PROBIOTIC

MC LC
MC LC....................................................................................................................................... 1
DANH MC BNG ....................................................................................................................... 3
DANH MC HNH & TH .................................................................................................... 4
CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN ........................................................................................................ 5
1.1.

Khi nim v probiotic ........................................................................................................ 6

1.2.

Tc dng ca probiotic .................................................................................................... 6

1.3.

C ch hot ng ca probiotic ...................................................................................... 6

1.4.

Tnh hnh s dng probiotic Vit Nam ....................................................................... 7

1.5.

Sn phm Probiotic .......................................................................................................... 8

CHNG 2 : SN PHM PROBIOTICS ............................................................................... 10

2.1.

Sa Chua ............................................................................................................................ 11

2.2.

Phn Loi Sa Chua .......................................................................................................... 11

2.3.

Qu Trnh To Sa Chua ................................................................................................. 12

2.4.

C Ch Qu Trnh Ln Men............................................................................................. 13

2.5.

Vi sinh vt trong ln men sa chua:................................................................................. 15

CHNG 3 : QUI TRNH CNG NGH ............................................................................... 18

3.1.

Qui Trnh Cng Ngh ........................................................................................................ 19

3.2.

Thuyt minh quy trnh ...................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1

Sn xut men ci ......................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1.1.

Sa nguyn liu: ................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1.2.

Trn Tun Hon ................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1.3.

Lc ......................................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1.4.

ng ha ............................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1.5.

Thanh trng, lm ngui ....................................................................................... 21

3.2.1.6.

Nhn ging-lm lnh ............................................................................................ 21

3.2.1.7.

Quy trnh ly mu v kim tra cht lng. ....................................................... 21

3.2.2

Sn xut dch sa chua ............................................................................................... 22

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3.2.2.1 Trn tun hon ........................................................................................................ 22
3.2.2.2 Lc ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.2.2.3 ng ha ................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.2.4 Thanh trng ............................................................................................................. 23
3.2.2.5 Lm ngui ................................................................................................................. 23
3.2.2.6 Ln men .................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.2.7 Lm lnh ................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.2.8 Phi trn ................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.2.9 ng gi .................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.2.10 Bo qun: .............................................................................................................. 25
3.2.2.11 Tiu chun quc gia v sa chua (TCVN 7030:2002 ) ...................................... 25
KT LUN ................................................................................................................................... 27
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................... 28

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DANH MC BNG
TRANG
Bng 1.1. Mt s thc phm probiotics hin nay trn th gii

Bng 3.1. Thng s kim tra cht lng trong sut quy trnh sn xut men ging

21

Bng3.2. Ch tiu ha l sa chua theo tiu chun Vit Nam.

24

Bng 3.3. Hm lng kim loi nng

24

Bng 3.4. Ch tiu vi sinh vt sa chua theo tiu chun Vit Nam

25

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DANH MC HNH & TH

TRANG
Hnh 1.1. Mt s loi sa chua Vit Nam

10

Hnh 1.2. Streptococcus lactis (Dr. Arthur Siegelman)

16

Hnh 1.3 Lactobacillus bulgaricus

16

Hnh 1.4. Streptococcus thermophilus (Dennis Kunkel Microscopy

16

Hnh 3.1. S Qui Trnh Sn Xut Sa Chua

18

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CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN

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1.1.

Khi nim v probiotic

T Probiotic c bt ngun t Hy Lp. Probiotic l nhng vi sinh vt nh vi khun

hay nm men m c th thm vo thc phm vi mc ch iu chnh qun th sinh vt

ng rut ca sinh vt ch (Parker, 1974). Van De Kerkove (1979), Barrows v Deam
(1985), Lestradet (1995) cng cho rng probiotic c s dng nh mt liu php trong vic
cha tr bnh tiu chy hay nh l cch phng bnh ngi v ng vt gim n mc ti
thiu s pht tn ca vi sinh vt ng rut, s khng li liu php sinh hc v s di cn ca
chng vim d dy rut. Probiotic cng c nhn thy l c nhng nh hng c li trn
sc khe ca sinh vt ch (Fuller, 1989). Nm 1992 Havenaar m rng nh ngha v
probiotic: Probiotic c nh ngha nh l s nui cy ring l hay hn hp cc vi sinh vt
sng m c nh hng c li cho sinh vt ch bng cch ci thin nhng c tnh ca vi sinh
vt bn a.
1.2.

