B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC S PHM TP. H CH MINH

V Th Thy Dung




O T B UT IU UG
U G UG C O
T BG CG T C







U V TC VT






Thnh ph Ch inh -2012
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM TP. H CH MINH



V Th Thy Dung


O T B UT IU UG
U G UG C O
T BG CG T C

Chuyn ngnh: Vt l nguyn t, ht nhn v nng lng cao
M s : 60 44 05

U V TC VT

gi hng dn khoa hc
TS. TG T G O






Thnh ph Ch inh-2012
- 1 -

LI CM N

Trong qu trnh hon thnh lun vn, ti nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm,
ng vin, gip ca qu thy c, gia nh v bn b. Xin cho php ti c by
t lng bit n chn thnh ca mnh n:
TS. Trng Th Hng Loan, ngi theo di sut qu trnh thc hin lun
vn ca ti. C l ngi ging dy, hng dn nhng bi hc u tin v phng
php m phng Monte Carlo v gi s dng chng trnh MCNP (Monte Carlo N
Particle) trong nghin cu ti ny. C cng l ngi truyn cho ti s say m
nghin cu khoa hc, c nhng gp qu bu cho ti trong qu trnh tin hnh
lun vn.
Cc thnh vin trong nhm MCNP ca B mn Vt l ht nhn : C Trng
Th Hng Loan, cc anh ch: ng Nguyn Phng, Trn i Khanh, L Thanh
Xun, Nguyn Th Cm Thu h tr, ng gp kin v lun bn cnh gip
ti trong qu trnh tin hnh lun vn.
ThS. Thi M Ph gip ti trong vic tin hnh o c thc nghim ti
bnh vin Nhi ng. Bc s Nguyn Anh Tun bnh vin Nhi ng I cho php
chng ti tin hnh o c thc nghim ti bnh vin.
Ngoi ra ti cng xin chn thnh cm n n cc k s ca hng Shimadzu l
nhng ngi cung cp cho ti ti liu v my X quang ca hng cng nh h tr
ti rt nhiu trong vic tm hiu v cu to ca my X quang.
Ti xin gi lng bit n n gia nh, bn b lun ng h ng vin ti ti
hon thnh kha hc.
Tp H Ch Minh, thng 9 nm 2012


V TH THY DUNG


- 2 -

MC LC
LI CM N ................................................................................................................ 1
MC LC ....................................................................................................................... 2
DANH MC CC K HIU V CC CH VIT TT .................................... 6
DANH MC HNH V V TH ........................................................................ 7
DANH MC CC BNG .......................................................................................... 10
M U......................................................................................................................... 11
CHNG 1. CU TO V NGUYN L MY PHT TIA X ..................... 16
1.1. Cu to my pht X quang thng thng ................................................... 16
1.1.1. Cu to ng pht tia X .......................................................................... 16
1.1.1.1. m cc ( Cathode) ......................................................................... 18
1.1.1.2. Dng cc (anode) ........................................................................ 20
1.1.1.3. V ng chn khng, du tn nhit, v kim loi, ca s ng pht tia X
..................................................................................................................... 32
1.1.2. B lc tia ............................................................................................... 35
1.1.3. H chun trc u n (Collimator) ..................................................... 36
1.2. Nguyn l ca qu trnh pht tia X .............................................................. 39
1.2.1. Nguyn l to tia X ............................................................................... 39
1.2.1.1. Bc x hm .................................................................................... 39
1.2.1.2. Bc x c trng ............................................................................ 43
1.2.2. Cc tnh cht ca tia X ......................................................................... 47
1.2.2.1. Bn cht ca tia X .......................................................................... 47
1.2.2.2.S hp th tia X .............................................................................. 49
1.2.2.3. S tn x tia X ................................................................................ 50
- 3 -

1.3. Nguyn l hot ng ca my pht tia X ................................................... 51
1.4. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng liu ra tia X ..................................... 52
CHNG 2. AN TON BC X TRONG X QUANG CHN ON Y T56
2.1. Cc hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x ion ha .................................................. 56
2.1.1. C ch tc dng ca bc x ion ha ..................................................... 56
2.1.1.1.Giai on ha l ............................................................................... 56
2.1.1.2.Giai on sinh hc ........................................................................... 56
2.1.2. Nhng tn thng do bc x ion ha ................................................... 57
2.1.2.1. Tn thng mc phn t............................................................. 57
2.1.2.2.Tn thng mc t bo ................................................................ 57
2.1.2.3. Tn thng mc c th ............................................................... 58
2.1.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x ion ha 58
2.2. Cc tiu chun v an ton bc x ............................................................... 60
2.2.1. Lch s xy dng cc tiu chun an ton bc x trn th gii ............ 60
2.2.2. Cc khuyn co v an ton bc x ca ICRP ....................................... 60
2.2.3. Cc tiu chun v an ton bc x ca IAEA ....................................... 61
2.2.4. Gii hn liu ......................................................................................... 63
2.3. An ton bc x ti cc c quan y t theo tiu chun Vit Nam ................ 64
2.3.1. Cc quy ch an ton bc x c ban hnh Vit Nam ................. 64
2.3.2. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6561:1999 v an ton bc x ion ha ti
cc c s X quang y t .................................................................................... 64
2.3.2.1. Phm vi p dng ............................................................................. 65
2.3.2.2. Ni dung ......................................................................................... 65
- 4 -

CHNG 3. KHO ST PHN B SUT LIU XUNG QUANH PHNG
MY X QUANG CHN ON Y T BNG CHNG TRNH MCNP .... 71
3.1. Gii thiu chng trnh MCNP ................................................................... 71
3.1.1. Lch s ca chng trnh MCNP ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.2. D liu ht nhn v phn ng ca MCNP ........................................... 73
3.1.3.Cu trc ca chng trnh MCNP ......................................................... 74
3.1.4. chnh xc ca kt qu v cc nhn t nh hng ............................ 76
3.2. Tally nh gi ............................................................................................. 77
3.2.1. Tally F4 ................................................................................................. 77
3.2.2. Tally Fmesh4 ........................................................................................ 78
3.2.3. Tally F2 ................................................................................................. 78
3.3. Kt qu kho st phn b liu xung quanh phng my X quang chn on y
t bng chng trnh MCNP .............................................................................. 78
3.3.1. M t phng X quang thng quy ti bnh vin Nhi ng I ................ 78
3.3.1.1. M t phng chp X quang thng quy bnh vin Nhi ng I .. 78
3.3.1.2. Thng s v cu trc hnh hc my X quang................................. 80
3.3.2. Kim tra hiu lc ca m hnh - chun ha kt qu m phng ............ 83
3.3.2.1. Kho st thc nghim sut liu chiu t chm tia X s cp theo
khong cch so vi tm pht ....................................................................... 83
3.3.2.2. M phng sut liu t chm tia X s cp theo khong cch so vi
tm pht v chun theo thc nghim .......................................................... 84
3.3.2.3. M phng ph tia X trong my X quang Nhi ng I ..................... 86
3.3.3. M phng phn b sut liu trong phng chp X quang bng tally Fmesh
vi cc ch chiu chp khc nhau ............................................................. 88
3.3.3.1. M phng phn b sut liu ng vi ch chp c kho st thc88
- 5 -

3.3.3.2. M phng phn b sut liu ng vi cc ch chp trn bng iu
khin ............................................................................................................ 89
3.3.3.3. M phng phn b sut liu trong phng chp khi gim kch thc
..................................................................................................................... 96
3.3.3.4. nh gi an ton bn ngoi phng chp X quang ......................... 97
KT LUN V KIN NGH ................................................................................... 103
TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................... 105
- 6 -


DANH MC CC K HIU V CC CH VIT TT

ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable
ACTL The Activation Library
ENDF The Evaluated Nuclear Data File
ENDL The Evaluated Nuclear Data Library
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection
ICRU The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
MCNP Monte Carlo N-Particle
NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement










- 7 -

DANH MC HNH V V TH
Hnh 1.1. S khi h thng chp nh X quang thng thng .................................... 16
Hnh 1.2. Nhng b phn c bn ca mt ng pht tia X thng thng ....................... 17
Hnh 1.3. Cc b phn chnh ca ng tia X trong my chp X quang hin i ............ 18
Hnh 1.4. Cu trc cathode ca ng tia X si t Volfram nm trong chn hi t ..... 19
Hnh 1.5. Tc dng lm thay i hnh dng phn b chm electron ca chn ti t .... 20
Hnh 1.6. Cc thnh phn ca mt ng tia X c anode c nh gm bia Vonfram
gn vo mt khi ng .......................................................................................................... 21
Hnh 1.7. Vt hi t ca bng X quang c anode c nh ................................................ 22
Hnh 1.8. Hnh dng ca anode xoay .................................................................................. 23
Hnh 1.9. Cu to anode xoay ............................................................................................. 24
Hnh 1.10.a. Mt ct ca mt anode RTM ......................................................................... 25
Hnh 1.10.b. Mt ct ca mt anode RTM- than ch ...................................................... 25
Hnh 1.11. Vt tiu thc v vt tiu hiu dng ca anode ............................................... 26
Hnh 1.12. Vng tiu im thc v tiu im hiu dng .................................................. 27
Hnh 1.13. Phng php chp nh qua l ngm xc nh kch thc tiu im ..... 28
Hnh 1.14. Anode s dng hai vt tiu ln nh ................................................................ 29
Hnh 1.15. nh hng ca gc nghing anode ln kch thc vt tiu hiu dng .... ..30
Hnh 1.16. S phn b khng ng u chm tia X theo phng song song vi trc
Cathode - Anode ..................................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 1.17. nh hng ca hiu ng chn ln khong cch t phim ............................ 31
Hnh 1.18. Bu thy tinh cha anode quay ....................................................................... 32
Hnh 1.19. Mt ct ng tia X loi c anode quay ca hng Shimadzu ........................... 33
Hnh 1.20. B lc hp th cc photon nng lng thp v cho cc photon nng
lng cao i qua ..................................................................................................................... 35
- 8 -

Hnh 1.21. Ph tia X to ra in p nh 150 kVp i vi anode lm bng
Vonfram. .................................................................................................................................. 36
Hnh 1.22. Cu trc bn trong h chun trc u n ..................................................... 39
Hnh 1.23. Mt ct ngang b chun trc loi R20-J ca hng Shimadzu ..................... 38
Hnh 1.24. Bc x hm pht ra khi electron tng tc vi ht nhn bia ........................ 40
Hnh 1.25. Electron va chm trc din vi ht nhn lm pht ra bc x hm c nng
lng cc i ........................................................................................................................... 41
Hnh 1.26. S phn b nng lng bc x hm gi tr in p nh 90 kVp (trong
trng hp khng c b lc (ng t nt) v c b lc tia (lin nt).......................... 41
Hnh 1.27. Tng tc lm pht ra bc x tia X c trng ............................................... 44
Hnh 1.28. Cc dy ph ng vi cc chuyn di electron trong nguyn t .................. 46
Hnh 1.29. Cc vch bc x c trng ng vi s dch chuyn trn nn bc x hm
i vi Vonfram in p 90kVp ...................................................................................... 47
Hnh 1.30. Cng pht x tia X thay i mnh theo gi tr kVp, khi gi cng
mt gi tr dng qua ng v thi gian chiu khng i ..................................................... 53
Hnh 1.31. nh hng ca mA ln hiu sut pht tia X ................................................... 54
Hnh 3.1. Quang cnh phng chp X quang thng quy bnh vin Nhi ng I ........ 79
Hnh 3.2. M phng 3D phng X quang Nhi ng I bng chng trnh MCNP5 ....... 80
Hnh 3.3. M phng cc lp ch trn, ch tng, ch p ca, knh ch,v tr ng pht
tia X bng MCNP5 ................................................................................................................. 80
Hnh 3.4. My X quang s dng bnh vin Nhi ng I ................................................ 81
Hnh 3.5. Kch thc cu hnh u bng pht tia X tnh theo mm (inch) ..................... 81
Hnh 3.6. Cu trc collimator loi R-20J ............................................................................ 82
Hnh 3.7. M hnh ng pht tia X v h thng Collimator ca hng Shimadzu ............ 82
Hnh 3.8. V ng chn khng v cu trc bn trong collimator c ............................ 83
- 9 -

Hnh 3.9. Anode v h thng ca s Bakelite, cc lp trong collimator ....................... 83
Hnh 3.10. Hnh chp cc v tr t cc cell kho st liu v bng MCNP5 .................. 84
Hnh 3.11. th sut liu (theo khong cch ngun my o) .................................... 86
Hnh 3.12. M phng ph tia X ti gi tr in p 100kV ................................................ 87
Hnh 3.13. M phng phn b sut liu ti v tr bn bnh nhn ch chp 70
kVp, 200 mA, 100 ms ............................................................................................................ 89
Hnh 3.14. M phng phn b sut liu mt (xy) ca ch chp ngc ....................... 91
Hnh 3.15. M phng phn b sut liu mt (xy) ca ch chp chn ....................... 92
Hnh 3.16. M phng phn b sut liu mt (xy) ca ch chp tay .......................... 92
Hnh 3.17. M phng phn b sut liu mt (xy) ng vi chp bng 75kV ................. 93
Hnh 3.18. M phng phn b sut liu mt (xy) ca ch chp bng 90kV ............ 94
Hnh 3.19. M phng phn b sut liu mt (xy) ca ch chp nh lng ............. 93
Hnh 3.20. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp s ........................... 93
Hnh 3.21. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp u gi .................. 94
Hnh 3.22. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp ngc AP ............... 94
Hnh 3.23. Phn b sut liu cho khu vc phng chp d kin thu hp kch thc ..... 96
Hnh 3.24. Phn b sut liu trong phng chp khi gim kch thc ............................. 97
Hnh 3.25. M phng s suy gim sut liu khi i qua khu vc tng .......................... 98
Hnh 3.26. M phng s suy gim sut liu khi i qua ca bnh nhn v tng ........ 99
Hnh 3.27. S suy gim chm tia khi i qua tng phng X quang ............................. 100
Hnh 3.28. M phng phn b liu mt (x,y) trong phng chp st trn nh .............. 100
Hnh 3.29. M phng phn b sut liu (x,y) trong khu vc trn c lt ch ................ 101
Hnh 3.30. S suy gim sut liu khi i qua tng ngn cch hnh lang bnh vin ... 102

- 10 -

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1. Tiu chun bn ca du my bin p ........................................................... 34
Bng 1.2. Nng lng lin kt ca electron lp K ng vi mt s vt liu anode ........ 46
Bng 1.3. Bc sng ca cc loi sng in t ................................................................. 47
Bng 2.1. Hiu ng sinh hc theo mc liu .................................................................. 59
Bng 2.2. Gii hn liu chiu khuyn co ca ICRP ........................................................ 64
Bng 2.3. Liu gii hn trong mt nm .............................................................................. 65
Bng 2.4. Liu khuyn co cho mt phim chp X quang quy c i vi bnh nhn
(TCVN 6561:1999) ................................................................................................................ 66
Bng 2.5. Liu khuyn co chp, chiu X quang qui c cho 1 ln chp 1 phim ........ 67
Bng 2.6. Kch thc tiu chun cho phng t my X quang cc loi theo (TCVN
6561:1999) .............................................................................................................................. 68
Bng 3.1. Kt qu o sut liu theo khong cch .............................................................. 84
Bng 3.2. Gi tr sut liu m phng ti cc khong cch kho st v sai s thng k
tng i tng ng ............................................................................................................... 85
Bng 3.3. Cc ch chp ca phng X quang chn on thng quy ti bnh vin
nhi ng I ................................................................................................................................. 87
Bng 3.4. So snh gi tr sut liu gia cc ch chp .................................................. 90
Bng 3.5. So snh kt qu m phng v thc nghim cc nh tia X c trng ca
Vonfram ................................................................................................................................... 99






- 11 -


M U
T khi Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen pht hin ra tia X c th chn on cu trc
xng, tia X c pht trin s dng cho chp hnh y t nh nhng u th vt
tri hn v tnh hiu qu, chnh xc, nhanh chng hn cc phng php chn on
bnh trc y. Vic s dng tia X c bit hu dng trong vic xc nh bnh l
v xng, nhng cng c th gip ch tm ra cc bnh v phn mm. My chp X
quang ngy nay c ph bin rng ri tt c cc bnh vin, phng khm a khoa,
phng khm t nhn p ng nhu cu khm cha bnh ca ngi dn. Cng vi
s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut trong cc lnh vc vt l, in t, c kh, ha
sinh, cng ngh thng tinthit b chn on X quang ngy cng c ci tin tr
thnh phng php chn on u vit khng th thiu trong y hc hin i.
Ngy nay my chp X quang c ci tin v pht trin s dng trong cc
lnh vc khm cha bnh chuyn bit, ngoi X quang thng quy (chp hu ht cc
b phn trn c th) cn c X quang rng, X quang v, X quang chp mch, X
quang o long xng, X quang c tng sng truyn hnhMy X quang
thng quy loi c c tn s thp (na sng, c sng), ngy nay thng s dng cc
my X quang cao tn dng phim hay cao tn k thut s. Trn th trng c rt
nhiu loi my X quang t nhiu hng sn xut trn th gii, a dng v chng loi,
s lng cung cp ra th trng cng tng nhanh trong nhng nm gn y.
Trc s pht trin ca lnh vc X quang th vn an ton bc x trong
chp chiu phim X quang chn on y t cng thu ht s quan tm ca cc nh
khoa hc ni ring, ton x hi ni chung. V bn cnh nhng u th vt tri so
vi nhng phng php chn on y t trc y cc thit b pht tia X chn
on v iu tr bnh cng n cha nhng nguy him nu khng c bin php bo
v thch ng. Tnh nguy him ca my X quang tuy thp hn so vi cc ngun
phng x v mc nh hng ch mang tnh cc b, nht thi, d dng qun l v
khc phc nu c s c v thit b, nhng mc nh hng cng khng phi nh
i vi cng ng v cc c s y t l ni tp trung ng ngi c bit l nhng
- 12 -

ngi ang suy gim sc khe. Nguy c liu chiu trn bnh nhn cao hn mc cn
thit, liu bc x lt ra ngoi cao nu mc che chn khng m bo. iu ny
a ti nhng hu qu ht sc tai hi, gy nh hng xu cho sc khe cho cuc
sng ca chnh bc s v k thut vin vn hnh thit b chp X quang, cho bnh
nhn phi chp chiu v cho c nhn vin, dn chng ni chung trong khu vc tc
dng ca chm tia X pht ra t my pht tia X.
Trn th gii, cng tc bo v an ton bc x trong lnh vc y t c nhiu
t chc quan tm v thng xuyn xy dng cc tiu chun an ton che chn i
vi thit b X quang trong chn on y t v tiu ch ALARA (As Low As
Reasonably Achievable) tr thnh tiu ch hng u trong vic thit k cc phng X
quang. Hng nm, t chc NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurement) v ICRU u a ra cc khuyn co mi nhm bo v an ton bc x
cho mi trng, nhn vin y t v bnh nhn iu tr.
C quan nng lng nguyn t quc t (IAEA - International Atomic
Energy Agency) thng xuyn t chc cc lp o to v hi tho lin quan n
thit k che chn thit b chn on y t sao cho nhn vin lm vic v bnh nhn
chu mt mc liu cng thp cng tt nhng vn m bo hiu qu chn on v li
ch v kinh t. Cc ti liu k thut (TECDOC 1040) v cc n phm v an ton
trong chn on v x tr (Safety Guide for Radiotherary) ca IAEA nhn mnh cc
mc ch che chn:
- Gim liu chiu ti a vi nhn vin y t, bnh nhn v dn chng mc
thp nht c th.
- Nghin cu ti u ha kch thc phng X quang v iu kin che chn
hp l m bo an ton v hiu qu kinh t.
nc ta, t php lnh nm 1996 cho n thng t 05/2006/BKHCN ngy
10/01/2006 v vic hng dn th tc khai bo cp giy ng k, cp giy php cho
cc hp ng lin quan n bc x, thng t mi nht-thng t 08/2010/TT-
BKHCN ngy 22/07/2010 ca BKHCN hng dn v vic khai bo, cp giy php
tin hnh cng vic bc x & CCNVBX, cc c s bc x y t ni chung hay cc
- 13 -

