Mng RS485: - Chun RS-232 dng ng truyn khng cn bng v cc tn hiu u ly im chun l ng mass chung, do tc truyn v khong cch

ch truyn b gii hn. Khi cn tng khong cch v tc truyn phng php dng hai dy tr nn hu hiu hn v hai dy c t tnh ging nhau, tn hiu truyn i l hiu s in p gia hai dy. Do , loi tr c nhiu chung. - Tn hiu t my tnh theo chun RS-232 c mc in p l 12V phi i sang mc TTL 0 -> 5V dng vi mch MAX 232, sau tn hiu n c i sang tn hiu vi sai dng vi mch MAX 485. in p vi sai phi ln hn 200mV. Nu Vab > 200mV ta coi nh logic 1 c truyn cn nu Vab < -200mV th logic0 c truyn. - Truyn RS-485 l cng ngh truyn c s dng thng xuyn bi PROFIBUS. Cc lnh vc ng dng bao gm tt c cc lnh vc m trong cn lp t khng t tin, n gin v truyn tc cao. Ngi ta dng cp ng xon kp c bc (STP). - Cng ngh truyn RS-485 th d x l. Lp t cp xon kp (TP) khng cn kin thc chuyn gia. Kin trc Bus cho php thm v ly i cc trm m khng lm nh hng n cc trm khc. Nhng m rng sau ny khng lm nh hng n cc trm ang hot ng. - Giao tip EIA RS-485 l mt ci tin ca chun RS-422A. c tnh in ca n ging nh chun RS-422A. RS-485 l chun truyn vi sai, s dng hai dy cn bng. Vi RS-485 tc truyn c th t n 10Mbs v chiu di cp c th ln n 1.2km. in p vi sai ng ra t +1.5V -> +5V nu l logic mc 0 v mc logic 1 s l t -1.5V -> -5V. Mt c im quan trng ca RS-485 l c th cung cp n 32 Drivers v Receivers trn cng mt ng truyn. iu ny cho php to thnh mt mng cc b. c kh nng nh vy, ng ra Driver RS-485 phi l ng ra 3 trng thi. V do mt Slave s trng thi tng tr cao khi n khng c chn giao tip cng vi Master. - Ch c mt trm c chn lm Master, cc trm cn li u l Slave. Master c quyn truyn bt c lc no, n s ch nh mt Slave bt k giao tip vi n. Slave ch c th truyn sau khi nhn c lnh ca Master. Mi Slave c mt a ch ring trn ng truyn v s khng c php truyn nu khng c yu cu t Master.. + c im : - P RS _485 l chun giao tip ni tip bt ng b cn bng, s truyn thng tin trn. - P dy xon i bn song cng (Half _ Duplex), ngha l ti mt thi im bt k trn dy truyn ch c th l mt thit b hoc l truyn hoc l nhn. - RS_485 cho php 32 b truyn trn bus. - RS_485 c ng ra 3 trng thi. - RS_485 cho php tc truyn ti a l 10Mbps. Cch lp t RS-485: Tt c cc thit b c ni vo cu trc Bus ti a 32 trm (Master hay Slave) c th c ni vo mt Sement (on). Bus c kt thc bng Bus tch cc (Active Bus Terminator) u v cui mi Segment. m bo hot ng khng c li th c u kt thc Bus lun lun c c in. Vic truyn nhn gia PC v cc kit Vi x l, gia cc Vi x l vi nhau c thc hin thng qua mng theo chun RS485. Di y xin trnh by k v l do ti sao li chn chun RS-485 cho mng trn v mt

