1

LI GII V BNH LUN

CHN I TUYN QUC GIA
D THI IMO NM 2013

Nhng ngi thc hin: Trn Nam Dng
Trn Quang Hng
V Quc B Cn
L Phc L




Xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Tng V, thy Trn Quc Lut, cc bn Nguyn
Vn Qu, V Anh c, Hong Kin, Phm Tun Huy, Nguyn Huy Tng cng
nhiu thnh vin ca cc din n ng gp kin chng ti hon tt ti liu ny!

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy 07 thng 05 nm 2013
2

Phn 1.
THI CHNH THC
Ngy thi th nht.
Bi 1.
Cho t gic ABCD c cc cnh i khng song song ni tip ng trn ( , ) O R .
Gi E l giao im hai ng cho v ng phn gic gc AEB ct cc ng thng
, , , AB BC CD DA ln lt ti cc im , , , M N P Q.
1. Chng minh rng cc ng trn ( ),( ),( ),( ) AQM BMN CNP DPQ cng i qua mt
im duy nht. Gi im l K.
2. t
{ }
min , AC BD m = . Chng minh rng
2
2 2
2
.
4
R
OK
R m
s

Bi 2.
1. Chng minh rng tn ti v s s nguyn dng t sao cho 2012 1 t + v 2013 1 t + u
l cc s chnh phng.
2. Xt , m n l cc s nguyn dng sao cho 1 mn+ v ( 1) 1 m n + + u l cc s chnh
phng. Chng minh rng n chia ht cho 8(2 1) m+ .
Bi 3.
Vi mi s n nguyn dng, t
{ }
0,1, 2,..., 2 1
n
S n = + . Xt hm s : ( ) [0; 1]
n
f S
tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
i/ ( , 0) ( , 2 1) 0 f x f x n = + = vi mi s nguyn . x
ii/ ( 1, ) ( 1, ) ( , 1) ( , 1) 1 f x y f x y f x y f x y + + + + + = vi , x ye v 1 2 y n s s .
Gi F l tp hp tt c cc hm s f tha mn.
1. Chng minh rng F l v hn.
2. Vi mi hm s f F e , t
f
v l tp hp nh ca f . Chng minh rng
f
v hu hn.
3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
f
v vi f F e .
3

Ngy thi th hai.
Bi 4.
Tm hng s k nguyn dng ln nht tha mn: Vi mi , , a b c dng m 1 abc = th
ta c bt ng thc sau
1 1 1
3
1 4
k k
a b c a b c
+ + + > +
+ + +
.
Bi 5.
Cho tam gic ABC nhn khng cn c A bng 45 . Cc ng cao , , AD BE CF ng
quy ti trc tm H. ng thng EF ct ng thng BC ti P . Gi I l trung im
ca BC ; ng thng IF ct PH ti . Q
1. Chng minh rng IQH AIE Z = Z .
2. Gi K l trc tm ca tam gic AEF v ( ) J l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic KPD.
ng thng CK ct ( ) J ti G , ng thng IG ct ( ) J ti M, ng thng JC ct
ng trn ng knh BC ti N. Chng minh rng cc im , , , G M N C cng thuc
mt ng trn.
Bi 6.
Cho mt khi lp phng 10 10 10 gm 1000 vung n v mu trng. An v Bnh
chi mt tr chi. An chn mt s di 1 1 10 sao cho hai di bt k khng c chung
nh hoc cnh ri i tt c cc sang mu en. Bnh th c chn mt s bt k ca
hnh lp phng ri hi An cc ny c mu g. Hi Bnh phi chn t nht bao nhiu
vi mi cu tr li ca An th Bnh lun xc nh c nhng no l mu en?
4

Phn 2.
LI GII CHI TIT V BNH LUN
Bi 1.
Cho t gic ABCD li c cc cnh i khng song song ni tip ng trn ( , ) O R .
Gi E l giao im hai ng cho v ng phn gic gc AEB ct cc ng thng
, , , AB BC CD DA ln lt ti cc im , , , M N P Q.
1. Chng minh rng cc ng trn ( ),( ),( ),( ) AQM BMN CNP DPQ cng i qua mt im
duy nht. Gi im l K.
2. t
{ }
min , AC BD m = . Chng minh rng
2
2 2
2
.
4
R
OK
R m
s

Li gii.
R
S
K
P
M
Q
N
E
O
A
B
C
D

1. Gi R l giao im ca , AD BC v S l giao im ca , AB CD (do cc cnh i ca
t gic ABCD khng song song nn cc im ny hon ton xc nh). Gi s B nm
5

gia , A S v nm gia , C R nh hnh v. Gi K l giao im ca ng trn ngoi tip
cc tam gic , RAB SBC th
180 BKR BKS BAD BCD Z + Z = Z + Z = hay , , R K S thng hng.
Suy ra RK RS RB RC RA RD = = v SK SR SB SA SC SD = = nn cc t gic ADSK
v CDRK cng ni tip hay K cng thuc v cc ng trn ( ) RCD v ( ). SDA
Do , ta c
AKD ASD BSC BKC Z = Z = Z = Z v ADK ASK BSK BCK Z = Z = Z = Z
nn cc tam gic KAD v KBC ng dng. Suy ra
KA AD AE AM
KB BC BE BM
= = = , theo tnh
cht ng phn gic th KM l phn gic ca gc . AKB
Mt khc, ta c RNQ BNE CBD BEN CAD AEQ RQN Z = Z = Z Z = Z Z = Z nn ta c
2 ARB BNM Z = Z .
T suy ra
1 1
2 2
BKM AKB ARB BNM Z = Z = Z = Z hay t gic BMNK ni tip, tc l
K thuc ng trn ( ) BMN .
Chng minh tng t, ta cng c K thuc cc ng trn ( ),( ),( ) AQM CNP DPQ .
Tip theo, ta s chng minh rng K l im chung duy nht ca cc ng trn ny.
Tht vy, cc ng trn ( ),( ) AMP BMQ c hai im chung l , K M cn cc ng trn
( ),( ) DNP CNP c hai im chung l , K N. Do , nu bn ng trn ny c hai im
chung th , M N trng nhau, v l.
Ta c pcm.
2. Theo tnh cht phng tch th
2 2 2 2
, RK RS RB RC RO R SK SR SB SA SO R = = = = nn
2 2 2 2
RO SO RK RS SK SR RK SK = = .
T suy ra . OK RS
Hn na, theo nh l Brocard trong t gic ni tip ABCD th E chnh l trc tm ca
tam gic ORS, suy ra . OE RS
Do , , , O E K thng hng.
6

Ta li c 2 RKA SKC RBA SBC ADC AOC Z + Z = Z + Z = Z = Z nn 180 AKC AOC Z + Z =
hay t gic AOCK ni tip. Suy ra
2 2 2
( ) EO EK EA EC R OE EO EO EK R = = + = hay
2
R
OK
EO
= .
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc c bn v ng xin v ng vung gc th
{ }
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
max ( , ), ( , ) max 4 , 4 4
2 2 2
EO d O AC d O BC R AC R BD R m

> = =
`
)
.
Vy ta c
2
2 2
2
4
R
OK
R m
s

. y chnh l pcm.
Nhn xt.
Li gii ca bi ton da trn hai nh l rt c bn ca hnh hc l im Miquel ca t
gic ton phn v nh l Brocard.
Ni n nh l Miquel th nhiu ngi quen thuc n dng pht biu sau
nh l Miquel. Cho tam gic ABC v cc im , , D E F ln lt thuc cc ng thng
, , BC CA AB. Khi cc ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic ( ),( ),( ) AEF BFD CDE c mt
im chung M gi l im Miquel.
H qu 1. Cc im , , D E F thng hng khi v ch khi im Miquel M thuc ng
trn ( ) ABC .
H qu trn rt c ngha nu ta coi mt tam gic v mt ng thng l mt t gic
ton phn khi ta c th pht biu li h qu nh sau
H qu 2. Cho t gic ABCD c AB giao CD ti E, AD giao BC ti F . Khi cc
ng trn ( ),( ),( ),( ) EAD EBC FAB FCD c mt im chung M. im M gi l im
Miquel ca t gic ABCD.
im Miquel M c bit c rt nhiu tnh cht th v khi t gic ABCD ni tip. Mt
trong nhng tnh cht quan trng l nh sau
H qu 3. Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn ( ) O . Gi s AB giao CD ti E, AD
giao BC ti F , AC giao BD ti G. Khi cc ng trn ( ),( ),( ),( ) EAD EBC FAB FCD
c mt im chung M v , , O G M thng hng.
nh l Brocard cng l mt nh l kh quen thuc.
7

nh l Brocard. Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn ( ) O . Gi s AB giao CD ti E,
AD giao BC ti F , AC giao BD ti G. Khi O l trc tm tam gic EFG.
Mt trong nhng bi ton ng dng hay ca nh l ny chnh l bi thi quc gia Vit
Nam nm 2012 va qua.
Chng minh ca nh l Miquel v cc h qu c th coi l mt trong nhng th hin
quan trng nht ca vic phi s dng gc nh hng trong hnh hc. bi ny, nu
khng dng di i s cng nh gc nh hng, ta phi quy c v tr cc im
nh trnh by li gii c cht ch.
Bi thi l mt trong nhng tng hay cho vic kt hp nh l Miquel v nh l
Brocard c bit l cu 2). tng ca cu ny c l bt ngun t ng thc
2
OK OE OR OS R = =