phng chp X quang ni ring u phi tun th theo cc tiu chun v kch thc
phng X quang v iu kin che chn m bo an ton bc x cho mi trng
xung quanh, nhn vin y t v bnh nhn trc khi c cp php s dng.
V thc trng s dng my X quang trong chn on y t ti thnh ph H
Ch Minh t nm 1996 n nay c gn khong 504 c s bc x thuc y t v
khong 900 cc thit b X quang chn on hnh nh nh CT Scanner, X quang
thng quy, X quang di ng, X quang chp nha...Thng k trung bnh cc nm
2009-2010 [13] cho thy c n 53% phng X quang tun th theo quy nh v
kch thc phng phi c cp giy php. c bit 100% phng my X quang
chp nha khng tun th kch thc phng theo quy nh. Mt trong nhiu nguyn
nhn ca s vic ny l do nhiu phng X quang c xy dng theo tiu chun c,
khng cn thch hp vi cc thit b chn on X quang hin i dng k thut s
vi liu lng bc x pht ra khng cao, cc quy nh v kch thc phng do nh
sn xut cung cp khng khp vi kch thc phng theo TCVN, ngoi ra tiu
chun kch thc cho mi loi X quang cng thay i nhiu t nm ny qua nm
kia m khng c nhng c s khoa hc r rng km theo. iu gy kh khn cho
c quan c thm quyn trong vic cp php hot ng cho cc c s X quang. Thc
t ny t ra nhu cu cn phi tnh ton li din tch cc phng X-quang cho ph
hp vi cc thit b mi sao cho va m bo an ton bc x rt a dng trong cc
c s bc x t nhn va gim c chi ph u t c s vt cht.
Nguyn l ca vic tnh ton che chn an ton cho X quang chn on c cho
trong bo co ca NCRP49. D NCRP49 duy tr d liu v tiu chun che chn
trong nhiu nm, nhiu tc gi ngh nhng m hnh che chn khc thch hp
c th tnh ton bng chng trnh trn my tnh, c chnh xc cao hn v gim
bt tnh cng nhc vn c ca NCRP49.
Phng php lun trong NCRP tnh ton mc liu chiu ca tia s cp, tia tn
x v bc x r r t ngun tia X ring l, n khng cho thng tin lin quan n s
kt hp ca tt c cc thng lng bc x khc nhau xuyn qua lp che chn ngoi
tr a vo xp x HVL (lp gi tr mt na). Archer v cng s [21] chng
- 14 -

minh vic a vo cng nhc ny dn ti mc liu chiu hng tun ca cc nhn
vin gim hn gi tr yu cu theo MPD (gii hn liu cho php cc i) thit
lp. ci tin phng php lun trong NCRP, B.R.Archer a ra phng php
xc nh b dy th cp chnh xc cn cho vic p ng cc tiu ch thit k. iu
ny nhm gim thiu che chn qu ln ca NCRP-49.
Do vic tnh ton liu chiu xung quanh phng chp X quang nh gi
mc an ton bc x t c nhng ci tin kp thi c s trang thit b k thut,
ra nhng tiu chun trong thit k xy dng phng chp X quang va m
bo tnh an ton v tnh kinh t l vn ht sc cn thit. y cng khng phi l
vn mi m v trc y c nhiu phng php tnh ton khc nhau, ring
trong lun vn ny chng ti s s dng phng php m phng Monte Carlo vi
chng trnh MCNP nghin cu vn ny. Vic tin hnh m phng s cho
mt kt lun chnh xc trc khi thit lp cc tiu chun che chn bc x cho phng
X quang sao cho va m bo an ton bc x, va tit kim kinh ph xy dng.
Trc y c mt s lun vn (ng gio vin hng dn) thc hin tnh
ton phn b sut liu phng chp X quang bng chng trnh MCNP. Tuy nhin
do thiu nhiu thng tin v cu trc my X quang nn kt qu c c cha
chnh xc. Lun vn ny k tha v nghin cu su, rng thnh qu c c t cc
lun vn trc, trong n lc tm kim thng tin tht chi tit n mc c th v
cu to ca my X quang bnh vin Nhi ng I nhm t c m hnh X quang
chnh xc hn.
Vi mc ch trn ni dung lun vn c phn b trong 3 chng nh sau:
Chng 1 Cu to v nguyn l my pht tia X: trnh by nhng vn v
cu to chi tit my pht tia X s dng trong X quang chn on y t, s to thnh
v tnh cht ca tia X.
Chng 2 An ton bc x trong X quang chn on y t: trnh by v cc
hiu ng sinh hc, cc tn thng do bc x ion ha. Cc gii hn liu chiu x,
cc tiu chun an ton bc x ca th gii, TCVN6561 ca Vit Nam v mt s
yu cu an ton bc x i vi X quang chn on.
- 15 -

Chng 3 Gii thiu v phng php Monte Carlo, chng trnh MCNP v
ng dng chng trnh vo vic m phng phng X quang ti bnh vin Nhi ng
1; kho st ph tia X, kho st phn b liu trong v ngoi phng X quang, nh gi
an ton che chn, tho lun v nhng kt qu thu c.





















- 16 -

Chng 1
CU TO V NGUYN L MY PHT TIA X
1.1. Cu to my pht X quang thng thng
Mt h thng chp nh tia X thng dng bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:







Hnh 1.1. S khi h thng chp nh X quang thng thng
Bn iu khin l ni vn hnh c th thay i cc thng s ca tia X (in
th, cng , thi gian pht tia). My to in th cao l ni cung cp mt hiu
in th cao cho cc in cc ca ng tia X gia tc chm in t. ng tia X l
ni to ra tia X bng hin tng pht bc x hm. H thng ghi nh c th l mt
tm phim tia X hay mt h thng bin hnh nh tia X thnh hnh nh m mt thng
c th nhn thy trn mt mn hnh.
Di y tc gi tp trung vo vn phn tch cu to v nguyn l hot
ng ca ng pht tia X.
1.1.1. Cu to ng pht tia X
Chc nng: ng pht tia X l thit b chuyn i nng lng in thnh hai
dng khc l nng lng tia X v nhit. Trong nhit to ra l kt qu khng
mong mun, do ng pht tia X c thit k sao cho lng nhit to ra l t nht
v tiu tn cng nhanh cng tt.
Nhng ng pht tia X th h u tin c ch to vo khong cui th k 19
bi William Crookes v cc cng s c gi l ng pht m cc ngui. Dng in
t c gii phng khi m cc nhm ion ha lng khng kh t i bn trong bung
ng tia X
(X ray tube)
Bn iu khin
(console)
My to in th cao
(generator)
H thng ghi nh
Bnh nhn
- 17 -

cha thy tinh gii phng ng in electron t do, ri sau gia tc chng bng
ngun cao th (c 100kV), bn ph vo bia dng cc Platin t nghing v pht ra
tia X.
Nm 1913, William Coolidge ci tin ng pht tia X bng cch dng m
cc si t thay th cho m cc ngui t c cng sut pht cao hn. S thay
i ny chnh l nn tng cho s pht trin ca th h ng pht tia X ngy nay.
V nguyn tc, mi ng tia X u c cu to t 2 bn cc: mt bn cc
m (cathode) l mt dy tc c nung nng bng dng in sn sinh ra cc
electron v mt bn cc dng l ni cc electron p vo pht sinh ra bc x
hm. ng tia X c ht chn khng electron khng b mt nng lng do va
chm vi cc phn t kh khi i t cathode n anode.

Hnh 1.2. Nhng b phn c bn ca mt ng pht tia X thng thng [26]
ng pht tia X hin i l thit b gm 2 thnh phn chnh l m cc
(cathode), dng cc (anode) v cc b phn ph: ng c quay dng cc (oto
tato), v ng, hp cha, du tn nhit, cng giao tip.
ng pht tia X hin i t s dng dng cc tnh nh trong cc th h ca
Crookes v Coolidge m dng dng cc quay bng cm ng in t. Nh vy, ng
pht tia X hin i l s kt hp gia m cc ngui, dng cc quay v cc kt cu
- 18 -

thch hp khc. Tuy nhin, th h ng pht tia X Coolidge vi dng cc tnh vn
c dng trong mt s k thut X- quang khc vi yu cu c th, nh X- quang
nha khoa, X- quang cm tay, tng sng truyn hnh di ng.

Hnh 1.3. Cc b phn chnh ca ng tia X trong my chp X quang hin i [26]
1.1.1.1. m cc ( Cathode)
m cc (Cathode) l mt b phn c chc nng c bn l gii phng chm
in t v hi t chng thnh mt chm tia xc nh nhm vo dng cc (anode).
V cu to: mt m cc in hnh bao gm hai thnh phn chnh l dy tc
(si filament) v chn hi t (focusing cup). Dy tc lm bng nhng si Volfram
c hnh l xo xon ( tng din tch bc x in t ) thng ng c gn chm
vo trong mt chn hi t nh hnh 1.4.
Vt liu lm tim n thng l hp kim Vonfram v Thorium v Vonfram l
mt kim loi nng, dn nhit tt v chu c nhit cao (nhit nng chy cao
3370
0
C), Thorium thng c thm vo si t Vonfram tng cng hiu sut
pht x electron v tng tui th tim n.
- 19 -


Hnh 1.4. Cu trc cathode ca ng tia X si t Volfram nm trong chn hi t
[26]
Phn ln bng X quang hin nay u c 2 h thng chn hi t v 2 si tc
nhm m rng cho nhiu ng dng ring bit. Si tc ln c kch thc 1,2mm
dng chp nhng c quan ln, dy cn cng sut cao, si tc nh c kch thc
khong 0,6mm s dng cho nhng b phn nh s dng cng sut thp. Hai si tc
ny c nung nng bng mch in vi hiu in th 2 u l 10V, dng in qua
si tc bng X quang thay i t 3 n 7A.
Chm electron pht ra t cathode c gia tc n p vo anode l chm
phn k, nu khng c s can thip th chm tia ny s p vo anode trn din tch
rng, iu ny s lm m hnh nh X quang. Do cn thit s dng b phn b
sung, c chc nng hi t chm electron thng n anode. in cc b sung c hnh
dng c bit bao quanh cathode gi vai tr ny chnh l chn hi t cn c gi
l in cc Wehnelt ( hnh 1.4).
in cc ny c t vo cng gi tr in th vi tim n v in trng
m n sinh ra c tc dng lm thay i cc ng ng th ca in trng, gii
hn s m rng chm electron khin chm electron hi t li trn 1 im c bit
trn anode (focal spot), chnh iu ny lm tng nt ca hnh nh X quang.
- 20 -




Hnh 1.5. Tc dng lm thay i hnh dng phn b chm electron ca chn ti t
Nu in cc Wehnelt c thm vo mt in th m chnh lch in th
vi tim n th tc dng cng r rt, kch thc b rng vt tiu cng nh. Chn hi
t lm thay i hnh dng phn b chm electron khi n c cng gi tr in p vi
si tc (Hnh 1.5.a). Chn hi t c tch in th m c gi tr lch khong 100 V
so vi si tc c tc dng gim b rng chm electron mnh hn (Hnh 1.5.b) [26].
1.1.1.2. Dng cc (anode)
Anode l ni tia X c to ra, n l mt bia hng electron bng kim loi c
cu trc cng v c mt phn t cao ni vi in cc dng. Anode c 2 chc
nng: (1) chuyn nng lng ca electron thnh bc x tia X v (2) lm tiu tn
lng nhit to ra trong qu trnh pht tia X, do vt liu anode c chn p
ng 2 yu cu trn.
V cu to: cc ng tia X cng sut b chng hn dng trong chp nh rng
c anode l mt bia c nh, cn cc ng tia X c cng sut cao thng c anode
dng a, c th quay quanh mt trc.

Hnh 1.5.b Hnh 1.5.a

n

t
h

V

(
s
o

v

i

c
h

n

h

i

t

- 21 -

A. Anode c nh
Bao gm 1 gng phn x bng Volfram l ni chm electron bn vo to
ra tia X, c gn cht vo mt khi ng ln. Khi ng c vai tr nng bia
Volfram v tiu tn nhit cho bia Volfram v ng c kh nng dn nhit tt.

Hnh 1.6. Cc thnh phn ca mt ng tia X c anode c nh gm bia Vonfram
gn vo mt khi ng [26]
Anode thng c t nghing mt gc t 15
0
- 20
0
so vi mt phng thng
ng, gc nghing ny quyt nh din tch hi t ca chm electron (l phn din
tch ca anode b chm electron bn vo).
Nhc im ca loi anode ny l din tch bia b bn ph nh nn gii hn
s tiu tn nhit v do gii hn dng cc i qua ng v hn ch hiu sut pht
tia.
Loi bng ny dng trong cc my X quang cng sut nh nh my X quang
nha, my X quang di ng, my chiu (fluoro).

- 22 -


Hnh 1.7. Vt hi t ca bng X quang c anode c nh
B. Anode quay
a. Cu to v vt liu ca a anode quay
Cu to
Khi s dng Anode c nh th chm electron ch p vo 1 v tr c nh
lm nhit v tr ny rt cao ng thi lm gim cng sut ca bng v lm gim
tui th ca anode, do ngi ta thng s dng anode quay thay i lin tc
im tip xc ca anode v chm electron, lm cho din tch vt hi t rt b so vi
din tch gii nhit. Chuyn ng quay lm cho v tr p ca electron ln anode
thay i lin tc, iu ny lm cho anode mn u nn khng nh hng n gc
pht tia. Chuyn ng quay cn c tc dng tiu tn lng nhit sinh ra trong qu
trnh pht tia X lm tng cng sut bng, tng tui th anode. l l do m anode
quay vn c s dng ph bin trong chp X quang d i hi nhng thit k v
k thut phc tp.
Cc anode quay c hnh dng a c g vt nghing mt gc c tc dng
hng tia X l ra pha bin ca ng pht. ng phn gic ca gc vt phi nm
trong vng l ra ca tia X, gc vt c thit k sao cho ph hp vi mc ch s
dng. Gc vt cng nh th phn gii khng gian cng ln nhng li lm gim
din tch hiu dng ca tiu im v din tch bao ph ca vng tia X pht x.
- 23 -


Hnh 1.8. Hnh dng ca anode xoay
Anode vi gc vt nh ( 7
0
9
0
) thch hp vi cc thit b thu nhn c nh
nh my chup X quang ng mch, chp dy thn kinh Cc my X quang thng
quy thng dng yu cu vng chp ln th thng s dng anode c gc vt ln (
12
0
-15
0
)

. Kch thc ca a anode nm trong khong t 5cm 12,5cm v kch
thc ny quyt nh kh nng chu nhit ca anode [26].
Vt liu
Khi chm electron p vo anode ch di 1 nng lng ca chng chuyn
ha thnh tia X, cn li hn 99 nng lng ca chm in t c chuyn ha
thnh nhit nn anode phi c kh nng chu nhit cao. Hu ht cc ng tia X u s
dng Volfram ( 4) lm vt liu anode v Volfram c s hiu nguyn t ln, kh
nng chu nhit cao do c im nng chy cao, kh nng bay hi rt thp. Trong
nhiu nm Volfram tinh khit thng c s dng lm vt liu anode.
Cng ngh anode quay ngy cng phc tp. Anode quay Vonfram th c
sn xut trn c s chun luyn kim bt. Hn ch ca cng ngh ny l s mi mn
b mt do s nn c nhit cao.
- 24 -


Hnh 1.9. Cu to anode xoay [26]
Hiu ng ny dn n s st gim nhanh chng cng tia X v gy nn
ci gi l hiu ng mt nghing. y, mt phn bc x trong nhng lp su hn
ca anode b hp th trc khi ri khi anode. Thm vo l s bin dng c hc
xy ra c th ph hy anode.
Trong nhng nm gn y hp kim ca Volfram v Reni c s dng lm
vt liu b mt anode. Vic s dng mt hp kim Vonfram Reni cho php s dng
ng pht tia X trong khong thi gian di. Cng ngh nng cao da trn nguyn liu
hn hp Reni -Vofram-Molyden (RTM). S ct ngang ca anode RTM biu din
trong hnh 1.10.a. RTM anode l loi anode c b mt l lp hp kim Reni-
Vonfram dy khong 1,3mm, tip theo l lp molybdenum dy 5-11mm (mt s
hng sn xut s dng Graphit thay cho Molybdenum). Hp kim Reni-Vonfram
thng c t l khi lng ty thuc vo mi hng sn xut thng l W-Re 3%, W-
Re 5%, W-Re 25%, W-Re 26% [28]. My X quang kho st trong lun vn ca
hng Shimadzu s dng loi anode RTM ny.
Mt gii php ti u iu khin kh nng tch tr nhit v bc x nhit c
th t c trong mt anode gii ni vi tm than ch (hnh 1.10.b). Vi anode
- 25 -

nhit, tm RTM c hn vo cht ti nhit than ch, ng c sn xut vi trng
ti ln hn 3.10
6
J hot ng ti cng sut nhit trung bnh 4 kW.


Hnh 1.10.a. Mt ct ca mt anode RTM







Hnh 1.10.b. Mt ct ca mt anode RTM- than ch [22]
Do Volfram vi nguyn t khi ln cho t l bc x hm cao hn so vi
Molybdenum v Rhodium nn trong vy trong X-quang v (Mammography) anode
thng lm bng bng cc nguyn t c nguyn t khi nh. Do yu cu ghi nhn
hnh nh cc m dy c ca tuyn v cn nhiu bc x tia X c trng. Hu ht
cc ng tia X s dng chp nh nh c b mt anode c ph Molypden l loi c
kh nng to ra tia X c nng lng thch hp cho ng dng ny. Mt s ng chp
nh nh c anode th 2 lm bng Rhodium ( 45), loi ny to ra bc x c nng
lng cao, kh nng m xuyn tt c th s dng ghi li cu trc dy c ca
tuyn v.

b. Vnh tiu im Vng tiu im thc Vng tiu im hiu dng
Khng phi ton b anode u tham gia vo vic to ra tia X m bc x ch
c to ra mt vng rt nh trn anode. Vng ny c gi l vt tiu ( focal
- 26 -

spot) c kch thc xc nh bi kch thc chm electron t cathode. T dn
n cc khi nim vnh tiu im, vng tiu im thc v vng tiu im hiu
dng.
Din tch vnh tiu im l khi nim m t phn din tch nghing trn bia
anode va chm vi chm electron. Vnh tiu im c bn knh trung bnh r, chu vi
trung bnh 2r v rng vnh r, din tch c tnh theo cng thc: S=2rr .
Nh vy, mt anode quay c din tch vnh tiu im ln hn khong 314 ln din
tch mt vng tiu im kch thc tng ng ca anode tnh.

