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Ngy dy10/3/2010
2NaCl.;
4Fe(OH)2 +O2+
2H2O4Fe(OH)3
Trng hi xanh
(Nu )
+ Nu c cht kt ta nu l FeCl 3 .
Fe(OH)3
FeCl3 + 3NaOH
+ 3NaCl.
(N
u )
+Nu c cht kt ta trng khng tan l MgSO4:
MgSO4+NaOHNa2SO4+ Mg(OH)2
+ Nu c cht kt ta trng to thnh sau tan trong dung
dch NaOH d l Al2(SO4)3 :
2Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
2, a, Al A B C A NaAlO2
- A To ra t Al ,- A To NaAlO2
A l Al2O3
VD: FeCl3
G FeO G l Fe(OH)2,
Ta c dy bin ho :
(7) Fe(OH)2
FeO + H2O
Bi 2 :
1, Hy cho bit cc hin tng c th xy ra v vit phng trnh phn
ng xy ra trong nhng th nghim sau :
a, Cho t t dung dch Ba(OH)2vo dung dch (NH4)2SO4
2
4
thnh mu en, ng thi c kh khng
mu thot ra . C 6H12O6
6 C+ 6H2O
SO2 + H2O
a, 1 gi nh my thi ra 250m3 nc thi = 250.000lt
2,
250.000 1
=
5
50.000 (g) = 50 kg
6000000.56
370
908,108kg
Bi 3 : Ho tan 5,94 g kim loi ho tr III trong 564 ml dung dch HNO 3
10% (d=1,05 g/ml) thu c dung dch A v 2,688 lt hn hp kh B
(gm N2O v NO) ktc. T khi ca kh B i vi Hir l 18,5 .
a, Tm kim loi ho tr III . Tnh C % ca cht trong dd A .
b, Cho 800 ml dung dch KOH 1M vo ddA. Tnh khi lng kt ta
to thnh sau phn ng .
HD
a, nHNO3 =
564.1,05.10
63.100
2,688
=0,12
22,4
44a + 30b
2( a + b)
a+b
= 18,5
=> a = 0,06
mol
11R(g) - 42mol
5,94(g)
11mol -
x(mol)
6 mol
y(mol)
0,12 mol
= 0,84 (mol)
0,12 11
6
= 0,22 (mol)
46,86
593,7
. 100% = 7,89%;
C%HNO3 =
6,3
593,7
. 100%
=1,06%
b, nKOH = 1.0,8 = 0,08 mol.
PTHH: HNO3 +KOH KNO3 +H2O
1mol
1mol
0,1mol
0,1mol
0,7 mol
Al(NO3)3 + 3KOH Al(OH)3 +3KNO3
1mol
3mol
0,22mol
0,66mol
= 0,04 mol
PTHH:Al(OH)3 + KOH KAlO2 + 2H2O
Trc phn ng :
Phn ng:
Sau phn ng :
0,22
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,18
(1)
(2)
b, Gi a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca NaHCO3
Na2CO3 v Na2SO4 trong 178 g hn hp
Theo (1) Ta c nNaHCO3 = 2nCO2 = 2
5600
22,4.1000
= 2 x 0,25 mol =
0,5mol
- mNaHCO3 = 0,5 x 84 = 42 (g) % NaHCO3=
42
.
178
100%
23,6%
- Theo (1) nNa2CO3 = nCO2 = 0,25 mol ;Vy trong A c b+ 0,25 mol
Na2CO3
Theo (2) nNa2CO3=nCO2 =
12320
22,4.1000
b = 0,3 (mol)
Khi lng Na2CO3 l 0,3x106 = 31,8(g)
% Na2CO3 =
31,8
178
.100% = 17,8%
2-
Bi 1:
1/ C 5 mu cht kh A, B, C, D, E ng trong 5 l ring bit . Mi kh c
mt tnh cht sau:
d, D l kh CO2.
b, B l kh CO: CO + 2 O2
t 0
CO2.
2SO2+ O2 t0 2SO3.
