Chuong 2 Lien Ket Trong Ket Cau Thep

1
CHNG 2.

LIN KT

TRONG KT CU THP
A. LIN KT HN

B. LIN KT BULNG
2
CHNG 2. LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP
Cc loi lin kt :
Lin kt hn:
: n gin, tn t cng ch to, gim khi lng kim loi, kinh t, lin kt
kn,
N: Do nh hng ca nhit cao trong qu trnh hn nn d b bin hnh
hn v ng sut hn; lm tng tnh gin ca vt liu; Kh kim tra cht
lng ng hn. Kh nng chu ti trng ng km;
Lin kt bulng:
: Khng b bin hnh hn; Chu c ti trng ng tt; thun tin khi
lp dng v tho lp.
N: Lin kt phc tp; Tn vt liu v cng ch to hn so vi lin kt
hn.
Lin kt inh tn: Phc tp hn lin kt bulng. Chu ti trng ng rt tt.
3
A. LIN KT HN
2.1 CC PHNG PHP HN TRONG KT CU THP

2.2 CC LOI NG HN V CNG TNH
TON CA NG HN

2.3 TNH TON CC LIN KT HN
4
A. LIN KT HN
1. Hn h quang in
2.1 CC PHNG PHP HN TRONG KT CU THP
a) Nguyn l:
Ngun
H quang
Dy dn
Ki m l o i c bn
i n
Dy dn i n
Que hn
Tay cm
Cc thp c bn v thp li que hn chy lng v dnh vi nhau do lc ht
in t. su nng chy ca thp c bn khong 1,5 ~ 2 mm.
Kim loi ng hn l hn hp ca kim loi cc thp c bn v kim loi li
que hn.
S dng ngun in 1
chiu to h quang
in xut hin ti v tr
cn ni cc thanh thp
c bn vi que hn.
My
hn
N: Hn l qu trnh dng ngun nhit lm nng chy 2 kim loi cn hn
cng vi mt kim loi th 3 (kim loi que hn) c b vo; 3 kim loi ny
ho ln vo nhau ri cng li to thnh ng hn.
5
1. Hn h quang in
b) Cc yu t nh hng Cht lng ng hn
Khong cch gia u que hn v v tr cn hn: Khong cch c duy tr
khng i => h quang in n nh.
Ngun in: Ngun in n nh => h quang n nh.
Cch li kim loi lng vi khng kh: kim loi lng khng tip xc vi
khng kh (tip xc vi O2 v N) => que hn cn phi c bc thuc (cha
khong 80% CaCO3 i vi hn h quang in bng tay).
Lp thuc bc que hn chy to thnh x ni trn b mt trnh thp lng
tip xc vi khng kh.
Cht lng ca lp thuc bc que hn: Lp thuc bc que hn cha bt ca
mt s hp kim nh Mn, Ti, Khi chy s ho vo thp lng lm tng
cht lng ng hn (tng bn ca ng hn).
Trnh ca ngi hn: hn bng tay hay hn bng my.
(tip 2/3)
6
1. Hn h quang in
c) Que hn (theo TCVN 3223-1994):
Chiu di que hn 200 ~ 450 mm ; ng knh li kim loi que hn 1,6 ~ 6
mm; lp thuc bc dy 1 ~ 1,5 mm.

Loi que hn : c phn theo cng tc thi ca kim loi ng hn;
V d: N42 c cng ko t tiu chun daN/cm2.

Loi que hn s dng phi ph hp vi mc ca thp c bn:
- c bn ko t tc thi ca kim loi que hn ln hn ca thp c bn;
- c cc tnh cht c l ca kim loi que hn v kim loi thp c bn l tng
t nhau => gim bt khi lng thp nng chy, gim bt ng sut hn v
bin hnh hn.
CCT34, CCT38, CCT42, CCT52 N42, N46
9Mn2, 14Mn2, 9Mn2Si, 10Mn2Si1 N46, N50
4100 =
wun
f
Mc thp
Loi que hn
(tip 3/3)
7
2. Hn h quang in t ng v na t ng:
Nguyn l c bn ging nh hn bng tay, ch khc :
- S dng cun dy hn khng bc thuc, ng knh dy hn 2 ~ 5 mm.
- Phu ng thuc hn c gn vi my hn.
- Thuc hn c ri trc thnh lp dy trn rnh hn; dy hn c nh
t ng dn dn theo tc di chuyn u ca my hn.
H quang chm
Dy hn
Thuc hn
Phu r i t huc hn
Thuc hn
M y hn
Dy hn t r n
ng ht t huc hn
Ray c nh my hn
8
2. Hn h quang in t ng v na t ng:
:
- Do ngun in n nh, khong cch gia u que hn v v tr cn hn
lun c duy tr khng thay i, tc hn c duy tr n nh => H
quang in lun n nh.
- ng hn lun nm su trong lp thuc bc => kim loi nng ngui t t,
to iu kin cho bt kh thot ra ngoi.
cht lng ng hn tt hn hn bng tay.