Hnh 1.11. Vt tiu thc v vt tiu hiu dng ca anode [26]
Vng tiu im thc l vng hnh ch nht trn mt vt anode m chm
electron bn ph, kch thc vng ny ph thuc vo di ca si t v rng
ca hp iu tiu trn cathode. Trong hu ht cc ng tia X vt tiu ny c dng
hnh ch nht, kch thc thng nm trong khong t 0,1mm n 2 mm, kch
thc ca n nh hng n kh nng ti nhit ca anode. Vt tiu thc cng ln th
kh nng ti nhit cng tt v ngc li. Kch thc vt tiu thc quyt nh bi ba
yu t: kch thc v hnh dng si tc (filament), kch thc hnh dng ca chn
hi t, gc nghing anode.


- 27 -








Hnh 1.12. Vng tiu im thc v tiu im hiu dng
Vng tiu im thc ch mang ngha hnh hc, chng ta quan tm nhiu hn n
vng tiu im hiu dng.
rng vng tiu im hiu dng chnh bng rng ca chm in t v
rng vng tiu im thc. di vng tiu im hiu dng li ph thuc vo
gc vt dng cc v di vng tiu im thc, c tnh theo cng thc sau:
a = A sin (1.1)
b = B
Trong , A, B v a, b ln lt l di, rng ca vng tiu im thc v
vng tiu im hiu dng, l gc vt anode. Hnh chiu ca vt tiu thc ln mt
phng hng tia gi l vt tiu hiu dng. Kch thc vt tiu hiu dng l nhn t
quan trng quyt nh r nt ca phim, kch thc cng nh th cng r nt.
Trong thc nghim, vng tiu im hiu dng c th o c c bng
phng php chp nh qua l ngm.
Mt tm cn quang vi l ngm c ng knh c m c t vung gc
v nm gia ng pht tia X v phim hoc h thu nhn theo m hnh hnh 1.13, vi
d
1
, d
2
ln lt l khong cch t l ngm n anode v t l ngm n phim, a,b v
a, b ln lt l kch thc vng tiu im hiu dng v kch thc nh trn phim.
o c cc kch thc d
1
, d
2
, a, b, ta tnh c a, b qua cng thc ng dng:



- 28 -

a a x (d
1
/ d
2
) (1.2)
b b x (d
1
/ d
2
) (1.3)









Hnh 1.13. Phng php chp nh qua l ngm xc nh kch thc tiu im
hiu dng
Kch thc vt tiu l mt trong nhng yu t cn xem xt khi la chn ng
pht tia X cho mt ng dng c th. Loi c kch thc nh s dng chp nhng
vng c kch thc nh, c kh nng hin th chi tit hnh nh vi lng bc x
tng i thp nh chp nh nh.
Vi cng kch thc vt tiu thc gc nghing anode cng nh th kch thc
vt tiu hiu dng cng nh dn n phn gii khng gian tt. Tuy nhin, gc
nghing nh li gii hn kch thc chm tia X hu dng nn trng bao ph chm
tia b thu hp u pht tia. Gc nghing ti u nht ph thuc vo trang thit b
ghi nhn hnh nh ca phng chp X quang. Mt s loi anode c thit k vi 2
gc nghing tng ng to ra 2 vt tiu hiu dng kch thc khc nhau.
Gc nghing anode cng nh hng n din tch bao ph ca chm bc x.
Khi gim gc nghing th din tch bao ph chm tia cng gim v d bia nghing
10
0
th c khu vc bao ph chm tia hp hn bia c gc nghing 20
0
tnh ti cng
mt khong cch tnh t ng pht.
- 29 -


Hnh 1.14. Anode s dng hai vt tiu ln nh [28]
Din tch bao ph chm tia thng khng gy nh hng n kt qu chp
nhng vi nhng bia anode c gc nghing nh th c th gy mt s vn v s
bao ph chm tia cn thit ln phim. V d vi anode c gc nghing 12
0
v khong
cch t phim l 40 inch th din tch bao ph c bn knh 8 inch, trong khi vi
anode nghing 10
0
cng khong cch t phim nh trn th din tch bao ph ch
c bn knh 7 inch. R rng l c 2 bia trn u khng th ph ht phim c kch
thc 14 x 17 ti khong cch 40 inch v phim ny i hi bn knh bao ph l
11inch.


- 30 -



Hnh 1.15. nh hng ca gc nghing anode ln kch thc vt tiu hiu dng [32]
Do vy xc nh s bao ph chm tia thch hp ta s dng cng thc tnh
bn knh che ph nh sau: tan ca gc nghing anode nhn vi khang cch t
phim (FFD) bng bn knh din tch khu vc che ph chm tia (RC):
tanu *FFD = RC (1.4)
V d: nu gc nghing l 20
0
v FFD l 40 inch, bn knh khu vc che ph
chm tia s l 14 inch v RC = tan20
0
x 40 inch = 14 inch.

c. Hiu ng chn (Heel effect)
V anode c b tr nghing gc nn cng chm tia X pht ra dc theo
trc ng tia X s khc nhau, tc l c s phn b khng ng u dc theo hng
song song vi trc Cathode Anode. nh hng ny c gi l hiu ng chn
(Heel effect). S khc nhau ny l do bia anode hp th chnh photon m n pht ra
[26]. Quan st trong hnh 1.16 ta thy cc photon c gii phng ra t mt im
nm bn trong bia anode. T hnh v ta thy cc photon pht ra nm pha gn
cathode c ng i bn trong bia anode ngn hn cc photon nm pha cha
anode. Qung ng i trong bia di hn khin cc photon ny c khn nng b hp
th cao hn. l l do cng chm tia X pha gn cathode mnh hn cng
chm tia X nm pha anode.
- 31 -


Hnh 1.16. S phn b khng ng u chm tia X theo phng song song vi trc
Cathode- Anode
Hnh 1.17 cho thy t l phn trm cng bc x ng vi cc gc pht x
khc nhau gy ra do hiu ng gc nghing khi bia anode nghing gc 20
0
. y
cn lu s nh hng ca khong cch t phim ln s thay i cng chm
tia. Nu phim X quang dng chp b phn nh s 1 l phim 1a th cng chm
tia ko di t 95 n 104%, khc bit nhau 9% v s khc bit ny l khng ng
k. Hay ni cch khc mt chm tia kh ng u. Nu phim X quang chp b
phn nh s 2 s dng phim 2a, cng chm tia s ko di t 31 n 95%,
khc bit 64 v iu ny l khng th chp nhn trong k thut chp X quang.
Nh vy ta c th thy khong cch t phim hay khu vc s dng chm tia cn
xem xt trong nh hng ca anode heel effect.

Hnh 1.17. nh hng ca hiu ng chn ln khong cch t phim
- 32 -

1.1.1.3. V ng chn khng, du tn nhit, v kim loi, ca s ng pht
tia X
a. V ng chn khng
V chn khng thng lm bng thy tinh bao bc cathode, anode, rotor to
thnh mt khng gian bn trong gn nh chn khng, p sut khong di 10
-
5
mmHg. Thy tinh lm v ng thng bng thy tinh loi borosilicate l loi knh
chng nhit c t nht 5% oxit boron (B
2
O
3
) thng dng lm knh ha hc a chu
nhit do c bn cao, h s n v nhit thp, im nng chy cao. Nhng c tnh
trn ca thy tinh borosilicat thch hp cho vic s dng lm v ng chn khng.


Hnh 1.18. Bu thy tinh cha anode quay [28]
B dy ca bu thy tinh nm trong khong t 1-2mm ty theo my ca mi
hng, mt s hng ch to loi thy tinh borisilicat c pha ch tr phn thy tinh
li ra nhm ngn chm tia X i ra theo cc hng khc.
Chc nng chnh ca v chn khng ny l h tr v cch in cho anode,
cathode ng thi duy tr mi trng chn khng bn trong ng pht tia X. S c
mt ca kh trong ng pht tia X s cho php dng in t truyn qua ng mt cch
t do hn l to thnh chm in t. iu ny s gy tr ngi trong vic to ra bc
x v c th gy h hi mch in. Mi trng chn khng cn c tc dng ngn
cn qu trnh oxy ha cc linh kin t bn trong c bit l dy tc.
- 33 -

Theo thi gian s dng s c s xm nhp ca cc phn t kh lm gim
chn khng ca ng, khi cn kim tra v ht chn khng trong ng. Dung tch v
ph thuc vo ng tia X s dng, v chn khng v nhng b phn cha trong n
c xem nh phn ring l t vo trong ng pht tia X, y l phn c thi gian
s dng hn ch v c th thay th ngay bn trong khoang cha (tube housing).
Phn ln cc ng tia X c v chn khng lm bng thy tinh, mc d c th s dng
cc loi vt liu khc nh kim loi, gm s.

Hnh 1.19. Mt ct ng tia X loi c anode quay ca hng Shimadzu
b. Du tn nhit
Vng khng gian gia v kim loi (tube housing) v bu thy tinh chn
khng c y mt loi du c bit xem nh vt liu cch ly bu thy tinh vi
ngun cao th v ti nhit t bu thy tinh ra bn ngoi, du ny cn c gi l
du bin p hay du tn nhit. Du bin p c hai nhim v chnh l:
- Chim ch khng kh trong cc thit b in p cao v lm nhim v cch
in, tng bn cch in ln rt nhiu.
- Lm mt, tng cng thot nhit do tn hao cng sut trong dy qun v
trong li thp my bin p sinh ra.
Du bin p l cht lng d chy nn nhit chp chy ca du bin p quy
nh khng c thp hn +135
0
C. Nhit ng c ca du khng c cao hn
- 34 -

-45
0
C. Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng c nhiu ngha thc tin l bn
ca du bin p. Tr s bn ca du bin p rt nhy cm vi m ca du.
bn in ca du cn gim nhiu hn nu nh trong du c nhng tp cht, n s
lm cu ni cho s phng in sm pht trin.
Mt tip xc gia lp du v lp v Ch c qut mt loi vt liu c bit
c nhim v gi cho lp Ch khng b oxi ha.
Bung cha du c b sung mt h co gin m bo p sut du khng
tng ln khi du gin n do nhit. Hp cha c tip mt vi t ngn in t
chuyn ng trong khng gian cha du. Bng 1.1. trnh by mt s tiu chun
bn ca du my bin p.
Bng 1.1. Tiu chun bn ca du my bin p
i vi thit b c in p lm
vic (kV)
in p phng in ca du khng nh hn
kV/2.5mm
Du mi Du c
6 25 20
35 30 25
110-220 40 35
330 50 45

Trong qu trnh s dng du bin p b gi ha, cc tnh cht ca du b
gim, mu ca du tr nn sm hn do khng kh lt vo gy hin tng oxy ha
du, s tip xc gia du v mt s kim loi, tc dng ca nh sng v cng t
trng cao. Do vy trong qu trnh bo dng my X quang cc k s s kim tra
cht lng du thay th, b sung lng du ph hp.
c. V kim loi
Hp cha (housing) ca ng pht tia X l mt khoang cha bng kim loi
ng dung dch du, ng vai tr trong vic gia tng s ng kn cng nh h tr
bo v ng chn khng khi mi trng bn ngoi. N c chc nng nh mt l
chn v hp th cc bc x pht ra tr bc x hu dng. N c b mt bn ngoi
- 35 -

tng i ln lm tiu tn hu ht nhit to ra trong ng. Lp ch bc ngoi khoang
cha nhm hp th tia l bt thng bao gm tia X chch hng t anode, tia X
sinh ra khi in t th cp va chm vi cc linh kin kim loi khc trong ng pht.
Bn ngoi lp ch l lp thp khng r hoc barit c b dy khc nhau ty theo thit
k ca tng hng.
d. Ca s ng
Chm bc x tia X pht ra t ng qua mt cng hoc ca s. Gc khi ca
chm bc x hnh nn thng l 40
0
50
0
. Ca s thng c ch to bng mt
vt liu hp th bc x thp nh l cc kim loi nh c nguyn t s thp (chng
hn nh l beryllium). Mt s loi bng X quang cn s dng ca s lm bng nha
Bakelite. Ngay bn di ca s trong vng chm tia hiu dng l mt mn chn,
qu trnh m mn che chn cho php thay i c kch thc hiu dng ca chm
tia.
1.1.2. B lc tia
B lc tia X uc s dng nhm loi b nhng tia X nng lung thp v to
chm tia X c nng lng ng u hn. Nhng tia X c nng lng thp trong ph
tia X to ra rt nhiu liu cho bnh nhn nhng khng ng gp vo tn hiu thu
nhn. Bi vy vic lc b nhng tia X ny l cn thit, do trong cc my X
quang lun c b phn lc tia.

Hnh 1.20. B lc hp th cc photon nng lng thp v cho cc photon nng
lng cao i qua
- 36 -

C 2 b phn tham gia vo vic lc tia l b lc sn c (inherent filter) v b
lc b sung (additional filter). B lc sn c to nn do cc vt liu c sn trong
ng tia X nm trn li ra chm tia c chc nng lc tia gm v thy tinh, du cao
p, ca s bakelite. Mi hng c tiu chun b dy vt liu v ng khc nhau nn
b lc sn c c b dy tng ng 0,5mm-1mm Al.
B phn th hai l mt tm kp nhm ng t sau u pht tia X c b
dy cc tiu d ph thuc vo in th cc i s dng trong ng pht tia X (nhng
thng thng d 2,5mm i vi in p t 70kV tr ln). B lc ny loi b
nhng tia X c th xuyn qua b lc sn c nhng nng lng khng ln
ng gp vo vic to nh hiu qu trn phim. B lc c th loi b hiu qu nhng
tia X nng lng thp nhng ng thi cng i hi cng sut tia X cao hn. [11]

Hnh 1.21. Ph tia X to ra in p nh 150 kVp i vi anode lm bng
Vonfram.
Cc tia X nng lng thp (ng t nt) b hp th nh b lc tia
Mt dng ci tin khc l b lc cnh cung, b lc ny c kh nng lm gim
mnh nhng bc x vng bin m khng gy nh hng n vng gia. Do vy
b lc cnh cung c th hn ch cng ca chm bc x tn sc xut hin
vng bin ca vt th v lm gim liu chiu trn bnh nhn [11].
1.1.3. H chun trc u n (Collimator)
Chm tia X i ra t ng pht l chm tia phn k do khi n c th bnh
nhn mc ph ca chm tia s ln hn gi tr cn thit cho vic ghi nhn hnh
- 37 -

nh (FOV field of view). iu ny dn n 2 vn ny sinh: th nht l tng liu
chiu trn ngi bnh khng cn thit, th hai l lm tng nh hng photon tia X
tn x Compton ln phim.[26]
thay i kch thc hnh hc ca chm tia ngi ta s dng h chun trc
u n (Collimator) l b phn gm nhiu tm ch c th trt ln nhau dng
gii hn chm tia t gia vng pht tia v c th bnh nhn.

Hnh 1.22. Cu trc bn trong h chun trc u n [26]
H chun trc ca ng tia X c ni vi u ra ng tia X nh mt khp
xoay cho php thay i v tr ca n. Mt ngun sng kh kin c b tr bn trong
h chun trc xem nh mt vt tiu o, pht ra nh sng i n gng phn x t
nghing gc 45
0
( hnh1.22) nh sng phn x t gng i ra khi b chun trc v
cho mt trng che ph trng vi trng che ph ca tia X. Nh quan st trng
chiu ca nh sng kh kin ny ta c th bit c kch thc trng chiu tia X
c nhng iu chnh thch hp. Trng chiu tia c xc nh nh cc tm ch
sp xp nh hnh 1.22.
Thng thng c 2 h thng chun trc u n. t gn u pht tia X hn
l h chun trc u n dng c nh, c tc dng lm gim hn lon ca tia X
c to ra v gii hn vng chiu hnh hc. H thng chun trc th hai t ngay
- 38 -

sau h th nht c tc dng lm gim liu chiu cho bnh nhn c gi l h chun
trc dng iu chnh c.
Ty theo tiu chun ca mi hng m cu trc b dy ca cc lp ch trong
b chun trc s c s khc nhau. My X quang kho st bnh vin nhi ng s
dng b chun trc loi R20-J ca hng Shimadzu c cu to nh hnh 1.23. gm 3
lp ch. [30]
Lp ch pha trc ( front leaf) gm 4 l ch di ng b dy 3mm, nm mt
di collimator ng vai tr chnh trong vic xc nh kch thc trng chiu. Lp
ch gia (middle leaf) gm 4 l ch di ng b dy 2mm ng vai tr loi b cc
bc x r r. Lp ch trong cng (inner leaf) gm 4 l ch c nh b dy 2mm c
vai tr lm gim bc x off focus (bc x to ra khi electron p vo anode ngoi
v tr tiu im). Gia lp ch gia v ch trong cng c mt tm Al (0,5mm) ng
vai tr l b lc b sung. Bn ngoi v collimator c nm iu khin thay i
khang cch gia cc l ch thuc lp ch trc v ch gia nhm thay i kch
thc trng chiu.

Hnh 1.23. Mt ct ngang b chun trc loi R20-J ca hng Shimadzu [30]
Trong mt s my X quang hin i c h chun trc ti u l h chun trc
c kh nng t ng gii hn kch thc trng chiu nm trong din tch n nhn
ca detector. B cm bin c hc nm trong gi casset cha phim s d tm kch
- 39 -

thc ca casset v t ng iu chnh cc l ch trong h chun trc sao cho trng
chiu tia trng khp vi kch thc ca casset cha phim.
Bn cnh h chun trc u n, mt h chun trc khc cng c s dng
t ngay sau bnh nhn c tc dng hp th nhng tia tn x trn bnh nhn, gim
nhiu v xo nh cho h thng.
Mt s b phn khc c b sung trong cu trc t hp ng pht nhm thc
hin mt s chc nng khc trong qu trnh pht tia X. Cm bin nhit dng
dng hot ng ca ng pht khi nhit du v bung cha vt ngng cho
php.
1.2. Nguyn l ca qu trnh pht tia X
1.2.1. Nguyn l to tia X
Khi cho mt chm electron c vn tc kh ln p vo anode lm bng kim
loi nng (Vonfram), tng tc ny lm pht ra bc x tia X.
C 2 dng tng tc to ra tia X, dng th nht l khi electron tng tc vi
lp v electron ca nguyn t kch thch s chuyn mc nng lng. Trng thi
kch thch c nng lng E
i
pht ra cc tia X dng ph vch trong s chuyn mc E
i

E
k
c bc sng
ik
c trng cho vt liu lm anode. Cc tia X ny v vy cn
c gi l cc tia X c trng. Dng th hai bc x tia X c ph nng lng lin
tc cn gi l bc x hm khi electron tng tc trc tip vi trng in t ca
ht nhn nguyn t.
1.2.1.1. Bc x hm
Khi cc electron mang nng lng i qua vt liu c nguyn t s (Z) ln b
lm lch hng di tc dng ca trng th Coulomb ca ht nhn mang in tch
dng. Theo l thuyt in ng lc hc, cc ht mang in khi tng tc hay gim
tc s pht ra bc x vi nng lng t l vi bnh phng ca gia tc. Cc electron
ny pht ra mt bc x c ph lin tc trn mt di rng vi s phn b cng
ph thuc vo nng lng ca electron ti. Bc x pht ra nh vy c gi l
Bremsstrahlung theo ting c c ngha l bc x hm hay bc x do lm chm cc
ht mang in.
- 40 -

Mt electron trc khi dng li c th pht ra nhiu photon, nng lng pht
ra ph thuc vo khong cch tng tc gia electron v ht nhn, nng lng
gim khi tng khong cch. Trong hnh 1.24 electron s 2 tng tc vi ht nhn
khong cch gn hn electron s 3 nn bc x hm pht ra i vi tng tc ca
electron s 2 ln hn i vi electron s 3. R rng l photon vi nng lng cc
i c to ra khi electron mt ht ng nng trong mt qu trnh tng tc duy
nht, trong hnh 1.24 l electron s 1. Trng hp ny xy ra khi electron tin ti
rt gn vi ht nhn va chm vi ht nhn v nh mt tt c ng nng ca mnh.
Photon pht ra c nng lng chnh bng ng nng ca electron, tc nu electron
c ng nng 100 keV th photon pht ra s c nng lng ng bng 100 keV [26].
Xc sut electron va chm trc din vi ht nhn th cc k him, v
thang o nguyn t, trong mt nguyn t vng khng gian trng chim phn ln,
tit din ht nhn th cc nh. Do tia X nng lng thp c to ra nhiu hn,
v s lng tia X nng lng cao gim gn nh tuyn tnh vi gi tr nng lng
ca electron ti.