B
(D
+2HCl.
(D)
(E)
(F).
(D)
(E)
(G)
(H)
H2SO4+BaCl2 BaSO4 +2HCl
HCl +AgNO3 AgCl +HNO3.
(F)
(H)
(H)
(I)
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOH
Fe(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
(J)
(K)
Bi 2
Hn hp gm 3 kim loi Cu, Fe, Mg nng 20 gam c ha tan ht
bng axit H2SO4 long, thot ra kh A, nhn c dung dch B v cht
rn D. Thm KOH d vo dung dch B ri sc khng kh xy ra hon
ton phn ng.
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4 Fe(OH)3
% Cu=
4
20
ta c
5
mCu = 80
. 64 = 4 (g)
x 100 = 20%.
Fe + H 2SO4(l) FeSO4+ H2
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4+ H2
+K2SO4.
.4Fe(OH)2+O2+H2O 4Fe(OH)3
t0
Mg(OH)2 MgO +H2O.
11,2
100% = 56%
20
Bi3
Nung 25,28gam hn hp FeCO3 v FexOy d ti phn ng hon ton,
thu c kh A v 22,4 gam Fe2O3 duy nht. Cho kh A hp th hon
ton vo 400ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,15M thu c 7,88 gam kt ta.
1, Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
2, Tm cng thc phn t ca FexOy
HD
2FexOy + (
3x 2 y
) O2 xFe2O3 (2).
2
0,04
=
2
0,12 (mol)
0,08
=
2
0,1 (mol)
Fe2O3=0,1.160=16g
O2 d phn ng (2) = 0 v oxit st ban u l Fe2O3
Bi4:
1/ Cho CO tc dng vi CuO un nng c hn hp cht rn A v kh
B. Ha tan hon ton A vo H2SO4 c nng. Cho B tc dng vi dung
dch nc vi trong d. Vit phng trnh phn ng ha hc.
2/ Nu hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng cho cc th nghim
sau:
a/ Nhng inh st co sch g vo dung dch CuSO4
b/ Sc kh SO2 vo dung dch Ca(HCO3)2
HD
t 0
CO + CuO
Cu + CO2 cht rn A (Cu + CuO d), kh B(CO2)
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O.
t0
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
CO+Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O.
a. Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4+ Cu (d2 mu xanh+c kt ta Cu)
b, SO2+ Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 +2CO2+H2O (c kt ta, c kh
2SO2+Ca (HCO3)2 Ca(HSO3)2 + 2CO2 ( c kh )
Bi 5
1. C 4 l mt nhn A, B, C,D cha NaI, AgNO3, HI, K2CO3.
- Cho cht trong l A vo cc l: B,C,D u thy c kt ta
- Cht trong l B ch to 1 kt ta vi 1 trong 3 cht cn li
- Cht C to 1 kt ta v 1 kh bay ra vi 2 trong 3 cht cn li.
Xc nh cht cha trong mi l. Gii thch
2. Vit 6 phng trnh phn ng khc nhau thc hin phn ng.
PbCl2 + ? NaCl + ?
HD:
1/ A to kt ta vi B,C,D nn A l AgNO3
AgNO3 + NaI AgI + NaNO3 ;
AgNO3 + HI AgI + HNO3
2AgNO3 +K2CO3 Ag2CO3 + 2KNO3
C to kt ta vi A v to kh vi HI C l K2CO3
3- Luyn tp ho v
c
Bi 1-1. t hn hp C v S trong Oxi d _ hn hp A.
- Cho 1/2 A li qua dung dch NaOH thu c dung dich B v kh C.
- Cho kh C qua hn hp cha CuO, MgO nung nng thu c cht rn D
v kh E.
- Cho kh E li qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 thu c kt ta F v dung dch
G thm dung dch KOH vo G li thy c kt ta F xut hin. un nng
G cng thy kt ta F.
Cho 1/2 kh A cn li qua xc tc nng thu c kh M. Dn M qua dung
dch BaCl2 thy c kt ta N.
