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Net
TM TT GII TCH 12
@. B tc v i s:
1. phng trnh bc 2: ax
2
+bx+c=0 vi x
1,
x
2
l nghim th
ax
2
+bx+c = a(x-x
1
)(x-x
2
); =b
2
-4ac (=b
2
-ac vi b=b/2)
th

,
_

a
b
x
a
b
x
2
' '

2
2 , 1 2 , 1
nu a+b+c=0 th x
1
=1; x
2
=c/a; nu a-b+c=0 th x
1
=1; x
2
= -c/a;
S=x
1
+x
2
= - b/a; P=x
1
.x
2
= c/a (l Vieet)
2. tam thc bc hai f(x)= ax
2
+bx+c
+ <0 th f(x) cng du a + 0 ) (
2 1
< < < af x x
+

'

<
>
>
0
0
0 ) (
a
x f
+

'

<
<
<
0
0
0 ) (
a
x f
+

'

>
>
>
< <
0
2
0 ) (
0
2 1

S
af x x
+

'

<
>
>
< <
0
2
0 ) (
0
2 1

S
af x x
3. phng trnh bc ba: ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d=0
nu a+b+c+d=0 th x
1
=1;
nu a-b+c-d=0 th x
1
= -1; dng Hoocner
ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d=(x-1)(ax
2
+ x + ) = 0
vi =a+b; =+c
4. cc cng thc v lng gic, cp s v lgarit:
); 2 cos 1 (
2
1
cos
);
2
cos( sin - );
2
sin( cos
2
x x
x x x x
+
+ +

) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
sin
2
x x ; 1+tg
2
x=
x
2
cos
1

x
x
2
2
sin
1
cotg 1 +
cp s cng: a,b,c, d = c b = b a
cp s nhn: a,b,c,
a
b
b
c
q
I. O HM:
1. Qui Tc:
1. (u t v) = u t v
2. (u.v) = uv + vu
3.
2
'
v
u ' v v ' u
v
u

,
_

4. (ku) = ku (k:const)
2. Cng thc:
(x
n
) = nx
n-1
(u
n
) = nu
n-1
u
2
'
x
1
x
1

,
_

2
'
u
' u
u
1

,
_

( )
x 2
1
x
'
( )
u 2
' u
u
'

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(sinx) = cosx (sinu) = ucosu
(cosx) = - sinx (cosu) = - usinu
(tgx) =
x cos
1
2
(tgu) =
u cos
' u
2

(cotgx) =
x sin
1
2
(cotgu) =
u sin
' u
2

(e
x
) = e
x
(e
u
) = ue
u
(a
x
) = a
x
.lna (a
u
) = ua
u
.lna
(lnx) =
x
1
(lnu) =
u
' u
(log
a
x) =
a ln x
1
(log
a
u) =
a ln u
' u
II. KHO ST HM S:
1. Hm bc ba y = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d:
Min xc nh D=R
Tnh y= 3ax
2
+2bx+c
y' = 0 tm 2 cc tr hoc khng (nu c)
tnh y tm 1 im un
bng bin thin
im c bit (2im)
th (t)
* Cc vn c bit cho hm bc 3:
- hs tng trn D

'

>

0
0
0 '
' y
a
y
- hs gim trn D

'

<

0
0
0 '
' y
a
y
- hs c cc tr trn D y=0 c 2 n
0
pb
- hs khng c cc tr y=0 VN hoc c nghim kp
- hs nhn im un lm tm i xng v tip tuyn ti y qua th
- chia y cho y d mx+n th thng y=mx+n l thng qua 2 im cc tr, nu x
i
l cc tr th gi tr cc
tr l: y
i
=mx
i
+n
- th ct ox ti 3 im phn bit th hai gi tr cc tr tri du.
- th ct ox ti 3 im pb cch u nhau ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d=0 c 3 nghim lp thnh csc y=0 c
2 nghim pb v im un thuc ox.
2. Hm trng phng y = ax
4
+bx
2
+c:
Min xc nh D=R
Tnh y
y' = 0 tm 3cc tr hoc 1 cc tr
bng bin thin
im c bit (2im)
th
* Cc vn c bit cho hm t phng:
- t nhn oy lm trc i xng.
- hs c 3 (hoc 1) cc tr trn D y=0 c 3 n
0
pb (hoc 1 n
0
)
- hs c im un y=0 c 2 n
0
pb
- th ct ox ti 4 im pb >0; P>0; S>0.
- th ct ox ti 4 im pb lp thnh csc >0; P>0; S>0; x
2
= 9x
1
v s dng l Vieet.
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3. Hm nht bin
d cx
b ax
y
+
+