Hnh 1.24. Bc x hm pht ra khi electron tng tc vi ht nhn bia
- 41 -



Hnh 1.25. Electron va chm trc din vi ht nhn lm pht ra bc x hm c nng
lng cc i
Ph bc x hm m t s phn b ca photon tia X nh l mt hm ca nng
lng. Ph bc x hm sau khi cha qua b phn lc tia (hnh 1.25.a) c dng dc
theo mi quan h gia s lng v nng lng tia X to ra, nng lng cc i
c quyt nh bi gi tr in p nh (kVp) t vo ng tia X. Khi c b lc tia
th cc tia X nng lng thp b hp th, do ph tia X lc ny c dng nh hnh
1.25b.

Hnh 1.26. S phn b nng lng bc x hm gi tr in p nh 90 kVp (trong
trng hp khng c b lc (ng t nt) v c b lc tia (lin nt)
Nhn t chnh nh hng n vic pht x tia X bao gm: s nguyn t ca
vt liu bia, ng nng ca chm electron ti (quy nh bi in th gia tc). T s
Photon c nng lng cc i

- 42 -

gn ng ca nng lng mt i cho vic pht bc x hm v nng lng mt i
trong cc va chm l:[26]

000 . 820
Z E
E
E
K
L
R
~ (1.5)
Trong : E
R
: Nng lng electron dng vo vic pht bc x,
E
L
: Nng lng electron mt i trong va chm,
E
K
: ng nng ca electron tnh theo keV,
Z: S hiu nguyn t ca vt liu anode.
V d: i vi chm electron nng lng 100 keV n p vo bia Vonfram
(Z=74), t s xp x ca nng lng bc x v nng lng mt khi va chm l:
% 9 , 0
000 . 820
74 , 100
= , iu c ngha l c hn 99 nng lng ca electron chuyn
thnh nhit. i vi electron c nng lng 6 MeV, t l ny l 54%, tc lng
nhit khng cn thit to ra nh hn. Nh vy, khi nng lng ca electron tng ln
th hiu sut pht tia cng tng ln.
in t sau khi vt qua c hiu in th U s c nng lng eU. Khi va
chm vi nguyn t, mt phn nng lng c bc x ra di dng phtn, mt
phn nng lng truyn cho nguyn t, ch yu bin thnh nhit nng [5].
Nh vy: eU = hf +
4
. T Q o (1.6)
Trong :
hf l nng lng chuyn ha tia X

4
. T Q o l nhit nng khng mong mun
: h s nhit anode
Q: din tch anode
o : hng s
T: nhit anode
Tn s cc i c xc nh t iu kin cho rng: mt electron p vo
cathode s pht ra mt lng t, v ton b ng nng ca electron dng to
thnh lng t. Lc ta c:
- 43 -

U . e f . h
max
=

U . e
hc
min
=
Vi: Hng s Plank h =6,625.10
-24
J.s
in tch electron e = 1,6.10
-19
C
Vn tc nh sng c =3.10
8
m/s
Thay cc gi tr trn vo cng thc ta c: nm
] V [ U
5 , 1234
min
=
1.2.1.2. Bc x c trng
Nu tng in p gia tc U ln na th n mt in p ti hn no th trn
phng ca ph lin tc s xut hin bc x c vch nh nhn. Tn s ca vch nh
nhn ch ph thuc vo in p gia tc U v hon ton c trng cho vt liu lm
anode. Do , bc x ny c gi l bc x c trng v nng lng ca n c
trng cho lp electron trong nguyn t. Lc cng c ngha l nng lng ca
in t gia tc bng hay ln hn mt gi tr xc nh c trng trong cht lm i
m cc.
C ch to ra ph tia X c trng, c th hnh dung nh sau: trong s cc
electron p vo anode b hm li, c nhng electron nng lng ln c th xuyn
su vo bn trong nguyn t, va chm vi electron lp trong cng ca nguyn t
lm cho electron ny bt ra khi nguyn t. Ch trng m electron va ri khi
nguyn t b cc electron lp cao hn xung chim ch. Qu trnh chim ch din
ra lin tip nhau km theo pht bc x photon v . h .
Trng hp lp K b nh bt i 1 electron li mt ch trng lp tc t
cc lp bn ngai L,M,N electron s chuyn xung chim ch trng lp K s lm
xut hin cc vch ph
| o
K , K , K ... Tng t nh vy nu lp L b nh bt i 1
electron li mt ch trng, th t cc lp v ngoi M,N,O... electron chuyn
xung chim ch km theo pht x cc vch ph ,... L , L , L
| |
v tng t nh vy
khi electron lp ngai chuyn xung ch trng lp M cho cc vch ph
,... M , M , M
| o

(1.7)
(1.8)
(1.9)
- 44 -



Hnh 1.27. Tng tc lm pht ra bc x tia X c trng [26]
Trn hnh 1.27 m t nguyn t Vonfram vi cc lp v K,L,M. Nng lng
lin kt ca electron trong nguyn t Vonfram cc lp K, L, M ln lt l 69,5
keV, 12 keV, 2 keV. Electron ti va chm vi mt electron lp K v lm bt
electron ra khi qu o, sau c 2 electron bay ra khi nguyn t. Khi c s th
ch cc electron s lm pht x ra 2 photon c nng lng l 57,5 keV (y l nng
lng chnh lch gia lp K v lp L).
Mt khc electron lp v ngoi M li chuyn xung th ch trng ca
electron lp L v lm pht ra photon c nng lng v 10 keV (phn nng lng
chnh lch gia lp L v M). Nh vy, nng lng tia X pht ra c trng cho mc
nng lng ca cc lp electron trong nguyn t Vonfram.
xc nh bc sng tia X c trng, ta vn dng biu thc nng lng
lin kt ca in t trong nguyn t phc tp (Z>1). V ch c nguyn t phc tp
mi cho ph tia X (tc l ch c cc nguyn t vi Z ln).[4]
- 45 -

2 *
2
l , n
) Z (
n
Rhc
E =
Vi e ) a Z ( e Z
*
= gi l in tch trung bnh hiu dng, a l h s mn chn
tnh in tch m i vi ht nhn. H s a ny thay i ty theo tng lp in t.
i vi lp K th h s a =1, vy khi in t chuyn t lp L vo ch trng lp K s
cho vch ph
o
K tng ng vi tn s:
2 2
2 2
K L
) 1 Z .( RC
4
3
) 1 Z )(
2
1
1
1
( C . R
h
E E
= =

= v
o

Trong : R l hng s Ritbe; C l vn tc nh sng; Z l nguyn t s ca
nguyn t ha hc ch to nn cathode.
Biu thc trn gi l nh lut Moseley, cng thc ny ng vi cc nguyn
t c nguyn t s Z>30 ( tc l nhng nguyn t t trung bnh n cc nguyn t
nng). Mi dy ph u c vch u v vch cui gi l vch ranh gii. Vch u l
o o o
M , L , K , vch cui l

M , L , K ... (hnh 1.28).
Bc x c trng cn thit trong X quang chn on l bc x pht ra do s
dch chuyn electron t cc lp L,M,N... (thm ch electron bn ngoi nguyn t)
v lp y l trng lp K. Nu gi ch s o biu th lp v k cn lp K, v |

l
lp v khng k cn v cc dch chuyn tng ng l
o
K v
|
K th tia X ng vi
|
K mang nng lng ln hn. i vi mi lp v, c nhng vch nng lng ri
rc ca cc lp v con l kt qu ca s tch nng lng tinh t ca tia X c trng.
i vi Vonfram, c 3 vch ni bt trn nn ph lin tc l
1 2 1
K , K , K
| o o
nh trong
hnh 1.28.
(1.10)
(1.11)
- 46 -


Hnh 1.28. Cc dy ph ng vi cc chuyn di electron trong nguyn t [4]
Nhng vch bc x c trng khng pht ra bi s dch chuyn v lp K th
khng quan trng trong chp X quang chn on v chng gn nh b suy gim khi
i qua ca s ng pht tia v b lc. Bng 1.2 lit k cc gi tr nng lng lin kt
ca cc electron lp K tng ng vi nng lng bc x c trng ca lp K ng
vi mt s vt liu anode thng dng [26].

Bng 1.2. Nng lng lin kt ca electron lp K ng vi mt s vt liu
anode
Loi dch chuyn Vonfram Molybden Rodi
1
K
o
59,32 17,48 20,22
2
K
o
57,98 17,37 20,07
1
K
|

67,24 19,61 22,72

Bc x tia X c trng ng vi lp K ch pht x khi electron ti anode c
nng lng ln hn nng lng lin kt ca electron lp K, tc in th gia tc
phi ln hn 69,5 kVp i vi bia Vonfram, ln hn 20 kVp i vi bia Molybden.
S lng tia X c trng so vi tia X bc x hm tng theo nng lng electron ti,
v d vi in p nh 80 kVp, c khong 5% tng s tia X pht ra l bc x c
- 47 -

trng, vi in p 100 kVp th t l ny tng ln 10. Vic to ra tia X c trng
hu nh l kt qu ca tng tc gia electron-electron, tuy nhin tng tc gia
bc x hm v electron thng qua hiu ng quang in cng c th lm pht ra tia X
c trng.








Hnh 1.29. Cc vch bc x c trng ng vi s dch chuyn
o
K v
|
K trn nn
bc x hm i vi Vonfram in p 90kVp [26]



1.2.2. Cc tnh cht ca tia X
1.2.2.1. Bn cht ca tia X
Tia Rnghen c bn cht l sng in t nh nh sng nhng c bc sng
nh hn nhiu so vi bc sng nh sng. Ta c th so snh bc sng tia Rnghen
trong di sng in t sau y:
Bng 1.3. Bc sng ca cc loi sng in t
Bc x Bc sng
Tia Gamma <0,0012nm
Tia Ronghen (tia X) 0,0012 12nm
T ngai 12 380nm
Kh kin 380 760nm
Hng ngoi 760 10
6
nm
Sng v tuyn >1mm
Tnh cht ca tia X:
- 48 -

- Tia X lm ion ha khng kh, do o mc ion ha ca khng kh c
th suy ra uc liu lng tia X. Ri vo cc vt, c bit l kim loi, tia X cng bt
c electron ra khi vt.
- Tnh truyn thng v m xuyn: l tnh cht ni bt ca tia X, n d dng
i qua cc vt khng trong sut vi nh sng thng thng nh g, giy, vi, cc
m mm nh tht, da. i vi cc m cng v kim loi th n i qua kh hn, kim
loi c nguyn t lng cng ln th tia X cng kh xuyn qua. Tia X c bc sng
cng ngn th kh nng m xuyn cng mnh, khi ta ni tia X cng cng. y
l c trng quan trng trong to hnh X quang.
- Tnh b hp thu: sau khi xuyn qua vt cht th cng chm tia X b
gim xung do mt phn nng lng b hp th. y l c s ca cc phng php
chn on X quang v liu php X quang.
-Tnh cht quang hc: ging nh nh sng, tia X cng c nhng hin tng
quang hc nh khc x, phn x, nhiu x v tn x. Nhng tnh cht ny to nn
nhng tia th cp trong c th khi n xuyn qua v gy nn gim tng phn
trn cc phim chp. chng li hin tng ny ngi ta c th dng loa khu tr,
ng nh chm tia, li lc....
- Tnh cht gy pht quang: di tc dng ca tia X mt s mui tr nn pht
quang nh clorua, Na, BA, Mg, Li,... v c cht tr nn sng nh Tungstat cadmi,
platino-cyanua Bari cc cht ny c dng ch to mn hunh quang dng khi
chiu X quang, tm tng quang.
- Tnh cht ho hc: tnh cht ho hc quan trng nht ca tia X l tc dng
ln mui bromua bc trn phim v giy nh lm cho n bin thnh bc khi chu tc
dng ca cc cht kh trong thuc hin hnh. Nh tnh cht ny m n cho php ghi
hnh X quang ca cc b phn trong c th ln phim v giy nh.
- Tc dng sinh hc: khi truyn qua c th tia X gy ra tc dng sinh l hy
dit t bo. Tc dng ny c s dng trong iu tr (iu tr ung th nng) ng
thi n cng gy nn nhng bin i c hi cho c th.
1.2.2.2. S hp th tia X
- 49 -

Do cc qu trnh tng tc quang in, Compton, to cp nn tia X khi i
xuyn qua vt cht nng lng, mt chm tia c th gim i v do cng
chm tia s b suy gim. S suy gim ny c tnh theo nh lut Beer. Nu I
0
l
cng chm tia X ti, I l cng tia X ra khi lp vt cht, d l b dy lp vt
cht m tia X xuyn qua nh lut hp th Beer th hin nh sau:
d
0
e . I I

=
Trong , l h s suy gim theo chiu di c trng cho bn cht hp th
tia X ca vt cht v mt vt cht. V qu trnh hp th ph thuc ngu nhin vo
xc sut xy ra cc hiu ng trn nn h s suy gim c xem nh l tng h s
suy gim ca tng hiu ng:
_ o t
+ + =
Vi
_ o t
, , ln lt l h s suy gim ca hiu ng quang in, hiu ng
Compton v hiu ng to cp. Trong nhiu trng hp th hin r kh nng lm
gim cng bc x qua cc loi vt liu khc nhau ngi ta s dng h s suy
gim khi = /
m
trong l mt vt cht. p dng cng thc Beer s lm
xut hin i lng mi = . d d
m
(kg/m
2
)

gi l b dy khi ca bn vt cht. Khi
kho st mt cch nh tnh ta thy rng s hp th tia X trong vt cht ph thuc
vo mt s yu t sau:
- Th tch ca vt b chiu x: vt cng ln th tia X b hp thu cng nhiu.
B dy c th cng ln, s hp th tia X cng nhiu. Ngi ta nhn thy rng tia X
s suy gim 50 khi i qua lp vt liu no dy 1cm th s gim 25% na khi i
qua 1cm tip theo ca vt liu . V ch cn 12,5 khi i qua dy 3cm. Nh
vy sau khi i qua mt vt liu khng dy lm tia X s ch cn khng y 1 cng
ban u.
- Bc sng ca chm tia X: bc sng cng di tc l tia X cng mm th
s b hp th cng nhiu.
- Nguyn t s ca vt cht: s th t ca nguyn t vt cht cng cao th s
in t cha trong hnh cu nguyn t cng ln. ng knh nguyn t ln nn kh
(1.12)
(1.13)
- 50 -

nng va chm gia nhng in t v photon tia X ln nn qu trnh hp th cng d
xy ra. Ni cch khc s thp th tng theo trng lng nguyn t ca cht b chiu
x.
- Mt nguyn t: s nguyn t trong mt th tch nht nh ca vt cng
nhiu th s hp thu tia X cng tng. V d nc trng thi lng hp th tia X
nhiu hn trng thi hi.
1.2.2.3. S tn x tia X
S tn x ca tia Roentgen c quy lut khc vi s tn x ca nh sng trong
vng quang ph hc (l vng nh sng nhn thy hay tia t ngoi). Nh ta bit,
trong vng quang ph hc, di sng nh sng c , nh vy ln hn
nhiu kch thc ca nguyn t (c = cm) s tn x t l nghch vi ly
tha bc 4 ca bc sng.
Trong vng tia Roentgen, di bc sng ca n cng bc v gi tr vi
kch thc ca nguyn t. Nh vy quy lut v tn x vi tia Roentgen s phi
khc. C th, v s tn x c kho st nh kt qu ca nhng dao ng cng
bc ca nhng in t di tc dng ca trng in t ca sng Roentgen ti.
Thomson trc y a ra cng thc sau cho h s tn x nguyn t:

Vi : h s tn x nguyn t,
e: in tch ca electron ( Coulomb),
m: khi lng electron (kg),
C: tc nh sng (cm/s),
Z: s th t nguyn t.
C th kho st nh tit din hiu dng ca mt electron i vi s tn x
ca tia X. Khi t vo nhng gi tr bit:


(1.14)
- 51 -


Ta xc nh c tit din hiu dng ca nguyn t

4
25 2
2 4
8
6,57.10
3
a
e
cm
m C
t
o

= =
Bn knh hiu dng ca tit din ny rt nh
cm
1.3. Nguyn l hot ng ca my pht tia X
Khi nung nng mt vt liu thch hp, mt s electron trong vt liu tr nn
linh ng v bt ra khi vt liu nh cc electron t do. Nhng electron t do ny
s bao quanh vt liu nh mt m my electron. l s pht x nhit cc
electron, c s dng to ra ngun electron t do trong ng tia X.
Khi mt in th chy qua cathode s sinh ra mt dng in t nng n n
di nhit pht x electron. Si t c nung nng vi mt dng in AC c
cng nm trong khong t 1 n 5A hiu in th trong khong t 4 -12V.
Dng in trong ng pht bc x tia X chy qua gia cathode v anode gn bng
0,1 dng t nng cathode.
Chm electron pht x nhit thot ra khi Cathode theo mi hng, do
cn hi t chm electron theo hng nhm thng vo v tr vt tiu trn anode. Do
cn c h thng hi t chm electron, h thng hi t thng c gi l chn
hi t c lp xung quanh tim n v c ni vi 1 cc ngun DC nhm to ra
mt in trng li cc electron. t c vt hi t nh, chn hi t s c
cp thm mt in th m, iu ny s to nn mt in trng c cc ng sc
cong hn, mc hi t s cao hn. Cc bng X quang thng c vt hi t
khong 0,6 1,6mm.
Khi t mt hiu in th vo gia anode v cathode, trong anode mang
in th dng th electron s chuyn ng v pha anode v to nn dng in chy
trong bng X quang c chiu t anode v cathode.
- 52 -