Xc nh thnh phn A,B,C,D,E,F,G,M,N v vit tt c cc phn ng
xy ra.
2. Trnh by phng php tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp:
vi, vi sng, thch cao v mui n.
HD
t0
t0
1. 2C + O2 2 CO ; C + O2 CO2 ; S + O2 t0 SO2
Kh A:, CO2 , SO2, O2d, CO ; Cho A qua dung dch NaOH
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O ;
SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O
Dung dch B cha Na2CO3, Na2SO3 cn kh C cha: CO2, O2, CO ;
C qua CuO, MgO nng.
CuO + CO t0 Cu + CO2
Cht rn D ( MgO, Cu ) v kh E c: CO2, O2, CO d ; E li qua
Ca(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
Kt ta F l CaCO3 ; Dung dch G: Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2+ 2KOH CaCO3 + K2CO3 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2 t0 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
a. Zn + Cl2 to ZnCl2
b. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
c. Zn + CuCl2 ZnCl2 + Cu
d. ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O
e. Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + 2H2O
g. ZnCO3 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + CO2
+ H2O
2/ Chia nh cc cht cn nhn bit thnh nhiu phn:
- Nhn NaHSO4 = qu tm -->
- Nh NaHSO4 vo cc mu th
cn li.
NaHSO4 + Na2CO3 --> Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
ddNH
3
Ag - C = C - Ag
mu vng
1/ Cc phn ng xy ra:
MgO + 2HCl --> MgCl2 + H2O (1) Al2O3 + 6HCl --> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O (2)
+ V sau khi c cn dung dch sau ln th 2 khi lng cht rn khan
tng ln, chng t sau ln th nht cc xit cha tan ht, ni cch khc
HCl thiu.
+ Theo phn ng (1,2)
2 mol HCl tham gia phn ng lm cho khi lng cht rn tng:
71 - 16 = 55
Vy s mol HCl phn ng:
47,38 19,88
55
1
0,2
= 5 (M)
2/ Sau ln thm dung dch HCl th hai, cc xit phi tan ht, v nu
cha tan ht tc HCl thiu hoc th khi lng mui tng 55 gam
(v nHCl = 5. 0,4 = 2 mol)
Thc t cht rn ch tng:
50,68 - 19,88 = 30,8 (g)
Gi x,y l s mol ca MgO, Al2O3 ta c phng trnh:
40x + 102y = 19,88
40.0,14.100
=
19,88
28,17%
=> x = y = 0,14
% Al2O3 = 71,83%
Luyn tp thi 4
Ngy dy17/3/2010
Bi 1:
Hn hp A gm 64% Fe2O3 , 34,8% Fe, 1,2% C. Cn bao nhiu kg hn hp A
trn vi 1 tn gang cha 3,6% C, cn li l st. luyn c mt loi thp
cha 1,2%C trong l Mc Tanh. Bit phn ng xy ra hon ton, C b xi
ho thnh cacbon oxit do Fe2O3 trong qu trnh luyn thp.
HD
0,012m + 36
.
12
103 (mol)
36 0,132m
=
1000 + 0,664
Bi 2
C 2 nguyn t X, Y to thnh 2 hp cht A1 v A2. Trong A1 nguyn t X
chim 75% v khi lng, Y chim 25%, trong A2 nguyn t X chim 90%, Y
chim 10%. Nu cng thc ho hc ca A1 l XY4 th cng thc ho hc ca
A2 l g?
HD
X
X + 4Y
X
Xx
.
Xx + Yy
4Y
X + 4Y
. 100% =
Yy
.