; tuy nhin, giu i s hin din im E th bi thi a v
mt bt ng thc lin h gia ng xin v hnh chiu, l
{ }
{ }
2 2
2
min ,
max ( , ), ( , )
4
AC BD
OE d O AC d O BD R > = .
Thc s tng mun giu i im E kh hay xong vic phi dng n mt bt ng
thc hnh hc khin cho bi ton mt i kh nhiu v p ca n.
Bi ton ny cng c th gii bng cch s dng b sau lin quan n php bin
hnh nh sau:
Cho hai on thng , AB CD sao cho ABCD khng phi l hnh thang. Khi , tn ti
mt php v t quay tm O bin AB thnh . CD Nu P l giao im ca AB v , CD
Q l giao im ca AD v BC th cc t gic , , , ADPK BCPK ABQK CDQK ni tip.
Trong bi ton cho, im K cng chnh l tm ca php v t quay .
tng s dng bt ng thc y kh ging vi bi hnh s 5 trong thi TST 2006,
cng l s so snh gia ng xin v ng vung gc. Tuy nhin, y ta khng
cn ch ra vi trng hp no th ng thc xy ra.
Nu tng qut ln, thay ng phn gic gc E thnh ng thng bt k qua E, ta c
bi ton sau:
Cho t gic ABCD li c cc cnh i khng song song ni tip ng trn ( , ) O R .
Gi E l giao im hai ng cho v mt ng thng bt k i qua E ct cc ng
8

thng , , , AB BC CD DA ln lt ti cc im , , , M N P Q. Chng minh rng giao im
khc , , , M N P Q ca cc cp ng trn ( ),( ) AQM BMN ; ( ),( ) BMN CNP ; ( ),( ) CNP DPQ
v ( ),( ) DPQ AQM cng thuc mt ng trn qua im Miquel K ca t gic . ABCD
K
N
P
M
Q
R
S
E
O
A
B
C
D

Trong trng hp ng thng bt k trn tr thnh phn gic th bn giao im trn
trng nhau v trng vi . K
Bi 2.
1. Chng minh rng tn ti v s s nguyn dng t sao cho 2012 1 t + v 2013 1 t + u
l cc s chnh phng.
2. Xt , m n l cc s nguyn dng sao cho 1 mn+ v ( 1) 1 m n + + u l cc s chnh
phng. Chng minh rng n chia ht cho 8(2 1) m+ .
Li gii.
9

1. t (2012 1, 2013 1) d t t = + + th d thy 1 d = . Do , 2012 1 t + v 2013 1 t + u l cc
s chnh phng khi v ch khi
2
(2012 1)(2013 1) t t y + + = vi y l s nguyn dng no
. Ta bin i ng thc trn
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
(2012 1)(2013 1)
4 2012 2013 4 2012 2013 4025 4 2012 2013 4 2012 2013
(2 2012 2013 4025) 1 4 2012 2013
t t y
t t y
t y
+ + =
+ + =
+ =

t 2 2012 2013 4025 x t = + th ta c phng trnh
2 2
4 2012 2013 1 x y = .
D thy 4 2012 2013 khng phi l s chnh phng nn phng trnh Pell loi 1 ny
c v s nghim. Nghim nh nht ca phng trnh ny l ( , ) (4025,1) x y = nn cc
nghim ca n c cho bi cng thc
0 1 2 1
0 1 2 1
1, 4025, 8050
, 0
1, 1, 8050
n n n
n n n
x x x x x
n
y y y y y
+ +
+ +
= = =
>

= = =

.
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c
2 1 i
x
+
chia 2 2012 2013 d 4025 vi mi i v mi
gi tr nguyn dng
2 1
4025
2 2012 2013
i
x
+


s cho ta mt gi tr t tha mn bi.
Vy tn ti v s gi tr nguyn dng t sao cho 2012 1 t + v 2013 1 t + u l cc s
chnh phng. Ta c pcm.
2. t ( 1, 1) d mn mn n = + + + th
( )
1 1 d mn n mn + + hay d n , suy ra ( 1 ) d mn mn + hay 1 d .
Do 1 d = hay cc s 1,( 1) 1 mn m n + + + nguyn t cng nhau.
Khi , 1 mn+ v ( 1) 1 m n + + u l cc s chnh phng khi v ch khi
( )
( 1) ( 1) 1 mn m n + + + l s chnh phng.
Gi s
( )
2
( 1) ( 1) 1 mn m n y + + + = vi y
+
e . Bin i biu thc ny, ta thu c
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
( 1) (2 1) 1
4 ( 1) 4 ( 1)(2 1) 4 ( 1) 4 ( 1)
2 ( 1) (2 1) 1 4 ( 1)
m m n m n y
m m n m m m n m m m m y
m m n m m m y
+ + + + =
+ + + + + + = +
+ + + = +

10

t 2 ( 1) (2 1) x m m n m = + + + th ta c phng trnh sau
2 2
4 ( 1) 1 x m m y + = (*)
y chnh l phng trnh Pell loi 1 v do 4 ( 1) m m+ khng l s chnh phng vi
mi m nguyn dng nn (*) c v s nghim.
Phng trnh (*) c nghim nh nht l ( , ) (2 1,1) x y m = + nn cng thc nghim ( , )
i i
x y
ca n c th c vit di dng
0 1 2 1
0 1 2 1
1, 2 1, 2(2 1)
, 0
0, 1, 2(2 1)
i i i
i i i
x x m x m x x
i
y y y m y y
+ +
+ +
= = + = +
>

= = = +

.
Bng quy np, ta s chng minh rng
2i
x chia 2 ( 1) m m+ d 1 v
2 1 i
x
+
chia 2 ( 1) m m+ d
2 1 m+ vi mi 0,1, 2,... i = (**)
Tht vy,
- Vi 0, i = theo cng thc truy hi ca dy ( )
i
x th ta thy khng nh (**) ng.
- Gi s (**) ng n i , tc l
2i
x chia 2 ( 1) m m+ d 1 v
2 1 i
x
+
chia 2 ( 1) m m+ d 2 1 m+ .
Ta c
2 2 2 1 2
2(2 1) 2(2 1)(2 1) 1 8 ( 1) 1 1 (mod 2 ( 1))
i i i
x m x x m m m m m m
+ +
= + + + = + + + v
2 3 2 2 2 1
2(2 1) 2(2 1) (2 1) 2 1 (mod 2 ( 1))
i i i
x m x x m m m m m
+ + +
= + + + + + .
Do , (**) cng ng vi 1 i + .
Theo nguyn l quy np, (**) ng vi mi s t nhin . i
Tip theo, ta s xy dng cng thc truy hi cho dy
2 1 i i
r x
+
= vi 0,1, 2,... i =
Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3
2 2
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1
2 2
2 3 2 1 1
2(2 1) 2(2 1) 2(2 1)
4(2 1) 1 2(2 1) 4(2 1) 1 ( )
4(2 1) 2 4(2 1) 2
i i i i i i i
i i i i i
i i i i
r x m x x m m x x x
m x m x m x x x
m x x m r r
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
= = + = + +
= + + = + +
= + = +

t 2 ( 1) (2 1)
i i
r m m s m = + + + th dy ( ), 0
i
s i > nguyn dng v xc nh duy nht.
Thay vo cng thc truy hi ca ( ),
i
r ta c
11

( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 1
2 2
2 1
2
2 1
2 ( 1) (2 1) 4(2 1) 2 2 ( 1) (2 1) 2 ( 1) (2 1)
2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 4(2 1) 2 2 ( 1) 4(2 1) (2 1) 1
4(2 1) 2 8(2 1)
i i i
i i i
i i i
m m s m m m m s m m m s m
m m s m m m s m m s m m
s m s s m
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + = + + + + + + +
+ = + + + + + +
= + + +

Ta tnh c
0 1
2 1 r x m = = + nn
0
0 s = v
( )
2
1 3
2(2 1) 2(2 1) 1 (2 1) 16 ( 1)(2 1) 2 1 r x m m m m m m m = = + + + = + + + + nn
1
8(2 1) s m = + .
Ta c cng thc truy hi ca dy s ( )
i
s l
( )
0 1
2
2 1
0, 8(2 1),
4(2 1) 2 8(2 1), 0
i i i
s s m
s m s s m i
+ +
= = +

= + + + >

T suy ra dy s ( )
i
s c cc s hng chia ht cho 8(2 1) m+ vi mi 0,1, 2,... i =
Hn na, vi cch t 2 ( 1) (2 1) x m m n m = + + + th d dng thy rng n tha mn bi
khi v ch khi , 1, 2, 3,...
i
n s i = = (do
0
0 s = khng phi l s nguyn dng).
Vy tt c cc gi tr n u chia ht cho 8(2 1). m+ y chnh l pcm.
Nhn xt.
th 1 ca bi ton thc ra l mt trng hp c bit v cng l mt s dn dt cho
th 2. Ta c th gii 1 theo cch t tnh ton hn bng nhn xt:
Nu , 1 x y > l nghim ca phng trnh
2 2
2013 2012 1 x y = th
2 2
* t y x = e v cc
s 2012 1, 2013 1 t t + + u chnh phng.
Hn na, mi nghim ( , ) x y ca phng trnh
2 2
2012 2013 1 x y = cho ta mt nghim
( 2012 , 2013 ) x y x y + + ca phng trnh
2 2
2013 2012 1 x y = nn d thy pcm.
Cch tip cn bng phng trnh Pell hon ton t nhin v khi xy dng thnh
cng th ta ch cn cn thao tc trn cc dy s nguyn. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc
bi ton v dy s nguyn kh c a chung, c bit dy s nguyn lin quan n
cng thc nghim ca phng trnh nghim nguyn. Chng hn nh
(Vit Nam TST 2012) Cho dy s nguyn dng ( )
n
x c xc nh bi
1 2
2 1
1, 2011,
4022 , 1, 2, 3,...
n n n
x x
x x x n
+ +
= =