N:
- Ch thc hin c cho cc ng hn thng hoc trn. Khng hn c
cho cc ng hn gp khc, ng, ngc, v tr cht hp,
=> Khc phc bng cch hn bn th cng, my hn c kt hp di
chuyn bng tay.
9
3. Hn h quang in trong lp kh bo v:
Lp kh bo v c phun ra trong khi hn;
Kim loi lng c bo v bi mi trng kh, b ngn cn tip xc vi
khng kh.
C 2 phng php hay c dng:
- Phng php MIG (metal inert gas) : s dng kh tr (nh argon hay
helium); => s dng c cho mi kim loi, nhng gi thnh cao.
- Phng php MAG (metal active gas) : s dng kh cacbonic hoc hn
hp vi kh tr; => s dng cho cc loi thp thng thng.
4. Hn hi
S dng m hn to ra ngn la axtylen, l hn hp chy ca kh
oxy v axetylen. Nhit nng chy c th n 3200oC.
Cht lng ng hn km.
Thc hin nhng ni khng c in.
Thng dng hn nhng tm kim loi mng, hoc ct thp.
10
5. Cc yu cu chnh khi hn v phng php kim tra ng hn
11
2.2 CC LOI NG HN V CNG TNH TON
1. NG HN I U
b)
a) c)
ng hn i u dng lin kt trc tip 2 cu kin cng nm trong 1
mt phng.
Khi hn, cn phi m bo s nng chy trn sut b dy ca bn thp.
Khi b dy ca cc bn thp lin kt ln, cn phi gia cng u cc bn thp
ni. Qui cch gia cng c qui nh trong tiu chun thit k.
a. c im
ng hn c th thng gc hoc xin gc vi trc ca cu kin.
12
Qui cch gia cng u cc bn thp ni :
Khi mm : khng cn gia cng u cc bn ni;
(hn trc tip).
mm : cn gia cng 1 pha, dng ch V.
mm : cn gia cng 2 pha, dng ch K, X
mm : cn gia cng dng cc.
t
a
t
a
b
o
t
a
b
o
t
a
b
o
o
a
b
o
10 < t
50 10 s < t
60 50 s <t
60 > t
13
ng lc khng b dn p,
khng b un cong => ng
sut tp trung nh, m
bo truyn lc tt.
ng hn c coi nh phn ko di ca thp c bn.
ng hn i u b ph hoi ging nh thp c bn: b ko t, b nn,
b ct tu theo lc tc dng.
b. S lm vic ca ng hn i u
1. NG HN I U
b)
a) c)
N N
ng truyn lc song song
14
Ph thuc vo vt liu kim loi hn (loi que hn) v phng php kim tra
cht lng ng hn.
ng hn i u chu nn tt hn chu ko v chu ct .
Cng tnh ton (v ko, nn, ct) ca ng hn c xc nh theo
cng tnh ton ca bn thp c lin kt f .
c. Cng tnh ton ca ng hn i u
1. NG HN I U
Khi chu nn:
f f
wc
=
Khi chu ko:
f f
wt
85 , 0 =
f f
wt
=
hoc
Khi chu ct:
f f f
v wv
58 . 0 = =
V d: thp CCT34 c: 2100 = = f f
wc
1800 85 , 0 = = f f
wt
1200 = =
v wv
f f
daN/cm2
daN/cm2
daN/cm2
15
ng hn gc nm gc vung
to bi 2 cu kin cn hn.
Tit din ca ng hn thng c hnh dng l 1/4 tit din ng trn (tam
gic vung cn, hi phng gia).
a. c im
2. NG HN GC (LIN KT 2 BN THP)
hf
f
h
a)
t
1
t
h
f
b)
t
1
t
b)
N
a)
N N
l w
w
l
N
16
Cnh ca tam gic gi l chiu cao ng hn hf.
a. c im
2. NG HN GC (LIN KT 2 BN THP)
Chiu cao ng hn khng qu cao v khng c qu b :
max min f f f
h h h s s
min max
2 , 1 t h
f
=
t h
f
2 , 1
max
=
min f f
h h >
) ; min(
2 1 min
t t t =
hf
f
h
a)
t
1
t
h
f
b)
t
1
t
cho lin kt chng.
vi t l chiu dy bn ng cho lin kt hnh ch T.
;
vi hfmin c tra Bng 2.3 ph thuc vo tmax v
phng php hn.
(tip 2/3)
17
Tu theo v tr ca ng hn so vi phng ca lc tc dng, chia ra:
a. c im
2. NG HN GC
(tip 3/3)
b)
N
a)
N N
l w
w
l
N
l
l

ng hn gc cnh: song song vi phng ca lc tc dng.
ng hn gc u: vung gc vi phng ca lc tc dng.
Khi chu ti trng ng, ng
hn lm hoc ng hn thoi
c th c s dng, nhm
gim ng sut tp trung trong
ng hn.
1,5h f h
h
|
a)
f
h
f
|
b)
f
h
f
f
f
ng hn thoi c cnh ln nm dc theo phng lc tc dng.
18
b. S lm vic ca ng hn gc
2. NG HN GC
N
A B
B A B - B A - A
N
o
o
t
t
ng truyn
lc trong lin
kt thay i
phc tp, b
un cong, b
chn p, khng
u nhau.
ng sut php phn b khng u theo chiu rng ca bn
thp v c gi tr thay i gia 2 mt ct A-A v B-B:
Dc theo ng hn, ng sut tip phn b khng u: c gi
tr ln nht 2 u v nh nht gia ng hn.
gim bt s phn b khng ng u ca ng sut tip dc theo ng
hn => Chiu di ng hn gc cnh l khng c di qu.
Chiu di l cng khng c ngn qu v khng th truyn lc c, ng
truyn lc b gy khc qu.
1
2
1
2
19
2. NG HN GC
i vi ng hn gc u, ng truyn lc phn b u theo b rng ca
lin kt, nhng b un cong v dn p chn ng hn (xem mt ct).
ng hn gc u v gc cnh chu lc khng tt bng ng hn i u.
Chn - ng hn
N
a) b)
N
(tip 2/3)
ng hn
gc u:
Phn b ng sut ng truyn lc
20
2. NG HN GC
ng hn gc u v gc cnh thc t chu c ng sut do ct, un v ko.
Nhng chu ct l ch yu.
Trong tnh ton, coi ng hn gc (c gc cnh v gc u) ch chu lc ct
qui c v ph hoi do ct (do trt) theo mt trong 2 tit din sau:
(tip 3/3)
f
a)
f
h
s
|
h
b)
|f hf
N
N
1
2
Dc theo kim loi ng hn (Tit din 1-1) ; hoc
Dc theo bin nng chy ca thp c bn (Tit din 2-2).
H s v tng ng vi 2 mt ct ph hoi 1-1 v 2-2 l cc h s
xt n chiu su nng chy ca ng hn. => xc nh chiu cao tnh
ton ca ng hn.
f
|
s
|
21
c. Cng tnh ton ca ng hn gc:
2. NG HN GC
ng hn gc cnh v gc u c cng tnh ton nh nhau.
f
a)
f
h
s
|
h
b)
|
f hf
N
N
1
2
ng hn gc c th b ph hoi theo 2
tit din khc nhau, ct qua 2 loi vt liu
kim loi thp khc nhau (kim loi thp
ng hn v kim loi thp c bn trn
bin nng chy).
i vi Tit din 1-1: cng chu ct tnh ton ca thp ng
hn ph thuc vo vt liu que hn (tra Bng 2.4).
i vi Tit din 2-2: cng chu ct tnh ton ca thp c bn
trn bin nng chy ly bng:
wf
f
u ws
f f 45 , 0 =