Xx + Yy
100% =
10% (4)
t (3) v (4) =>
Xx
Yy
x
9
3
=
=
y 12 4
CTHH: A2 l X3Y4
Bi 3:
Cho 80 gam bt Cu vo 200 ml dung dch AgNO 3, sau mt thi gian phn
ng lc c dung dch A v 95,2 gam cht rn. Cho tip 80 gam bt Pb vo
2x
2x
S mol x =
95,2 80
216 64
= 0,1
0,5
0,2
2,5 M
Dung dch D cha Pb(NO3)2 = 0,1 + 0,15 = 0,25 (mol)
R + Pb(NO3)2 --> R(NO3)2 + Pb
0,025
0,025
0,025
0,025
tng kim loi = (207 - R) . 0,025 = 44,575 - 40 = 4,575 (gam)=> R =
24 => Mg
Bi 4: Ho tan hn hp Na2CO3 v KHCO3 vo nc thnh 400 ml dung
dch A. Cho t t 100 ml dung dch HCl 1,5M vo dung dch A ng
thi khuy u, khi phn ng kt thc ta c dung dch B v 1,008
lt kh ( ktc). Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH) 2 d c 29,55g kt ta. Tnh khi lng cc cht c trong hn hp ban u.
Nu cho t t dung dch A vo bnh ng 100 ml dung dch HCl
1,5M th thu c th tch kh thot ra ( ktc) l bao nhiu?
HDG:
a, t x, y ln lt l s mol ca 2 mui Na2CO3 v KHCO3 (x, y > 0)
Ta c PTP:
Giai on 1: NaCO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 ( 1 )
Mol:
x
x
x
x
n
Nh vy: HCO3 = x + y (mol ) ; Theo PT (1) th n NaHCO3 = n Na2CO3 = x
(mol)
Gi a, b l s mol ca HCO3 tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HCl v
dung dch Ba(OH)2
Giai on 2: HCO3 + HCl Cl + H2O + CO2 ( 2 )
Mol:
Theo bi ra:
n
HCl
( P 2 )
a
a
a
HCl = 0,1.1,5 = 0,15 ( mol )
=
CO2 = a =
1,008
22,4
= 0,045 ( mol )
BaCO3 = b =
Vy
29,55
197
= 0,15 ( mol )
Hng dn:
a/ Theo bi ra ta c PTHH:
MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 +
H2O + CO2
(1)
x(mol)
x(mol)
BaCO3
+ 2HCl BaCl2
+
H2O + CO2
(2)
y(mol)
y(mol)
CO2
+
Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
(3)
0,2(mol) 0,2(mol) 0,2(mol)
CO2
+
CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
(4)
m
Gi s hn hp ch c MgCO3.Vy BaCO3 = 0
S mol: nMgCO3 =
28,1
84
= 0,3345 (mol)
Luyn tp
bi tp tng hp v tnh
theo PTHH
Bi 1:
Chia hn hp gm 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr n, m lm 3 phn bng
nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan ht trong axit HCl thu c 1,792 lit H2 (ktc).
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 1,344 lit kh
(ktc) v cn li cht rn khng tan c khi lng bng 4/13 khi lng
mi phn.
Phn 3: Nung trong oxi d thu c 2,84g hn hp gm 2 oxit l A2On v
B2Om . Tnh tng khi lng mi phn v xc nh 2 kim loi A v B.
Hng dn:
Gi a, b l s mol ca A, B trong mi phn.
Phn 1:Vit PTHH:
S mol H2 =
na
2
mb
2
(I)
Phn 2:Tc dng vi NaOH d ch c 1 kim loi tan, gi s A tan.
A + (4 n)NaOH + (n 2)H2O ---> Na4 nAO2 + n/2 H2
a (mol)
na/2 (mol)
S mol H2 = na/2 = 1,344 : 22,4 ---> na = 0,12
(II)
Thay vo (I) --> mb = 0,04.
Mt khc khi lng B trong mi phn:\ mB = 4/13.m1/3 hh
Phn 3:Vit PTHH:
mhh oxit = (2MA + 16n).a/2 + (2MB + 16m).b/2 = 2,84
= MA + MB + 8(na + mb) = 2,84 ---> MA + MB = 1,56 (g)
(*)
mB = 4/13. 1,56 = 0,48 (g) ----> mA = 1,08 (g)
---> MA = 1,08n : 0,12 = 9n --> n = 3 v MA = 27 l ph hp. Vy A l Al
---> MB = 0,48m : 0,04 = 12m --> m = 2 v MB = 24 l ph hp. Vy B l
Mg.