Tc dng ca probiotic
Tiu ha thc n v lm gim bt s ri lon tiu ha
y mnh s tng hp vitamin B
Bo v chng li E.coli, Salmonella v s ly nhim nhng vi khun khc

Ci thin s dung np lactose

Ci thin chc nng min dch

Gip ngn chn nhng ch lot trong h thng tiu ha
Ngn chn nhng chng vim
Gim cholesterol
1.3.

C ch hot ng ca probiotic
Tc ng khng khun ca probiotic
Lm gim s lng vi khun ngn chn cc mm bnh. Tit ra cc cht khng

khun. Vi khun probiotic to ra cc cht a dng m c ch c vi khun Gram dng v

Gram m, gm c cc acid hu c, hydrogen peroxide v cht dit vi khun lm bng vi
khun. Nhng hp cht ny c th lm gim khng ch nhng sinh vt mang mm bnh c
th sng c m cn nh hng n s trao i cht ca vi khun v s to ra cc c t.
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iu ny c thc hin bng cch gim pH khoang rut thng qua s to ra cc acid beo
chui ngn d bay hi, ch yu l acetate, propionate, v butyrate, nht l acid lactic. Cnh
tranh vi cc ngun bnh ngn chn s bm dnh vo ng rut. Cnh tranh dinh dng
cn thit cho s sng st ca mm bnh. Tc ng khng c t.
Tc ng ca probiotic trn biu m rut
y mnh s lin kt cht gia nhng t bo biu m . Gim vic kch thch bi tit
v nhng hu qu do b vim ca s ly nhim vi khun. y mnh s to ra cc phn t
phng v nh cht nhy.
Tc ng min dch ca probiotic
Probiotic nh l phng tin phn pht cc phn t khng vim cho ng
rut. y mnh s bo hiu cho t bo ch lm gim p ng vim. To p ng min
dch lm gim d ng .
Tc ng ca probiotic n vi khun ng rut
Probiotic iu chnh thnh phn cu to ca vi khun ng rut. S sng st ca
probiotic c tiu ha nhng phn khc nhau ca b phn tiu ha th khc nhau gia cc
ging. Khi tp trung khoang rut, chng to nn s cn bng tm thi ca h sinh thi
ng rut, s thay i ny c nhn thy mt vi ngy sau khi bt u tiu th thc phm
c probiotic, ph thuc vo cng dng v liu lng ca ging vi khun. Kt qu ch ra rng
vi s tiu th thng xuyn, vi khun nh c mt cch tm thi trong rut, mt khi chm
dt s tiu th th s lng vi sinh vt probiotic s gim xung. iu ny th ng cho tt c
cc loi probiotic.
Vi khun probiotic iu ha hot ng trao i cht ca sinh vt ng rut. Probiotic
c th lm gim pH ca b phn tiu ha v c th theo cch s gy cn tr cho hot ng
tit ra enzyme ca sinh vt ng rut.
1.4.