Nu chng ta duy tr nhit cathode mt gi tr no (do dng si t
quyt nh) th s lng electron bc x cathode s khng i. Khi tng dn in
th anode, s lng in t dch chuyn v anode s tng lm dng qua bng tng,
y l trng thi lm vic cha bo ha. trng thi ny dng in v in p ca
bng X quang cn ph thuc vo nhau.
Khi in p anode tng n mt gi tr m ti ton b s in t bc x
c ht ht v anode, lc ny bng X quang lm vic trng thi bo ha. trng
thi ny dng in v in p khng ph thuc vo nhau. y l trng thi lm vic
thc t ca bng X quang. Tuy vy, trong thc t khng phi lc no cng t c
trng thi ny.
to ra bc x cn thit dng cho chp nh bc x trong cng nghip th
in th dng gia tc cc electron phi nm trong khong t 30KV n 30MV.
Cc ng pht bc x tia X thng s dng in th gia tc cc electron ln n
420KV trong khi nhng gi tr in th gia tc cc electron ln hn c s
dng cho cc my gia tc tuyn tnh. Nng lng ca cc electron nhn c tng
ng vi di in th ny.
1.4. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng liu ra tia X
nh gi cht lng liu ra ca tia X ngi ta thng s dng cc thut
ng: cht lng (quality) c trng cho kh nng m xuyn ca chm tia, s lng
(quantity) photon pht ra, liu chiu (exposure). Liu chiu l t s gia gi tr tuyt
i tng in tch dQ ca tt c cc ion cng du c to ra trong mt th tch
nguyn t khng kh (khi tt c cc electron v positron th cp do cc gamma to
ra b hm hon ton trong th tch khng kh ) v khi lng dm ca th tch
nguyn t khng kh [6]. Liu chiu chu s nh hng ca cht lng v s lng
chm tia pht ra. Hiu sut pht tia, liu chiu, cht lng v s lng chm tia
c quyt nh bi 6 yu t chnh: vt liu anode, in p, dng, thi gian chiu,
b lc, dng sng ca in p u vo.
- 53 -

Vt liu bia anode nh hng n hiu sut pht bc x hm theo cng thc:
000 . 820
Z E
E
E
K
L
R
~ ( trnh by trong phn 1.3.1.1). Chm electron ti tng tc nhiu
hn vi vt liu c nguyn t s Z ln hn nn hiu sut pht bc x tia X cao hn.
Mt khc, nng lng bc x c trng ph thuc vo vt liu bia (trnh by phn
1.3.1.2). Vy vt liu bia nh hng trc tip n s lng photon pht ra v cht
lng ca bc x c trng.
in p nh kVp quyt nh gi tr nng lng cc i ca bc x v nh
hng n cht lng ph bc x hm, vi gi tr kVp cng ln th nng lng bc
x cng ln. Thm vo hiu sut pht x tia X lin h trc tip vi gi tr kVp.
Trong ng pht bc x tia X s dng in th thp c 0,1 nng lng ca chm
electron c chuyn i thnh bc x tia X. Cc ng pht bc x tia X s dng
in th 100KV hiu sut pht bc x tia X tng ln c khong 1%. 2MV th
n c th t n 10% v 15MV c th ln hn 50.
Liu chiu (exposure) gn nh t l vi bnh phng kVp:
Liu chiu ~ (kVp)
2
[26]
V d, theo cng thc trn t l liu chiu ng vi in p 80 kVp so vi
chm tia ng vi in p 60 kVp ca cng mt ng tia X v cng thi gian chiu
tnh c (80/60)
2
~1,8, c ngha liu chiu tng ln khong 78%.

Hnh 1.30. Cng pht x tia X thay i mnh theo gi tr kVp, khi gi cng
mt gi tr dng qua ng v thi gian chiu khng i
- 54 -

Ta cng thy rng gi tr nng lng ti c nhiu tia X nht ( im cao
nht trn ph) c gi tr cng ln khi kVp cng ln. Ngha l vi kVp ln, a phn
cc tia X trong chm l c nng lng cao. in p nh kVp l gi tr c bn quyt
nh gi tr nng lng hay kh nng m xuyn ca tia X. Gi tr kVp cng ln th
gi tr nng lng tia X t c cng ln, gi tr nng lng cao cho php tia X d
dng xuyn qua nhng b phn c th c mt m dy nn cht lng hnh nh
trn phim tt. Thm vo , vic s dng gi tr in p cao s to ra lng tia X
ln do gim c thi gian chiu. iu ny c li khi chp phim cho tr em hay
nhng i tng khng th kim sot s vn ng khi chp X quang.[26]
Dng qua ng (mA) bng s electron i t Cathode n Anode trong mt
n v thi gian. Vi cng gi tr kVp v b lc khng thay i th liu chiu ca
ng tia X t l vi gi tr mA. Nh bit, gi tr mA la chn cng ln th nhit
tim n cng cao nn s electron pht x ra cng nhiu. iu ny s lm tng s
lng hoc cng bc x tia X. Nh vy khi mA tng, din tch ph tng ln
nh hnh 1.30. Ta thy khi nh ph khng dch chuyn ngha l nng lng
chm tia khng thay i khi thay i gi tr mA.[15]

Hnh 1.31. nh hng ca mA ln hiu sut pht tia X
Vic tng thi gian chiu s dn ti vic tng lng tia X pht x ra, v d
nu tng thi gian chiu ln hai ln th lng tia X pht ra cng tng ln hai ln.
Trong mt s my hin i ngi vn hnh c th t lng mAs. i lng ny l
tch s gia cng dng in qua ng tia X (tnh bng mA) v thi gian n
(tnh bng giy). R rng khi mAs cng ln, th lng tia X i n phim cng nhiu,
ni chung hnh nh s r hn. Ty thuc vo b dy vng c th kho st m ngi
- 55 -

vn hnh c th chn mAs ph hp. Vic thay i thi gian chiu khng nh hng
ln nng lng ca chm tia X.
S thay i kVp phi cn bng vi s thay i mAs t c cng mt
gi tr liu chiu. v d trn, t s liu chiu ng vi gi tr in p 80 kVp v 60
kVp l 1,78. t c cng mt gi tr liu chiu nh nhau khi i qua c th
bnh nhn th mAs phi thay i theo ly tha bc 5 ca t s kVp:[26]


Tc nu liu chiu ng vi 60kVp, 40 mAs th ti gi tr 80kVp th mAs
tng ng phi l: mAs 5 , 9 mAs 40 . )
80
60
(
5
=
Hoc gi tr mAs cng c th c tnh theo cng thc:[26]
2 1
4
2
1
mAs mAs . )
kVp
kVp
( = .
Vic la chn gia 2 cng thc trn ph thuc vo b dy v tnh suy gim
bc x khi i qua c th bnh nhn.
Qu trnh lc tia iu chnh s lng v cht lng tia X bng vic loi b
cc tia X nng lng thp ra khi ph. Vic lc tia lm tng gi tr nng lng trung
bnh bc x t lm tng cht lng tia X.
Dng sng ca in p nh hng n cht lng (kh nng m xuyn) ca
bc x. Vi cng gi tr kVp, in p mt pha cung cp hiu in th trung bnh
thp hn in p 3 pha. Do c cht lng v s lng tia X pht ra u b nh
hng.






2 1
5
2
1
mAs mAs . )
kVp
kVp
( = (1.15)
(1.16)
- 56 -

Chng 2
AN TON BC X TRONG X QUANG CHN ON Y T
2.1. Cc hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x ion ha
2.1.1. C ch tc dng ca bc x ion ha
Cc qu trnh xy ra sau khi bc x i vo c th sng l mt chui lin tc,
bt u t nhng tng tc xy ra trong mt khong thi gian cc k ngn ngi, n
nhng qu trnh sinh hc c th m hng chc nm. Di tc dng ca bc x ion
ha, trong t chc sng tri qua hai giai on bin i l giai on ha l v giai
on sinh hc.
2.1.1.1. Giai on ha l
Giai on ny thng rt ngn, ch xy ra trong khong thi gian t 10
-16

10
-13
giy. Trong giai on ny cc phn t sinh hc chu tc dng trc tip hay gin
tip ca bc x ion ha.
Tc dng trc tip: bc x ion ha trc tip truyn nng lng v gy nn
qu trnh kch thch v ion ha cc phn t sinh hc dn n tn thng cc phn t
. Tc dng ny d dng quan st c trn thc nghim vi cc vt cht kh.
Tc dng gin tip: bc x ion ha tc dng ln phn t nc (chim 75% t
chc sng) gy hin tng x phn cc phn t nc ( H
+
, OH
-
,....) cc hp cht c
kh nng ion ha cao (HO
2
, H
2
O
2
,...) nh ln cc phn t sinh hc gy tn thng
chng. Nhng tn thng trong giai on ny ch yu l cc tn thng ha sinh.
2.1.1.2. Giai on sinh hc
Giai on ny ko di t vi giy n vi chc nm sau chiu x. Nhng tn
thng ha sinh giai on u nu khng c hi phc s dn n nhng ri
lon v chuyn ha, tip n l nhng tn thng hnh thi v chc nng ca t bo.
Kt qu cui cng l nhng hiu ng sinh hc trn c th sng c biu hin mt
cch a dng v phong ph.

- 57 -

Chiu bc x ion ha
Tc dng trc tip Tc dng gin tip

H
2
O

Ion, gc t do phn t kch thch
Cc phn t sinh hc quan trng v cc c quan ca t bo
Ri lon chuyn ha cc chc nng t
bo
Giai on sinh hc
(vi giy n vi chc nm)
Cc hiu ng sinh hc

2.1.2. Nhng tn thng do bc x ion ha
2.1.2.1. Tn thng mc phn t
Khi b chiu x, nng lng ca chm bc x lm ph v cc mi lin kt
ha hc hoc phn li cc phn t sinh hc. Tuy nhin, cc bc x ion ha thng
kh lm t ht cc mi lin kt ha hc m thng ch lm mt thuc tnh sinh hc
ca cc phn t sinh hc.
2.1.2.2.Tn thng mc t bo
S thay i c tnh ca t bo c th xy ra trong nhn v nguyn sinh cht ca
chng sau khi b chiu x. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta thy th tch t bo tng
ln do c s hnh thnh cc khong trng trong nhn v trong cht nguyn sinh sau
khi b chiu x. Nu b chiu x liu cao t bo c th b ph hy hon ton. Cc tn
thng phng x ln t bo c th khin:
- T bo cht do b tn thng nng nhn v cht nguyn sinh,
- T bo khng cht nhng khng th phn chia c,
O
2


Giai
an
ha
l
(10
-6
s)
- 58 -

- T bo khng phn chia c nhng nhim sc th tng ln gp i v tr
thnh t bo khng l,
- T bo vn c th phn chia nhng c ri lon trong c ch di truyn.
2.1.2.3. Tn thng mc c th
Tn thng gy ra bi bc x l h qu ca cc tn thng nhiu mc
lin tc din ra trong c th sng t tn thng phn t, t bo, m n tn thng
cc c quan v cc h thng ca c th. Hu qu ca nhng tn thng ny lm
pht sinh nhng triu chng lm sng, c th dn n t vong. Din tin ca tn
thng bc x lun i cng vi qu trnh phc hi tn thng. S phc hi ny
cng din ra mc t phn t, t bo, m n hi phc cc c quan v h thng
trong c th.
2.1.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x ion ha
[16]
a. Liu chiu
Liu chiu l yu t quan trng nht quyt nh tnh cht v cc tn thng
sau chiu x. Liu cng ln, tn thng cng nng v cng biu hin sm.
b. Sut liu chiu
Vi cng liu hp th nu thi gian chiu ko di s lm gim hiu ng sinh
hc ca bc x. Do vi nhng sut liu nh, tc pht trin nhng tn thng cn
bng vi tc hi phc ca c th. Nu tng sut liu ln th tc hi phc s
gim xung, mc tn thng tng ln, hiu ng sinh hc cng tng theo.
c. Din tch chiu
Mc tn thng sau khi chiu x cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo din tch b
chiu. Chiu mt phn hay chiu ton thn. Liu t vong khi chiu ton thn thp
hn nhiu so vi liu chiu cc b.
d. Cc nhn t khc
- Nhit
S thay i nhit sau khi chiu x nh hng r rt ln cc qu trnh tn
thng gy ra do bc x. Gim nhit s lm gim tc dng ca bc x ion ha.
- 59 -

Do khi h thp nhit , tc vn chuyn cc gc t do ti cc phn t sinh hc
gim, dn n gim s phn t sinh hc b tn thng do chiu x.
Bng 2.1. Hiu ng sinh hc theo mc liu
Liu Hiu ng
0,1 Gy
Khng c du hiu tn thng lm sng.
Tng sai lch nhim sc th c th pht
hin c
1 Gy
Xut hin bnh nhim x trong s 5-7%
c th sau chiu x
2 -3 Gy
Rng lng, tc, c thy tinh th, gim
bch cu, xut hin ban trn da. Bnh
nhim x gp hu ht cc i tng b
chiu. T vong 10-30% s c th sau
chiu x
3- 5 Gy
Gim bch cu nghim trng.Ban, xut
huyt, nhim khun, rng lng,tc. T
vong 50% s c th sau chiu x
6 Gy
V sinh lu di c nam v n. T vong
hn 50 s c th b chiu ngay c khi
c iu tr tt nht

- Hm lng H
2
O
Nc ng vai tr quan trng gn lin vi vic to nn cc gc t do di
tc dng ca bc x ion ha, do hm lng nc ln lm tng tc dng ion ha
ca bc x.
- Hiu ng Oxy
nhy cm ca h sinh vt tng ln r rt khi tng p sut oxy ca mi
trng. Khi tng nng oxy, lng HO
2
, H
2
O
2
to ra cng nhiu nn s phn t
sinh hc tn thng cng tng ln v ngc li.
- 60 -

2.2. Cc tiu chun v an ton bc x
2.2.1. Lch s xy dng cc tiu chun an ton bc x trn th gii
Vo cui th k 19 khi khm ph ra cht phng x ngi ta nhn thy cc
li ch v tc hi ca chng. Nm 1899 nh du thnh cng u tin trong vic s
dng tia X cha bnh ung th thng b trn mt mt ph n. i i vi vic
pht trin cc ng dng ca cht phng x trong y hc cng xut hin nhiu bo co
v cc hiu ng c hi ca bc x. iu i hi cc nh khoa hc phi xy dng
cc quy tc an ton bc x. Nm 1915 hi Roentgen Anh quc c thnh lp v
y ban X quang v Radium ca hi Roentgen Anh quc xut bn cc khuyn
co v an ton bc x nm 1921 v 192. T thu ht cc t chc quc t quan
tm v tham gia thit lp cc tiu chun an ton bc x. Hai t chc quc t ng
vai tr quan trng nht trong vic khuyn co v ban hnh cc chun an ton bc x
quc t l y ban Quc t v An ton Bc x ICRP (International Commission on
Radiological Protection) (1928) v C quan Nng lng Nguyn t Quc t IAEA
(International Atomic Energy Agency).
2.2.2. Cc khuyn co v an ton bc x ca ICRP
Trong hi ngh phng x quc t ln th hai vo nm 1928, y ban Quc t
Bo v X quang v Radium c thnh lp. n nm 1950 y ban ny i tn
thnh y ban Quc t v An ton Bc x ICRP (International Commission on
Radiological Protection). y l t chc c cng nhn l t chc c uy tn nht
v cung cp cc khuyn co i vi cc vn an ton bc x.
T nhng nm 1930, ICRP khuyn co mi tip xc vi bc x vt qu
gii hn thng thng nn gi mc cng thp cng tt v a ra cc gii hn liu
nhng ngi lm vic trong iu kin bc x v dn chng ni chung khng b
chiu qu liu. C sau mt khong thi gian, khi tch ly c thm cc thng
tin cn thit v tc ng ca bc x ln con ngi, ICRP xem xt b sung, sa
i cc khuyn co c v a ra cc khuyn co mi. Khuyn co gn y nht do
ICRP a ra vo nm 1990.
- 61 -

Cc khuyn co ca ICRP mang tnh cht khi qut, v vy cc quc gia khc
nhau c th p dng vo lut l ca nc mnh. Nh c t chc ny m hu ht cc
quc gia trn th gii u s dng nhng nguyn tc trong lnh vc an ton phng
x nh nhau.
Cc khuyn co u tin ca ICRP da trn vic phng cc hiu ng bc
x c hi quan st c. Cc mc liu c khuyn co l 300mrem trong mt tun
( 3 mSv/tun) i vi cc m su hn 1cm gi l liu su v 600 mrem trong mt
tun ( 6 mSv/tun) i vi lp da su 0,007 cm gi l liu nng hay liu da. Nm
1959 liu 5 rem/ nm (50 mSv/nm) c ngh trong n phm ICRP 2 nhm
trnh hiu ng di truyn.
Nm 19 nhiu d liu thu c i vi cc nn nhn Nht Bn sng st
sau trn bom nguyn t cho thy khng nhn c cc hiu ng di truyn nn ICRP
cp nht cc khuyn co an ton bc x ca mnh. Khuyn co mi ICRP 26 tha
nhn ung th l hiu ng chnh cn trnh v cc c quan cng nh cc m khc
nhau trong c th c xc sut b ung th khc nhau. iu a n khi nim liu
hiu dng l liu tng ng tnh theo trng s m ca cc m i vi cc bnh
ung th. Do n phm ICRP 26 khuyn co liu hiu dng i vi chiu x ngh
nghip l 5 rem/nm (50 mSv/nm) v liu ny l tng liu chiu ngoi v liu
chiu trong.
Nm 1990 sau cc kt qu nghin cu ca cc nn nhn sng st sau trn
bom nguyn t Nht Bn cho thy sc xut gy ung th cao hn 4 ln so vi
khuyn co trc y. Do trong n phm ICRP 60 (1991) y ban khuyn co
gim gii hn liu hiu dng i vi chiu x ngh nghip xung thnh 20
mSv/nm c ly trung bnh trong 5 nm, trong liu gii hn cho mt nm n
l l 50 mSv. Khuyn co ny dng lm c s cho tiu chun v an ton bc x m
chng ta hin ang s dng.
2.2.3. Cc tiu chun v an ton bc x ca IAEA [6][34][35][38]
C quan Nng lng Nguyn t Quc t IAEA ( International Atomic
Energy Agency) l t chc c bit ca Lin hp quc thnh lp nm 1956 tr s ti
- 62 -

Viena, o c nhim v khuyn khch cc nc pht trin s nghip ng dng k
thut ht nhn v nng lng ht nhn v mc ch ha bnh. Do , IAEA ch
trng vic thit lp cc tiu chun an ton bc x v gip cc nc thc hin cc
tiu chun ny.
Hi ng thng c IAEA ln u tin thng qua cc bin php bo v v an
ton bc x vo thng 3 nm 1960 da trn cc khuyn co ca ICRP. Cc tiu
chun an ton u tin c Hi ng thng c IAEA duyt y nm 1962 v c
xut bn trong b sch v an ton Safety Series No.9. Bn hiu chnh c xut bn
nm 196 v bn hiu chnh ln 2 xut bn nm 1982.
Nm 1990 y ban hn hp gia cc T chc Quc t v An ton Bc x
IACRS (Inter- Agency Committee on Radiation Safety) c thnh lp trao i
kin v hp tc v cc vn lin quan n an ton bc x v ht nhn. Trong
khun kh ca h thng ny, cc t chc bo tr IAEA, FAO, ILO, OECD/NEA,
WHO v T chc Y t Pan American PAHO (Pan American Health Organization)
lp ra mt ban th k hn hp bin san tiu chun quc t c bn v bo v
i vi bc x ion ha v an ton i vi cc ngun bc x. Cc tiu chun c
th hin trong n phmTiu chun an ton quc t c bn v bo v bc x ion ha
v an ton i vi ngun bc x (International Basic Safety Standards for
Protection against Ionizing Radiation and the Safety of Radiation Sources) xut bn
trong b sch an ton-Safety Series No.115 nm 1996, gi tt l BSS (Basic Safety
Standards).Trong cc nguyn tc do nhm ny kin ngh i vi cc nh my in
ht nhn c nhiu nguyn tc thch hp vi cc c s v ngun bc x.
Cc tiu chun ny c hiu lc i vi cc t chc ng bo tr
IAEA,FAO,ILO, OECD/NEA,PAHO v WHO v khng bt buc cc quc gia coi
l lut nh i vi quc gia mnh v cng khng thay th cho cc iu khan ca
lut hay quy phm quc gia. Chng ch c xem l nhng iu hng dn thc t
i vi cc nh chc trch, cc t chc, cc ch c s, cc nhn vin, cc c quan
an ton bc x chuyn trch, c s x nghip v cc hi ng v an ton v y t.

