai tr ca lut thnh vn m coi nh tp qun v tin l php.

Cu 29: Cc qui tc th cp cc nc thuc h php lut La M-c: Cng php: - Tt c quyn lc thuc v nhn dn. - Bo v quyn cng dn v quyn con ngi. - C quan t php c lp. T php: - T do tho thun ch gia cc ch th. - Bnh ng gia cc ch th. - Thin ch trung thc. - Tn trng o c, truyn thng cng ng. - Khng xm phm li ch ch th khc. 1. Nhng c im c bn ca h thng php lut dn s. 1.1 Chu nh hng su sc ca lut La M Cc B lut ln ca lc a chu u nh BLDS Napoleon nm 1804, BLDS c nm 1896 u c hnh thnh trn c s kt hp lut tp qun a phng v lut La M. Lut La M c nghin cu ti cc trng i hc ca c, Php v cc nc lc a chu u v c coi l ngun lut b sung, c p dng trc tip nu lut thnh vn v tp qun php lut ca h cha c quy nh v QHXH cn thit phi diu chnh PL. 1.2 Cc h thng PL thuc dng h civil law c phn chia thnh cng php v t php y l c im c bn phn bit dng h civil law vi common law. Cc h thng PL ny c chia thnh cng php v t php. Cng php bao gm nhng ngnh lut iu chnh cc QHXH gia cc CQNN vi nhau iu chnh cc QHXH gia cc CQNN vi t nhn. Cng php gm cc nghnh lut nh l. Hin php, l. hnh chnh, l/ hnh s, l ngn hng, l ti chnh cng( bao gm cc nhnh nh l. thu, l. kim tn cng, l. ngn sch). T php bao gm cc nghnh lut iu chihr cc QH gia t nhn vi t nhn. T php bao gm cc nghah lut nh l.dn s, l hn nhn v gd, l. thng mi, l lao ng. C s phn chia PL thnh cng php v t php l phng php iu chnh ( pp tc ng PL len cc QHXH). Pp iu chnh c trng ca t php l pp t do tho thun v bnh ng gia cc bn tham gia QHXH. Cn pp iu chnh ca cng php ch yu l pp mnh lnh. Cng c quan im cho rng vic phn chia PL thnh cng php v tuwphaps xut pht t quan nim rt ph bin ca cc lut gia lc a chu u l MQH gia ngi cai tr v b cai tr i hi nhng ch nh PL khc vowid MQH gia cc t nhn vi nhau. Li ch cng v li ch t ko th t ln mt bn cn c. 1.3 Cc h thng PL thuc dng h civil lawcoi trogj l lun php lut Cc hc thuyt PL, cc nguyn tc PL coi l ngun ca PL. cc b lut ca cc nc lc a chu u thng thng i t ci chung n ci ring. phn chung cc khi nim c trnh by mt cch r rng, rnh mch. Phn chung lm c s cho phn ring v thng thng c xy dng theo t duy logic t khi qut n ci c th, t ci chung n ci ring, t ci tru tng n ci hu hnh, t nguyn tc chung n cc tnh hung c th, t l lun n thc tin. v th, cc b lut ln ca cc quc gia lc a chu u c coi l sn phm ca nhng tr tu bc hc. 1.4 Cc h thng PL thuc dng h civil law c trnh h thng ho, php in ho cao. Ngoi cc b lut thng thng nh BLHS,BLDS, BL lao ng, BL thng mi cc quc gia lc a chu u xy dng nhiu b lut khc nh BL t ai, BL t chc h thng to n hnh chnh, BLTTHC, BL hng hi nh xy dng c nhiu b lut, vic nghin cu thc hin v p dng PL tr nn d dng hn. Cc QPPL trong cc BL thng rt c th vi cc ch ti r rng. V vy c th p dng trc tip vo cc QHXH m ko cn thng qua VBPL trung gian nh ngh nh hoc thng t hng dn thi hnh. 1.5 Dng h civil law ko coi tin l php l hnh thc PL thng dng v ph bin nh PL thnh vn. Khc vi dng h common law, dng h civil law do chu nh hng su sc ca hc thuyt phn chia quyn lc nn ko tha nhn vai tr lp php ca cc CQ xt x. cc lut gia lc a chu u hu nh c quan im tng i thng nht rng lp php l hot ng ca ngh vin, to n l CQ p dng lut xt x ch ko phi bng hot ng xt x to ra lut. n l l hnh thc PL ko coi khuyn khch pht trin v ch p dng mt cch hnh ch nh l hnh thc khc phc khim khuyt ca PL thnh vn. 2. Nhng c im c bn ca dng h common law.