VD: Que hn N42 c daN/cm2
Thp c bn CCT38 c = 1710 daN/cm2.
1800 =
wf
f
3800 45 , 0 =
ws
f
22
a) Theo cng dng:
3. CC CCH KHC PHN LOI NG HN
ng hn chu lc.
ng hn cu to.
b) Theo v tr trong khng gian:
ng hn nm (I).
ng hn ng (II).
ng hn ngc (III): rt kh hn, khi thit k cn trnh.
ng hn ngang (IV).
I I
I
I I I
I V
0
6
0
60120
1
2
0
1
8
0
23
c) Theo a im ch to:
3. CC CCH KHC PHN LOI NG HN
ng hn trong nh my.
ng hn ngoi cng trng .
d) Theo tnh cht lin tc ca ng hn:
ng hn lin tc:
ng hn khng lin tc.
a a a a
a a a a
i vi cu kin chu nn. i vi cu kin chu ko.
min
15t a s
min
30t a s
Trong nh my
Ngoi cng trng
24
2.3 TNH TON CC LIN KT HN
1. Lin kt i u
Gia cng u bn thp
25
1. TNH TON LIN KT I U
a. LK i u thng gc chu N
N N
t
l
w
t
t
a)
o
N N
t
b)
w
l
t
o
o
t
Tit din ng hn bit:
t h
f
=
b l =
t l l
w
2 =
cn tr i mi u ng hn 1
khong l t, do k n cht lng
khng tt 2 u.
Chiu cao:
Chiu di tnh ton (hiu qu):
Tit din tnh ton ca
ng hn c dng hnh
ch nht, kch thc lw x t.
Chiu di thc t cn hn:
26
a. LK i u thng gc chu N (tip)
Cc biu thc kim tra bn:
c wt
w w
wt
f
l t
N
A
N
o s
= =
c wc
w w
wc
f
l t
N
A
N
o s
= =
Chu lc ko N:
Chu lc nn N:
N N
t
l
w
t
t
a)
o
N N
t
b)
w
l
t
o
o
t
Di tc dng ca lc dc
trc N, ng sut php c
coi phn b u trn tit din
ng hn.
wt
f
l cng chu ko tnh ton ca ng hn i u
l cng chu nn tnh ton ca ng hn i u
wc
f
f f
wt
85 , 0 =
27
N N
t
l
w
t
t
a)
o
N N
t
b)
w
l
t
o
o
t
tng kh nng chu lc ca
ng hn, cn tng chiu di
ng hn lw (v chiu cao
ng hn hf = t khng i).
t
b
l
w
2
sin

|
.
|
\
|
=
o
b. LK i u xin gc chu N
S dng ng hn xin gc:
Lc dc trc tc dng vo ng hn c phn thnh 2 thnh phn:
o sin N
o cos N
gy ng sut php trn tit din ng hn
gy ng sut tip trn tit din ng hn;
Hai thnh phn lc ny c kim tra ring r.
28
Chu lc ko N.Sin o:
N N
t
l
w
t
t
a)
o
N N
t
b)
w
l
t
o
o
t
c wt
w
wt
f
l t
N
o
o s
=
sin
c wv
w
w
f
l t
N
o
t s
=
cos
Chu lc ct N.Cos o:
1 : 2 = o tg
o sin N
o cos N
cng nh th :
o
cng gim;
cng tng.
b. LK i u xin gc chu N (tip)

C 2 iu kin
bn v ng sut
php v ng sut
tip phi ng
thi tho mn.
Nn s dng:
fwv l cng tnh ton chu trt ca ng hn i u. f f f
v wv
58 , 0 = =
29
M
w
l
t
a)
t
M
M
V
t
l
w
V
t
b)
M
w
o
t
w
o
w
c wt
w
wt
f
W
M
o s =
c wt w wt td
f t o o s + = 15 , 1 3
2 2
2
6
w w
wt
l t
M
W
M
= = o
w
w
l t
V
= t
vi
(t c ti liu)
b. LK i u chu M, V
Di tc dng ca m men
M, coi ng sut php phn
b trn tit din ng hn
c dng hnh tam gic .
Di tc dng ca lc ct V, coi ng sut tip phn b u trn tit din
ng hn.
30
2. TNH TON LIN KT GHP CHNG
a. LK ghp chng 2 bn thp chu N
31
N
b)
a) c)
d)
N
a>5
1
t
t mi n
t
2
1
t
t
2
c wf
w f f w
f
l h
N
A
N
|
t s