= =

12

Chng minh rng
2012
1
2012
x +
l s chnh phng.
Trong vic gii quyt th 2, nu ta lp lun nh sau:
Do 1 mn+ v ( 1) 1 m n + + u l cc s chnh phng nn ta c th t
2 2
1 ,( 1) 1 mn a m n b + = + + = .
T ta c phng trnh
2 2
( 1) 1 m a mb + = . i bin , ( 1) a x my b x m y = + = + + a
v phng trnh Pell lin kt l
2 2
( 1) 1 x m m y + = .
Cch gii ny cng hon ton ph hp nhng ch rng phng trnh Pell tng qut
dng
2 2
Ax By n = ni chung c nhiu hn mt nghim c s. Ta cn chng minh
trong trng hp c bit ny ( 1 A B = + v 1 n = ) th n ch c duy nht mt nghim c
s. Nu khng th li gii cng thc s vn cn thiu st.
Ngoi cch s dng phng trnh Pell nh trn, ta c th lp lun nh sau:
Do ( 1, 1) 1 mm mn n + + + = nn ta cn c ( 1)( 1) mn mn n + + + l s chnh phng hay tn
ti ae sao cho
2 2
4 ( 1) 4(2 1) 4 m m n m n a + + + + = , a v
( )
2
2 2
(2 1) 2 m n n a + + = +
Ta chng minh c rng n phi l s chn v y l phng trnh Pythagore nn phi
tn ti cc s , , p q k sao cho
2 2
2 ,
(2 1) 2 ( )
n kpq
m n k p q
=

+ + = +

trong ( ,(2 1) 2) 2 k n m n + + = nn 1 k = hoc 2. k =
Nu 1 k = th d thy
2 2
p q + chn, suy ra , p q cng tnh chn l. Nu , p q cng l th n
chia 4 d 2 v (2 1) 2 m n + + chia ht cho 4 trong khi
2 2
p q + chia 4 d 2, mu thun. Nu
, p q cng chn th n chia ht cho 4 dn n (2 1) 2 m n + + chia 4 d 2 trong khi
2 2
p q +
chia ht cho 4, cng mu thun.
Nu 2 k = th 4 n pq = v
2 2
(2 1) 2 2( ) m n p q + + = + , suy ra
2 2
2(2 1) 1 0 p q m pq + + = .
13

n y ta chng minh c (s dng phng php Vite Jumping) , p q l hai s hng
lin tip ca dy s cho bi cng thc
1 2
2 1
1, 2(2 1),
2(2 1) , 1
i i i
x x m
x m x x i
+ +
= = +

= + >

.
T suy ra pq chia ht cho 2(2 1) m+ hay n chia ht cho 8(2 1) m+ .
Phng php xy dng nghim y c nt ging vi bi 6 VMO 2012.
Xt cc s t nhin l , a b m a l c s ca
2
2 b + v b l c s ca
2
2 a + . Chng
minh rng , a b l cc s hng ca dy s t nhin ( )
n
v xc nh bi
1 2
1 v v = = v
1 2
4
n n n
v v v

= vi mi 2 n > .
Cch gii ny c phn ngn gn hn v x l nh nhng hn cch nu li gii ban
u nhng trnh by cht ch khng phi l iu n gin.

Bi 3.
Vi mi s n nguyn dng, t
{ }
0,1, 2,..., 2 1
n
S n = + . Xt hm s : ( ) [0; 1]
n
f S
tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
i/ ( , 0) ( , 2 1) 0 f x f x n = + = vi mi s nguyn . x
ii/ ( 1, ) ( 1, ) ( , 1) ( , 1) 1 f x y f x y f x y f x y + + + + + = vi , x ye v 1 2 y n s s .
Gi F l tp hp tt c cc hm s f tha mn.
1. Chng minh rng F l v hn.
2. Vi mi hm s f F e , t
f
v l tp hp nh ca f . Chng minh rng
f
v hu hn.
3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
f
v vi f F e .
Li gii.
1. Trong ng thc ii/ cho, ta thy rng
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) (mod2) x y x y x y x y + +
14

iu ny c ngha l cc gi tr ca hm ( , ) f x y vi , x y cng tnh chn l v , x y khc
tnh chn l l khng c lin h vi nhau.
Ta s tm cc xc nh hm f trong c hai trng hp.
Trong mt phng ta , Oxy ta xt mt li nguyn nm ngang c chiu cao l 2 1 n+ ,
chiu rng v hn v im c ta ( , ) i j s c gn gi tr ( , ) f i j .
iu kin i/ c hiu l tt c cc s thuc hai bin (trn v di) ca li u gn s
0; cn cc im nguyn bn trong li u c gn gi tr thuc [0; 1] .
iu kin ii/ chnh l vi mi hnh vung con nm nghing (cc ng cho song song
vi cc trc ta ) c cc nh nguyn v cnh l 2 u c tng cc s gn cho cc
nh bng 1.
Vi mi im c ta A nguyn thuc li nguyn ang xt, ta t
1 2
( ), ( ) f A f A l gi
tr gn cho cc im c cng tung vi A, ln lt c honh ln hn v nh hn
honh ca A ng 2 n v.
Tip tc t ( , )
k
a f k k = vi 1, 2, 3,..., 2 k n = l gi tr gn cho im ( , )
k
A k k . Theo iu
kin xc nh hm s th
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
2 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
( ) 0 1 ( ) 1 ,
( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ,
...
( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ,
0 ( ) ( ) 1 ( )
n n n n n n
n n n n
a a f A f A a a
a a f A f A f A a a
a a f A f A f A a a
a f A f A f A a

+ + + = =
+ + + = =
+ + + = =
+ + + = =

Tng t, ta cng c
2 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2
( ) 1
( )
...
( ) 1 ,
( )
n n n
n n n
n n
n n
f A a a
f A a a
f A a a
f A a

=
=
=
=

T y ta thy rng nu dy
k
a xc nh th cc gi tr
1 2
( ), ( )
k k
f A f A cng hon ton
xc nh. Ta s chn cc gi tr
k
a sao cho
1 2
( ), ( )
k k
f A f A u thuc [0; 1] .
Ta chn
1 3 5 2 1 2 4 6 2 1 2
... , ... , 1
n n n
a a a a a a a a a a

> > > s s s s + s th

1 2
( ), ( ) [0; 1]
k k
f A f A e .
15

Hn na, ta cng thy rng
1 1 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 2
2 1 2 3 2 5 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 2 2 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ), ( ) ( ) 1,
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ), ( ) ( ) 1
n n n
n n n
f A f A f A f A f A f A f A f A f A f A
f A f A f A f A f A f A f A f A f A f A

> > > > s s s s + s

> > > > s s s s + s
Do , tnh n iu ca hai dy con c ch s chn v l vn c bo ton.
Tng t, t dy
1
( )
k
f A , ta xc nh c
1 1
( ( ))
k
f f A tha mn, t dy
2
( ),
k
f A ta cng
xc nh c
2 2
( ( ))
k
f f A v c th, tc l xy dng c tt c gi tr cho hm s
( , ) f x y trong trng hp x y chn.

Tip tc t ( 1, )
k
b f k k = + vi 1, 2, 3,..., 2 k n = l gi tr gn cho im ( 1, )
k
B k k + th
hon ton tng t nh trn, ta xy dng c tt c cc gi tr ca ( , ) f x y vi x y l.
D thy c v s cch chn dy ( ),( )
k k
a b tha mn cc iu kin trn nn c v s hm
f tha mn bi, tc l F v hn. Ta c pcm.
2. Trong ng thc ( 1, ) ( 1, ) ( , 1) ( , 1) 1 f x y f x y f x y f x y + + + + + = , ta thay , x y ln lt
bi 1, 1 x y + + , ta c ( , 1) ( 2, 1) ( 1, ) ( 1, 2) 1 f x y f x y f x y f x y + + + + + + + + + = .
T suy ra ( 1, ) ( , 1) ( 1, 2) ( 2, 1) f x y f x y f x y f x y + = + + + + + (*) hay
(1,1) (2, 0) (3, 3) (4, 2) ... (2 1, 2 1) (2 2, 2 ) f f f f f n n f n n + = + = = + + + + ,
(3,1) (4, 0) (5, 3) (6, 2) ... (2 3, 2 1) (2 4, 2 ) f f f f f n n f n n + = + = = + + + + .
Do (1,1) (2 2, 2 ), (3,1) (2 4, 2 ) f f n n f f n n = + = + .
16