s vn cn lu khi s dng chun RS-485. Ta dng cng ni tip (cng COM ) thc hin giao tip gia PC vi cc Kit Vi x l. Cc nh sn xut my tnh chun ho giao tip cho cng ni tip(cng COM) l chun RS-232. Vo nm 1962 Hip hi cc nh Cng Nghip in T (EIA) cho ban hnh chun RS-232 p dng cho cng ni tip. Cc ch RS c vit tt t Recommended Standard (Tiu chun c ngh). Ghp ni qua cng ni tip theo chun RS-232 l mt trong nhng k thut c s dng rng ri nht ghp ni cc thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh gia cc my tnh vi nhau. Qua cng ni tip c ghp ni chut, modem, b bin i AD, cc thit b o lng, ghp hai my tnhS lng v chng loi cc thit b ngoi vi ghp ni qua cng ni tip ng hng u trong s cc kh nng ghp ni vi my tnh. Tuy nhin chun RS-232 ch cho php ghp ni mt-mt, do khng th p dng cho mng cn thit k. Vic chn mt chun truyn thng khc l cn thit, v s dng Chun RS-485 l chn la hp l. Mng s dng chun RS-485 rt a dng: ta c th ghp ni cc PC vi nhau, hoc gia PC vi cc Vi x l, hoc bt k thit bi truyn thng ni tip bt ng b no. Khi so snh vi Ethernet v nhng giao din truyn thng theo nhng chun khc th giao din RS-485 n gin v gi thnh thp hn nhiu. i vi mt mng Multi-network thc s gm nhiu mch pht v nhn cng ni vo mt ng dy bus chung, mi node u co th pht v nhn data th RS485 p ng cho yu cu ny. Chun RS-485 cho php 32 mch truyn v nhn cng ni vo ng dy bus (vi b lp Repeater t ng v cc b truyn nhn tr khng cao,gii hnh ny c th m rng ln n 256 node mng). Bn cnh RS-485 cn c th chu c cc xung t data v cc iu kin li trn ng truyn. Mt s u im ca RS-485: - Gi thnh thp: Cc b iu khin Driver v b nhn Receiver khng t v ch yu cu cung cp ngun n +5V to ra mc in p vi sai ti thiu 1.5V ng ra vi sai. - Kh nng ni mng: RS-485 l mt giao din a im, thay v gii hn hai n v, RS-485 l giao din c th cung cp cho vic kt ni c nhiu b truyn v nhn. Vi b nhn c tr khng cao kt hp vi b repeater, RS-485 c th cho kt ni ln n 256 node. - Kh nng kt ni: RS-485 c th truyn xa 1200m, tc ln n 10Mbps.Nhng 2 thng s ny khng xy ra cng lc. Khi tc truyn tng th tc baud gim. V d: khi tc l 90Kbps th khong cch l 1200m, 1Mbps th khong cch l 120m, cn tc 10Mbps th khong cch l 15m. S d, RS-485 c th truyn trn mt khong cch ln l do chng s dng ng truyn cn bng. Mi mt tn hiu s truyn trn mt cp dy, vi mc in p trn mt dy l in p b (tri d ) vi in p trn dy kia. Receiver s p ng phn hiu gia cc mc in p Mt thut ng khc ca ng truyn tn hiu dng ny l vi sai tn hiu. Khi thc hin trao i thng tin tc cao, hoc qua mt khong cch ln trong mi trng thc, phng php n cc (single-ended) thng khng thch hp. Vic truyn dn d liu vi sai (hay tn hiu vi sai cn bng) cho kt qu tt hn trong phn ln trng hp. Tn hiu vi sai c th loi b nh hng do s thay i khi ni t v gim nhiu c th xut hin nh in p chung trn mng. Khi ng dy qua mi trng nhiu, nhiu tc ng ln hai dy l nh nhau. V Receiver nhn tn hiu bng cch ly chnh lch p gia hai ng dy (vi sai), nn nhiu c t ng trit tiu. Ngc li, RS-232 dng dy bt cn bng hay n cc, b nhn p ng theo s khc bit mc in p tn hiu v