- 63 -

2.2.4. Gii hn liu
Gii hn liu l gi tr liu cc i cho php i vi mt ngi b chiu x
trong mt khong thi gian no . Gii hn liu c xc lp trn c s xem xt
cc hiu ng sinh hc i vi c th ngi l hiu ng tt nhin v hiu ng ngu
nhin. Hiu ng tt nhin l hiu ng c ngng, nn gii hn liu phi thp hn
cc ngng ny sao cho cc hiu ng tt nhin phi c loi tr. Cc hiu ng
ngu nhin l hiu ng khng c ngng (hiu ng ngng khng). Khng th h
thp gii hn liu loi tr hiu ng ngu nhin m ch t cng thp cng tt
tranh cc hiu ng tt nhin v hn ch cc hiu ng ngu nhin. Cc gii hn liu
chiu c chia thnh 2 loi l gii hn liu chiu x ngh nghip v gii hn liu
cho dn chng.
Chiu x ngh nghip l mi s chiu x i vi nhn vin bc x xy ra
trong cng vic ca h, khng tnh n nhng chiu x c min tr v s chiu
x t nhng cng vic bc x hoc ngun c min tr. Gii hn liu i vi
chiu x ngh nghip c p dng cho chiu x t cc cng vic bc x, loi tr
cc chiu x y t, chiu x tim tng v chiu x t cc ngun phng x t nhin.
i vi nhn vin bc x, ICRP khuyn co rng liu hiu dng tng cng m h
nhn c v phn b u trong sut i lm vic 50 nm ca mnh khng nn vt
qu 1 Sv. Tc liu cho mi nm i vi nhn vin bc x l 20 mSv trong khi mi
ngi u phi chu liu bc x t nhin trung bnh khong 2 mSv/nm. Nh vy
liu gii hn ca nhn vin bc x gp khong 10 ln mc liu bc x t nhin.
Chiu x dn chng l s chiu x i vi cc thnh vin dn chng t cc
ngun bc x, khng k chiu x ngh nghip, chiu x y t v phng bc x t
nhin khu vc bnh thng, nhng c tnh ti chiu x gy ra bi cc ngun bc x
v cc cng vic bc x c cp php v chiu x trong cc trng hp can
thip. Gii hn liu i vi dn chng l 1 mSv/nm ch bng mt na mc phng
t nhin.
Cc gii hn liu cn c quy nh cho cc c quan thng xuyn tip cn
vi ngun phng x l chn tay, da v mt. Gii hn liu tng ng cho thy tinh
- 64 -

th ca mt l 150 mSv/nm, cho da v chn tay l 500mSv/nm i vi nhn vin
bc x. i vi dn chng, gii hn liu tng ng cho thy tinh th ca mt l
15mSv/nm v cho da l 50 mSv/nm.
Bng 2.2. Gii hn liu chiu khuyn co ca ICRP
Nm Nhn vin bc x Dn chng
1928 200 mRem/ngy
1934 100 mRem/ngy
1950 150 mSv/nm 15 mSv/nm
1977 50 mSv/nm 5 mSv/nm
1990 20 mSv/nm 1 mSv/nm

2.3. An ton bc x ti cc c quan y t theo tiu chun Vit Nam
2.3.1. Cc quy ch an ton bc x c ban hnh Vit Nam
- Quy ch tm thi v vic s dng, bo qun v vn chuyn cc cht phng
x do lin b Lao ng, Y t, y ban khoa hc k thut nh nc ban hnh nm
1971.
- Quy phm an ton bc x ion ha (TCVN 439-87).
- Quy phm vn chuyn an ton cc cht phng x (TCVN 4985-89).
- Php lnh an ton v kim sot bc x nm 1996.
- Ngh nh ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit vic thi hnh php lnh an ton
v kim sot bc x nm 1998.
- Thng t lin b hng dn vic thc hin an ton bc x y t nm 1999.
Nh vy t nm 191 n nay cc tiu chun, quy ch an ton phng x
nc ta hon thin dn cho ph hp vi cc khuyn co ca ICRP.
2.3.2. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6561:1999 v an ton bc x ion ha
ti cc c s X quang y t
TCVN 6561:1999 do ban k thut tiu chun TCVN/TC 85, vin nng lng
ht nhn bin san, tng cc tiu chun o lng cht lng ngh v b khoa hc
- 65 -

cng ngh v mi trng ban hnh. y l vn bn chnh thc v tiu chun an ton
bc x ion ha ti cc c s y t.
2.3.2.1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc yu cu v m bo an ton bc x ion ha i
vi cc c s y t, khoa, phng, n v c s dng X quang chn on iu tr.
Ngoi vic tun th cc quy nh trong tiu chun ny, cc c s X quang y t cn
phi tun th quy nh hin hnh khc c lin quan n an ton bc x ion ha.
2.3.2.2. Ni dung
A. Liu gii hn
a. Liu gii hn cho cc i tng khc nhau
Ch thch
Liu hiu dng i vi nhn vin bc x l 20mSv/nm c ly trung bnh
trong 5 nm lm vic lin tc. Trong mt nm ring l th c th ln ti 50mSv,
nhng phi bo m liu trung bnh trong 5 nm khng c vt qu 20 mSv/nm.
Trong tnh hung c bit, liu hiu dng cho nhn vin bc x l
20mSv/nm c ly trung bnh trong 10 nm lm vic lin tc v trong mt nm
ring l trong thi gian khng c nm no c vt qu 50mSv.
Bng 2.3. Liu gii hn trong mt nm
Loi liu v i tng p
dng
Nhn vin bc
x (mSv/nm)
Thc tp, hc
ngh (mSv/nm)
Nhn dn
(mSv/nm)
Liu hiu dng ton thn 20 6 1
Liu tng ng i vi
thy tinh th ca mt
150 50 15
Liu tng ng i vi
tay, chn v da
500 150 50

Khi liu hiu dng c tch ly ca nhn vin bc x k t khi bt u ca
thi k ly trung bnh cho n khi t ti 100 mSv th phi xem xt li. Nu sc
- 66 -

khe vn bnh thng, khng c biu hin nh hng ca phng x, khng c s
thay i trong cng thc th c tip tc cng vic lm.
Trong tnh hung c bit, liu hiu dng i vi nhn vin c th l 5 mSv
trong mt nm ring l nhng liu trung bnh trong 5 nm lin tc khng c vt
qu 1 mSv/nm.
Liu gii hn i vi ngi tr gip bnh nhn khng c vt qu 5mSv
trong sut thi gian chn on hc iu tr ca bnh nhn.
b. Liu khuyn co chiu, chp 1 phim X quang 1 ln i vi
bnh nhn
Bng 2.4 trnh by cc gi tr liu khuyn co i vi tng kiu chp phim
khc nhau. Trong liu xm nhp b mt l liu hp th ti tm im ca mt din
tch b mt ni bc x i vo c th bnh nhn ang thc hin chn on X quang,
c tnh nh liu hp th trong khng kh bao gm c bc x tn x ngc.
Bng 2.4. Liu khuyn co cho mt phim chp X quang quy c i vi bnh
nhn (TCVN 6561:1999)
Kiu chp
Liu hiu dng
(mSv)
Liu xm nhp b mt
(mGy)
S
Chp t pha trc ra pha sau (AP) 0,06 5
Chp t pha sau ra pha trc (PA) 0,04 5
Chp nghing (Lat) 0,03 3
Ngc
PA/AP 0,04 0,4
Lat 0,1 1,5
Ct sng vng ngc
AP/PA 0,3 7
Lat 0,5 20
Bng
- 67 -

AP 1,5 10
Ct sng tht lng
AP 1 10
Lat 0,7 30
t sng cng (LSI) 0,5 40
Khung chu
AP 1,5 10
V - 7

Bng 2.5. Liu khuyn co chp, chiu X quang qui c cho 1 ln chp 1 phim
Trng hp chp, chiu Liu hiu dng (mSv)
Tch liu hp th din
tch (Gy/cm
2
)
Tht bari 10 60
Ung bari 5 25
Chp thn tim thuc cn
quang tnh mch UIV
6 40

B. B tr phng t my X quang
a im: c s X quang phi t ni cch bit, bo m khng gn cc
khoa nh khoa nhi, khoa ph sn, khu vc ng ngi qua li v..v..Mt c s X
quang ti thiu phi gm cc phng ring bit sau y:
a. Phng ch (hoc ni ch) ca bnh nhn
Phng ch hoc ni ch ca bnh nhn phi tch bit vi phng my X
quang. Liu gii hn mi im trong phng ny khng c vt qu gii hn
cho php l 1mSv/nm.
b. Phng t my X quang
Phng t my X quang p ng cc yu cu sau:
- 68 -

Thun tin cho vic lp t, vn hnh thao tc my, di chuyn an ton bnh
nhn. Din tch phng ti thiu l 25 m
2
, trong chiu rng ti thiu l 4,5m,
chiu cao phi trn 3m cho mt my X quang bnh thng.
i vi cc phng t my X quang chp nh v, chp nh rng v chp ct
lp in ton phi tun th kch thc tiu chun trong bng sau:

Bng 2.6. Kch thc tiu chun cho phng t my X quang cc loi theo (TCVN
6561:1999)
Cc loi phng my
Din tch phng
(m
2
)
Kch thc ti thiu
(m)
a. Phng chp ct lp (CT canner)
+ Hai chiu
+ Ba chiu
28
40
4
4
b. Phng X quang chp nh rng 12 3
- Phng X quang chp nh v 18 4
- Phng X quang tng hp 30 4.5
- Phng X quang loi c bm thuc
cn quang chp mch v tim
36 5.5
- Phng ti ra phim t ng 7 2.5
- Phng ti ra phim khng t ng 8 2.5

i vi nhng loi my mi c thit k phng t my km theo ca hng
sn xut, nu kch thc nh hn quy nh th cn phi c php ca c quan Nh
nc c thm quyn.
Khi tnh ton, thit k dy ca tng, trn, sn v cc ca ca phng X
quang phi ch n c trng ca thit b (in th, cng ca dng in), thi
gian s dng my, h s chim c bn ngoi phng X quang m tnh ton chiu dy
thch hp. c bit ch gip ni gia tng v cc ca hoc gia cc bc tng ca
phng my X quang phi c thit k xy dng m bo bc x r thot ra ngoi
- 69 -

khng vt qu 1mSv/nm (khng k phng t nhin). Cc bc tng ca phng X
quang pha ngoi c li i li phi m bo liu bc x cho php trong mt nm
khng c vt qu 1mSv (khng k phng t nhin).
Mp di ca thng gi, cc ca s khng c che chn bc x ca phng X
quang pha ngoi c ngi qua li phi c cao ti thiu l 2m so vi sn nh pha
ngoi phng X quang.
Phi c n hiu v bin cnh bo bc x ngang tm mt gn pha bn
ngoi ca ra vo phng Xquang. n hiu phi sng trong sut thi gian my ch
pht bc x.
Vic lp t my X quang phi bo m: khi my hot ng, chm tia X
khng pht ra hng c ca ra vo hoc hng c nhiu ngi qua li v phi c
che chn bo v tm nhn ca mt khi ngun bc x. Chiu cao tm chn phi trn
2m k t sn nh, chiu rng ca tm chn ti thiu l 90cm v dy tng ng
l 1,5mm ch.
Cc phng c b tr 2 my X quang th mi khi chp, chiu ch cho php vn
hnh 1 my. Ty theo mi loi my m bn iu khin c t trong hc ngoi
phng X quang. Phi c knh ch quan st bnh nhn v phi bo m liu gii
hn ti bn iu khin khng c vt qu 20mSv/nm tc l 10mSv/h (khng k
phng t nhin).
c. Phng x l phim (phng ti)
Phng x l phim phi bit lp vi phng X quang. Phng x l phim phi
m bo liu khng nh hng n qu trnh x l phim v bo m cho cc phim
cha x l khng b chiu qu liu 1,13 mR/tun ( khng k phng t nhin). Ca
ra vo phng x l phim khng b chiu bi cc tia trc tip. Hp chuyn cassette
t trong phng X quang phi c v bc c dy tng ng l 2mm ch.
d. Phng (hoc ni) lm vic ca nhn vin bc x
Phng lm vic ca nhn vin bc x phi bit lp vi phng my X quang.
Liu gii hn cho php ti bt k im no trong phng khng c vt qu 1
mSv/nm (khng k phng t nhin).
- 70 -

C. Trang b phng h c nhn
Nhn vin bc x lm vic vi my pht tia X chn on iu tr phi c
trang b v phi s dng cc phng tin tp d cao su ch ( dy tng ng
0,25mm ch), gng tay cao su ch ( dy tng ng 0,25mm ch), tm che chn
b phn sinh dc (b dy tng ng 0,5mm ch), liu k c nhn. Ngoi ra nhn
vin bc x phi c theo di bc x ngh nghip nh k 3 thng mt ln.
D. Kim nh v hiu chun my
My X quang sau khi lp t hoc sau khi sa cha phi c kim nh v
hiu chun trc khi s dng. My X quang phi c kim nh nh k hng nm
bi c quan c thm quyn. My phi c bo dng nh k 3 thng 1 ln, sa
cha duy tu mi nm mt ln sau khi kim tra nh k hng nm.


















- 71 -

Chng 3
KHO ST PHN B SUT LIU XUNG QUANH PHNG MY X
QUANG CHN ON Y T BNG CHNG TRNH MCNP
3.1. Gii thiu chng trnh MCNP
3.1.1. Lch s ca chng trnh MCNP
Phng php Monte Carlo c p dng rng ri trong vic m phng
cc cu trc phc tp nhm gii cc bi ton tng tc trong vt l ht nhn. Hin
nay c mt s chng trnh my tnh da trn c s phng php Monte Carlo
dng m phng qu trnh ht v bc x truyn qua mi trng vt cht v ang
c s dng ph bin l MCNP, CYLTRAN, DETEFF, GEANT, GESPECOR...
MCNP l phn mm vn chuyn bc x a nng da trn phng php
Monte-Carlo c xy dng phng th nghim quc gia Los Alamos, M. y
l mt cng c tnh ton rt mnh, c th m phng s vn chuyn neutron, photon
v electron, gii cc bi ton vn chuyn bc x 3 chiu ph thuc thi gian nng
lng lin tc trong cc lnh vc t thit k l phn ng n bo v bc x v vt l
hc trong min nng lng neutron t 10
-11
MeV n 20 MeV v cc min nng
lng photon v electron t 1 keV n 1000 MeV.
MCNP s dng cc th vin d liu ca cc qu trnh ht nhn, cc quy lut
phn b thng k, s ngu nhin ghi li cc s kin ca mt ht trong sut qu trnh
k t khi pht ra t ngun n ht thi gian sng ca n.
Chng trnh MCNP4C2 tri qua nhiu giai an pht trin trong hn 50
nm qua v hin nay c p dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc ht
nhn nh tnh ton che chn, nh gi an ton, thit k detector, thm d du kh, y
hc ht nhn...Tri qua mi giai on chng trnh c b sung v hon thin hn.
C th:
Nm 194, chng trnh u tin ra i c m t trong bc th ca John
von Neumann gi Richmyer. Chng trnh gm 19 bc v cc on chng trnh
vit bng ngn ng my (ngn ng nh phn t nhin biu hin bng cc s 0 ,1) v
mi on chng trnh ch gii quyt mt bi ton c th.
- 72 -

Nm 1963, chng trnh MCS c nhiu ng dng c tch hp v c th
gii quyt bi ton mc va phi.
Nm 1965, chng trnh MCN gii quyt c bi ton tng tc ca
neutron vi vt cht trong khng gian ba chiu, d liu vt l c lu tr ring v
th vin s liu phong ph hn.
Nm 193, chng trnh MCN kt hp vi chng trnh MCG (chng trnh
Monte Carlo gamma x l cc photon nng lng cao) to ra MCNG chng
trnh ghp cp neutron-gamma.
Nm 19, chng trnh MCNG kt hp vi chng trnh MCP (chng
trnh Monte-Carlo photon vi x l vt l chi tit n nng lng 1keV) to
thnh chng trnh MCNP vit tt ca Monte Carlo Neutron Photon v hin nay
l Monte Carlo N-Particle. y ht N c th l neutron, photon hoc electron.
K t c mi hai hoc ba nm mt phin bn mi c pht hnh, tn
dng nhng u th v cu trc my tnh ngy cng cao, nhng ci thin v phng
php Monte Carlo v cc m hnh vt l chnh xc hn.
MCNP3 c vit li hon ton v cng b nm 1983 l phin bn u tin
c phn phi quc t. Cc phin bn tip theo MCNP3A v 3B ln lt c ra
i ti phng th nghim quc gia Los Alamos trong sut thp nin 1980.
MCNP4 c cng b nm 1990 cho php vic m phng c thc hin
trn cc cu trc ca my tnh song song. MCNP4 cng b sung vn chuyn
electron.
MCNP4A c cng b nm 1993 vi cc im ni bt l phn tch thng k
c nng cao, nhiu ti t b x l c phn phi chy song song trn cm
cc trm (workstation).
MCNP4B c cng b nm 199 vi vic tng cng cc qu trnh vt l
ca photon v a vo cc ton t vi phn nhiu lon.
MCNP4C c cng b nm 2000 vi cc tnh nng ca electron c cp
nht, x l cng hng khng phn gii.
- 73 -

MCNP4C2 c b sung thm cc c trng mi nh hiu ng quang ht nhn
v cc ci tin ca s trng s c cng b nm 2001.
MCNP5 c cng b nm 2003 cng vi vic cp nht cc qu trnh tng
tc mi chng hn nh cc hin tng va chm quang ht nhn, hiu ng gin n
Doppler.
Ngoi ra cn c thm phin bn MCNPX vi cc mc nng lng v chng
loi ht c m rng.
Hin nay c khong 250 ngi s dng tch cc MCNP Los Alamos. Trn
th gii, c khong 3000 ngi s dng tch cc khong 200 thit b. Trong vi
nm gn y, cc tnh ton bng phn mm m phng MCNP c trin khai
Vin Nghin cu Ht nhn Lt, Trung tm Nghin cu & Trin khai Cng ngh
Bc x Tp HCM, Vin Khoa hc v K thut Ht nhn H Ni, Vin Nng lng
Nguyn t Vit Nam...ch yu l trong cc tnh ton ti hn l phn ng v cc
phn b liu bc x.
3.1.2. D liu ht nhn v phn ng ca MCNP
MCNP s dng cc th vin s liu ht nhn v nguyn t nng lng lin
tc. Cc ngun cung cp d liu ht nhn ch yu cho MCNP gm c:
The Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)
The Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL)
The Activation Library (ACTL)
Applied Nuclear Science (T-2) Group ti Phng th nghim Los Alamos.
Cc d liu ht nhn c x l theo nh dng thch hp i vi MCNP
bng chng trnh NJOY.
Cc bng s liu ht nhn c cho i vi cc tng tc neutron, cc tng
tc photon v cc tng tc photon c to ra do neutron, php o liu hay kch
hot neutron v tn x nhit S( ) , | o . Mi bng s liu c trong MCNP c lp
danh sch trong file xsdir. Nhng ngi s dng c th la chn cc bng s liu
c th qua cc k hiu nhn dng duy nht i vi mi bng ZAID. Cc k hiu
nhn dng ny c cha s nguyn t Z, s khi A v k hiu xc nhn th vin ID.
- 74 -