Tng t, ta c c (2, 2) (2 2, 2 1), (4, 2) (2 5, 2 1) f f n n f f n n = + = + .
Tip tc p dng nhiu ln ng thc (*), suy ra
( , ) (2 1 , 2 1 ), ( 2, ) (2 3 , 2 1 ) f k k f n k n k f k k f n k n k = + + + + = + + + .
Chng minh tng t, ta c
(2 , 2 1 ) (4 2 , ), (2 3 , 2 1 ) (4 4 , ) f n k n k f n k k f n k n k f n k k + + = + + + + + = + + .
Do , ( , ) (2 1 , 2 1 ) (4 2 , ) f k k f n k n k f n k k = + + + = + + vi mi 1, 2, 3,..., 2 k n = v nh th,
bng quy np, ta c c
( , ) ((2 1) , 2 1 ) ((4 2) , ) f k k f n i k n k f n i k k = + + + = + + vi i e v 1, 2, 3,..., 2 k n = .
Hn na, s xc nh cc gi tr trong ng cho tip theo (nm v pha phi) hon
ton ging nhau di cc im ( , ) k k v ((2 1) , 2 1 ) n i k n k + + + nn cc gi tr trn
cng tng ng bng nhau. Suy ra gi tr ca f c s tun hon v c minh ha nh
hnh bn di, tc l cc gi tr ca ( , ) f x y vi x y chn l s lp li cc gi tr c
gn cho cc im nguyn trong tam gic O c ta cc nh (1,1),(2 1, 2 ),(4 1,1) n n n + + .
1
2n+1
2n
O 4n+2 4n+1 4n+3 1 2n+1 6n+3 2n+2 8n+3

Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny l hu hn v ta tnh c tng cng c khng qu
1 2 3 ... 2 (2 1) n n n + + + + = + gi tr.
Tng t vi gi tr ca ( , ) f x y m x y l, ta cng c thm khng qu (2 1) n n+ gi tr
na. Kt hp vi 0, ta c 2 (2 1) 1
f
v n n s + + .
Do ,
f
v hu hn vi mi f F e , ta c pcm.
17

3. Ta s xy dng mt hm s f c 2 (2 1) 1
f
v n n = + + v ch ra y chnh l gi tr ln
nht ca
f
v .
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng
( ) ( )
1 ( 1) 1 ( 1)
( 2 , ) ( 1) ( 1)
4
i k
k k i
k i k
f i k i a a
+
+

+ = +
vi mi 1, 2,..., 2 i n = v k e m 0 2 1 k i n s + s + . (**)
Tht vy, vi 0 k = th (**) hin nhin ng.
Gi s (**) ng vi mi ( , ) i k m k m s v 1, k m i j = + s . T iu kin ii/, ta c
( 1 2( 1), 1) ( 1 2 , 1) ( 2( 1), ) ( 2 2 , 2) 1 f j m j f j m j f j m j f j m j + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + = .
S dng gi thit quy np, ta tnh c
( )( )
1 1
2 1
2 1
1 ( 1) 1 ( 1)
( 1 2( 1), 1) ( 1) ( 1)
4
j m
m j m
m j m
f j m j a a
+ +
+ + +
+ + +

+ + + + = + .
Suy ra (**) cng ng vi 1, 1 i j k m = + = + .
Nh th, cc gi tr c gn cho cc im trong tam gic O u c dng
ij i j
a a vi
{ }
0,1
ij
e , trong gi tr
ij
cng nh du ca ,
i j
a a xc nh duy nht theo , i j .
Tip theo, ta chn
2 1 2 2 1 2( 1 )
1 1
,
3 3
k k k n k
a a
+
= = vi 1, 2,..., k n = th do trong h c s 3, mt
s nguyn bt k c duy nht mt cch biu din di dng tng
0
3
r
i
i
i

vi 0
r
= v
{ }
1, 0,1
i
e e ) nn suy ra tt c cc gi tr ca ( , ) f x y dng nh s cho cc im nm
trong tam gic O l i mt phn bit v khc 0, tc l c ng (2 1) n n+ gi tr nh th,
tc l ta xy dng c gi tr cho hm s ( , ) f x y vi x y chn.
Tng t, xy dng cho ( , ) f x y vi x y l, ta chn dy s
2 1 2
2 1 2( 1 )
1 1
,
3 3 3 3
k k
k n k
b b

+
= = vi 1, 2,..., 2 k n = .
th cc gi tr dng
ij i j
b b ' cng i mt phn bit v khc vi cc gi tr
ij i j
a a .
18

T , ta xy dng c ton b gi tr cho hm s ( , ) f x y v c tt c 2 (2 1) 1 n n+ + gi
tr i mt khc nhau.
Vy gi tr ln nht cn tm ca
f
v trn min F l 2 (2 1) 1 n n+ + .
Nhn xt.
y l mt bi ton i hi nhng kin thc tng hp v mt phong cch lm vic t
tn, bi bn. M hnh li hoc bng l mt m hnh t nhin m ta ngh n, v hm
s c th c xc nh theo hng, ct hoc ng cho.
Trong cc bi ton c cha tham s n, ta nn bt u t nhng gi tr n nh hnh
dung bi ton mt cch tt nht, c th nht, t tm cch tip cn tng qut. Nu
chn cch ny th c l cu 1) v 2), thm ch c phn chn trn ng cu 3) khng
phi l qu kh. im kh cu 1) l cch xy dng hm phi tha mn iu kin
( , ) [0; 1] f x y e . c c iu ny, ta phi tm c mt iu kin c tnh bt bin i
vi dy gi tr trn ng cho (khng ch dy k n thuc [0; 1] , m cn cc dy
tip theo cng nh th).
lm cu 3), ta phi c nhng nhn xt tinh t hn, i hi nhiu thi gian hn. C l
cu ny ch dnh cho nhng bn gii quyt tt hai bi 1, 2 trong vng 1,5 - 2 gi, cn
kh nhiu thi gian tp trung ton lc cho bi ny. tng c bn y l d on
v chng minh c cng thc tng qut ca hm da theo cc phn t thuc mt
ng cho. T cng thc tng qut ny ta mi tm cch chn cc gi tr khi to
tt c cc gi tr nm trong tam gic tun hon i mt khc nhau.
chn cc gi tr khc nhau, ta c mt s nh hng c bn sau:
+ Dng bt ng thc
+ Dng tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca cc s v t, c th l: Nu
1 2
, ,...,
n
p p p l cc s
nguyn t phn bit th khng tn ti cc s hu t
1 2
, ,...,
n
c c c khng ng thi bng 0
sao cho
1 1 2 2
... 0
n n
c p c p c p + + + = .
Tuy nhin, vic chng minh b ny l khng n gin. Ta cng c th thay cc s
i
p ny bng cc s v t khc da vo tnh khng m c ca , nhng y cng
l kin thc nm ngoi khun kh chng trnh ph thng.
19

Mt cch tip cn th v v s cp cho vn ny c trnh by trn l s dng
tnh cht ca h m c s 3: Mi s nguyn 0 N = bt k u c th biu din duy nht
di dng
1
1 0
3 3 ...
i i
i i
N

= + + + trong
{ }
1, 1; 0; 1 , 0,1,.., 1.
i j
j i = e =
Mnh ny c th chng minh kh d dng bng quy np ton hc.
Vic ( , ) [0; 1] f x y e khng thnh vn v ta c th chia cc gi tr khi to cho mt
hng s ln t c iu ny.
Ngoi cch xy dng theo ng cho vi 4n gi tr khi to nh trn ( 2n cho trng
hp ( , ) f x y m x y chn v 2n cho trng hp ( , ) f x y m x y l), ta cng c th xy
dng theo hai cnh dc hoc theo hai cnh ngang c di 2n.
Chng hn, trong trng hp xy dng theo cnh dc, song song vi trc Oy , ta c th
lm nh sau:
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng
( )
( )
( , 2 ) ( 2 1,1) ( 2 3,1) ... ( 2 1,1)
( , 2 1) ( 2 ,1) ( 2 2,1) ... ( ,1) ... ( 2 2,1) ( 2 ,1)
f x i i f x i f x i f x i
f x i f x i f x i f x f x i f x i i
= + + + + + +
+ = + + + + + + + + +

Ta cn chn ( ,1), [ 2 1; 2 ] f x x n n e sao cho:
i/ 1 ( 2 1,1) ( 2 3,1) ... ( 2 1,1) i f x i f x i f x i i s + + + + + + s .
ii/ ( 2 ,1) ( 2 2,1) ... ( ,1) ... ( 2 2,1) ( 2 ,1) 1 i f x i f x i f x f x i f x i i s + + + + + + + + + s + .
iii/ Cc gi tr ( ,1) f x l phn bit vi [ 2 1; 2 ] x n n e .
iv/ ( , 2 1) ( 2 ,1) ( 2 2,1) ... ( ,1) ... ( 2 2,1) ( 2 ,1) f x i f x i f x i f x f x i f x i i + = + + + + + + + + +
vi i n = th lun bng . n
T a ln ng trn v kt hp vi bt ng thc chn, tc l xt mt s gi tr
nh thch hp cho chng i mt phn bit. Cch xy dng cho trng hp cnh
ngang cng thc hin tng t.
Bi ny nhc ta nh n mt phng trnh hm tng t xut hin trong k thi chn i
tuyn cch y 10 nm:
20

(Vit Nam TST 2003) Cho hm s : f tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
i)
2003
(0, 0) 5 , (0, ) 0 f f n = = vi mi n l s nguyn khc 0.
ii)
( 1, ) ( 1, 1) ( 1, 1)
( , ) ( 1, ) 2
2 2 2
f m n f m n f m n
f m n f m n
l l l

l l l
=
l l l
l l l

vi mi s nguyn dng m v mi s nguyn n.
Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn dng M sao cho ( , ) 1 f M n = vi mi s nguyn n
tha
2003
5 1
2
n

_ v ( , ) 0 f M n = vi mi s nguyn n tha
2003
5 1
2
n

.
Tuy nhin bi ton ny li l mt cu chuyn khc !