= =
1 1
1 1
c ws
w f s w
f
l h
N
A
N
|
t s

= =
2 2
2 2
( )

= cm l l
w
5 , 0 2
a. LK ghp chng 2 bn thp chu N (tip)
Di tc dng ca lc dc trc N, ng
hn gc c tnh ton theo ng sut
tip trung bnh dc theo ng hn v
trn ton tit din ng hn.
Tit din 1-1: (theo vt liu ca ng hn)
Tit din 2-2: (theo vt liu ca thp c
bn trn bin nng chy):
f
a)
f
h
s
|
h
b)
|
f hf
N
N
1
2
N N
32
( )
c w
w f
f
l h
N
| s
min
( ) { }
ws s wf f w
f f Min f = | | | ;
min
vi:
Cc ng hn trong lin kt u phi
tho mn ng thi c 2 iu kin bn
ng vi Tit din 1-1 v 2-2 :
N
b)
a) c)
d)
N
a>5
1
t
t mi n
t
2
1
t
t
2
N N
( )

= cm l l
w
5 , 0 2 l tng chiu di tnh ton ca cc ng hn gc
s f
| | ;
l cc h s chiu su nng chy ca ng hn ng vi Tit
din 1-1 v 2-2.
Trng hp hn tay:
7 , 0 =
f
|
1 =
s
| v
33
c w f
w
f h
N
l
|
>
min
) (
Biu thc xc nh chiu di cn thit (tnh ton) ca cc ng hn:
min min
2 , 1 t h h
f f
s s
f w
h l 4 >
mm l
w
40 >
f f w
h l s | 85

N
b)
a) c)
d)
N
a>5
1
t
t mi n
t
2
1
t
t
2
N N
l chiu cao ng hn, c
chn trc theo iu kin cu tao:
f
h
Chiu di ca tng ng hn cn m bo khng c ngn qu v
khng c di qu ( m bo chu lc v m bo gi thit ng sut
phn b u trn tit din ng hn):
cm l l
w
5 , 0 2 + =
34
b. Lin kt ghp chng bn thp thp gc chu N
l
e
o
w2
l
1
e
2
w1
N
1
N
N
2
2 1
N N >
Lin kt gm 2 ng hn:
ng hn sng v ng
hn mp.
Trc ca cu kin gn vi
ng hn sng: Khong
cch t trc ca thp gc n
ng hn sng l e1, n
ng hn mp l e2 :
2 1
e e <
Chiu cao ng hn sng v mp c th chn khc nhau: hfsng > hfmp
Lc tc dng vo ng hn sng N1.
Lc tc dng vo ng hn mp N2.
35
b. Lin kt ghp chng bn thp thp gc chu N
l
e
o
w2
l
1
e
2
w1
N
1
N
N
2
Trong tnh ton xem lc tc
dng vo cc ng hn t
l nghch vi khong cch t
trng tm t lc n cc
ng hn:
N k N =
1
N k N = ) 1 (
2
2 1
2
e e
e
k
+
=
vi:
Loi thp gc Cch lin kt k 1 - k
u cnh 0,70 0,30
Khng u cnh,
hn theo cnh
ngn
0,75 0,25
Khng u cnh,
hn theo cnh di
0,60 0,40
Trong thc hnh tnh ton,
n gin k c tra bng
ph thuc vo loi thp gc
v cch b tr chng trong
lin kt.
36
c w f
w
f h
N
l
|
>
min 1
1
1
) (
c w f
w
f h
N
l
|
>
min 2
2
2
) (
Chiu di cn thit ca cc ng hn sng:
Chiu di cn thit ca cc ng hn mp:
b. Lin kt ghp chng bn thp thp gc chu N (tip)
l
e
o
w2
l
1
e
2
w1
N
1
N
N
2
Chiu cao
ng hn hf1
v hf2 c
chn trc.
37
3. TNH TON LIN KT C BN GHP
a. c im
c)
b)
Ct v t
a)
b
b
Ct v t
Lin kt c bn ghp l lin kt s
dng bn ghp truyn lc t
cu kin ny sang cu kin kia.
: Khng phi gia cng mp cc
cu kin c ni. C th lin kt
cc thp bn, cc thp hnh vi
nhau.
N: Tn thp lm bn ghp, lin kt nng n.
Bn ghp c lin kt vi thp
c bn bng ng hn gc cnh
hay gc u, hoc kt hp c 2
loi (lin kt hn hp).
Chiu di cc ng hn cng ngn th ng truyn lc trong lin kt cng
b un cong, b chn p nhiu, c s tp trung ng sut ln.
38
b. Cu to
1
>5t
b)
a)
d)
t t
1
1
t
c)
10-20
50mm
5
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
Khe h gia 2 bn thp.
Khong cch yu cu gia 2 ng hn gim bin hnh hn
39
c. Tnh ton lin kt chu lc trc N:
1
>5t
b)
a)
d)
t
t
1
1
t
c)
10-20
50mm
5
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
1) Kim tra bn ca cc bn ghp:
A A
bg
>
2) Kim tra iu kin bn ca cc