C hn 500 bng d liu tng tc neutron kh d cho khong 100 ng v
v nguyn t khc nhau. Cc s liu to photon t phn ng ca neutron cng c
cho trong cc bng tng tc ny.
V photon, d liu cung cp cho cc qu trnh tng tc vi vt cht, nguyn
t c bc s Z t 1 n 94 nh tn x kt hp, tn x khng kt hp, hp th quang
in vi kh nng pht bc x hunh quang v qu trnh to cp. Cc phn b gc
tn x c iu chnh bng cc tha s dng nguyn t v cc hm tn x khng
n hi.
Cc tit din ca gn 2000 phn ng kch hot v liu lng hc cho hn 400
ht nhn bia cc mc kch thch v c bn. Cc tit din ny c th s dng nh
hm ph thuc nng lng trong MCNP xc nh tc phn ng nhng khng
th c dng nh cc tit din vn chuyn.
3.1.3. Cu trc ca chng trnh MCNP
MCNP c vit trn nn tng ngn ng lp trnh ANSI-Standard Fortran
90. Cc th tc chnh trong MCNP gm c:
IMCN khi ng
- c input file (INP) v ly kch thc.
- Khi to kch thc ca cc bin.
- c li input file ln na ly cc thng s.
- Khi ng th tc cho ngun pht (source).
- Khi ng th tc cho tally.
- Khi ng th tc cho vt liu (material) v cc file d liu.
- Tnh th tch v din tch ca cell.
PLOT ha hnh hc
XACT tnh ton tit din
- c cc th vin.
- Loi b cc d liu neutron nm ngoi khong nng lng kho st trong
bi ton.
- 75 -

- a vo gin n Doppler v tnh ton tit din ton phn tng ng trong
trng hp nhit trong bi ton cao hn nhit ca s liu trong th vin.
- Truy xut cc th vin multigroup.
- Truy xut cc th vin electron, tnh ton cc qung chy, tn x, phn b
gc...
MCRUN chy chng trnh
- Pht ht t ngun.
- Tm khong cch n bin vo cell k tip.
- Tm tit din ton phn ca neutron, tn x neutron c kh nng to
photon.
- Tm tit din ton phn ca photon, tn x photon c kh nng to
electron.
- S dng xp x bremsstrahlung (TTB) trong trng hp khng kho st
electron.
- Tnh vt ca ht.
- S dng cc tn x multigroup nu c chn.
- Tnh ton cc tally detector hoc DXTRAN.
- Tnh ton cc tally mt, cell hoc cao xung.
Phn quan trng c mt chng trnh MCNP chnh l input file c cha
cc thng tin cn thit ca bi ton nh cc thng s nh cu hnh h o, thi gian
gieo ht, s ht cn gieo, cc thng s chnh xc ca ngun c khai bo. Qua cc
thng s nhn c MCNP s dng th vin s liu ht nhn v cc qu trnh tnh
ton, gieo s ngu nhin tun theo quy lut phn b, ghi li s kin lch s pht ra
t ngun cho n ht thi gian sng ca n.
Cu trc ca mt file input cho MCNP nh sau:
Tiu v thng tin v input file (nu cn)
Cell Cards ( nh ngha cc mng)
.........
Dng trng
- 76 -

Surface Cards (nh ngha cc mt)
..........
Dng trng
Data Cards (Mode Cards, Material Cards, Source Cards, Tally Cards,...)
nh ngha mng (cell) da vo cc mt bin lin kt vi nhau to thnh v
c lp y vt cht ng nht tng ng.
nh ngha mt (surface) l cc dng ton phng lin kt to thnh cc
mng.
Trong nh ngha d liu (data) cn phi khai bo: ngun, vt liu cu to
cc mng, loi nh gi cn tnh ton, s ht gieo, quan trng ca cc mng.
3.1.4. chnh xc ca kt qu v cc nhn t nh hng
chnh xc ca cc kt qu trong MCNP c th c nh gi trn hai kha
cnh: chnh xc v mt thng k (precision) v chnh xc v mt h thng
(accuracy).
chnh xc v mt thng k c c trng bi sai s tng i (relative
error) ca kt qu, c to nn bi s thng ging thng k (statistical fluctuation)
trong vic ghi nhn kt qu ca tng ht.
Ngc li, chnh xc ca h thng c c trng bi sai s h thng
(systematic error) c nh gi da trn s sai lch gia kt qu c lng c
(estimated value) so vi gi tr thc s (true value) ca n. y l mt i lng rt
quan trng, nhng hu nh kh c th xc nh c i lng ny trong thc t.
Mt s nhn t nh hng n chnh xc ca kt qu v mt thng k ln
h thng:
V mt thng k:
- Phng thc tnh ton: i vi nhng bi ton c ngun phn b trong
mt khng gian rng ln hoc tally ghi nhn trong mt khng gian nh, vic m
phng kt hp s cho kt qu thng k tt hn l m phng mt cch bnh thng.
- 77 -

- Loi tally: vic la chn loi tally c th nh hng ti chnh xc ca
kt qu. V d, detector dng im thng t chnh xc hn detector dng mt trong
bi ton tn x.
- K thut gim phng sai.
- S lch s ht.
V mt h thng:
- M hnh vt l, tng tc, th vin tit din...
- M t hnh hc (m t khng chnh xc cu hnh, vt liu, phn b gc
ca ngun,...)
- Li ca ngi dng (s dng sai cc option, s dng chng trnh khng
ng....).
3.2. Tally nh gi
3.2.1. Tally F4
kho st phn b liu trong phng chp, chng ti s dng tally F4
nh gi sut liu ti mt s im trong phng X quang v so snh vi kt qu thc
nghim.
Tally F4: c s dng xc nh di vt ng vi cc khong nng
lng c chia. Cc kt qu ghi nhn c trong tally F4 l di vt ca cc
photon c nng lng tng ng i qua cc voxel trong mt cell. Khi ht i qua mt
voxel th n s b li nng lng do tng tc vi cc vt cht trong cell .
Khi tin hnh m phng, ti s dng tally F4 do kt qu tr v ca
MCNP5 l thng lng photon ti cc cell vi n v l ht/cm
2
. Sau khi nhn h s
chuyn i n v th kt qu cui cng ca MCNP5 c n v l rem/h. Gi tr
c tnh bi MCNP5 l liu chiu trung bnh tnh trn 1 electron n tng tc vi
bia trong 1 giy. Nh vy mun tnh sut liu chiu trong 1 gi, ta phi nhn vi s
electron trung bnh n tng tc vi bia trong 1 gi.
Gi tr dng s dng kho st thc nghim l I200mA, m qI.t n.e, do
s electron n bia trong 1 gi c tnh nh sau:
- 78 -

)
s
electron
( 10 . 25 , 1
10 . 6 , 1
10 . 200
e
I
t
n
18
19
3
= = =

Nh vy gi tr m phng khi chuyn qua n v ( ) h / Sv th phi nhn vi
h s chuyn i fm=1,25.10
22
.
3.2.2. Tally Fmesh4
Fmesh4 l mt card gip cho ngi dng c th to ra mt mng li (mesh)
cc v c lng cc gi tr (liu, nng lng) trong mi ny. u im ca
vic dng fmesh l gip lm gim thi gian tnh ton i vi nhng cu hnh gm
nhiu voxel. Do trong lun vn, khi kho st phn b liu trong v ngoi phng
X quang chng ti s dng tally fmesh4.
3.2.3. Tally F2
Ngoi ra nh gi cu hnh my X quang thng qua vic kho st ph ti
li thot tia ca ng pht tia X, chng ti s dng tally F2 ghi nhn thng lng
ht ti li ra ng pht tia. Tally F2 tnh thng lng qua mt mt s dng mi quan
h gia thng lng v dng : A ) , t , E , r ( ) , t , E , r ( J u =
Thng lng s c tnh bng cng thc:
A * / W
3.3. Kt qu kho st phn b liu xung quanh phng my X quang chn
on y t bng chng trnh MCNP
Trong lun vn ny chng ti s dng chng trnh MCNP5 m phng
my X quang thng quy t ti phng chp X quang chn on bnh vin Nhi
ng I. T nh gi phn b sut liu hp th xung quanh my pht trong v
ngoi phng v nh gi an ton che chn ca phng kho st.
3.3.1. M t phng X quang thng quy ti bnh vin Nhi ng I
3.3.1.1. M t phng chp X quang thng quy bnh vin Nhi ng I
Kch thc bn trong phng: chiu rng 394 cm ng vi trc x, chiu di
450 cm ng vi trc y, chiu cao 355 cm ng vi trc z.
(3.1)
(3.2)
- 79 -

Tng: b dy 24 cm lm bng b tng c lt ch 2 mm, ch c lt bn
trong tng t mt t ln n cao 240 cm.
Ca bnh nhn: l loi ca ko c chiu cao 220 cm, rng 160 cm, b dy 4
cm lm bng thp c lt ch 2 mm.
Ca phng iu khin: cao 220 cm, rng 96 cm, b dy 4cm lm bng thp
c lt ch 2 mm.
Loi ch lt tng v lt ca l ch tm, Trn tng ngn cch vi phng
iu khin c lp knh ch c kch thc 54 cm x 74 cm, dy 1 cm c mp di
cch mt t 109 cm.

Hnh 3.1. Quang cnh phng chp X quang thng quy bnh vin Nhi ng I
Gc ta c chn ngay tm sn, trc Oz hng ln, Ox hng v pha
phng iu khin, Oy hng ra pha ca bnh nhn. Khu vc bn ngoi tng theo
chiu dng ca trc Oy l khu vc ngi ch ca bnh nhn. Bn ngoi tng theo
chiu m ca trc Oy l sn bnh nhn. Khu vc bn ngoi tng theo chiu dng
ca trc Ox l phng lm vic ca nhn vin bc x. Bn ngoi tng theo chiu
m ca trc Ox l hnh lang bnh vin.
- 80 -


Hnh 3.2. M phng 3D phng X quang nhi ng 1 bng chng trnh MCNP5

Hnh 3.3. M phng cc lp ch trn, ch tng, ch p ca, knh ch,v tr ng pht
tia X bng MCNP5

3.3.1.2. Thng s v cu trc hnh hc my X quang
My X quang thng quy s dng phng khm ca bnh vin Nhi ng 1
l loi my X quang thng quy c anode xoay hiu RADspeedM ca hng
Shimadzu, Nht Bn.
- 81 -


Hnh 3.4. My X quang s dng bnh vin Nhi ng 1
Cc thng s my nh sau:

Hnh 3.5. Kch thc cu hnh u bng pht tia X tnh theo mm (inch) [13]
Anode l hp cht ca Reni v Vonfram ng knh 100 mm. Gc nghing
16
0
, in th cc i l 150 kV, dng cc i 5,6 A.
B lc tng ng 1,5mm Al (B lc sn c (inherent filter) tng ng 1
mmAl, b lc b sung, additional filter, tng ng 0,5 mmAl).
Bc x r trong 1h t ng pht ti khong cch 1m tnh t tm bng thp hn
2,97x10
-5
C/kg (115 mR).
- 82 -

Bc x r trong 1h t collimator thp hn 1,04x10
-5
C/kg (40,3 mR). Trng
chiu 35 cm x 35 cm ti khong cch 65 cm tnh t tm bng.
Collimator: loi collimator s dng l R-20J ca hng Shimadzu c cu trc
nh hnh 3.6. Cu trc bn trong collimator gm h 3 lp ch:
Lp th nht: Inner leaf l h cc l ch b tr nh hnh 3.8 c b dy 2 mm.
Lp th hai: Middle leaf h cc l ch nh lp inner leaf dy 3 mm. Lp th ba:
Front leaf h cc l ch nh lp inner leaf dy 2 mm. Trong hp collimator c mt
tm Al b dy 0,5 mm ng vai tr l tm lc b sung.


Hnh 3.6. Cu trc collimator loi R-20J

Hnh 3.7. M hnh ng pht tia X v h thng Collimator ca hng Shimadzu

- 83 -

3.3.2. Kim tra hiu lc ca m hnh - chun ha kt qu m phng
3.3.2.1. Kho st thc nghim sut liu chiu t chm tia X s cp theo
khong cch so vi tm pht
kim tra hiu lc ca chng trnh m phng, chng ti tin hnh kho
st sut liu chiu ca chm s cp theo khong cch t ngun pht tia X bng my
o sut liu chiu nhn hiu RAD Check Gammex.

Hnh 3.8. V ng chn khng v cu trc bn trong collimator c
m phng bng MCNP5

Hnh 3.9. Anode v h thng ca s Bakelite, cc lp trong collimator c
m phng bng MCNP5
Ch chiu chp khi o: 0 kVp, 200 mA, 100 ms. Input file c trnh
by trong ph lc 1. Kt qu o c trnh by trong bng 3.1 di y. Trong
- 84 -

sut liu chiu o c trn h RAD Check Gammex tnh theo n v (R/mAs)
c cho trong ct th 3 ca bng 3.1, v sut liu hp th tng ng quy i
sang n v thng dng l ( ) h / Sv c cho ct th 4 ca bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1. Kt qu o sut liu theo khong cch
Khong cch
ngun pht my
o (cm)
Ta
Sut liu
(R/mAs)
Sut liu quy i
( ) h / Sv
50 (-52 47 120,5) 0,6540 4,1296.10
9

60 (-52 47 110,5) 0,4127 2,6057.10
9
70 ( -52 47 100,5) 0,2883 1,8207.10
9
80 (-52 47 90,5) 0,2097 1,3239.10
9

90 (-52 47 80,5) 0,1607 1,0145.10
9
100 ( -52 47 70,5) 0,1217 7,6825.10
8

110 ( -52 47 60,5) 0,0977 6,1671.10
8
120 ( -52 47 50,5) 0,0747 4,7148.10
8
3.3.2.2. M phng sut liu t chm tia X s cp theo khong cch so vi
tm pht v chun theo thc nghim

Hnh 3.10. Hnh chp cc v tr t cc cell kho st liu v bng MCNP5
- 85 -

Vi m hnh my pht tia X v phng xy dng, chng ti tin hnh m
phng sut liu chiu t dng s cp bng vic t cc cell kho st trn hng pht
tia ti cc v tr cch ngun pht tia X ta 40 cm n 10 cm. Cc cell ny c b
tr cch u nhau 10 cm nh trong hnh 3.10.
Tin hnh ghi nhn sut liu ti cc cell ny bng tally F4 vi ch chiu
chp ging nh ch o c trong thc nghim : 70 kVp, 200 mA, 100 ms.
Kt qu thu c sau khi nhn h s chuyn i n v c trnh by trong
bng 3.2 di y.

Bng 3.2. Gi tr sut liu m phng ti cc khong cch kho st v sai s thng k
tng i tng ng
STT
Khong cch so
vi ngun pht
(cm)
Sut liu ( ) h / Sv
Sai s tng i (%)
1 40 1,2690.10
9
1,15
2 50 7,7575.10
8
1,47
3 60 5,0505.10
8
1,82
4 70 3,5821.10
8
2,17
5 80 2,6501.10
8
2,51
6 90 2,0281.10
8
2,86
7 100 1,6164.10
8
3,21
8 110 1,3053.10
8
3,58
9 120 1,0597.10
8
3,94
10 130 8,7856.10
7
4,29
11 140 7,5760.10
7
4,65
12 150 6,7139.10
7
4,90
13 160 5,7429.10
7
5,24
14 170 5,3361.10
7
5,44

- 86 -

Da trn kt qu m phng ti tin hnh v th sut liu theo khong cch
gia ngun pht v v tr ghi nhn nh trong hnh 3.11. Kt qu cho thy sut liu
chiu suy gim theo khong cch dng hm m. Cc im gn ngun pht (anode)
th gi tr sut liu cao, cc im xa ngun pht th sut liu gim dn. Gi tr tuyt
i ca sut liu m phng c chun theo kt qu thc nghim o chm tia s
cp trnh by phn trn.


Hnh 3.11. th sut liu ( ) h / Sv theo khong cch ngun my o (cm)
3.3.2.3. M phng ph tia X trong my X quang Nhi ng I
nh gi m hnh X quang c m phng, trong ni dung lun vn
chng ti cn s dng tally F2 ghi nhn ph tia X ti li ra vi ch in p
100kV. Vic kho st ph tia X c thc hin trong trng hp c tm lc b sung
v khng c tm lc b sung, kt qu cho ph nh hnh 3.12. ng th mu
ng vi ph tia X khi khng s dng tm lc b sung, ng mu xanh ng vi ph
tia X khi c tm lc b sung.
Nhn vo th ta nhn thy tc dng lc tia khi c tm lc b sung, c th
s lng photon nng lng thp b hp th, nn chim t hn so vi trng hp
- 87 -

khng c tm lc b sung. Ch bn trong my X quang cn c s ng gp tc
dng lc tia ca b lc sn c (inherent filter) nh thy tinh ng chn khng, ca
nha Bakelite, du cao p nn loi b bt cc photon nng lng thp khng cn
thit trong ghi nhn hnh nh. Do trong trng hp kho st khng c tm lc
b sung, ph vn c lc nh b lc sn c.