Tnh hnh s dng probiotic Vit Nam

Hin nay Vit Nam ang y mnh vic nghin cu sn xut probiotic dng
trong chn nui v nui trng thy sn. Tuy nhin sn phm tinh ch th gi thnh cn cao
nn nc ta hin nay vn s dng ngun nguyn liu ch yu l cc loi ph phm ca
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ngnh nng nghip. Do gi thnh ca probiotic gim xung nhiu v cng gip cho vt
nui tiu ha tt hn, gim t l bnh v gp phn ci thin mi trng.
T b khoai m m ngay c ng vt cng ch, cc chuyn gia thuc Vin Sinh Hc
Nhit i to ra thc n kch thch tng trng cho mi vt nui k c thy sn.
ProBio-S li l ch phm dng lng, c sn xut bng cch cho b ti vo nhng bao ti
ln ri cy ch phm EM-S cha nhiu chng vi sinh vt hu ch nh Bacillus sp.,
Lactobacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp. vi t l 1lt EM-S/25kg b (1ml cha 1010 t bo vi
sinh vt hu ch). Ba ngy lm cho lng vi sinh vt tng mnh. Vi nhng chng vi sinh
vt hu dng ni trn, ch phm ProBio-S gip cn bng h sinh thi vi sinh vt ng rut
ca vt nui cng nh gim lng vi sinh vt c hi. Nh th m vt nui tiu ho tt hn,
gim t l bnh ng rut, tng trng nhanh hn. Gi thnh ca ProBio-S l 5.000-6.000
ng/kg. Kt qu th nghim s b trn 15-20 con ln 1 thng tui cho thy sau ba thng
c n hai ch phm trn, ln tng trng nhanh hn 1,1-1,3kg so vi nhng con i chng
(ch n thc n bnh thng)
Ch phm Probiotic Bio I v Bio II gm hn hp cc vi sinh vt sng v enzyme tiu
ha dng trong chn nui v nui trng thy sn nhn c gii thng WIPO dnh cho
nh khoa hc n xut sc nht (V Th Hnh)
Trong thy sn, cng ty cng ngh ha sinh Vit Nam sn xut nhng sn phm
phc v cng tc mi trng nui tm, c t hiu qu:
- BIO - DW - lm sch nc, nn y ao nui; ngn chn dch bnh; tng sn lng tm, c.
- BIO - PROBIOTIC - Thc n b sung cho tm, c.
- EMC - Phc hp vi sinh vt c li, VITAMIN v cc ENZYME hu hiu dng nui tm,
c
1.5.

Sn phm Probiotic
Sn phm probiotic rt a dng v chng loi cng nh sn phm chc nng. Ngy

nay cc sn phm ny c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh thc phm, y dc , nng

nghip, cng nghip

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Bng 1.1. Mt s thc phm probiotics hin nay trn th gii
Tn sn

Nc sn

phm

xut

ACO-

Cc loi vi khun

Thy S

S.thermophilus;L.bulgaricus;L.acidophilus

Cultura

an Mch

L.acidophilus; B.bifidum

AB-yoghurt

an Mch

L.acidophilus; B.bifidum

Biogarde

L.acidophilus; B.bifidum; S.thermophilus

Bifighurt

S.thermophilus; B.longum

Gefilac

Phn Lan

L.rhammosus

Yakult

Nht Bn

L.casei

Miru Miru

Nht Bn

L.acidophilus; L.casei

Mil Mil E

Nht Bn

B.bifidum; yoghurt culture

Biokys

Slovakia

yoghurt

Actimet
Orange

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B.bifidum; L.acidophilus; Pedicoccis

acidilactici
L.acidophilus

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CHNG 2 : SN PHM PROBIOTICS

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2.1.

Sa Chua
Sa chua hay yaourt l sn phm b sa c sn xut bi vi khun ln men ca sa.

Mi loi sa c th dng lm sa chua, nhng trong cch ch to hin i, sa b c

dng nhiu nht. Sa chua c v yaourt l sn phm ln men lactic t sa b ti, sa bt
hay sa ng vt ni chung sau khi kh cht bo v thanh trng vi khun gy bnh bng
phng php Pasteur nhit 80-90C.

. Hnh 1.1. Mt s loi sa chua Vit Nam

2.2.

Phn Loi Sa Chua

+ Truyn thng
Trong quy trnh sn xut sa chua truyn thng, sa nguyn liu sau khi c x l,
cy ging ri c rt vo bao b. Qu trnh ln men din ra trong bao b lm xut hin khi
ng v to cu trc c trng cho sn phm. Sn phm c cu trc gel mn.
+ Hin i
Sa chua dng khuy (Stirred type): Khi ng xut hin trong sn phm sau qu
trnh ln men b ph hu mt phn do s khuy trn c hc. Trong quy trnh sn xut sa
chua dng khuy, sa nguyn liu c x l v cy ging ri ln men trong thit b chuyn
dng, tip theo l qu trnh lm lnh v rt sn phm vo bao b. Sa chua dng khuy s
khng c cu trc gel mn v ng nht nh sa chua truyn thng
Sa chua ung (Drinking type) hay sa chua dng lng: Khi ng xut hin trong
sn phm sau qu trnh ln men b ph hu hon ton. Sn phm c dng lng, khi s dng,
ngi tiu dng khng cn dng mung. im khc bit l sau qu trnh ln men, ngi ta
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s dng phng php khuy trn hoc phng php ng ho ph hu cu trc gel ca
khi ng v lm gim nht cho sn phm.
2.3.