Bi 2:
Nung a(g) hn hp A gm MgCO3, Fe2O3 v CaCO3 nhit cao n
khi lng khng i, thu c cht rn B c khi lng bng 60% khi lng hn hp A. Mt khc ho tan hon ton a(g) hn hp A trong dung
dch HCl thu c kh C v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi
khng i th thu c 26,08g cht rn. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi
trong hn hp u.
Hng dn;
t s mol Mg v Zn l x v y.
Ta c: 24x + 65y = 9,86 (I) S mol H2SO4 = 043.1= 0,43 mol
t HX l cng thc tng ng ca H2SO4 ---> nHX = 2nH 2 SO 4 = 0,43.2
= 0,86 mol
S mol Ba(OH)2 = 1,2 . 0,05 = 0,06 mol ;S mol NaOH = 0,7 . 1,2 =
0,84 mol
t ROH l cng thc tng ng cho 2 baz cho.
Ta c: nROH = 2nBa(OH) 2 + nNaOH = 0,06.2 + 0,84 = 0,96 mol
PTHH xy ra Gi s hn hp ch cha mnh Zn ---> x = 0.
Vy y = 9,86 : 65 = 0,1517 mol
Gi s hn hp ch Mg ---> y = 0 Vy x = 9,86 : 24 = 0,4108 mol
0,1517 < nhh kim loi < 0,4108
V x > 0 v y > 0 nn s mol axit tham gia phn ng vi kim loi l:
0,3034 < 2x + 2y < 0,8216 nhn thy lng axit dng < 0,86 mol.
Vy axit d --> Do Zn v Mg phn ng ht.
Sau khi ho tan ht trong dung dch c.
x mol MgX2 ; y mol ZnX2 ; 0,86 2(x + y) mol HX v 0,43 mol SO4.
Cho dung dch tc dng vi dung dch baz.
HX
+
ROH --->
RX +
H 2O.
0,86 2(x + y) 0,86 2(x + y)
mol
MgX2
+
2ROH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2RX
x
2x
x
mol
ZnX2
+
2ROH ----> Zn(OH)2 + 2RX
y
2y
y
mol
Ta c nROH phn ng = 0,86 2(x + y) + 2x + 2y = 0,86 mol
Vy nROH d = 0,96 0,86 = 0,1mol
Tip tc c phn ng xy ra:
Zn(OH)2
+ 2ROH ---->
R2ZnO2 + 2H2O
b: y
0,1
mol
P: y1
2y1
mol
cn: y y1
0,1 2y1
mol
( iu kin: y y1)
Phn ng to kt ta.
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4 + 2H2O
b: 0,06
0,43
0
mol
p: 0,06
0,06
0,06
mol
cn: 0
0,43 0,06
0,06
mol
Nung kt ta.
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O
x
x
mol
Zn(OH)2 -------> ZnO
+ H2O
y y1
y y1
mol
BaSO4 ----> khng b nhit phn hu.
0,06 mol
Ta c: 40x + 81(y y1) + 233.0,06 = 26,08
---> 40x + 81(y y1) = 12,1
(II)
Khi y y1 = 0 ---> y = y1 ta thy 0,1 2y1 0 ---> y1 0,05
Vy 40x = 12,1 ---> x = 12,1 : 40 = 0,3025 mol
Thay vo (I) ta c y = 0,04 ( y = y1 0,05) ph hp
Vy mMg = 24 . 0,3025 = 7,26g v mZn = 65 . 0,04 = 2,6g
Khi y y1 > 0 --> y > y1 ta c 0,1 2y1 = 0 (v nROH phn ng ht)
----> y1 = 0,05 mol, thay vo (II) ta c: 40x + 81y = 16,15.
Gii h phng trnh (I, II) ---> x = 0,38275 v y = 0,01036
Kt qu y < y1 (khng ph hp vi iu kin y y1 ) ---> loi.