Min xc nh D=R\ { }
c
d

Tnh
( )
2
'
d cx
bc ad
y
+

(>0, <0)
TC
c
d
x
v
0 lim

y
c
d
x
TCN
c
a
y
v
c
a
y
x


lim
bng bin thin
im c bit (4im)
th
- th nhn giao im 2 tim cn lm tm i xng
4. Hm hu t
e dx
x
e dx
c bx ax
y
+
+ +
+
+ +

2
chia bng Hoocner
Min xc nh D=R\ { }
d
e

Tnh y=
( ) ( )
2
2
2
.
e dx
p nx mx
e dx
d
+
+ +

y' = 0 tm 2cc tr hoc khng c.

TC
d
e
x v
0 lim

y
d
e
x
TCX
+ x y
v 0 lim
+

e dx
x

bng bin thin

im c bit (4im)
th
* Mt s kt qu quan trng:
- th nhn giao im 2 tim cn lm tm i xng
- c 2 cc tr hoc khng y= 0 c 2 nghim pb khc nghim ca mu hoc VN
- nu x
i
l cc tr th gi tr cc tr l
d
b ax
y
i
i
+

2
v cng l t qua 2 im cc tr.
- th ct ox ti 2 im pb ax
2
+bx+c=0 c 2 nghim pb
* CC BI TON LIN QUAN KSHS:
1/ Phng trnh tip tuyn: (pttt)
@ Loi 1: pttt ti M(x
0,
y
0
) y=f(x)
tnh: y=
y(x
0
)=
pttt: y = f(x
0
)(x-x
0
)+y
0
@ Loi 2: pttt c h s gc k cho trc
ta c: f(x)=k gii pt ny tm x
0
thay vo y=f(x) tm c y
0
t ta c pttt l:
y = k(x-x
0
)+y
0
pttt // y=ax+b c h s gc k = a
pttt y=ax+b c h s gc k = -1/a.
@ Loi 3: pttt qua M(x
0,
y
0
) ca y=f(x)
ptt d qua M c h s gc k l:
y = k(x-x
0
)+y
0
d l tt th h sau c nghim:
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'

+
(2)
(1)
k x f
y x x k x f
) ( '
) ( ) (
0 0
thay (2) vo (1) gii pt ny tm c x thay vo (2) ta c k th vo pttt d
trn.
2/ Giao im ca 2 ng: Cho y=f(x) v y= g(x)
+ ptrnh honh giao im l: f(x) = g(x) gii pt ny c my nghim l c my giao im.
+ bi ton ng dng cho vic bin lun nghim f(x,m)=0 bin i v dng f(x)=g(m)
t y=f(x) l th v; y=g(m) l t //ox. T bin lun s nghim pt da vo th.
+ f(x) tip xc g(x) ta c:

'

(x) ' ) ( '