Qu Trnh To Sa Chua
Sa ln men thnh sa chua do vi khun lactic v hin tng ny gi l ln men lactic.

Sa chua c v snh, st do vi khun lactic bin dch trong sa thnh dch cha nhiu axit
lactic :
Glucozo + (xt)vi khun lactic --> axit lactic + nng lng (t)
T lm cho pH trong sa gim thp, gy kt ta Casein (1 loi protein trong
sa) t lm sa t lng tr thnh st
Cc qu trnh sinh ho sy ra trong sa :
Sa ti l mi trng thch hp cho s xm nhp v pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh
vt.Do s pht trin ca vi sinh vt nn trong sa ti c sy ra nhiu qu trnh sinh ho
phc tp,trong c bin i c li nh s ln men lactic,nhng ch yu l cc qu trnh
bin i c hi,lm gim cht lng ca sa v cui cng l dn n h hng.
Mt s qu trnh bin i ch yu xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun sa ti
S ln men lactic: hay cn gi l s ln men chua ca sa.chng phn gii dng
lactose thnh nhiu cht phc tp,ch yu l to thnh acid lactic.s ln men lactic c ng
dng trong sa chua.
S ln men lactic xy ra ch yu do tac ng ca vi khun lactic.vi khun lactic khng
bn vng di tc ng ca nhit cao,khi dun nng sa ti 60-650Ctrong khong 15-39
pht vi khun lactic s b tiu dit.
S ln men bulitic: l qu trnh bin i khng c li cho sa chua .di tc ng ca
vi khun ny,ng lactose v cc mui ca acid lactic b ln men to thnh acid butyric,mt
s cht kh mt s hp cht acidlm gim cht lng ca sa.vi khun butyric hot ng
mnh nhit khon 400C
S thi ra: hin tng sa ti b thi ra l do nhiu loi vi sinh vt pht trin phn
hu cc hp cht protein ca sa thnh nhng sn phm c mi thi kh chi.ngoi ra bn
thn cc loi vi khun gy thi ra c th t tit ra cc cht c hoc phn gii protein thnh

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cc cht c lm cho sa b nhim c, cht lng ca sa gim dn thm ch khng cn
dng lm thc phm c na.
2.4.

C Ch Qu Trnh Ln Men
Trong cc sn phm ln men t sa, ngi ta nhn thy c 3 dng ln men chnh: ln

men ru, ln men lactic (thng gp), ln men butyric.

Ln men lactic: l qu trnh ln men ch yu ca cc sn phm sa chua. Da vo
thnh phn ca sn phm ln men m ngi ta chia thnh: ln men lactic in hnh v ln
men lactic khng in hnh. Trong mi trng sa, vi khun lactic tng hp enzyme lactase.

Enzyme lactase
Lactose

glucose + Galactose

ng Galactose chuyn ha thnh glucose

Glactose + ATP

Galactose 1 phosphates + ADP

Galactose 1 phosphates

Glucose 1 - phosphat

Glucose 1 phosphate

Glucose 6 - phosphat

Glucose 6 phosphate

Glucose + H3PO4

ng Glucose chuyn ha thnh acid pyruvic theo chu trnh glycoside ca Embden
Meyerhof.