ng dy t dng chung (mt giao din bt cn bng c th c nhiu dy t nhng tt c u c ni li vi nhau). Do tn hiu nhn c Receiver l tn hiu t b Transmitter cng vi nhiu v st p trn ng dy, iu ny c th lm cho d liu m Receiver c c b sai lch. Mt thun li khc trn ng dy cn bng l chng trnh c (trong mt gii hnh no ) s chnh lch in th trn dy t gia b truyn v b nhn. Trong mt lin kt di, in th t gia b truyn v b nhn c th chnh lch nhau. i vi ng dy bt cn bng, iu ny c th lm b nhn c sai tn hiu vo, nhng i vi ng dy cn bng, s chnh lch ny khng nh hng g bi b nhn ch phn bit mc logic trn u vo da vo s khc bit gia hai dy tn hiu. Trn thc t cc linh kin RS-485 ch chu c s chnh lch in p gia cc t trong gii hn ch nh trong Datasheet. Mt cch khc kh hoc gim vn in p t ny l cch ly ng kt ni in th t ca b truyn v b nhn khng b nh hng ln nhau. V c kh nng chng nhiu tt nh vy nn chun RS-485 c kh nng truyn d liu trn mt khong cch xa. Chun TIA/EIA-485 gi hai ng dy vi sai l A v B. Ti b truyn tn hiu vo c mc logic TTL cao s lm cho mc p trn dy A dng hn trn dy B, v mc logic thp s lm cho in p trn dy B dng hn dy A. Ti b nhn, nu mc p trn dy A dng hn dy B th mc logic TTL s xut ra l cao, ngc li l thp. Ti b nhn RS-485, tm vi sai u vo A v B ch cn trn 0.2V (tc 200mV). Nu p ti A ln hn B 0.2V th b nhn s hiu y l mc logic 1, ngc li s hiu l mc logic 0. Nu chnh lch gia A v B nh hn 0.2V, mc logic s khng c xc nh. S khc nhau v yu cu in p ti b truyn v b nhn to ra gii hn nhiu khong 1.3V, tn hiu vi sai c th mo dng hoc c xung nhiu bng 1.3V v to b nhn vn nhn c ng mc logic. Gii hn nhiu ny tuy nh hn so vi RS-232 nhng ta nn nh rng tn hiu vi sai ca RS-485 c trit tiu phn ln nhiu t khi mi bt u. 5.1.1.Mng truyn nhn RS-485. Mng RS-485 c thit k da trn giao thc ch t, hot ng da vo chn iu khin RTS. Chn RTS c nhim v cho mt node ca mng c php truyn hoc nhn. iu ny lm cho mng c th d dng trnh c s xung t ng truyn. 5.1.1.1.Mch chuyn i RS-232 sang RS-485. R rng l cng Com ca PC thc hin truyn d liu theo chun RS-232, do ta phi thc hin mt mch chuyn i t chun RS-232 sang chun RS-485. Mch chuyn i ny phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: - p ng nhanh - Hot ng tin cy - n gin, gi thnh r Mch thit k c da trn hai IC cn bn l MAX 232 v SN75176B. Max 232 l IC ca hng Maxim dng chuyn i tn hiu t chun RS-232 sang TTL v ngc li. SN75176B dng (ca hng Texas Intrument ) chuyn i tn hiu t RS-485 sang TTL v cng nh t TTL sang RS-485. Ta c th thay Max 232 bng HIN 232CP, thay SN75176B bng Max 485, LTC 485 hay DS3695. Khi s dng Max 232 cn lu cc c im sau: v n thc hin chuyn i gia chun RS-232 sang TTL cho nn p u vo s b i mc u ra.V d: p ra chn 14 l +12V th chn 11 (ng vo ca chn 14) p s l 0V, ngc li nu ti chn 14 p l -12V th ti chn 11 l +5V. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch: - Tn hiu RS-232 t cng Com ca PC (chn 2,3,7) c a vo ng vo v ra RS-232 ca Max 232