) ( ) (
g x f
x g x f
t tm im tip xc x
3/ n iu: cho y=f(x)
t g(x)=y
a/ g(x) = ax
2
+bx+c 0 trong (,+) a>0;
a
b
2
; g()0.
b/ g(x) = ax
2
+bx+c 0 trong (,+) a<0;
a
b
2
; g()0.
c/ g(x) = ax
2
+bx+c 0 trong (,) ag()0; ag()0
{p dng cho dng c m
2
}
d/ trong g(x) c cha m bin i v dng
m > h(x) (hoc m<h(x)) iu ny m > gi tr ln nht ca h(x) (m<minh(x))
e/ i vi hm c mx D=R\{x
0
} th
tng trn (,+) y0; x
0

gim trn (,+) y0; x

0

4. Cc tr:
* y = f(x) c cc tr y= 0 c nghim v i du qua im .(y=0;y0)
* y=f(x) c cc i ti x
0

( )
( )

'

<

0 ' '
0 '
0
0
x y
x y
* y=f(x) c cc tiu ti x
0

( )
( )

'

>

0 ' '
0 '
0
0
x y
x y
1. T.Hp 1: Hm s y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d
P.Php: Tp xc nh D = R
Tnh y
/
hm s c cc tr th y
/
= 0 c hai n
0
pb

'

0
0 a
2. T.Hp 2: Hm s
/ /
2
b x a
c bx ax
y
+
+ +

P.Php: Tp xc nh

'

/
/
\
a
b
R D
Tnh
( )
2
/ /
/
) (
b x a
x g
y
+

hm s c cc i v cc tiu th y
/
= 0 c hai nghim pb thuc D

'

0 ) (
0
/
/
/
a
b
g
g
5. GTLN, GTNN:
a. Trn (a,b)
Tnh y
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Lp bng bin thin trn (a ; b )
KL:
( ) ;
max
CD
a b
y y
,
( ) ;
min
CT
a b
y y

b. Trn [a;b]
Tnh y
Gii pt y = 0 tm nghim ( )
0
; x a b
Tnh y (x
0
) , y(a) , y (b)
Chn s ln nht M KL:
[ ] ;
max
a b
y M
Chn s nh nht m , KL:
[ ] ;
min
a b
y m
III. Ham s mu va logarit:
1. Cng thc ly tha :
Vi a>0, b>0; m, nR ta c:
a
n
a
m
=a
n+m
;
m n
m
n
a
a
a

; (
n
a
1
=a
m
; a
0
=1; a
1
=
a
1
); (a
n
)
m
=a
nm
; (ab)
n
=a
n
b
n
;
m
n
n
b
a
b
a

,
_

;
n m
n
m
a a
.
2. Cng thc logarit :
log
a
b = ca
c
=b ( 0< a1; b>0)
Vi 0< a1, 0<b1; x, x
1
, x
2
>0; R ta c: log
a
(x
1
x
2
)=log
a
x
1
+log
a
x
2
; log
a
2
1
x
x
=
log
a
x
1
log
a
x
2
;

x a
x
a

log
; log
a
x

= log
a
x;
x x
a
a
log
1
log

; (log
a
a
x
=x); log
a
x=
a
x
b
b
log
log
; (log
a
b=
a
b
log
1
)
log
b
a.log
a
x=log
b
x; a
log
b
x
=x
log
b
a
.
3. Phng trnh m- lgart
* Dng a
x
= b ( a> 0 , 0 a )
b0 : pt v nghim
b>0 : log
x
a
a b x b
* a v cng c s:
A
f(x)
= B
g(x)
f(x) = g(x)
* t n ph; logarit ha
* Dng
log
a
x b
( a> 0 , 0 a )
iu kin : x > 0
log
b
a
x b x a
log
a
f(x) = log
a
g(x) f(x) = g(x)
t n ph; m ha
4. Bt PT m logarit:
* Dng a
x
> b ( a> 0 , 0 a )
b0 : Bpt c tp nghim R
b>0 : log
x
a
a b x b > > , khi a>1
log
x
a
a b x b > < , khi 0 < a < 1
* t n ph; logarit ha
* Dng
log
a
x b >
( a> 0 , 0 a , x>0 )
log
b
a
x b x a > > , khi a >1
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log
b
a
x b x a > < , khi 0 < x < 1
t n ph; m ha
VI. NGUYN HM V TCH PHN:
nh ngha: F(x) gl nguyn hm ca hm s y=f(x) trn khong (a;b)

F ( ) ( ) x f x
/
, ( ) b a x ;
Nguyn hm ca hm s s cp
1.