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Acid pyruvic tip tc chuyn ha thnh acid lactic di tc dng ca enzyme lactase
dehydrogenase
CH3

CH3

Lactase dehydrogenase
C O

CH OH

COOH

COOH

Acid Pyruvic

Acid Lactic

Bn cnh , di tc dng ca enzyme decarboxylase ca vi khun lactic, acid pyruvic cng

chuyn thnh andehyt acetic.
CH3

CH3

Decarboxylase
C O

C O

COOH
Acid pyruvic

H
Andehyt acetic

C ch ng t sa trong sn xut sa chua c:

Acid lactic ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi s ng t sa trong qu trnh sn xut
sa chua c.
Bnh thng cc micelle casein trong sa tch in m nn chng y nhau v in
lm cho cc micelle casein tn ti di dng keo.
Acid lactic to ra t qu trnh ln men s lm gim ph ca sa. khi pH ca sa bng pI
ca casein cc micelle casein b trung ha v in tch v micelle casein s ng t to thnh
gel. Khi pH gim xung pI, cc micelle casein c ti ha tan. V l c s ny c ng
dng trong sn xut sa chua khi dng qu trnh ln men ca sa chua c pH = 4.7. cn
sa chua ung th pH = 4.1
Acid lactic cn tham gia phn ng vi caseinate calcium to qun sa.
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NH2-R(COO)2Ca + 2CH2CHOHCOOH NH2-R(COOH)2 + (CH2CH0HCOO)2Ca

Caseinnate
calcium

Acid lactic

Acid ceiseic
(qun sa)

Lactate
calcium

Cc calcium phosphate keo s lm ha tan v to ra Ca2+. Cc ion ny lm cho khi

ng t bn cht hn.
2.5.

Vi sinh vt trong ln men sa chua:

Ty theo tng loi sn phm theo nhu cu th trng v c trng sn phm ca mi

quc gia m cung cp thm mt s chng vi khun lactic trong qu trnh ln men. Chng hn,
c yu cu ch c S.thermophilus v mt chng Lactobacillus ty ; Anh li cho php
cho vo L.bulgaricus vi mt chng vi khun lactic khc. Mt s ni sn xut sa chua vi
c hai chng L. bulgaricus v S. thermophilus.
Trong sn xut sa chua Vit Nam thng s dng 2 loi sau: Lactobacillus
bulgaricus v Streptoccocus thermophilus [1].
Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) l vi khun ln men in hnh, pht trin tt
nhit 45 500C trong mi trng c acid cao. L. bulgaricus c th to ra trong khi
sa n 2,7% acid lactic t ng lactose. pH ti thch ca L. bulgaricus l 5,2 5,6.
Streptoccocus thermophilus (S. thermophilus): Pht trin tt nhit 500C v sinh
sn tt nhit 37- 400C. y cng l vi khun lactic ln men in hnh c kh nng chu
nhit n 650C trong 30 pht. pH ti thch ca S. thermophilus l 6,6 6,8.
Trong sn xut sa chua, vic cy hn hp 2 loi vi khun ny cho kt qu tt hn l
ch s dng ring tng loi. L. bulgaricus c cha enzyme phn gii protein nn c kh nng
phn tch c mt s amino acid t casein. Cc amino acid ny, quan trng nht l valine,
t cung cp ngun c cht c cha nit d hp thu v thc y s sinh trng ca cu
khun. Streptococcus thermophilus s thc y qu trnh sinh trng ca cu khun
Lactobacillus bulgaricus thng qua vic hnh thnh acid formic
Trong sn xut sa chua bng nui cy hn hp hai loi trn cho thy: giai on u
ca qu trnh sn xut, pH ca sa thch hp cho loi Streptococcus hot ng chim u th
v m bo cho qu trnh ln men lactic c bt u.
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Hot ca cc enzyme phn hu casein ca Lactobacillus kch thch s pht trin
ca Streptococcus, acid tng ln. pH ca sa thay i lm cho Streptococcus kh pht
trin. Lc ny Lactobacillus s thay th ch v s vn cc ca sa bt u.
Sa chua c th c sn xut t sa ti t nhin hoc sa bt ho tan vi sa ti. Sau
khi thanh trng nhit 950C, sa c lm lnh n nhit 42-460C v cy hai loi vi
khun trn thc hin qu trnh ln men nhit 40-500C trong thi gian 2-3h.
sn phm c chua nh v thm, ngi ta c th s dng t bo ca vi khun
Streptococcus giai on non v khi mi trng ln men c acid thp. Ngc li, mun
sa chua c acid cao th cn s dng t bo Streptococcus gi hn hoc s dng
Lactobacillus.