Bi 4.
Tm hng s k nguyn dng ln nht tha mn: Vi mi , , a b c dng m 1 abc = th ta
c bt ng thc sau
1 1 1
3
1 4
k k
a b c a b c
+ + + > +
+ + +
(*)
Li gii.
Gi s k l s nguyn dng sao cho bt ng thc cho ng vi mi , , a b c m
1. abc = Thay
2 9
,
3 4
b c a = = = vo (*), ta c
3 4 880
2 3 14
2 2 9 2 9 4 63
1
3 3 4
k k
k + + > + s <
+ + +
.
Hn na, v k l s nguyn dng nn t nh gi trn, ta c 13. k s Ta s chng minh
rng vi 13 k = th bt ng thc (*) ng.
Tht vy, vi 13 k = ta c bt ng thc
1 1 1 13 25
.
1 4 a b c a b c
+ + + >
+ + +
(**)
t
1 1 1 1
( , , )
1
f a b c
a b c a b c
= + + +
+ + +
. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s
{ }
max , , a a b c = , khi
21

( )
( )
( )
2
1 1 2 1 1
( , , ) , , 13
1
2 1
1 13
.
( 1) 2 1
f a b c f a bc bc
b c a b c
bc a bc
b c
bc
a b c a bc
| | | |
= + +
| |
+ + +
+ +
\ . \ .
(
(
=
(
+ + + + +
(


Do
{ }
max , , a a b c = v gi thit 1 abc = nn ta c 1, bc s suy ra
1
1
bc
> .
Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM v bin i cho biu thc trong ngoc ng
thc trn, ta c
( ) ( )( )
3 3
13 13 13
1,
16
( 1) 2 1 3 1 3 1 a b c a bc abc abc
s = <
+ + + + + + +

nn hin nhin
( )
( , , ) , , f a b c f a bc bc > . Ta a c bi ton v chng minh
2
1 25
, ,
4
f x x
x
| |
>
|
\ .
vi , 0 1. x bc x = < s
Nu 1 x = th bt ng thc trn tr thnh ng thc. Trong trng hp 0 1, x < < bng
cch s dng li bin i thc hin trong qu trnh tm iu kin cn cho , k ta thy
bt ng thc tng ng vi
3 2
3 2
4 3 2 2 4 3 2
( 2)(2 1) 13
4( 2)(2 1) 13 (2 1)
(2 1) 4
4(2 5 2 2) 26 13 8 20 18 9 8 0.
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x x x
+ + +
> + + + > +
+
+ + + + > + + + >

Ta c
4 3 2 4 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
8 20 18 9 8 (8 8 2) (20 20 5 ) (10 14 6)
2(2 1) 5 (2 1) 2(5 7 3) 0
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + = + + + + +
= + + + >

do
2 2 2
2(2 1) 0, 5 (2 1) 0 x x x > > v
2
5 7 3 0 x x + > (tam thc bc hai c h s cao nht
dng v bit thc 11 0 A = < ). Nh vy, bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng. Ta i
n kt lun cui cng 13 k = l gi tr cn tm.
Nhn xt.
Bi ton ny c dng pht biu kh ging vi cc bi ton tm hng s tt thng thng
nn rt t nhin, ta ngh n li tip cn tng t nh cc dng ton ny: Tm mt b s
thch hp thay vo d on iu kin cn cho k ri sau i chng minh cng
l iu kin .
22

Do bt ng thc c dng i xng nn ta ngh n vic chn mt b s m c hai
bin nhn gi tr bng nhau. iu ny l gii cho vic chn a b x = = v
2
1
c
x
= nh
trong li gii trn. Mt cch khc chng minh bt ng thc (**) dng phng
php dn bin nh sau:
Bin i (**) v dng a thc
25
( )( 1) 13 ( )
4
ab bc ca a b c a b c + + + + + + > + + .
Gi s
{ }
max , , a a b c = th 1 a > v t x b c = + th bt ng thc trn c th vit li
thnh
25
( )( 1) 13 ( )
4
ax bc a x a x + + + + > + . Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
2 2
2
2
2
2
25 25
( ) 14 0
4 4
25
25
4 25
4
14 0
2 2 4
a
ax bc a a x
bc a a
bc a
a
a x
a a
+ + + + >
| |
| |
+ +
+ |
|
\ .
+ + >
|
|
|
\ .

Do
2
2 x b c bc
a
= + > = nn
2
2 2
2 25
1 25 25
2
4
4
4 4
0
2 2 2
a bc a
a a a bc a
a a
x
a a a
+ +
+ + + +
+ > = >
Ta a v chng minh
2
2
2
2
1 25
1 25
4
4 25
4
14 0
2 2 4
a a
a a a
a a
a
a
a a
| |
| |
+ +
+ + + |
|
\ .
+ >
|
|
|
\ .
.
t 0 a t = > th ta a v
2
2
4 2
2 4
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 25
1 25
4
4 25
4
14 0
4 2 2
t t
t t t
t t
t
t
t t
| |
| |
+ +
+ + + |
|
\ .
+ > |
|
|
\ .

hay
( )
2 4 3 2
( 1) 8 9 18 20 8 0 t t t t t + + > . t
1
t
u
= th ta a c v bt ng thc
cp trong cch ban u.
Ta cng c th chng minh bt ng thc
1 1 1 13 25
1 4 a b c a b c
+ + + >
+ + +
khng dng n
dn bin nh sau:
23

Do 1 abc = nn tn ti cc s thc dng , , x y z sao cho
2 2 2
, ,
y x z
a b c
yz zx xy
= = = , ta cn
chng minh rng
2 2 2 3 3 3
13 13
3
4
yz xy xyz zx
x y z x y z xyz
+ + + > +
+ + +
.
Do , , x y z bnh ng nn ta c th gi s x y z s s . Vit bt ng thc trn thnh dng
tng ng
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 13( 3 )
4( )
x y y z z x x y z x y z xyz
x y z x y z xyz
+ + + +
>
+ + +
.
Ta c cc nh gi
3 3 3 2
3 ( ) ( ) ( )( ) x y z xyz x y z x y z x z y
(
+ + = + + +

v
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
2
3 ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
x y y z z x x y z xy yz zx z x y xy z x z y
xy xy yz zx x y z x z y
( + + = + + +

(
> + + +


Ta cn chng minh
2 2
2 3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )( ) 13( ) ( ) ( )( )
4( )
xy xy yz zx x y z x z y x y z x y z x z y
xyz x y z xyz
( (
+ + + + + +

>
+ + +
hay
3 3 3 2
4( )( ) 13 ( ) xy yz zx x y z xyz xyz x y z + + + + + > + + .
Do tnh thun nht nn ta c th gi s 2 x y + = th dn n
3
3 3
2 2
2
x y
x y
| + |
+ > =
|
\ .
.
Suy ra
3 3 3 3 3 3
( )( ) ( 2 )(2 ) (2 ) 2 (2 ) xy yz zx x y z xyz xy z z xyz xy z z z xyz + + + + + > + + + > + + + + .
Ta a v
3 3 2 3 3 2
4 3 2 3 2
4 (2 ) 8 (2 ) 13 ( 2) 8 (2 ) (9 18 8)
8 9 18 16 8 (1 )(9 18 8) 0
xy z z z xyz xyz z z z xy z z
z z z z xy z z
+ + + + > + + > +
+ + + + >

Ch rng 1 xy s v 1 z > nn
3 2
(1 )(9 18 8) 0 xy z z + > ; tip tc t 1 z t = + vi 0 t >
v thay vo
4 3 2 4 3 2
8 9 18 16 8 8 23 3 15 5 z z z z t t t t + + = + + + vi 0 t > .
D dng chng minh c biu thc ny khng m nn bt ng thc cn chng minh
trn l ng. T ta c pcm.
Ta thy rng vic x l bt ng thc (**) khng qu kh nhng vn l ti sao li
ngh ra cch chn
2 9
,
3 4
b c a = = = c c 14 k < . im tinh t v cng l kh nht
ca bi ton chnh l y.
24