ng hn gc theo 2 tit din 1-1 v 2-
2:
c w
w f
f
l h
N
| s
min
) (
3) Tng chiu di cn thit ca cc ng hn 1 bn khe ni ca bn ghp
:
c w f
w
f h
N
l
|
>
min
) (
Ti v tr khe ni, bn
ghp lm vic thay th
cho cc bn thp c
lin kt.
Abg : l tng din tch tit din cc bn ghp;
A : l din tch tit din ca cu kin thp c bn.
40
b. Tnh ton lin kt chu lc trc M v V:
t
M
5
0
0
V
t
l
w
200
150
(T c ti liu)
Lc ct = V
Mmen = M + Vxe
e
41
B. LIN KT BULNG
2.5 CC LOI BULNG DNG TRONG KT CU THP
1. Cu to chung ca bulng
Bulng gm c 3
phn: Thn bulng,
M bulng, v cu.
h=0,6d
2
d
d
l
S
D
=
1
,
7
d
3
0
d
o
o
l
h=0,6d
a) Thn bulng: c tit din hnh trn, chiu di l v gm 2 phn:
Phn khng tin ren: c chiu di nh hn b dy ca tp bn thp c
lin kt (xuyn qua) khong 23 mm . ng knh thn bulng l d.
Phn c tin ren: c chiu di l d l 5 , 2
0
~
ng knh sau khi tin ren:
Tu theo yu cu s dng: l = 35 300 mm ; d = 12 48 mm; thng s
dng d = 20 30 mm.
d d 85 , 0
0
=
42
B. LIN KT BULNG
h=0,6d
2
d
d
l
S
D
=
1
,
7
d
3
0
d
o
o
l
h=0,6d
b) M bulng:
Thng hay s dng hnh lc gic; c cc gc c mi vt.
ng knh hnh trn ngoi tip m D = 1,7 d ;
B dy ca m h = 0,6 d;
Khong cch S l s chn: S = 12, 14, 16, 18,..
Bulng gm c 3
phn: Thn bulng,
M bulng, v cu.
(tip 2/3)
43
B. LIN KT BULNG
h=0,6d
2
d
d
l
S
D
=
1
,
7
d
3
0
d
o
o
l
h=0,6d
c) cu:
Hnh dng ging m bulng, nhng c khoan l v tin ren ging nh
ren ca phn thn (bc ren ging nhau). B dy ca m :
m (long en) c hnh trn phn phi p lc ca cu ln mt thp c
bn.
d h 6 , 0 >
Cc kch thc l0, d0, D v h u qui nh theo ng knh d; nu d
cng ln th yu cu cc kch thc cng cng ln.
(tip 3/3)
Bulng gm c 3
phn: Thn bulng,
M bulng, v cu.
44
a) Bulng th, bulng thng:
Vt liu: t thp cacbon thng.
Ch to: bng cch rn, dp. => chnh xc thp, ng knh thn
bulng khng c trn, cn c khe h gia l v thn bulng ln.
ng knh l: d1 = d + 2 3 mm.
L bulng: bng cch t hoc khoan tng bn ring l. => thnh l x
x, sai s ln, cc l khng trng kht, phn thp xung quanh l khong 2
3 mm b gin v bin cng ngui. => L loi C.
Cht lng thn v l bulng km. Bin dng ban u ca lin kt ln,
kh nng chu lc khng cao.
=> S dng lin kt tm, nh v cng trng, s dng khi lm vic
chu ko.
2. Phn loi bulng
45
b) Bulng tinh:
Vt liu: t thp cacbon thp hoc thp hp kim thp.
Ch to: bng cch tin, c. => chnh xc cao.
ng knh l: d1 = d + 0,1 0,3 mm.
L bulng: bng cch khoan tng bn ring r hoc khoan c chng bn
theo thit k. Khi bn mng, c th t trc vi ng knh l nh hn
thit k khong 2 3 mm ri mi khoan c chng bn. => thnh l nhn,
chnh xc cao, cht lng cao, nhng nng sut thp. => L loi B.
Khe h gia thn v l bulng nh => lin kt cht, bin dng ban u
ca lin kt nh, kh nng chu lc cao.
=> S dng cho cc lin kt chu lc ln.
2. Phn loi bulng (tip 2/3)
46
c) Bulng cng cao :
Vt liu: t thp hp kim c cng cao hoc rt cao: 40Cr, 38CrSi,
Ch to: ging bulng thng, c chnh xc thp.
Sau khi ch to chng c gia cng nhit nn c cng rt cao. C
th to lc ko rt ln trong thn bulng p cc bn thp li, to lc
ma st => Kh nng chu lc rt cao.
2. Phn loi bulng
Lp bn ca bulng:
Tu theo vt liu lm bulng, chia ra cc lp bn sau:
4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.6 8.8 10.9
T lp bn xc nh c cng ca vt liu bulng.
Ch s u x 10 = cng ko t tc thi (daN/mm2).
Tch ca 2 ch s = cng chy ca vt liu thp (daN/mm2).
u
f
y
f
V d: fu = 4 x 10 = 40 daN/mm2 = 4000 daN/cm2.
fy = 4 x 6 = 24 daN/mm2 = 2400 daN/cm2
(tip 3/3)
47
2.6 S LM VIC CA LIN KT BULNG V KH NNG CHU LC
CA MT BULNG
a) Cc giai on chu lc:
1. S lm vic ca lin kt bulng th, thng, v tinh
Do vn c/cu => thn bulng chu ko, cc bn thp b xit cht li, to
thnh lc ma st gia mt tip xc ca cc bn thp Nms.
Di tc dng ca lc ko dc trc N, cc bn thp c xu hng trt
tng i vi nhau (Hnh a).
Giai on 1 - khi N cn nh (N < Nms) : cc bn thp cha trt tng i
vi nhau. Lc truyn gia cc bn thp thng qua ma st. Bulng cha chu
lc ngoi tr lc ko ban u do vn cu.
Giai on 2 - khi N tng i ln (N Nms): cc bn thp trt tng i
vi nhau, thn bulng t st v mt pha ca thnh l. Ngoi lc tc dng N
do thn bulng v masat chu (Hnh b).
N
N/2
N/2
a) b)
>
a) b)
48
CA MT BULNG
a) Cc giai on chu lc:
Giai on 3 - khi N kh ln (N >> Nms): lc masat gim dn v bng
khng. Lc tc dng N l hon ton do thn bulng chu. ng thi bn thp
chu p mt do thn bulng t ln thnh l.
Giai on 4 - khi lin kt b ph hoi: C 2 kh nng ph hoi c th xy
ra:
a) b)
- Thn bulng b ct t:
- Thp c bn b ph hoi do t
cc u bn thp hay t cc bn
thp gia 2 l bulng (thn
bulng khng b ph hoi).
=> Trong thc t thit k, ch cn quan tm n giai on lm vic cui cng
ca lin kt, giai on lin kt b ph hoi => tnh kh nng chu lc ca
lin kt.
(tip 2/2)