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Hnh 1.2. Streptococcus lactis (Dr. Arthur Siegelman)

Hnh 1.3 Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Hnh 1.4. Streptococcus thermophilus (Dennis Kunkel Microscopy)

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CHNG 3 : QUI TRNH CNG NGH

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3.1.

Qui Trnh Cng Ngh

Sn xut dch sa chua

Sn xut men ci

Nc, sa ti, bt sa
gy, b, cht n nh

Trn tun hon

Thanh trng

Trn tun hon

650C

Lc

ng ha

Nc, bt sa
gy

KCS

60 700C
150 bar

Lm lnh

Phi trn

ng ha

60 - 700C
100-110bar

Thanh trng

95 C
5 pht

950C
5 pht

Lm ngui

42 - 460C

Nhn ging

Ph: 4,5
4 6h

Lm lnh

<50C

420C
430C
pH: 4,5

Ln men

Cn

Cn

KCS

Lm ngui

Lc

T l: 1/40

Tr lnh

4 6h

<50C

ng gi

40C

KCS

Sn phm

Bo qun
<80C

Hnh : 3. S Qui Trnh Sn Xut Sa Chua

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3.2.

Thuyt minh quy trnh

3.2.1 Sn xut men ci

sn xut sa chua b sung probiotic cn nhn ging vi sinh vt khi ng
L.bulgaricus v S. thermophilus ring r ri trn ln hai ging theo t l 1:1 trc khi cy vo
sa ln men sa chua. Ngoi ra vi khun probiotic c tng sinh tng t. Mi trng dinh
dng tng sinh cho c ba ging ny tng t nh nhau.

3.2.1.1.

Sa nguyn liu:
V nguyn tc c th s dng cc loi sa ng vt lm sa chua, nhng loi c

sn xut cng nghip nhiu nht c lm t sa b. C th dng sa nguyn kem, sa tch

bo mt phn hoc sa gy. m bo cho cc vi sinh vt ln men sa chua pht trin c
th nguyn liu sa phi p ng cc iu kin sau:
+

Lng vi sinh thp.

Khng cha d lng thuc khng sinh, ha cht v sinh, sa i, colostrum.

Khng cha cc th sng n vi khun (bacteriophages) thng l cc virus.

Khng cha cc d lng ha cht t qu trnh tay ra dng c hoc thit b ng.

- Cc sn phm t sa khc: sa gy c c, sa bt gy, m sa (whey), ng sa

(lactose). Nhng sn phm ny thng c s dng tng lng cht kh (khng bo).
-Ch tiu ha l: hm lng cht bo v cht kh khng bo (>8,2%)
3.2.1.2.

Trn Tun Hon

Phng php thc hin: nc v sa bt gy c thc hin tun hon gia bn trn

v bn trung gian. Nhit trn: 40-450C

3.2.1.3.

Lc
Qu trnh lc tch cc ht sa cha ha tan v c kch thc ln. Thit b c kch

thc l lc 250m
ng ha

3.2.1.4.

Sa ln men c ng ha 150 bar v sau c trn vi nc ha ng vi t

l l .

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Vi khun chuyn sang bn tng tr lnh 10oC (cc vi khun c tng sinh ring v
tng tr ring).
Qu trnh ng ha nhm m bo s ng nht v cht lng cng nh thnh phn
sa chun b vo qu trnh ln men.
3.2.1.5.

Thanh trng, lm ngui

Thanh trng nhm tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh nhm to mi trng tt nht cho qu

trnh men sau ny. Nhit : 950C, 5 pht. Dch sau thanh trng c lm ngui v 42460C l nhit ti u cho qu trnh ln men lactic
3.2.1.6.

Nhn ging-lm lnh

Nhn ging nhm chun b ging vi khun a vo giai on ln men

3.2.1.7.

Quy trnh ly mu v kim tra cht lng.

Khu vc kim tra cht lng nm xuyn sut trong quy trnh sn xut, t nhng

nguyn liu th n khi thnh phm u c kim tra cht lng cht ch.