Trong bt ng thc cho, ng thc xy ra khi 1 a b c = = = nn ta d on l gim s
bin bng cch t
1
1, , a b x c
x
= = = th thu c ngay
1
4 2 k x
x
| |
s + +
|
\ .
, tip tc cho
1 x th c 16 k s . Tuy nhiu iu kin ny cn cha cht!
Ta tip tc cho
2
1
, b c a x
x
= = = th thay vo bt ng thc ban u, ta c
4 3 2 3 2
2 2
4(2 5 2 2) 4( 2)(2 1)
( )
2 2
x x x x x x x
k f x
x x x x
+ + + + + + +
s = =
+ +
vi 0 x > . (***)
Khi , ta phi c
0
min ( )
x
k f x
>
s .
Di y ta s phn tch mt s cch t (***) c th suy ra 14. k <
(1) Ta c ( ) 0 f x ' = tng ng vi mt phng trnh bc 5:
5 4 3
( ) 4 8 5 4 1 0 g x x x x x = + + = .
Ta khng gii c phng trnh ny, v th khng th tm c chn trn chnh xc
cho k . Tuy nhin, do bi ton yu cu tm k nguyn dng ln nht, nn ta cng
khng cn i tm gi tr min, m ch nh gi n nhm tm ra mt chn trn cho k .
Ch phng trnh ( ) 0 g x = c th vit di dng
2
2 3
4 1
4 8 5 x x
x x
+ + = + .
Trn min (0; ) + th v tri l hm tng, v phi l hm gim nn ( ) 0 g x = c nhiu
nht 1 nghim dng.
Ch rng
1 7
0, (1) 12 0
2 4
g g
| |
= < = >
|
\ .
nn nghim
0
x ca phng trnh ny nm gia
1
2
v 1. Ta khng c nh i tm
0
x m thng tin ny ch dng c nh hng
chn gi tr x thay vo bt ng thc
3 2
2
4( 2)(2 1)
2
x x x
k
x x
+ + +
>
+
.
Ta thay cc gi tr c bit nm trong
1
; 1
2
(
(

.
- Thay 1 x = , ta c 16 k s .
- Thay
1
2
x = , ta c 15 k s .
25

- Thay
2
3
x = , ta c 13, 98 k s .
- Thay
3
4
x = , ta c 14, 2. k s
n y, ta ch ra c 14. k <
(2) cch tip cn ny, ta s chng minh rng 14 k = khng ng (do cc nh gi n
gin d a v trng hp 14 k = nhiu hn).
Vi 14 k = , ta c bt ng thc
4 3 2
4 10 10 5 4 0 x x x x + + > . Ta s chng minh rng bt
ng thc ny khng ng vi mi 0. x > t ( ) h x l v tri ca n, ta c
3 2 2
( ) 16 30 20 5, ( ) 48 60 20 h x x x x h x x x ' '' = + = + .
Ta thy ( ) 0 h x '' = c nghim duy nht v (0) 0 (1) f f ' ' < < nn kho st hm s ( ), h x ta
c phng trnh ( ) 0 h x = c nghim duy nht
0
x tha
0
(0; 1) x e v
0
0
min ( ) ( )
x
h x h x
>
= .
Ch rng
0 0
3 3 3
0 ; 1
4 4 4
f a a
| | | |
' < > e
| |
\ . \ .
v nn
3 2
0 0 0
16 30 20 5 0 x x x + = v ta c
4 3 2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 2
0 0 0 0
7 ( ) 7(4 10 10 5 4) (16 30 20 5)
( 1)(12 52 2 28)
f x x x x x x x x x
x x x x
= + + +
= +

Ta c
3 2
3 2
0 0 0
3 3
12 52 2 28 12 52 30 0
4 4
x x x
| | | |
+ > + >
| |
\ . \ .
v
0
1 0 x < nn
0
( ) 0 f x < , mu
thun (ch rng
3 2
12 52 2 28 x x x + ng bin trn
3
; 1
4
| |
|
\ .
).
Do 14 k = khng tha mn.
(3) Do ( ) f x c dng kh cng knh nn nu nguyn nh vy m kho st th s kh
phc tp. Do , ta ngh n vic bin i ( ) f x v dng n gin hn d tnh o
hm v v ( ) f x c dng phn thc nn ta ngh n vic tch v chia a thc:
2
2 3
( ) 2 .
2 1
f x x x
x x
= + +
+

n y th vic ly o hm tr nn kh d dng, ta tnh c
26

2 2
1 3
( ) 2 1 .
(2 1)
f x x
x x
(
' = + +
(
+


Ta cn gii phng trnh ( ) 0. f x ' = Quan st mt cht, ta pht hin c :
3 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 ( 1)( 1) 3 4( 1)
, 1 .
(2 1) (2 1)
x x x x x x
x
x x x x x
+ + + +
= = + =
+ +

Nh vy, ta c th phn tch c nhn t:
2
2 2
1 4
( ) ( 1) ,
(2 1)
x
f x x x
x x
(
' = + + +
(
+


t ta a c vic xt ( ) 0 f x ' = v xt mt phng trnh n gin hn:
3 2
2 2
1 4
0 4 4 3 1 0.
(2 1)
x
x x x
x x

+ = + =
+

n y, ta gp phi mt kh khn kh ln, l phng trnh
3 2
4 4 3 1 0 x x x + =
khng c nghim p. Khi kho st mt phng trnh, ta quan tm n hai vic:
phng trnh c bao nhiu nghim v l nhng gi tr no. Vic th nht c th
d dng thc hin bng cch vit li phng trnh di dng:
2
1
4 4 3 0. x x
x
+ =
V tri ca phng trnh trn l mt hm lin tc v ng bin vi mi 0, x > ng thi
bng kim tra trc tip ta d thy phng trnh c t nht mt nghim thuc (0, 1) nn
bng cch kt hp 2 iu ny li, ta c th khng nh phng trnh ( ) 0 f x ' = c nghim
duy nht thuc (0, 1).
Vic th hai thc s rt kh khn trong trng hp ca bi ton ny. R rng vi vic
ch bng tnh tay, ta rt kh tnh c gi tr chnh xc nghim ca phng trnh
3 2
4 4 3 1 0. x x x + = V li, nu tnh c th chc chn trong cng thc nghim s c
cn thc chng cht v khi thay vo ( ), f x ta s rt kh nh gi xp x sang dng
thp phn t a ra nhn nh v . k C v nh ta ang i vo ng ct Tuy
nhin, cc bn hy ch rng ta ang cn tm gi tr nguyn dng ln nht ca , k do
ta hon ton khng cn phi tnh ra ng gi tr nh nht ca ( ) f x lm g. Thay vo ,
ta c th ngh n vic tm mt gi tr st vi gi tr nh nht cng c. Mun
vy, ta cn tm mt gi tr x st vi nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x ' = thay vo tnh
ton. T nhu cu mi ny, ta ngh n vic nh gi chn min cho nghim ca phng
27

trnh
3 2
4 4 3 1 0. x x x + = Gi
0
(0, 1) x e l nghim ca phng trnh. tng ca ta l
lm sao kh c dng bc ba c c mt phng trnh bc thp c th gii c
nhanh chng bng tnh tay. u tin ta c rng vi
0
(0,1) x e th
3 2
0 0
4 4 , x x < do
2 3 2
0 0 0 0 0
8 3 1 4 4 3 1 0. x x x x x > + =
T y, ta tm c chn di cho
0
x l
0
3 41 1
16 2
x
+
> > Tip theo, ta s tm chn trn
cho
0
. x Bng ch nh rng vi
0
(0,1) x e th cc ly tha ca n kh nh v xp x
vi nhau nn kh bc ba, ta mnh dn s dng bt ng thc AM-GM nh sau:
3 2 3 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 4 3 1 (4 ) 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 8 4 1. x x x x x x x x x x x x = + = + + > + =
T y, ta tm c chn trn cho
0
x l
0
3 1
4
x
+
< . Nh vy
0
3 41 3 1
16 4
x
+ +
< < . V
cc nh gi kh st nn ta mnh dn chn
3 1
4
x
+
= thay vo ( ). f x rng x l
nghim ca phng trnh
2
8 4 1 0, x x = do
2
4 1 1 3
, 8 4, 4 4 .
8 2 1
x
x x x
x x
+
= = =
+

Suy ra
4 1 45 95 45 3 1 95 45 3 50
( ) 2 2(8 4) (4 4 ) .
8 2 8 2 4 8 8
x
f x x x x x
+ +
= + + = = =
Vi kt qu ny, ta thu c
45 3 50 3
45 25
2 2
45 0, 866 25 13, 97. k ~ =

s =
Tt nhin, cng c th la chn mt gi tr no p hn cho x thun tin hn na
cho vic tnh ton nhng y ta nn thn trng v ch cn chn mt s x lch hi xa
so vi
0
x thi l c th a n vic k s b lch i my n v sang 14, 15 thm ch l
16. Tt nht, ta vn c nn s dng gi tr no m ta bit chc rng n st vi
0
x d l mt cht cng khng sao, b li ta s c th yn tm hn v kt qu.
Sau khi tm c 13, k s ta c th th i chng minh bt ng thc ng vi 13 k =
bng nhiu cch nhng v cht ca bt ng thc ( k l hng s tt nht) nn tt
nhin ta s chn gii php no an ton m hiu qu nht v phng php m ta chn
y l lm gim s bin bng dn bin.
28