Bi 5:
Cho X l hn hp ca 3 cht gm kim loi R, oxit v mui sunfat ca
kim loi R. bit R c ho tr II khng i trong cc hp cht. Chia 29,6
gam X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: em ho tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long d thu c dung dch
A, kh B. lng kh B ny va kh ht 16g CuO. Sau cho
dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch KOH d cho n khi kt thc phn
ng thu c kt ta C. Nung C n khi lng khng i th thu c
14g cht rn.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi 200ml dung dch CuSO4 1,5M. Sau khi phn
ng kt thc tch b cht rn, c cn phn dung dch th thu c 46g
mui khan.
a/ Vit cc PTHH xy ra.
b/ Xc nh kim loi R.
c/ Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong X. Bit cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton.
Hng dn:
t x, y, z l s mol R, RO, RSO4 trong 1/2 hh X ta c:
x.MR + (MR + 16).y + (MR + 96).z = 14,8g
phn 1;Vit cc PTHH xy ra;
dd A c RSO4 = (x + y + z) mol v H2SO4 d
Kh B l H2 = x mol
H2
+ CuO -----> Cu + H2O
x
x
x
mol
nCuO = x = 16 : 80 = 0,2 mol
dd A + KOH d
H2SO4 + 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + H2O
RSO4
+ 2KOH ----> K2SO4 + R(OH)2
R(OH)2 ------> RO
+
H2O
(x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
mol
Ta c: (MR + 16). (x + y + z) = 14
(II).
Luyn tp
bi tp tng hp v tnh
theo PTHH
Bi 1:
1. Ho tan va axit ca kim loi M c cng thc MO vo dung dch
H2SO4 long nng 4,9% c dung dch ch cha mt mui tan c
nng 7,6 %.
a) Cho bit tn kim loi M.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch H2SO4 dng
2. Hp th ton b hn hp gm kh CO2 v hi H2O vo 900 ml dung
dch Ca(OH)2 1M, thu c 40 gam kt ta. Tch b phn kt ta, thy
khi lng dung dch tng 7,8 gam so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)2
ban u.
Hy tm khi lng CO2 v khi lng H2O em dng.
Hng dn:
Gi x l s mol MO : MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O
Khi lng cht tan MSO4 l: (M+96)x.
Khi lng MO l:
(M+16)x.
Khi lng H2SO4 ban u:
m=
Khi lng dung dch MSO4:
m=
( M + 96) x
2000 x + ( M +16) x
98 x.100
= 2000 x
4,9
2000x + (M + 16)x
.100 = 7,69
m = 2000 (g)
(x=1)
40
100
= 0,4 mol
0,9
0,9
40
= 0,4 t = 0,5
100
Khi lng CO2: 1,4.44 = 61,6 (g) Khi lng H2O: 40 +7,8 - 61,6 < 0
-----> Ta loi trng hp ny.
Bi 2:
Ho tan hon ton 25,2 g mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr II
bng dung dch HCl 7,3% (D = 1,038 g/ml). Cho ton b kh CO 2 thu
c vo
500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M th thu c 29,6g mui.
a. Xc nh CTHH ca mui cacbonat.
b. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl dng.
Hng dn:
a/ t cng thc ca mui cacbonat l MCO 3.
Cc PTHH:
MCO3 + 2 HCl
MCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2)
NaOH + CO2
NaHCO3.
(3)
a
a
a
2NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O.
(4)
2b
b
b
S mol NaOH: nNaOH = 0,5. 1 = 0,5 mol
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol CO2 tham gia phn ng (3) v (4).
Theo phng trnh v bi ta c:
nNaOH = a + 2b = 0,5 mol
(5).
mmui = 84 a + 106 b = 29,6 g (6)
Gii (5) v (6) ta c: a = 0,1mol ; b = 0,2mol.
S mol CO2 to thnh (2): nCO2 = a + b = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol.
Theo pt (2):
nMCO3= nCO2 = 0,3 mol.