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Thng s kim tra cht lng
Bng 3.1. Thng s kim tra cht lng trong sut quy trnh sn xut men ging
Tn mu

Ch tiu

Phng php

Mi trng nhn ging

ng

O Brix

Sinh khi (cfu/ml)

m khun lc

Total acidity (TA)

Chun NaOH 0.1N

ng

O Brix

Sinh khi (cfu/ml)

m khun lc

Total acidity (TA)

Chun NaOH 0.1N

Mi trng ln men chnh

ng

O Brix

Sinh khi ln men chnh

Sinh khi (cfu/ml)

m khun lc

Total acidity (TA)

Chun NaOH 0.1N

cp 1
Ging cp 1

Mi trng nhn ging

cp 2
Ging cp 2

3.2.2 Sn xut dch sa chua

3.2.2.1Trn tun hon
Nguyn liu sn xut dch gm: nc ch bin, sa ti, bt sa gy, ng tinh
luyn, b, cht n nh.
Phng php thc hin: trn tun hon trong bn trn

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PROBIOTIC
3.2.2.2Lc
Qu trnh lc. Thit b c kch thc l lc 250m. Thit b lc ti tho ri
3.2.2.3ng ha
ng ha cc cht m bo cht lng.
3.2.2.4Thanh trng
Qu trnh thanh trng Ch : 950/ 5 pht
3.2.2.5Lm ngui
Giai on chun b cui cng a sa vo giai on ln men, to iu kin mi
trng (nhit ) ti thch cho qu trnh pht trin ca ging vi sinh vt.
Cc bin i chnh: ch yu xy ra bin i vt l: nhit ca khi sa gim t t
n nhit yu cu ca qu trnh ln men. Nhit : 42-460C.
3.2.2.6Ln men
L qu trnh to hng v v cu trc cho sn phm sa ln men.
Cc bin i chnh
- Chuyn ng a thnh ng n
- To thnh acid lactic, gim pH ca dch sa, ko theo s ng t casein trong sa.
- Chuyn ha mt phn casein thnh peptone, acidamin.
- Sn sinh ra nhng cht to hng, l sn phm ph ca qu trnh ln men, gp phn
ng kt to nn cht lng sn phm sau cng.
Cc yu t nh hng: ging vi sinh vt, nhit , thi gian v cc yu t ngoi cnh.
Phng php thc hin
dch sau chun ha c cha trong bn . Men ci c bm t bn men ci sang
bn .
Hm lng men ci: 90-100kg/bn 4000 lt
Sau khi bm men ci vo th bt cnh khuy 15 pht, sau tt c khuy, bt u ln
men, khi pH t, m khuy, m lnh kt thc ln men.
-

Sa chua trng: pH=4,6

Sa chua tri cy: pH=4,5

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3.2.2.7Lm lnh
Kt thc qu trnh ln men khi khi sa ln men t yu cu. nu khng lm lnh,
chua s tng ln v nc sa s b tch ra.
Cc bin i chnh
- Vt l: nhit khi ng t gim lm trng thi khi ng t c th rn hn.
- Sinh hc: c ch hot ng ca cc vi khun do nhit gim.
Yu t nh hng nhit
Phng php thc hin: gim nhit ln men ca sa ln men t 430C xung 150C.
Lm lnh bng h thng lm lnh c sn trong bn
3.2.2.8Phi trn
Nguyn liu phi trn: tri cy, cht to hng, cht n nh gi cung l cc ph gia
hon thin sn phm, nng cao gi tr sn phm
Cc bin i chnh trong qu trnh ny cc bin i ha l, bin i cm quan chim
u th: trng thi sa sn st, to hng v v tri cy c trng, tng gi tr cm quan cho
yogurt
3.2.2.9ng gi
Bo qun, hon thin sn phm, tng gi tr cho sn phm, to mu m bt mt. qu
trnh bao gi c thc hin trong phng v trng vi bao b c chun b v v trng t
trc.Qu trnh c thc hin trong phng v trng nn t ng ha cao.
Sa chua theo ng ng dn i vo thit b, c t ng np y vo bao gi
chun b t trc theo lng nh sn t trc.c ch hot ng ca vi khun lactic lm
tng chua ca sn phm
Vic m bo cht lng ca sa chua l rt quan trng, v trong sa chua vn cn tn
ti nhng vi khun lactic v c th tip tc hot ng, lm gim ngt, tng chua..gy
nh hng ln hng vi sn phm
Do , vic bo qun lnh sn phm trong khi ch tiu th hoc ang khi tiu th l
ht sc cn thit, lm c ch hot ng ca nhm vi khun sinh lactic tn ti trong sn phm
sau ln men