Cui cng, ta s ch ra mt cch tm hng s thc k rt gn vi hng s tt nht
bt ng thc (*) ng.
t
4 3 2 2
( ) 4(2 5 2 2) (2 2) 0, F x x x x x k x x
+
= + + + + + > e . V vi hng s tt nht th
im cc tiu
0
x ca a thc gn vi
2
3
nn ta gi s rng vi k cn tm th im cc
tiu
0
x bng ng
2
3
, tc l o hm
3 2
( ) 32 60 16 4 (4 1) F x x x x k x ' = + + + + bng 0 ti
2
3
x = , ta tnh c
1372
99
k = . Vi gi tr k ny th ( ) F x t c cc tiu ti
2
3
nn
2 152
( ) 0
3 891
F x F
| |
> = >
|
\ .
.
Do , bt ng thc (*) ng vi
1372
13, 85859
99
k = ~ .
Ch rng vi
1
880
13, 96825
63
k k s = ~ v vi
2
13, 85859 k = th (*) cng ng nn hng
s thc tt nht k tha mn
2 1
k k k s s (ta tnh c 13, 96764 k ~ ). Mt iu th v
y l d
2
k d ln hn 13 kh nhiu nhng bt ng thc trong trng hp tng
ng li d chng minh hn.
Nhn xt chung, bi ton ny c hnh thc kh n gin nhng li i hi nhiu x l
trung gian tinh t, nht l phn tnh ton trong iu kin thi gian c gii hn v khng
c my tnh h tr. Nhiu bn ch quan khi gp bi ny, nh gi k vi vng ra
8 k = hoc 16 k = ri t kt lun lun v mt im ng tic. Mt suy ngh
thng thy l vic chng minh bt ng thc mt bin l chuyn n gin (cc bi
dn bin thng a v cc bt ng thc 1 bin hin nhin ng) nhng thc ra
khng phi vy; cng nh cc phng trnh i s, bt ng thc mt bin cng c th
kh v thm ch l rt kh nu nh trong qu trnh x l, chng ta khng thu c
nghim c bit no.
C 2 bi ton c cch gii kh ging vi bi 4 (phn chng minh), tuy nhin n gin
hn. C l bi ton 4 c pht trin t cc bi ton di y
(Vasile Cirtoaje, Algebraic Inequalities, Chapter 1, bi ton 50 v 55)
29

1. Cho , , a b c l cc s thc dng sao cho 1 abc = . Chng minh rng
( )( )( ) 7 5( ) a b b c c a a b c + + + + > + + .
2. Cho , , a b c l cc s thc dng sao cho 1 abc = . Chng minh rng
2 1 3
3 a b c ab bc ca
+ >
+ + + +
.
Bi 5.
Cho tam gic ABC nhn khng cn c gc A bng 45 . Cc ng cao , , AD BE CF
ng quy ti trc tm H. ng thng EF ct ng thng BC ti P . Gi I l trung
im ca BC ; ng thng IF ct PH ti . Q
1. Chng minh rng IQH AIE Z = Z .
2. Gi K l trc tm ca tam gic AEF v ( ) J l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic KPD.
ng thng CK ct ( ) J ti G , ng thng IG ct ( ) J ti M, ng thng JC ct
ng trn ng knh BC ti N . Chng minh rng cc im , , , G M N C cng thuc
mt ng trn.
Li gii.
1. Gi s AB AC < , khi B s nm gia , P C . Trng hp AB AC > c chng
minh hon ton tng t.
Trc ht, ta s chng minh rng PH vung gc vi AI .
Tht vy, gi , U V ln lt l trung im ca , AH IH th ta c . UV AI
D thy ( , , , ) 1 P D B C = nn theo tnh cht ca hng im iu ha th . PB PC PD PI =
Ta cng c PE PF PB PC = nn PE PF PD PI = hay P nm trn trc ng phng
ca ng trn ng knh AH (tm U) v IH (tm V ).
Hn na H cng nm trn trc ng phng ca hai ng trn ny nn PH UV .
Do . PH AI
V 45 BAC Z = nn 90 EIF Z = , suy ra 90 . IQH AIF EIF AIF AIE Z = Z = Z Z = Z
Vy ta c IQH AIE Z = Z .
30

T
N
M
G
J
K
Q
I
P
E
D
H
F
A
B
C

2. Ta thy rng 180 EKF ECF EKF EAF Z + Z = Z + Z = nn K thuc ng trn ng
knh . BC Do hng im , , , D P B C iu ha nn ta c
2
ID IP IC = , m IM IG ID IP =
(cng bng phng tch ca I n ( ) J ) nn
2
IM IG IC = hay
( . . ) IMC ICG c g c ^ ^ nn 45 . IMC ICG ICK Z = Z = Z = (1)
Gi T l trung im PD th theo h thc Maclaurin, ta c CB CT CD CP CK CG = =
hay t gic GTBK ni tip v do 90 BKG Z = nn cng c 90 GTD Z = hay GT PD .
Tam gic JPD cn ti J v c T l trung im PD nn JT vung gc vi . PD
Do , , , G J T thng hng v 45 KGJ Z = .
Mt khc CN CJ CB CT CK CG = = nn t gic KNJG ni tip v dn n
45 JNG JKG JGK Z = Z = Z = . (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra 135 GMC GNC Z = Z = hay cc im , , , G M N C cng thuc mt
ng trn. y chnh l pcm.
31

Nhn xt.
th 1, vic chng minh PH vung gc vi AI c th c thc hin bng nhiu
cch. Chng hn, xt t gic BCEF ni tip ng trn tm . I Theo nh l Brocard th
H chnh l trc tm ca tam gic AIP nn PH vung gc vi . AI
Cng c th dng cch tnh ton chng minh
AD PD
ID HD
= chng minh kt qu ny.
th 2 l mt ng dng rt p ca hang im iu ha trong c kt hp c hai h
thc c bn l h thc Newton v h thc Maclaurin. S bi ton v hng im iu
ha vn dng n c hai h thc ny trong mt bi ton l khng nhiu, nn cu 2) l
mt chng minh rt hay v th v. Ngoi cch gii trn, ta c th s dng hng
tip cn khc nh sau:
Gi L l giao im th hai khc K ca hai ng trn ( ),( ) I J . Khi , chng minh
, , , G M N C cng thuc mt ng trn, ta a v chng minh , , GI CJ LK ng quy.
Trc ht, ta c th i theo hng hon ton thun ty nh sau:
L
N
M
G
J
K
I
P
E
D
H
F
A
B
C

32

Ch ( , , , ) 1 P D B C = v 90 BKC Z = nn , KB KC ln lt l phn gic trong v ngoi
ca gc PKD. T dn n DKI DPK Z = Z hay IK tip xc vi ng trn ( ) J , iu
ny c ngha l cc ng trn ( ),( ) I J trc giao v dn n 90 ILJ GLC Z = Z = .
Hn na, GI v CJ ln lt l cc ng i trung trong cc tam gic , GKL CKL . Gi
U l trung im KL th , GI CJ i xng vi , GU CU qua phn gic cc gc
, LGC LCG Z Z ca tam gic . LGC
Do cc ng thng , , LK GU CU ng quy ti U v LK l phn gic gc GLC nn cc
ng thng , , LK GI CJ ng quy.
T li gii bi ton hon tt.
Tuy nhin, ngay t u, ta c th pht biu li bi ton thnh:
Cho tam gic vung KIJ K v dng pha ngoi cc tam gic KJG vung cn nh J
v KIC vung cn nh I . Chng minh , GI CJ ng quy ti mt im nm trn ng
cao nh K ca tam gic KIJ .
(Ch rng cc tam gic , GJK CIK vung cn l c th chng minh hon ton d dng).
gii bi ton ny, ta ch cn bin i i s thng qua nh l Ceva, Thales l c th
x l nhanh chng.
Tuy rng mt iu cha hon ho lm trong bi ton ny l cu 1) v cu 2) hu nh
khng lin quan g ti nhau.
Thc cht vai tr ca gi thit gc A bng 45 cng khng tht s cn thit lm trong
bi ton ny. Cc bn c th tm hiu mt m rng n gin nht nh sau
Cho tam gic ABC ng cao , , AD BE CF ng quy ti H, EF ct BC ti G. Gi ( ) K
l ng trn ng knh BC . Trung trc ca BC ct ( ) K ti im L sao cho , A L nm
cng pha i vi BC . Gi ( ) N l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic GDL . ng thng
CL ct ( ) N ti M khc L . ng thng MK ct ( ) N ti P khc M . ng thng
CN ct ( ) K ti Q khc C . Chng minh rng , , , M P Q C cng thuc mt ng trn.
Cch chng minh hon ton tng t nh li gii bi ton gc.
Thc s bi ton ny c nh gi rt cao khng nhng v pht biu p v chng
minh hay ca n m cn bi v tnh pht trin ca n. Trong bi ton ny, cn c rt
nhiu nhng khm ph mi ang i cc bn cng suy ngm.
33

Bi 6.
Cho mt khi lp phng 10 10 10 gm 1000 vung n v mu trng. An v Bnh
chi mt tr chi. An chn mt s di 1 1 10 sao cho hai di bt k khng c chung
nh hoc cnh ri i tt c cc sang mu en. Bnh th c chn mt s bt k
ca hnh lp phng ri hi An cc ny mu g. Hi Bnh phi chn t nht bao nhiu
vi mi cu tr li ca An th Bnh lun xc nh c nhng no l mu en?
Li gii.