L dng h PL c ci ngun t h thng PL Anh quc gia chu u nhng dng h pl ny ch c 1 im khc bit cn bn vi dng h PL ca i a s cc nc chu u- dng h civil law. 2.1 Common law l dng h PL trong cc h thng PL trc thuc t nhiu chu nh hng ca h thng PL ca Anh v tha nhn n l nh ngun lut chnh thng tc l tha nhn hc thuyt tin l php. Hc thuyt tin l php cc h thng PL ny u t nhiu chi phi h thng lut n l theo hng: cc phn quyt tuyn b ca to n cp trn ni chung c gi tr rng buc to n cp di trong qu trnh xt x cc v vic hin ti. Trong vi thp k gn y trong cc h thng PL ny, n l ko cn l ngun duy nht m lut thnh vn ngy cng tr thnh ngun lut quan trn, thm ch l ngun lut quan trng hng u, c bit v nhng lnh v ko c n l. trong qu trnh hi nhp cc quc gia phi ni lut ho cc cam kt vi quc t bng cch sa i lut hin hu c lin quan ti cam kt quc t hoc ban hnh lut mi. vic ny ch c th tin hnh nhanh, gn v dt khot bng con ng xy dng v hon thin h thng lut thnh vn. 2.2 Thm phn trong cc h thng Pl thuc dng h common law ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sng to v pht trin cc QPPL. Nu nh cc b lut trong dng h civil law cha ng nhng quy phm v nhng nguyn tc php l mang tnh khi qut cao c chc nng cung cp gii php php l gii quyt nhiu v vic tyhif Anh chc nng li thuoc v phn quyt do thm phn tuyn. Cc thm phn Anh cho rng cc chc nng c bn ca mnh l phn x, gii quyt tranh chp. v vy cc thm phn Anh thng c bit ch ti nhng tnh tit c th ca v vic, nghin cu k lng vn php l cn gii quyt v phn xt trn c s xc nh chnh xc tt c nhng v vic c xt x trong qu kh c tnh tit tng t vi v vic ang c gii quyt thi im hin ti. nu thm phn ko mun p dng tin l php, anh ta s c gng tm ra nhng tnh tit ca v vic minh chng cho s khc bit gia v vic vi v vic trong tin l php hoc da vo lut hoc da vo c 2 yu t ny. Nu gii php php l cho v vic c lin quan c tm thy trong c n l v lut thnh vn v gia 2 ngun lut ny c s mu thun, v nguyn tc lut thnh vn c u tin. 2.3 Nhn chung cc h thng PL thuc dng h common law ko c s phn bit gia lut cng v lut t nh trong dng h civil law, tr h thng PL Anh. Tuy nhin s phn bit gia lut cng v lut t Anh ko c cng mc ch nh cc nc thuc dng h civil law. anh, vic phn bit 2 mng lut ny l nhm mc ch th tc t tng no cn p dng gii quyt v vic c lin quan. Trong khi cc nc thuc dng h civil law, s phn bit ny nhm xc nh thm quyn ca to n gii quyt v vic cn ua ra to. Mc d vy, s phn chia 2 mng PL ny Anh cng i vo d vng cch y vi th k. 2.4 Ch nh Pl tiu biu ca cc h thng PL thuc dng h common law l ch nh u thc- ch nh c th ca h thng PL Anh. Ch nh u thc trong dng h conmon law ra i gn lin vi nhu cu gii quyt tranh chp dt ai Anh thi trung c nhm a ra gii php cng bng v ngi c u thc c hnh vi chim dng t ai ca ngi u thc trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng u thc t ai. Ngy nay, ch nh u thc dng h common law ko ch cn gii hn phm vi iu chnh trong nhng quan h u thc t ai m cn m rng sang nhiu QHXH thuc cc lihx v khc nh thng mi v hng hi. 2.5 Sau khi hnh thnh vng quc Anh, common law lann rng khp cc chu lc t chu Phi, chu M n chu c, chu v lm thnh dng h common law, mt trong hai dng h ln nht th gii. Mc nh hng ca commonlaww ca Anh v cc thuc a ko ging nhau v c th chia cc thuc a thnh 2 nhm: Mt l nhng min t trc khi ngi Anh xm chim cha c ngi sinh sng hoc ch c th daansinh sng nhng cha c cuc sng vn minh. Common law m thc dn Anh a vo nhng thuc a ny thng c h thng PL rt gn gi vi h thng Pl Anh. Hai l nhng min t trc khi ngi Anh chinh phc c th lnh bn a hoc tng l thuc a ca mt cng quc chu u nay ngi Anh ginh c hoc c chuyn nhng. i vi nhng thuc a ny, ngi Anh p dng chnh sch kin nh l tip tc duy tr PL v thm ch c h thng TA bn a ch ko thay th bng common law ca Anh. Tuy nhin cng c 1 vi ngoi l din ra i vi nhng thuc a thuc nhm hai. l khi h thng PL nhng min t ngi Anh xm chim ko h tr cho ngi anh thc hin mc hs thuc a ho ca mnh, ngi anh s thay th h thng PL bn a bng common law ca Anh. Hng Kng v Singapo l nhng v d tiu biu cho nhng thuc a kiu ny.