(chn 14,8 v 13), ng ra v ng vo TTL ca Max 232 (chn 11,9 v 12) s c a vo ng vo v ra TTL ca SN75176B. Ng ra ca SN75176B (chn 6 v 7) s l tn hiu dng thc RS-485. - Khi truyn d liu th a chn RTS ln mc cao, chn RE v DE ca SN75176B s mc cao. RE mc cao s cm nhn, DE tch cc mc cao, do mng trng thi truyn tn hiu. - Khi nhn d liu th a chn RTS xung mc thp, chn DE mc thp s cm truyn, RE mc thp s cho php nhn. Vi hot ng ca mch chuyn i nh trn th mng ny ch truyn d liu theo kiu half-duplex. iu khin truyn nhn c thc hin bng chn RTS. Nh vy, khi PC cn truyn data, n s kch chn RTS sao cho chn s 3 ca SN75176B ln nc cao v bt u thc hin truyn d liu. Thc hin truyn d liu xong,chn s 2 ca SN75176B s c a xung mc thp ch cc tn hiu tr v t cc Slave. Cng vic s c tip tc nh vy cho n khio kt thc qu trnh truyn nhn. Tuy nhin do tnh cht v hot ng ca Max 232 v chun RS-232, khi chn 7 ca cng Com (chn RTS ) mc cao th chn 12 ca Max 232 li mc thp, Truyn nhn ni tip theo chun UART, cc ng truyn TXD v RXD lun bit 1 (5V theo chun TTL). n khi c tn hiu c truyn th ng truyn c h xung bit 0 ( 0V theo chun TTL) bt u bit START. Chun RS-232 qui nh bit 1 l mc p thp t -3V n -12V, bit 0 l mc p cao t +3V n +12V. Chun TTL li qui nh ngc li, bit 1 l mc p cao ( ti a +5V), bit 0 l mc p thp (thp nht l 0V). Do y ta qui c mc cao l p dng +5V hay +12V, mc thp l p m -12V hay 0V. Trong thc t, vic iu khin vic truyn nhn d liu thng c thc hin bng chn RTS hoc CTS. Do chn 7(RTS )v chn 8(CTS)ca cng Com c ni vi nhau nhm mc ch lm cho mch thm sinh ng khi s dng. Khi truyn chn RTS chn s 7 ca cng Com ln mc cao, khi nhn th RTS li xung mc thp. Trong khi mch khng thc hin truyn nhn th chn 9 (l chn thc hin vic truyn d liu dng TTL), chn 10 (l chn thc hin vic nhn d liu ) v chn 11 ca Max 232 mc cao (+5V) nn chn 14 ca Max 232 li mc thp v vy Led D4 c phn cc ngc nn khng sng. Led D5 ph thuc vo chn RTS lc , nu RTS mc cao th D5 sng, RTS mc thp th D5 tt. Khi thc hin truyn, RTS c kch ln mc cao nn chn 12 ca Max 232 xung mc thp (0V).Trong khi , chn 14 vn mang p m (do chn 11 lun mc cao), iu ny lm cho Led D4 b phn cc ngc nn khng sng. Lc ny d liu vn cha c truyn nn chn 9 vn mc cao v Led D5 sng. Khi d liu ang c truyn, chn 9 lun mc cao ti bt c bit 1 no, do Led D5 c dng ch ra rng ti node ny ca mng ang trong trng thi ang truyn d liu. Khi thc hin nhn, RTS c a xung mc thp nn chn 12 ca Max 232 ln mc cao (+5V). Trong khi , chn 9 li mc cao v chn 14 mang p m (do chn 11 lun mc cao), iu ny lm Led D4 v c Led D5 b phn cc ngc nn khng sng. Lc ny d liu vn cha c truyn n nn chn 22 lun mc cao nn c hai Led vn cha sng. Khi d liu ang c nhn, chn 11 lun mc thp ti bt c bit 0 no, lc chn 14 s mc cao (+12V). Chnh lch p gia hai u D4 (gia 12V v 5V) lm D4 sng. Do Led D4 c dng ch rng node ny ca mng trong trng thi ang nhn d liu. Nh ni trn, khi RTS (chn s 7 ca cng Com) mc cao th chn 12 ca Max 232 mc thp, do vic chuyn i chn 12 ca Max 232 thnh mc cao l cn thit thun li cho vic lp trnh iu khin. Trong mch thc hin (mch thi cng ), khi chn RTS mc cao (+12V) th D2 v D1 u dn. Lc p anode ca D1 s bng p cathode v bng Vcc=5V. Do /DE mc cao (5V). Khi RTS

