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Ma trn (Matrix), nh thc (Determinant), ma trn lin hp (Adjugate Matrix)

10:59:00 CH Bioz Nguyen 1 comment - Ma trn (matrix) c th c hiu n gin l mt tp hp cc s c sp xp trong mt bng (table), hay li (grid). Chnh t khi nim ny m ma trn s c m dng v n ct. Ma trn thng c k hiu bng mt ch ci in hoa, c th km theo vi s hng v s ct c ghi nh k bn nh sau:

Hnh trn ma trn A c m dng v n ct, bao gm cc phn t nh a11 l phn t ti v tr dng 1 ct 1, a12 l phn t ti v tr dng 1 ct 2 ... c th cho ti amn. - Mt vi thut ng (Terminology) quen thuc ca ma trn: Ma trn c m dng v n ct th c gi l ma trn bc m x n (matrix of order m x n). Ma trn vung (square matrix) l ma trn c s hng v s ct bng nhau (m = n). Trong tnh hung ny chng c gi tt l ma trn bc n.

ng cho chnh (main diagonal) ca ma trn vung l tp hp cc phn t nm trn cng mt ng thng t gc cao bn tri ti gc thp bn phi ca ma trn. Trong hnh trn l cc phn t a11, a22, a33, ...., amn vi m = n.

Ma trn n v (identity matrix hay unit matrix) l ma trn vung m cc phn t nm trn ng cho chnh u c gi tr l 1 cn cc phn t khc c gi tr l 0 nh hnh di.

mt tnh cht quan trng v c tnh ng dng rng ca ma trn n v th hin trong php nhn vi mt ma trn Amxn nh sau:

Mt ma trn hng l ma trn ch c 1 hng, ma trn ct l ma trn ch c 1 ct, v trong tnh hung ny chng cn c coi l mt vector. Ma trn tam gic trn (upper triangular matrix) v ma trn tam gic di (lower triangular matrix) l ma trn m cc phn t thuc mt na ma trn nm di hoc trn ca ng cho chnh u c gi tr 0.

Ma trn n (singular matrix) l ma trn vung m khng c ma trn nghch o hay c gi tr nh thc bng 0.

- nh thc (Determinant) l gi tr s thc c th c tnh ra t mi ma trn vung. nh thc ca mt ma trn vung A c k hiu l det A hay |A|. Di y l mt v d minh ha cho cc k hiu ny:

- Cc tnh cht nh thc: L mt con s thc ch khng phi l mt ma trn. C th l s m.


Khng lin quan g ti gi tr tuyt i d k hiu c v ging ging. nh thc ch tn ti khi ma trn l vung. nh thc ca ma trn 1x1 chnh l gi tr phn t duy nht ca ma trn . Ma trn nghch o ca mt ma trn ch tn ti khi nh thc ca ma trn khc 0. nh thc ca mt ma trn bng vi nh thc ca transpose ca ma trn

Nu ta hon chuyn 2 dng hoc 2 ct no ca ma trn ta s c ma trn mi c nh thc tri du vi nh thc ban u.

Nu ta thay i gi tr ca 1 hng hay ct trong ma trn bng cch cng hay tr cc phn t vi nhng phn t tng ng trong hng hay ct khc th nh thc vn khng thay i.

Nu c 1 hng hay ct no trong ma trn m cc phn t c cng h s nhn alpha th gi tr nh thc s bng nh thc ca ma trn vi alpha = 1 nhn vi alpha.

Nu trong ma trn c tn ti mt hng hay ct c th c to ra bng s kt hp tuyn tnh cc hng hoc ct khc th nh thc ca ma trn lun bng 0.

Ct 1 = Ct 2 + Ct 3 hay Hng 1 = 7/8 Hng 2 + 4/5 Hng 3

nh thc ca ma trn tam gic bng tch ca cc phn t nm trn ng cho chnh.

nh thc ca tch 2 ma trn vung l tch ca nh thc tng ma trn ring l.

- Phng php tnh nh thc: 1. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn 2x2:

2. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn m x n bng cch s dng nh thc con ( minors) v cc h s kp (cofactors) + nh thc con (Minor): ng vi mi phn t trong ma trn, ta c mt nh thc con (Minor), l nh thc ca ma trn c tao ra t ma trn ban u sau khi gch b hng v ct cha phn t . Hnh di y minh ha cho cch tnh Minor ng vi mt phn t trong ma trn:

+ H s kp (Cofactor): ng vi mi phn t trong ma trn, ta c mt h s kp (Cofactor), l nh thc con hay ph nh ca gi tr nh thc con tng ng ca phn t . Nu v tr hng v ct ca phn t c tng chn th n c Cofactor = Minor, ngc li n c Cofactor = (Minor). Nh vy vi hnh minh ha trn, Cofactor ng vi phn t a11 s bng Minor

ng vi a11 v phn t ny nm dng 1, ct 1 v tng dng + ct = 2 l s chn. + Cch tnh nh thc da vo Cofactor: .: Chn bt k dng hay ct no ca ma trn cn tnh nh thc. .: Nhn tng phn t thuc dng hay ct va chn vi Cofactor ng vi phn t ri cng tt c li, kt qu chnh l nh thc cn tm. + Nhng lu nhm tng tc tnh ton: .: Hy chn dng hay ct c nhiu gi tr 0 nht tnh nh thc. L do l v vi cc phn t = 0 ta khng cn tnh Cofactor tng ng ca n do bt chp gi tr Cofactor th tch ca phn t vi Cofactor lun bng 0. .: Hy chn dng hay ct c nhiu gi tr ln nht tnh nh thc. L do l Cofactor ng vi mi phn t c tnh khng thng qua bn thn gi tr phn t v cc phn t thuc cng dng hay ct vi phn t . V vy m qu trnh tnh Cofactor s n gin hn do cc phn t kia c gi tr nh hn. .: Trc khi bt tay tnh nh thc, ta nn ch ti gin ma trn, hoc phn tch ma trn, ri p dng cc tnh cht ca nh thc trn gip tng tc ng k qu trnh tnh ton. 3. V d:

Trong v d trn ta chn tnh nh thc theo hng 1. Phng php tnh va trnh by c th c p dng cho ma trn n x n. V d vi ma trn 4 x 4, ta s c cc Cofactor l nh thc ca ma trn 3 x 3, ta tnh cc Cofactor ny thng qua cc Cofactor ca cc ma trn 2 x 2. Qu trnh chn dng, ct, tnh ton tng t. - Ma trn lin hp (Adjugate matrix): l ma trn c tnh bng cch thay mi phn t ca ma trn ban u bng gi tr Cofactor ng vi phn t . V d:

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