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3.2.2.10

Bo qun:
Kho lnh. Nhit kho: < 80C Thi gian bo qun 45 ngy tnh t ngy sn xut

3.2.2.11

Tiu chun quc gia v sa chua (TCVN 7030:2002 )

Ch tiu ha l:
Bng3.2. Ch tiu ha l sa chua theo tiu chun Vit Nam.
Tn ch tiu

Mc yu cu
Sa chua

Sa chua tch

Sa chua gy

mt phn cht bo
1.Hm

lng

cht

kh

8.2

8.2

8.2

> 2.0

0.5 2.0

< 0.5

khng cha cht bo, %

khi lng, khng nh hn.
2.Hm lng cht bo, %
khi lng
3. axit, T

75 140

Hm lng kim loi nng:

Bng 3.3. Hm lng kim loi nng
Tn ch tiu

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Mc ti a

1. Asen, mg/l

0,5

2. Ch, mg/l

0,5

3. Cd, mg/l

1,0

4. Thu ngn, mg/l

0,05

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PROBIOTIC
Ch tiu vi sinh vt:
Bng 3.4. Ch tiu vi sinh vt sa chua theo tiu chun Vit Nam
Tn ch tiu

Mc cho php
Khng x l

X l

nhit

nhit

1. Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, s khun lc/ 1g

10

10

2. Nhm coliform, s vi khun/ 1g

10

3. Staphylococcus aureus, s vi khun/ 1g

4. E.Coli, s vi khun/ 1g

5. Salmonella, s vi khun/ 25g

6. Nm men v nm mc, s khun lc/ 1g

10

Ch tiu cm quan:
Trng thi : sa chua l mt khi ng cht, mn, c st, khng vn cc, khng tch
lp.
Mi: sa chua c mi thm c trng, c hng thm ca tt c hp cht hu c nh
acid lactic, diacetyl v acid acetic (l sn phm c sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men), c hng
thm ca tri cy b sung ( nu c ).
V: sa chua ln men c v chua ca acid lactic, c v ngt nh ca ng v hi bo ca
cht bo sa ( i vi sa chua khng tch bo ). Ngoi ra cn c v c trng ca sn phm ph
gia phi trn.
Mu sc: mu trng sa hoc mu c trng ca ph liu b sung.

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KT LUN
Sn phm ca Probiotic rt a dng v phong ph. Ngy nay cc ch phm ca
probiotic ngay cng nhiu, mang li nhng hiu qu chuyn bit. vi sa chua probiotic ngy
cng c ci thin v nng cao cht lng ln s lng.
Cng ngh sn xut probiotic cn chu nh hng cc loi sn phm khc nhau.
Sa chua l sn phm ca cng ngh probiotic.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] PGS. TS. L Gia Hy, PGS. TS. Khut Hu Thanh (2010). C s cng ngh vi sinh
vt v ng dng
[2] Nguyn c Lng (2008), Cng ngh vi sinh (tp 3), Cc sn phm ln men
truyn thng, NXB H Quc Gia Tp.HCM
[3] Trn Phong Lan i (2011), Quy trnh sn xut sa chua b sung probiotic, Kho
lun tt nghip, Trng
[4] L Vn Vit Mn (2004), Cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm t sa v thc ung,
tp 1 Cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm t sa, NXB i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM
[5] http://www.corbisimages.com
[6] http://loikhuan.vn
[7] http://ww.hua.edu.vn
[8] http://www.sciencephoto.com
[9] http://nestle-probiotika.health-media.de
[10] http://www.skinmed.com

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