25, 2
Khi lng phn t ca mui ban u: M MCO3 =
= 84.
0,3
M + 60 = 84 M = 24 vC.
Vy M l Mg suy ra CTHH ca mui cn tm: MgCO3
Lu : HS c th bin lun chng minh xy ra c (3) v (4).
Ta thy:
29, 6
29, 6
0,28 mol < nmui < 0,35 mol.M nCO2 = nmui.
< nmui <
106
84
0,5 nNaOH
0,5
21.9 x100
7,3
= 300g.
300
1,038
Bi 3:
Cho 4g Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II vo dung dch H 2SO4 long ly d
thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Nu cho 1,2g kim loi ho tr II ni trn
phn ng vi 0,7 lt kh O2(ktc) th lng Oxi cn d sau phn ng.
a, Xc nh kim loi ha tr II.
b, Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp.
Hng dn:
a/ Cc PTP:
Fe
+
H 2SO4
FeSO4
+
H2
xmol
xmol
xmol
A
+
H2SO4
ASO4
+
H2
ymol
ymol
ymol
nH
2,24
=0,1mol
22,4
56x +Ay =4
x +y =0,1
(a)
Ay-56y=-1,6
y=
1,6
56 - A
0 <
1,6
< 0,1 M A < 40
56 - A
(1)
0,7
mol
n O2 = 22,4 =0,03125
1,2 0,03125
<
2A
1
(do oxi d)
56x + 24y = 4 x = ,0 05
x + y = 0,1 y = ,0 05
mMg = 1,2g
% Fe =
2,8
.100% =70%
4
MgO + CO2(k)
(B)
Ca0 + CO2(k)
BaO
t0
(1)
(2)
(B)
+ CO2;k)
(3)
(B)
----> CaCO3(r) + H2O(l) (4)
CO2(k) + Ca (OH)2(dd)
(B)
2CO2(k) + Ca(OH)2(dd) ----> Ca(HCO3)2(dd)
(5)
(B)
(C)
0
t
Ca(HCO3)2
Bi 5:
Ho tan 11,2g CaO vo nc ta c dd A.
1/ Nu kh CO2 sc qua A v sau khi kt thc th nghim c 2,5 g kt
ta th c bao nhiu lt kh CO2 tham gia phn ng?
2/ Nu ho tan 28,1g hn hp MgCO 3 v BaCO3 c thnh phn thay
i trong cha a% MgCO3 bng dd HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra
hp th ht vo dd A th thu c kt ta D.
Hi: a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht?
1. nCaO =
11,2
56
= 0,2 mol
Ca(OH)2 (1)
0,2
0,2
mol
CaCO3 + H2O
(2)
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)2 d v CO2 phn ng ht th:
Theo (2)
nCO2 = nCaCO3 =
2,5
100
= 0,025 mol
2,81.a
= 0,281a
100
28,1 0,281a
=
197
nMgCO3 =
0,281a
84
= 0,2.
28,1
197
= 0,143 mol Ta c:
28,1
84
1
1
HCl =
n
.0,5
2
2
n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 (mol
n H2 =
= 0,25 (mol).
T 3, 4
n H2 =
) Suy ra: Tng n H 2 = 0,25 +
0,19 = 0,44 (
Ta thy:
0,44 > 0,39 Vy: Axt d, kim loi tan ht.
b/ Theo cu a: Axt d.
* TH1: Gi s HCl phn ng ht, H2SO4 d: n HCl = 0,5 mol
n H2
=0,25 mol
(1,2)
n H 2 = 0,39 - 0,25 = 0,14 (mol) suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,14 mol
(3,4)
Theo nh lut BTKL: m
38,93g
mui
(p)
= 7,74 + 0,5 .35,5 + 0,14 .96 =
(A)
* TH2: Gi s H2SO4 phn ng ht, HCl d
Suy ra n H 2 SO4 = 0,19 mol suy ra n H 2 = 0,19 mol
3,4
H
n 2 = 0,39 0,19 = 0,2 (mol) suy ra n HCl = 0,2.2 =0,4 (mol)
(1,2)
(p )
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:m mui = 7,74 + 0,19.96 + 0,4.35,5
= 40,18 (g)
V thc t phn ng xy ra ng thi. Nn c 2 axt u d.