mc thp th D1 v D2 khng dn, trong khi D3 dn lm cho p /DE bng 0V (GND). SN75176B RS-485 TRANSCEIVER SN75176B thc hin vic chuyn i t RS-485 sang TTL v ngc li, cho nn vic chuyn i t TTL sang RS-485 v ngc li rt n gin. Nh hnh bn, chn 6 v 7 l 2 chn mang d liu theo chun RS-485. Chn 1 v 4 mang d liu theo chun TTL. Khi truyn d liu TTL t chn 4 (TXD) c chuyn i thnh dng RS-485 v truyn i chn 6 v 7. Khi nhn d liu t chn 6 v 7 c chuyn i thnh TTL v a vo chn 1. Chn 2 ) l chn iu khin vic nhn d liu. tch cc mc thp. Chn 3 (DE) l chn iu khin vic truyn d liu, DE tch cc mc cao. 5.1.2. Mng RS-485: Mng RS-485 c thit k hot ng theo nguyn tc Master-Slave(ch -t ). Mt trm ch (Master) c trch nhim ch ng phn chia quyn truy nhp bus cho cc trm t Slave. Cc trm t (Slave) ng vai tr b ng, ch c quyn truy nhp bus v gi tn hiu i khi c yu cu. Trm ch dng phng php hi vng tun t theo chu k kim sot ton b hot ng ca c h thng. V hot ng din ra theo chu k nn trm ch c trch nhim ch ng yu cu ch ng yu cu d liu t trm t v sau chuyn sang trm t khc. Phng php ny c u im l vic kt ni cc trm t n gin, tn km bi gn nh ton b cng vic iu khin giao tip u tp trung ti trm ch. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c hiu sut ng truyn thp. Mc d vy vi yu cu trao i d liu ca ti th m hnh ny l hp l. Mc d tn hiu c xc nh bng in p chnh lch gia hai dy dn A v B, khng c lin quan n t, h thng RS-485 vn cn mt ng dy ni chung t cho cc trm vi nhau. t ny n thun l im mass, n khng cn phi ni xung t thc s. Mt sai lm thng gp l ch dng hai dy ni hai trm. Nu ng ra A v B l thc s cn bng, dng trn dy A s i ngc vi dy B, nn trit tiu ln nhau. Nhng trong thc t, s cn bng hon ho l khng tn ti. Trong trng hp nh vy, dng tn hiu s tm cch quay ngc tr li ngun pht, bc x nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh lm nh hng n tnh tng thch in t ca h thng. Vic ni t s tao ra mt ng thot c tr khng nh ti mt v tr xc nh, nh vy gim thiu tc hi gy nhiu. Do tc truyn thng v chiu di dy dn c th khc nhau rt nhiu trong cc ng dng, mng RS485 cn s dng tr u cui ti hai u dy R5,R6. S dng tr u cui c tc dng chng cc hiu ng ph trong truyn dn tn hiu, v d s phn x tn hiu. Tr u cui c s dng c gi tr bng tr khng c tnh ca cp truyn, thng c chn t 10 n 12. Mt sai lm thng gy tc hi nghim trng l dng ti u cui ti mi trm. V d i vi mt mng c 10 trm th tr khng to ra do cc tr u cui mc song song s l 1. Trong trng hp ny hu qu gy ra l dng qua cc tr u cui s ln p, cc tn hiu mang thng tin ti cc b thu s suy yu mnh dn n sai lch hon ton. C nhiu phng php chn u cui. Ngoi vic dng mt tr ni hai chn A v B (gi l chn song song), ta cng c th dng mt t C mc ni tip vi mt in tr (gi l chn RC). Mch RC ny cho php khc phc nhc im ca vic dng in tr ni trn. Trong lc tn hiu giai on qu , th C ngn mch v tr R s chn u cui. Khi t C ngng dn th s ngn chn dng mt chiu, do s khng c s gim ti gy ra do mch chn u cui. Tuy nhin hiu ng thng thp ca mch RC lm

gii hn tc truyn ca mch. Cc in tr phn cc nhm mc ch gi cho ng truyn lun mt trng thi khi ng truyn ri. Nh trn s , chn A c ko ln ngun v chn B c a xung mass, ng truyn lun trng thi bit 1, h thng c th nhn dng bit START mt cch chnh xc.