Hnh 3.12. M phng ph tia X ti gi tr in p 100kV
Ngoi ra khi ghi nhn ph tia X ca Vonfram ta cn thu nhn c cc nh
1 2 1
K , K , K
| o o
l cc nh ph tia X c trng ca Vonfram. So snh vi s liu tnh
ton l thuyt trong bng 1.2. cho thy s sai lch tng i l rt nh.
Bng 3.3. So snh kt qu m phng v thc nghim cc nh tia X c trng ca
Vonfram
Loi dch chuyn Thc nghim M phng Sai lch (%)
1 o
K 59,32 60,4 1,82
2 o
K 57,98 58,5 0,90
1 |
K
67,24 67,4 0.24

- 88 -

3.3.3. M phng phn b sut liu trong phng chp X quang bng tally
Fmesh vi cc ch chiu chp khc nhau
Khi dng tally Fmesh kho st phn b sut liu trong phng chp X
quang s lng cc cell kho st rt ln. Do d chng trnh i hi tn rt nhiu
thi gian cng nh s lch s ht t c chnh xc thng k mong mun.
y chng ti s dng k thut gim phng sai ci thin tc chy chng
trnh v tng chnh xc thng k.
Di y trnh by vic m phng phn b sut liu vi cc ch chiu
chp khc nhau. th phn b sut liu c m phng theo mt ct ngang phng
ti v tr c cao z 42,6 cm, y l cao ng vi bn bnh nhn. Ta tm
ngun pht tia ti v tr ng vi x = -53 cm; y = 47 cm; z = 170,5 cm. Cc khu vc
quan tm gm:
Khu vc I: tm trng chiu.
Khu vc II: vng ln cn cch tm trng chiu 50 cm.
Khu vc III: vng khng gian nm bin trong tng ngn cch phng chp
X quang v khu vc bnh nhn ngi ch (trn th l vng ng vi gi tr y max).
Khu vc IV: vng khng gian nm bin trong tng ngn cch phng chp
X quang v phng iu khin (trn th l vng ng vi gi tr x max).
Khu vc V: vng khng gian bin trong tng ngn cch phng chp X
quang v hnh lang bnh vin (trn th l vng ng vi gi tr x min).
Khu vc VI: vng khng gian bin trong tng ngn cch phng chp X
quang v sn bnh vin (trn th l vng ng vi gi tr y min).
3.3.3.1. M phng phn b sut liu ng vi ch chp c kho st
thc nghim 70 kVp, 200 mA, 100 ms
Hnh 3.13 trnh by th phn b sut liu m phng theo mt ct ngang
phng ti v tr c cao z = 42,6 cm (v tr bn bnh nhn) ng vi ch chiu
chp ging vi khi o: 70 kVp, 200 mA, 100 ms.
- 89 -

Da vo th phn b ta c th thy khu vc tm trng chiu sut liu c
gi tr cc i c 5.10
8
h / Sv . Cng ra xa tm trng chiu gi tr sut liu cng
gim dn. Khu vc bn knh 50 cm xung quanh tm trng chiu c gi tr liu nm
trong khong 1,4339.10
6
h / Sv 4,8770.10
8
h / Sv . Khu vc bin tng ngn cch
khu vc ngi ch ca bnh nhn gi tr liu trong khong 1,5011.10
4

2,8287.10
5
h / Sv .
Bin trong tng ngn cch phng iu khin: 9,6119.10
3

1,6850.10
5
h / Sv . Bn trong tng ngn cch hnh lang bnh vin: 8,5085.10
3

4,8965.10
5
h / Sv . Bin trong tng ngn cch sn bnh vin: 1,3187.10
4

1,1978.10
5
h / Sv .

Hnh 3.13. M phng phn b sut liu ti v tr bn bnh nhn ch chp 70
kVp, 200 mA, 100 ms
3.3.3.2. M phng phn b sut liu ng vi cc ch chp trn bng
iu khin
Hin nay, cc my chp X quang hin i u c cc ch lm vic ci t
sn trn bng iu khin. Do , chng ti cng tin hnh m phng phn b sut
liu trong phng ng vi cc ch chp khc nhau ti cng cao z = 42,6 cm.
- 90 -

Bng 3.4. Cc ch chp ca phng X quang chn on thng quy ti bnh vin
nhi ng I
STT Ch chp kVp mAs ms mA
1 Chn 46 1 4 250
2 Ngc 52 1 2 500
3 Hp s 62 1,4 2,8 500
4 Tay 53 200 25 8000
5 Bng (chp thng) 75 3,6 7,1 507
6 u gi 53 200 25 8000
7 Nh & Lng 120 160 32 5000
8 Bng (chp nghing) 90 12,5 32 390
9 Ngc AP 72 2,8 5,6 500

A. Ch chp ngc
Hnh 3.14 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6cm vi ch chp ngc: 52 kVp, 1 mAs, 2 ms, 500 mA.

Hnh 3.14. M phng phn b sut liu mt (xy) ca ch chp ngc
- 91 -

Nh vy vi ch lm vic ca my X quang ti bnh vin nhi ng m
bo an ton cho bnh nhn khi chp ngc.
B. Ch chp chn
Hnh 3.15 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 cm vi ch chp chn: 46 kVp, 1 mAs, 4 ms, 250 mA.

Hnh 3.15. M phng phn b sut liu xy ca ch chp chn
C. Ch chp tay
Hnh 3.16 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 vi ch chp tay: 53 kVp, 5 mAs, 25 ms, 200 mA.

Hnh 3.16. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp tay
- 92 -

D. Ch chp bng (chp thng)
Hnh 3.17 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 cm vi ch chp bng: 75 kVp; 3,6 mAs; 7,1 ms; 507 mA.

Hnh 3.17. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ng vi chp bng thng
E. Ch chp bng (chp nghing)
Hnh 3.18 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 cm vi ch chp bng: 90 kV; 12,5 mAs; 32 ms, 390 mA.

Hnh 3.18. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp bng 90kV
- 93 -

F. Ch chp nh v lng
Hnh 3.19 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 cm vi ch chp nh - lng: 120 kV; 5,12 mAs; 32 ms;
160 mA.

Hnh 3.19. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp nh lng
G. Ch chp hp s
Hnh 3.20 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 cm vi ch chp s: 62 kVp, 1,4 mAs, 2,8 ms, 500 mA.

Hnh 3.20. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp s
- 94 -

H. Ch chp u gi
Hnh 3.21 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 cm vi ch chp u gi: 53 kVp, 5 mAs, 25 ms, 200 mA.

Hnh 3.21. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp u gi
I. Ch chp ngc AP
Hnh 3.22 trnh by phn b sut liu hp th trong phng X quang kho st
ti cao z = 42,6 cm vi ch chp ngc AP: 72 kVp; 2,8 mAs; 5,6 ms; 500
mA.

Hnh 3.22. M phng phn b sut liu mt (x,y) ca ch chp ngc AP
- 95 -

Bng 3.5. So snh gi tr sut liu gia cc ch chp
Ch
chp
Gi tr sut liu ( h / Sv )
Khu
vc I
Khu vc
II
Khu vc
III
Khu vc
IV
Khu vc
V
Khu vc
VI
Ngc 6.10
8

1,5882.10
6


1,2020.10
8

7,6343.10
3


3,3551.10
5

9,4436.10
3


1,7913.10
5

3,0210.10
2

5,1564.10
5

7,0458.10
3


1,8813.10
5

Chn 2,6.10
8

5,7438.10
5


4,6295.10
7

7,6877.10
3


1,6612.10
5

1,2533.10
3


1,0162.10
5

2,1903.10
2


1.9998.10
5

3,6619.10
2


6,0468.10
4

Tay 3.10
8

5,8585.10
5


5,0272.10
7

8,3384.10
3


1,5214.10
5

2,1898.10
3


7,9309.10
4

9,2048.10
3


1,8898.10
5

3,4560.10
3

7,9503.10
4

Bng
(75kV)
10
9

3,8218.10
6


2,4473.10
8

3,2597.10
4

8,2549.10
5

4,3525x10
4

4,7231.10
5

6,6939.10
4


1,1759.10
6

2,2900.10
4

3,2635.10
5

Bng
(90kV)
10
9

5,0146.10
6

8,5713.10
7

6,6479.10
4

1,0294.10
6

4,0125.10
4


4,8403.10
5

1,3721.10
5

1,4191.10
6

5,5526.10
4

4,3687.10
5

Nh &
Lng
8.10
8

4,0674.10
6


4,5218.10
8

4,3577.10
4

6,5695.10
5

6,8873.10
4

3,5704.10
5

1,0938.10
5

1,2821.10
6

6,4705.10
4

2,7157.10
5

S 9.10
8

2,7901.10
6

1,5097.10
8

4,9156.10
4

5,9908.10
5

3,2383.10
4


2,6230.10
5

6,2112.10
4

8,6990.10
5

3,7296.10
3


2,3631.10
4

u gi 3.10
8

5,8585.10
5


5,0272.10
7

8,3384.10
3

1,5214.10
5

2,1898.10
3

7,9309.10
4

9,2048.10
3

1,8898.10
5

3,4560.10
3

7,9503.10
4

Ngc AP 10
9

3,7958.10
6


1,2192.10
8

4,6553.10
4


7,7889.10
5

2,0973.10
4

3,8533.10
5

5,6241.10
4

1,1315.10
6

2,1510.10
4


3,4804.10
5


Bng 3.5 trnh by s so snh cc gi tr sut liu tng khu vc gia cc ch
chiu chp khc nhau.
- 96 -

3.3.3.3. M phng phn b sut liu trong phng chp khi gim kch
thc phng
Theo thng k thnh ph H Ch Minh hin nay kch thc phng chp X
quang nh nht c ni ch c 12m
2
. nghin cu nh hng ca vic gim kch
thc phng ln phn b sut liu trong phng ti tin hnh m phng sut liu
bng tally fmesh khi gim kch thc phng t 17,7m
2
xung cn 12m
2
, ti ch
lm vic 75kV, 200mA, 100ms l ch kho st bng thc nghim.

Hnh 3.23. Phn b sut liu cho khu vc phng chp d kin thu hp kch thc
Trc ht ti m phng phn b sut liu cho phn khng gian c din tch
12m
2
(300cm x 400cm) trong phng chp thc t ca bnh vin Nhi ng I (394cm
x 450cm). y chnh l phn khng gian d kin thu hp kch thc phng, c
th phn b sut liu nh hnh 3.23.
Sau tin hnh m phng cho phng chp thu hp kch thc phng
xung cn 12m
2
(300cm x 400cm). th phn b sut liu trong phng sau khi thu
hp kch thc xung 12m
2
c th hin trong hnh 3.24.
Da vo th phn b sut liu c th thy gi tr sut liu trong phng
chp thay i khng ng k. Vy c th kt lun khi gim kch thc phng xung
cn 12m
2
, nh hng tn x t tng che chn khng ng k cho ngi trong
phng i vi ch chiu chp ang kho st (70kV, 200mA, 100ms).
- 97 -


Hnh 3.24. Phn b sut liu trong phng chp khi gim kch thc phng cn
12m
2

3.3.3.4. nh gi an ton bn ngoi phng chp X quang
nh gi an ton bc x khu vc xung quanh phng chp X quang, chng
ti s dng tally fmesh kho st sut liu cao z= 150cm cho cc khu vc trong
v ngoi tng, ca nhn vin, ca bnh nhn v knh ch. Chng ti chn ch
kho st an ton ng vi ch lm vic in p cao nht ca my l: 120kV;
5,12mAs; 32ms.
A. Khu vc tng ngn cch phng chp v phng iu khin
Hnh 3.25 trnh by kt qu m phng s suy gim sut liu khi i qua khu
vc tng ngn cch vi phng iu khin. Kt qu cho thy:
Ca nhn vin: sut liu trong phng st ca nhn vin phn b trong
khong 4,4242.10
4
h / Sv n 9,6654.10
4
h / Sv . Khi i qua khi ca nhn vin,
sut liu gim mnh v 0. iu ny chng t vt liu ca che chn an ton.
- 98 -


Hnh 3.25. M phng s suy gim sut liu khi i qua khu vc tng
ngn cch vi phng iu khin
Knh ch: sut liu trong phng chp st knh ch phn b trong khang
1,6027.10
5
h / Sv n 2,6233.10
5
h / Sv . Sau khi i qua khi knh ch sut liu
gim mnh v 0, chng t vt liu ch che chn hon ton chm tia.
Tng b tng: sut liu trong phng chp st tng b tng phn b trong
khong 1,0876.10
5
h / Sv n 3,0862.10
5
h / Sv . Khi i qua khi lp b tng bn
trong gi tr sut liu gim xung cn 1,6679.10
4
h / Sv i vi khu vc liu thp,
khu vc liu cao gi tr sut liu gim xung cn 6,2222.10
4
h / Sv . Khi i qua
khu vc c lt ch tm gi tr liu gim xung cn 1,4118.10
4
h / Sv i vi khu
vc liu cao, nhiu v tr gi tr sut liu gim v 0. Khi i qua lp b tng ngoi
cng tt c cc gi tr sut liu ng lot gim v 0.
B. Khu vc ngi ch ca bnh nhn
Hnh 3.26 trnh by m phng s suy gim sut liu khi i qua ca bnh
nhn v tng ngn cch vi khu vc ch bnh nhn. Kt qu cho thy:
Ca ra vo ca bnh nhn: Sut liu trong phng chp st ca bnh nhn
phn b trong khong 8,7039.10
4
h / Sv n 2,8294.10
5
h / Sv . Sau khi i qua
- 99 -

cc lp vt liu ca sut liu gim mnh v 0, do khu vc ch ca bnh nhn vn
m bo an ton.

Hnh 3.26. M phng s suy gim sut liu khi i qua ca bnh nhn v tng
ngn cch vi khu vc ch bnh nhn
Tng b tng: Nh trnh by trong phn cu to tng phng X quang
gm lp b tng dy 24cm c lt ch tm dy 2mm gia tng . Khu vc st
tng nm trong phng chp gi tr sut liu thng ging trong khong t
5,0825.10
4
h / Sv n 4,4531.10
5
h / Sv . Sau khi i qua lp b tng bn trong gi
tr sut liu suy gim nm trong khong 1,1229.10
3
h / Sv 1,0023.10
5
h / Sv . Sau
khi i qua khu vc tng c lt ch tm gi tr sut liu gim mnh, gi tr ln nht
ch cn 4,1422.10
3
h / Sv , nhiu v tr gi tr sut liu gim mnh v 0. Sau khi i
qua lp b tng bn ngoi gi tr sut liu ti mi v tr ngoi tng u bng 0.

C. Khu vc tng i din ca bnh nhn
Hnh 3.27. trnh by s suy gim chm tia khi i qua tng phng X quang.
Kt qu cho thy gi tr sut liu trong phng chp gn st tng nm trong khong
1,9160.10
4
h / Sv n 3,0935.10
5
h / Sv

. Khi i qua lp b tng dy pha trong
- 100 -

sut liu gim xung ch cn trong khong 1,5948.10
3
h / Sv n 8,5550.10
4
h / Sv
. Sau khi xuyn qua phn tng c lt ch th gi tr sut liu gim mnh, gi tr sut
liu ln nht l 4,9424.10
3
h / Sv , nhiu im gi tr sut liu gim v 0. Khi i
qua lp tng b tng bn ngoi gi tr sut liu gim v 0 hon ton.

Hnh 3.27. S suy gim chm tia khi i qua tng phng X quang
D. Trn nh
Hnh 3.28 v hnh 3.29 trnh by m phng phn b liu mt (x,y) trong
phng chp st trn nh v khi i qua lp ch. Kt qu cho thy gi tr sut liu
khu vc st trn bn trong phng chp rt nh do my pht tia hng xung sn nh
nn khu vc trn nh ch hng cc chm tia tn x.

Hnh 3.28. M phng phn b liu mt (x,y) trong phng chp st trn nh
- 101 -

Gi tr sut liu i vi khu vc khng kh trong phng st trn nh nm
trong khong t 22,36 h / Sv n 3,3078.10
5
h / Sv , cc khu vc quanh ra trn
gi tr sut liu bng 0.

Hnh 3.29. M phng phn b sut liu (x,y) trong khu vc trn c lt ch
Sau khi i qua lp b tng c lt ch gi tr sut liu ti v tr cc i gim xung
cn 1,2550.10
4
h / Sv . Sau khi i qua phn trn b tng bn ngoi gi tr sut liu
nglot gim xung 0.
E. Tng ngn cch phng chp v hnh lang bnh vin
Hnh 3.30. trnh by s suy gim sut liu khi i qua tng ngn cch hnh
lang bnh vin. y l bc tng gn ng pht tia X nht khu vc bn ngoi tng
l li i.





Hnh 3.30. S suy gim sut liu khi i qua tng ngn cch hnh lang bnh vin
- 102 -

Da theo kt qu m phng th gi tr sut liu trong phng thng ging
trong khong t 3,9691.10
3
h / Sv n 8,4459.10
5
h / Sv . Gi tr sut liu gim
xung trong khong 1,1192.10
3
h / Sv n 1,6010.10
5
h / Sv khi i qua lp b
tng u tin. Khi i qua vng c lt ch tm gi tr sut liu gim xung cn
1,9543.10
1
h / Sv n 1,1824.10
4
h / Sv , mt s v tr xa ng pht tia gi tr sut
liu gim v 0. Khi i qua lp b tng ngoi cng gi tr sut liu ng lot gim v
0. Mc d y l khu vc tng c gi tr sut liu cao hn cc tng cn li trong
phng nhng vi cu trc vt liu che chn trn vn m bo an ton cho khu vc
bn ngoi hnh lang.
Tm li, kt qu kho st cho chng ta mt bc tranh v phn b sut liu
trong phng chp X quang. Nhn chung, mt bnh nhn ch (cha trong trng thi
chp) b ng trong phng chp khi my X quang ang hot ng s nhn mt
liu ng k ty theo v tr ang ng trong phng. V vy khuyn co k thut vin
tun th quy nh ch nn cho mt ngi cn chp vo, trnh tnh trng nhiu
bnh nhn vo cng mt lc s b nhn liu chiu nhiu ln.













- 103 -

KT LUN V KIN NGH
Vi mc tiu kho st phn b liu xung quanh phng my X quang chn
on thng thng bng chng trnh m phng MCNP5, trong lun vn ny,
chng ti thc hin c cc vn sau:
Tm hiu nguyn l ng dng tia X trong chn on X quang, cu to ca
ng pht tia X s dng trong X quang chn on.
Tm hiu v cc tiu chun an ton bc x trong X quang chn on.
Tm hiu v phng php Monte Carlo v chng trnh m phng MCNP.
S dng chng trnh MCNP m phng phng my X quang chn on
ti bnh vin Nhi ng I.
Kho st phn b liu trong v xung quanh phng my X quang, nh gi an
ton che chn.
Tm hiu v ph tia X c trng ca bia Vonfram thng qua m hnh my X
quang c m phng.
Kho st liu hiu dng bnh nhn nhn trong mi phim chp ng vi cc
ch chp khc nhau.
Kho st nh hng tn x trong phng chp X quang khi gim kch thc
phng n gi tr 12m
2
l mc thp nht hin ny ca thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Kt qu tnh ton phn b liu ngoi phng my X quang ti bnh vin Nhi
ng I cho thy n tha mn tiu ch an ton bc x.
Kt qu kho st phn b liu bn trong phng trc v sau khi thay i kch
thc phng cho thy khi gim kch thc phng, sut liu tn x thay i khng
ng k khi gim kch thc phng.
Lun vn cn nhiu hn ch nh:
Cn kho st phn b liu trong v xung quanh phng my ch chp
phi khi bnh nhn ng st bucky phi, chm tia X hng vo vch tng. T
xem xt bi ton thu hp kch thc phng n gi tr ti u sao cho va m bo
an ton va c c hiu qu v mt kinh t.
- 104 -

Cn tin hnh ly s liu thc nghim i vi chm tia tn x trong phng
so snh vi gi tr m phng.
Cha thay i vt liu che chn xung quanh phng nh gi an ton, t
tm ra loi vt liu m bo an ton bc x v c hiu qu kinh t.
M phng bng m hnh phantom ti v tr bn bnh nhn tnh liu hp
th ca bnh nhn ng vi 1 phim chp X quang, t c nhng khuyn co v an
ton bc x cho ngi bnh.
Nhng hn ch nu trn s l mc tiu thc hin tip theo ca nhm nghin
cu trong lnh vc ny.




















- 105 -

TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
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Hc v K Thut.
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tim-mch vnh, Lun vn tt nghip i hc,Trng i hc Bch khoa
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- 106 -

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10,58.
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Tp.HCM, 2011.
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nhn trong Y T, Phn Vin Vt L Y Sinh Hc.
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Mi trng ban hnh.
Ting Anh
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- 108 -

Website
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