Trc ht, ta s chng minh nhn xt tng qut:
Cho mt khi lp phng 2 2 2 n n n gm
3
8n vung n v mu trng. An v Bnh chi
mt tr chi. An chn mt s di 1 1 n sao cho vi hai di bt k th chng khng c chung
nh hoc cnh ri i tt c cc sang mu en. Bnh th c chn mt s bt k ca hnh lp
phng ri hi An cc ny c mu g. Khi , Bnh cn chn t nht
2
6n mi c th xc nh
c no c mu en.
Tht vy, gi
n
S l tp hp cc khi m Bnh cn phi chn hi An v vi mi u
c Bnh chn, t
u
R l hp ca cc thuc ba di ngang, dc, cho i qua u. Ta
thy rng:
34


Do iu kin hai dy c chn bt k khng chung cnh v nh nn vi mi cu tr
li v mu cho mi u m Bnh chn. Ta thy rng nu gi
u
R l hp ca cc c
chn th khi mu en, s c ng mt trong ba di ngang, dc, cho i qua
c t mu en. Trong trng hp ny, ta cn chn thm mt s thuc
u
R bit
chnh xc di . Nu ch chn thm mt thi th khi An tr li mu trng, Bnh
s khng xc nh c di no trong hai di cn li c t en. Do , Bnh phi
chn thm t nht hai na trong
u
R mi c kh nng tr li c. Thm vo , hai
phi thuc hai di khc nhau v nu chng cng thuc mt di th cng tng t
nh trng hp chn mt nu trn.
Vi nhn xt ny, ta gn cho mi u ca hnh lp phng mt b s ( , , ) a b c vi nh
ngha nh sau:
- 2 a = nu di hnh hp theo chiu ngang i qua u khng c thm im no
thuc
n
S v 1 a = nu ngc li.
- 2 b = nu di hnh hp theo chiu dc i qua u khng c thm im no thuc
n
S v 1 b = nu ngc li.
35

- 2 c = nu di hnh hp theo chiu cho i qua u khng c thm im no thuc
n
S v 1 c = nu ngc li.
Khi , c hai trong ba s , , a b c c gi tr bng 1 v s cn li khng vt qu 2 nn
4 a b c + + s .
t T l tng cc s dng gn cho cc ca hnh lp phng. Khi , ta c
( ) 4
n
n
u S
T a b c S
e
= + + s

.
Mt khc, vi mi dy 1 1 n ca khi lp phng (theo c ba chiu) u c t nht
mt khi thuc tp hp
n
S v nu khng, Bnh s khng c thng tin g v di v
trong trng hp An tr li rng tt c cc c Bnh chn u c t mu trng th
Bnh s khng bit c di cn li c c t mu en hay khng.
D thy rng c tt c
2
(2 ) n di 1 1 2n nm ngang v tt c cc di ny s ng gp t
nht
2
2(2 ) n n v vo T (ng gp vo cc s a theo nh ngha nh trn).
Tng t vi
2
(2 ) n di 1 1 2n dc v
2
(2 ) n di 1 1 2n cho nn ta suy ra
2 2
3 2(2 ) 24 T n n > = .
T , ta c
2
4 24
n
S n > hay
2
6 ,
n
S n n
+
> e
n y, ta suy ra hai iu sau:
- Trong hnh lp phng 2 2 2 , Bnh cn chn t nht 6 .
- Trong hnh lp phng 10 10 10 , Bnh cn chn t nht 150 .
Ta s ch ra cch t mu 6 tha mn bi v t ch ra cch xy dng cho hnh lp
phng 10 10 10 cho. (Trn thc t, ta hon ton c th xy dng cho trng hp
tng qut cho hnh lp phng 2 2 2 n n n ).
Tht vy, trong hnh lp phng 2 2 2 , tr hai no i xng nhau qua tm, Bnh
chn 6 cn li nh hnh bn di.
Ta s chng minh cch chn ny tha mn yu cu.
36


D thy rng trong hnh lp phng 2 2 2 , ch c khng qu 1 di c t mu nn
hoc khng c no hoc c 2 ca hnh lp phng c t mu v 2 phi thuc
cng 1 di. Do , trong 6 c chn, ta c 3 trng hp:
- Nu khng c no c t en th c hnh lp phng khng c.
- Nu c ng 1 c t en th en cn li s thuc trong 2 khng c chn c
cng 1 di vi en bit.
- Nu c 2 c t en th chnh l tt c cc en ca hnh lp phng.
Do , cch chn ny vi hnh lp phng 2 2 2 tha mn iu kin bi.
Tip theo, ta xy dng cho hnh lp phng 10 10 10 nh sau:
Ta chia hnh lp phng thnh 5 lp 10 10 2 v ta chia n thnh 25 phn, mi phn l
mt hnh lp phng 2 2 2 ri nh s nh hnh bn di:
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
5
4 3 2 1

37

lp th i vi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 i = , ta chn cc khi c nh s i v vi mi khi , ta b
i 2 bt k i xng nhau qua tm nh cch nu trn ri chn 6 cn li.
D thy rng vi cch t nh vy, ta chiu cc hnh lp phng c chn xung
mt mt no th cc hnh chiu s ph kn mt . iu ny c ngha l vi mt di
bt k m An chn th n u i qua mt trong cc hnh lp phng 2 2 2 m Bnh
chn nh trn. Khi , nh chng minh trn, ta s xc nh c rng di c
c t mu hay khng, tc l xc nh c mu ca tt c cc c t mu en ca
hnh lp phng ban u. Do , cch chn cc ny tha mn bi.
Vy s t nht m Bnh cn chn l 150.
Nhn xt.
C th ni y l bi ton kh nht ca k thi, tuy nhin, ci kh ca n khng nng
tnh k thut nh bi 3 m l ci kh v mt phng php. Thc t nhiu th sinh
ni rng Em thc s khng bit phi xoay s th no!.
lm c bi ton ny, trc ht phi tht tp trung hiu r yu cu ca bi ton
v phi dng trng hp 2 n = hoc xt bi ton 2 chiu hnh dung bi ton mt
cch c th nht. Trong cc nhn xt trn th nht xt rng mi di u c mt c
chn l kh hin nhin (v nhiu th sinh pht biu c nhn xt ny), cn nhn xt
rng ngoi khi u th trong hp
u
R cn c t nht 2 khi na c chn th tinh t hn.
Khi c hai nhn xt ny th vic p dng k thut m bng hai cch nh gi l
kh t nhin.
Vic xy dng cu hnh cch chn cng l mt thch thc.
y, trng hp 2 n = ng mt vai tr quan trng, nh nhng vin gch ta xy
dng. R rng cc cu trc c bn nh hnh vung Latin trong bi gii gip chng
ta gii quyt bi ton. Cc m hnh, cu trc, cch sp xp c bn v vy lun ng mt
vai tr quan trng trong cc bi ton xy dng v d, phn v d. Nu c lm quen
nhiu vi cc bi ton v cc tr ri rc th c th x l bi ny, t nht l vic xy dng
mt cch ch ng hn.
Trong cc k TST trc y, c mt s bi ton s dng phng php m bng hai
cch nh gi, chng hn nh:
38

(Vit Nam TST 2000) Trong mt phng cho 2000 ng trn bn knh 1 sao cho khng c
hai ng trn no tip xc nhau v hp ca cc ng trn ny to thnh mt tp hp
lin thng. Chng minh rng s cc im thuc t nht hai ng trn trong cc ng
trn cho khng nh hn 2000.
(Vit Nam TST 2010) Gi mt hnh ch nht c kch thc 1 2 l hnh ch nht n v
mt hnh ch nht c kch thc 2 3 , b i 2 gc cho nhau (tc c c 4 vung
con) l hnh ch nht kp. Ngi ta ghp kht cc hnh ch nht n v hnh ch nht
kp ny li vi nhau c mt bng hnh ch nht c kch thc l2008 2010 . Tm s
nh nht cc hnh ch nht n c th dng ghp.
Mt ln na th trong bi ton cc tr k thi chn i tuyn, du bng xy ra c th xy
dng khng qu kh nhng ch ra l gi tr tt nht th l iu hon ton khng
d dng, thm ch rt kh!
Mt vn th v t ra l nu kch thc ca hnh lp phng l l th ta s c kt qu
th no? p dng cch nh gi chn di nh trng hp n chn, ta c nu
2 1 n k = + th s hnh vung cn c nh du phi tha mn bt ng thc
2
3(2 1)
2
k
T
+
> . T y suy ra
2
6 6 2 T k k > + + . Tuy nhin, vic xy dng cch chn
2
6 6 2 k k + + hnh lp phng n v tha mn yu cu bi ton vn l mt cu hi m.
Vi 3 n = , tc l 1 k = , hin nay cha tm c cch chn 14 hnh lp phng tha mn
yu cu bi ton v cng cha chng minh c l cn nhiu hn. (Ta c th ch c
15 hnh lp phng tha mn yu cu).
Ta th thay gi thit nu trong bi mt cht c bi ton mi: Bnh chn mt
bt k ca hnh lp phng ri hi An ny c mu g ri sau tip tc nh th v
cc d kin khc vn gi tng t.
Hoc bi ton trong trng hp hai chiu: Thay khi lp phng bi bng vung v
thay cc di vung c chn bi cc hng, ct ca bng.
Khai thc cc trng hp ny s gip ta thu c nhiu kt qu th v khc!