N
N/2
N/2
49
CA MT BULNG
b) Kh nng chu ct (chu trt) ca 1 bulng (khi bulng b ct t):
fvb l cng chu ct tnh ton ca vt liu bulng. Tra bng 1.10 Ph
lc I ph thuc vo cp bn ca bulng (vt liu bulng);
b l h s iu lm vic ca lin kt bulng, c tra Bng 2.8 theo c
im ca lin kt bulng, loi bulng, v gii hn chy ca thp c
bn; c gi tr t 1 n 0,75.
| |
v b vb vb
n f A N =
4
2
d
A

=
t
vi d l ng knh ca thn bulng. (thn bulng b ct t ti
tit din trng vi mt tip xc gia cc bn thp)
nv l s mt ct tnh ton trn thn bulng.

nv = 1, 2 hoc 3,... => kh nng chu lc ca bulng thay i tu theo lin kt.
50
CA MT BULNG
c) Kh nng chu p mt ca 1 bulng (khi bn thp b t):
Bn thp b x t khi bulng c
ng knh ln, cng fvb ln,
v b dy bn thp lin kt mng.
Ch : thn bulng khng b ph
hoi.
Cc u bn thp c th b ph
hoi, b x t khong cch
gia cc l hoc u cc bn
thp.
2
2
3
o
em o
y
ox
3
y
x
1
l
a
2d
S dng khong cch min l 2d
ng sut p mt ln thnh l phn b khng u => c s tp trung ng
sut, trng thi ng sut phc tp cc u bn thp (tn ti v )
=> Coi mt phn ca bn thp c bn b trt theo chiu di l.
x
o
y
o
51
CA MT BULNG
Kh nng chu p mt ca 1
bulng chnh l kh nng chng
p mt (chng trt) ca cc bn
thp c lin kt.
2
2
3
o
em o
y
ox
3
y
x
1
l
a
2d
fv l cng chu ct tnh ton ca thp
c bn: (theo thuyt bn 3)
t l cng tnh ton p
mt qui c ca bulng.
| |
b v b cb
f t d S N = =
min
) 2 ( 2
| |
b cb cb
f t d N =
min
2 / f f
v
=
f f
cb
2 =
(tip 2/3)
S dng khong
cch min l 2d
52
CA MT BULNG
Cng thc tng qut :
| | ( )
b cb cb
f t d N =

min
( )
min
t
cb
f
d l ng knh thn bulng.
l tng chiu dy nh nht ca cc bn thp cng
trt v mt pha.
ph thuc vo : - vt liu thp c bn
- Phng php to l bulng;
- cu to (s dng khong cch min).
(tip 3/3)
l cng tnh ton p mt qui c ca bulng.
53
CA MT BULNG
a) S lm vic chu trt ca bulng CC:
2. S lm vic chu trt ca lin kt bulng cng cao
Bulng c lm bng
vt liu cng cao
hoc rt cao => to lc
xit ln, lc ko trong
thn bulng ln.
To ra lc masat rt ln
trn cc mt tip xc
gia cc bn thp: Nms
>> N ngoi lc tc dng
(vung gc vi trc ca
thn bulng).
Cc bn thp khng b trt
(khng dch chuyn) ln nhau.
Khng c s p mt ca thn bulng ln thnh l, thn bulng ch chu lc
ko do xit cu.
Ngoi lc tc dng N truyn trong lin kt hon ton thng qua ma st.
N N
54
CA MT BULNG
b) Kh nng chu trt ca 1 bulng cng cao:
Kh nng chu trt ca bulng cng cao chnh l lc masat ti a
c to ra trong lin kt.
Lc ko ti a trong 1 bulng CC:
hb bn
f A P =
Abn l din tch thc ca tit din thn bulng (bulng b ko t phn
c ren);
fhb l cng chu ko tnh ton ca vt liu bulng, ly fhb = 0,7fub
vi fub l cng ko t tc thi ca bulng, c tra bng Ph
lc 1.12 .
55
CA MT BULNG
b) Kh nng chu trt ca 1 bulng cng cao:
: h s ma st, c tra Bng 2.10, ph thuc vo phng php to
nhm b mt tip xc gia cc cu kin lin kt, khong 0,25 ~ 0,58.
: h s tin cy ca lin kt, c tra Bng 2.10, ph thuc vo
phng php lm sch b mt, khe h gia thn v l bulng.
: h s iu kin lm vic ca lin kt, ph thuc vo s lng bulng:
0,8 ~ 1 :
: s mt phng ma st tnh ton.
(tip 2/2)
| |
f b
b
bn hb f b
b
b
n A f n P N
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
1
2