Suy ra tng khi lng mui trong A thu c l:38,93 (g) < m mui A
<40,18 (g)
Bi 7:
Cho hn hp gm MgO, Al2O3 v mt oxit ca kim loi ho tr II km hot
ng. Ly 16,2 gam A cho vo ng s nung nng ri cho mt lung
kh H2 i qua cho n phn ng hon ton. Lng hi nc thot ra c
hp th bng 15,3 gam dung dch H2SO4 90%, thu c dung dch
H2SO4 85%. Cht rn cn li trong ng em ho tan trong HCl vi lng
va , thu c dung dch B v 3,2 gam cht rn khng tan. Cho
dung dch B tc dng vi 0,82 lt dung dch NaOH 1M, lc ly kt ta,
sy kh v nung nng n khi lng khng i, c 6,08 gam cht
rn.
Xc nh tn kim loi ho tr II v thnh phn % khi lng ca A.
Hng dn:
Gi R l KHHH ca kim loi ho tr II, RO l CTHH ca oxit.
t a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca MgO, Al2O3, RO trong hn hp A.
Theo bi ra ta c:40a + 102b + (MR + 16)c = 16,2 (I)
Cc PTHH xy ra:
RO + H2 -----> R + H2O (1)
MgO + 2HCl ----> MgCl2 + H2O
(2)
Al2O3 + 6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O (3)
MgCl2 + 2NaOH ----> Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl (4)
AlCl3
+ 3NaOH -----> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (5)
C th c: Al(OH)3 + NaOH -----> NaAlO2 + H2O (6)
x
x
x
Gi x l s mol ca NaOH cn d tham gia phn ng vi Al(OH)3
Mg(OH)2 -----> MgO + H2O (7)
2Al(OH)3 ------> Al2O3 + 3H2O (8)
2b x
2b x
2
mol
Ta c: Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 90% l:m = 15,3 . 0,9 = 13,77
(g)
Khi lng ca axit H2SO4 trong dd 85% vn l 13,77(g). V khi pha long
bng H2O th khi lng cht tan c bo ton.Khi lng dd H2SO4 85%
l: (15,3 + 18c)
Ta c: C% =
13,77
(15,3 +18c )
3,2
0,05
64. Vy R l Cu.
Thay vo (I) ---> 40a + 102b = 12,2 (II)S mol NaOH = 0,82.1
= 0,82 (mol)
TH1: Phn ng 6 xy ra nhng Al(OH)3 tan cha ht. nNaOH = 2a + 6b + x
= 0,82 (III)
40a + 102(
2b x
2
) = 6,08
= 0,12 (mol)
Thay vo (III) ---> 2a + 6b = 0,7 (III)/ Gii h phng trnh: (II) v (III)/
c: a = 0,05 v b = 0,1 %CuO = 24,69% ; %MgO = 12,35% v
%Al2O3 = 62,96%
TH2: Phn ng 6 xy ra v Al(OH)3 tan ht mrn = mMgO = 6,08g
nMgO = 6,08 : 40 = 0,152 mol
mAl 2 O 3 = 12,2 6,08 = 6,12 g
nAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 : 102 = 0,06 mol nNaOH = 2nMgO + 6nAl 2 O 3 = 2.0,152 +
6.0,06 = 0,664 mol
nAl(OH) 3 = 2nAl 2 O 3 = 0,12 mol
nNaOH d = 0,82 0,664 = 0,156 mol
Nhn thy: nNaOH d = 0,156 > nAl(OH) 3 = 0,12 mol => Al(OH)3 tan ht.
Tnh c: mCuO = 4g => %mCuO = 24,69% mMgO = 6,08g => %mMgO =
37,53%
mAl 2 O 3 = 6,12 => % mAl 2 O 3 = 37,78%