2 b
1 b
nf
56
CA MT BULNG
a) S lm vic:
3. S lm vic chu ko ca bulng trong lin kt
N/2 N/2
N
Ngoi lc tc dng theo phng song song
vi trc ca bulng.
Cc cu kin c xu hng tch ri xa nhau.
Lin kt b ph hoi khi bulng b ko t ti
phn tin ren. (khng xt n s lm vic
ca cc cu kin lin kt).
=> Lc tc dng ln thn bulng chnh bng
ngoi lc N.
b) Kh nng chu ko ca 1 bulng:
| |
tb tb bn tb
f
d
f A N
= =
4
2
0
t
ftb l cng chu ko tnh ton ca vt
liu bulng.
Khi s dng bulng cng cao th ftb
c ly bng fhb.
Abn l din tch tit din thc ca tit din thn bulng.
57
2.7 CU TO CA LIN KT BULNG
a) Lin kt ghp chng:
1. Cc hnh thc cu to ca lin kt bulng
Lin kt ghp chng gia 2 bn thp:
c)
a)
d)
b)
a) b)
Lin kt ghp chng gia thp
gc vi bn thp:
ng truyn lc i qua lin kt b un cong, c lch tm, chu m men
un ph.
S lng bulng thc t b tr cn tng thm 10% so vi tnh ton.
58
b) Lin kt c bn ghp:
1. Cc hnh thc cu to ca lin kt bulng
Lin kt 2 bn thp c s dng 1 hay 2 bn ghp:
Lin kt gia 2 thp hnh:
c)
a)
d)
b)
c)
a)
d)
b)
Cn tng s lng bulng ln 10%
b)
a)
c)
Bn ghp
d)
Thp gc ghp
Khng cn tng
s lng bu lng
ln 10% v
cng ca cc
cu kin l ln.
59
a) Hnh thc b tr song song:
2. B tr bulng
b) Hnh thc b tr sole:
2) Khong c ch max
d) Cu ki n chu nn
c) Cu ki n chu ko
N
e)
N N N
1) Khong c ch mi n
a)
N
b)
N N N
b
>
1
0
0
b
>
1
0
0
b
<
1
0
0
a
1
2
a
a
2
1
a
a
a
n
a
n
1
6
d
2
4
t
4
d
8
t
16d
24t
4d 8d
12t 8t
1
6
d
2
4
t
24t
16d 12d
18t
16d
18t
1
6
d
4
d
1
8
t
1
6
d
1
8
t
8
t
4d
8t
8d
12t
2d
2,5d 2,5d 2,5d
1
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2d
2,5d 2,5d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
1
,
5
d
Nu b tr cc bulng c khong cch gn qu, bn thp lin kt d b x t
(ph hoi do p mt).
Nu b tr cc bulng c khong cch xa qu, tn vt liu, lin kt khng cht,
d b g, phn bn thp gia 2 bulng khng m bo n nh khi chu nn.
Nn b tr bulng c khong cch nh nht (khong cch min) tit kim vt
liu, lin kt gn nh, nhng vn m bo chu lc.
d l ng
knh ca
thn bulng
60
c) i vi thp hnh:
2. B tr bulng
2) Khong c ch max
d) Cu ki n chu nn
c) Cu ki n chu ko
N
e)
N N N
1) Khong c ch mi n
a)
N
b)
N N N
b
>
1
0
0
b
>
1
0
0
b
<
1
0
0
a
1
2
a
a
2
1
a
a
a
n
a
n
1
6
d
2
4
t
4
d
8
t
16d
24t
4d 8d
12t 8t
1
6
d
2
4
t
24t
16d 12d
18t
16d
18t
1
6
d
4
d
1
8
t
1
6
d
1
8
t
8
t
4d
8t
8d
12t
2d
2,5d 2,5d 2,5d
1
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2d
2,5d 2,5d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
2
,
5
d
1
,
5
d
V tr cc dy bulng oc qui nh sn theo kch thc ca tng loi thp
hnh.
i vi thp gc, khi b rng cnh mm : b tr 1 hng bulng.
mm : b tr 2 hng bulng.
100 < b
100 > b
61
2.8 TNH TON

LIN KT BULNG
1. Lin kt ghp chng chu lc dc trc N

2. Lin kt c bn ghp chu lc dc trc N

3. Lin kt c bn ghp chu mmen M

4. Lin kt c bn ghp chu M v V
62
2.8 TNH TON LIN KT BULNG
1. Tnh ton lin kt ghp chng chu N
a) Chn ng knh bulng:
- S dng 1 loi ng knh bulng
trong 1 lin kt cu kin.
- Hn ch ti a s loaij duong kinh
bulng dng trong 1 cng trnh.
c)
a)
d)
b)
ng knh bulng thng dng d = 20 ~ 24 mm. i vi cc cng trnh
nng d = 24 ~ 30 mm.
b) Xc nh kh nng chu lc ca 1 bulng trong lin kt:
| |
v b vb vb
n f A N =
| | ( )
b cb cb
f t d N =

min
| | | | | | { }
cb vb b
N N N ; min
min,
=
- Kh nng chu ct ca 1 bulng:
- Kh nng chu p mt ca 1 bulng:
N N
63
c) Tnh s lng bulng cn thit
trong lin kt:
Coi cc bulng trong lin kt u chu
lc nh nhau.
S lng bulng cn thit :
c b
N
N
n

>
min
] [
i vi kt ghp chng cc bn thp, s lng bulng n cn thit cn phi
tng thm 10%.
c)
a)
d)
b)
| | | | | | { }
cb vb b
N N N ; min
min,
= : L kh nng chu lc ca 1 bulng:
c
: L h s iu kin lm vic ca KC
Chn n l
s nguyn.
(tip 2/3)
N N
64
d) B tr bulng trong lin kt v kim
tra thp c bn do b khot l bulng:
B tr bulng theo hnh thc song song
hoc sole, s dng khong cch min.
B tr bulng ph thuc vo:
- B rng b ca bn thp cha cc hng bulng;
- Mc gim yu ca tit din bn thp do khot l bulng;
- B tr cng nhiu hng th chiu di on ni chng cng ngn
bt; tuy nhin, bn thp lin kt cng b gim yu nhiu.
Kim tra thp c bn do b khot l bulng:
c
n
f
A
N
o s =
) (
1
d m b t A
n
=
m l s lng hng bulng;
d1 l ng knh l bulng.
c)
a)
d)
b)
m
(tip 3/3)
N N
65
2.8 TNH TON LIN KT
C BN GHP CHU LC
DC TRC N
Nguyn tc tnh ton chung ging vi lin kt ghp
chng, ch khc l cn xc nh tit din ca bn ghp
66
2. Tnh ton lin kt c bn ghp chu N
a) Chn ng knh bulng kch thc
cc bn ghp v :
Kch thc ca bn ghp phi m bo:
N N
N N
Bn ghp
A A
bg
>
: tng din tch tit din ngang ca cc

bn ghp.
A : din tch tit din ca bn thp lin kt.
b) Xc nh kh nng chu lc ca 1 bulng trong lin kt:
| |
v b vb vb
n f A N =
| | ( )
b cb cb
f t d N =

min
| | | | | | { }
cb vb b
N N N ; min
min,
=
- Kh nng chu ct ca 1 bulng:
- Kh nng chu p mt ca 1 bulng:
(ging mc 1.)
N N
bg
A
67
2. Tnh ton lin kt c bn ghp chu N
c) Tnh s lng bulng cn thit
trong lin kt:
Coi cc bulng trong lin kt u chu
lc nh nhau.
S lng bulng cn thit :
c b
N
N
n

>
min
] [
S lng bulng n cn thit c b tr 1 pha ca bn ghp trong lin
kt c bn ghp, .
| | | | | | { }
cb vb b
N N N ; min
min,
= : L kh nng chu lc ca 1 bulng:
Chn n l
s nguyn.
d) B tr bulng trong lin kt v kim tra thp c bn do b khot l
bulng: (ging mc 1.)
(ging mc 1.)
(tip 2/2)
N N
N N
Bn ghp
N N
68
3. Tnh ton lin kt c bn ghp chu m men M
S lng bulng c b tr pht trin theo phng ngang tng kh nng
chu un ca lin kt.
Cn xc nh lc tc dng vo mi bulng do M gy ra N1b = ?
1 i 2
l l l
M
V
V
N
max
=
1
N
i
N
M
a) b)
Coi cc bn thp lin kt v bn ghp l cng v cng v xoay xung quanh
trng tm ca vng bulng. Gi thit ny gn ng i vi vng bulng hp
(khi s lng bulng n khng ln).
Cc cp
ngu lc
69
S lng bulng c b tr pht trin theo phng ngang tng kh nng
chu un ca lin kt.
Cn xc nh lc tc dng vo mi bulng do M gy ra N1b = ?
Coi cc bn thp lin kt v bn ghp l cng v cng v xoay xung quanh
trng tm ca vng bulng. Gi thit ny gn ng i vi vng bulng hp
(khi s lng bulng n khng ln).
Coi m men un M c phn thnh cc cp ngu lc quay xung quanh
trng tm ca vng bulng theo nguyn tc t l vi khong cch ca cc cp
ngu lc.
1 i 2
l l l
M
V
V
N
max
=
1
N
i
N
M
a) b)
(tip 2/3)
70
1 i 2
l l l
M
V
V
N
max
=
1
N
i
N
M
a) b)
=
= + + + =
n
i
i i n n
l N l N l N l N M
1
2 2 1 1
...
... ...
2
2
1
1
= = =
i
i
l
N
l
N
l
N
i i
l
l
N
N .
1
1
=

= =
= =
n
i
i
n
i
i i
l
l
N
l N M
1
2
1
1
1
=
n
i
i
l
l M
N
1
2
1
1
= =
n
i
i
bM
l m
l M
m
N
N
1
2
1 1
=>
Lc ln nht tc dng ln 1 bulng do M gy ra:
(tip 3/3)
71
4. Tnh ton lin kt c bn ghp chu M, V:
Lc tc dng ln bulng c gi thit tnh ring cho tng trng hp chu
M v V.
n
V
N
bV
=
k m n =

= =
n
i
i
bM
l m
l M
m
N
N
1
2
1 1
| |
c b bV bM b
N N N N s + =
min,
2 2
l s lng bulng mt pha ca bn ghp.
Lc ln nht tc dng ln 1 bulng do M gy ra:
Biu thc kim tra bn:
Coi lc ct tc dng u ln cc bulng:
72
5. K hiu bulng trn bn v
d = 22
L bulng:
Bulng chu lc:
Bulng tm:
Bulng cng cao:

Chuong 2 Lien Ket Trong Ket Cau Thep

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Chuong 2 Lien Ket Trong Ket Cau Thep

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2) Kim tra iu kin bn ca cc

: tng din tch tit din ngang ca cc

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