+ c x dx . 1
2. ( ) 1
1
.
1
+
+

c
x
dx x
3.

+ c x dx
x
ln .
1
4.

+ c Sinx dx Cosx.
5.

+ c Cosx dx Sinx.
6.

+ c tgx dx
x Cos
.
1
2
7.

+ c Cotgx dx
x Sin
2
1
.
8.

+ c e dx e
x x
.
9.

+ c
a
a
dx a
x
x
ln
.
Nguyn hm cc hm s thng gp:
1. ( )
( )

+
+
+
+
+
c
b ax
a
dx b ax
1
1
.
1

2.

+ +
+
c b ax
a
dx
b ax
ln .
1
.
1
3. ( ) ( )

+ + + c b ax Sin
a
dx b ax Cos .
1
.
4. ( ) ( )

+ + + c b ax Cos
a
dx b ax Sin .
1
.
5.
( )
( )

+ +
+
c b ax tg
a
dx
b ax Cos
.
1
.
1
2
6.
( )
( )

+ +
+
c b ax Cotg
a
dx
b ax Sin
.
1
.
1
2
7.

+
+ +
c e
a
dx e
b ax b ax
.
1
.
8.

+
+
+
c
a
a
m
dx a
n mx
n mx
ln
.
1
.
Cc phng php tnh tch phn:Tch phn ca tch, thng phi a v tch phn ca mt tng hoc
hiu bng cch nhn phn phi hoc chia a thc.
Phng php i bin s :
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( ) [ ] ( ) ( )

b
a
x d x x f A . .
/
P.Php:
t : t = ( ) x

( ) ( ) x d x dt .
/

i cn:
( )
( )

'

a t a x
b t b x

Do :
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( )
( )
( )

b
a
b
a
t F dt t f A .
Cc dng c bit c bn:
1.

+

a
x a
dx
I
0
2 2
P.Php:
t:
tgt a x .

,
_

2 2
t
( ) dt t tg a dt
t Cos
a
dx . 1 .
2
2
+
i cn:
2.Tnh dx x a J
a
.
0
2 2

P.Php:
t
,
_

2 2
int . t S a x
dt Cost a dx . .
i cn
Phng php tnh tch phn tng phn
Loi 1: C dng:
A=
dx
Cosx
Sinx
e
x P
b
a
x
. ). (

1
1
1
]
1

Trong P(x)l hm a thc

Phng php:
t u = P(x)

du = P(x).dx
dv =
1
1
1
1
]
1

Cosx
Sinx
e
x
.dx

v = ...
p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn
A = [ ]

b
a
b
a
du v v u . .
Loi 2: B =

+
b
a
dx b ax Ln x P ). ( ). (
Phng php:
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t u = Ln(ax+b)

dx
b ax
a
du .
+

dv = P(x).dx

v = ...
p dng: B = [ ]

b
a
b
a
du v v u . .
----------------------------------------------
Dng :

dx x Sin A
n
. Hay

dx x Cos B
n
.
1. Nu n chn:
p dng cng thc
2
2 1
2
a Cos
a Sin

;
2
2 1
2
a Cos
a Cos
+

2. Nu n l:

dx Sinx x Sin A
n
. .
1
t Cosx t (i
x
n 1
sin

thnh Cosx )
-----------------------------------------------
Dng :

dx x tg A
m
. Hay

dx x Cotg B
m
.
PP:t
2
tg lm tha s
Thay 1
1
2
2

x Cos
tg
IV. Din tch hnh phng:
1. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi
(c): y = f(x) v hai ng x = a; x = b:
P.Php: DTHP cn tm l:
dx x f S
b
a
. ) (

(a < b)
Honh giao im ca (c) v tc ox l nghim ca phng trnh: f(x) = 0
Nu p.trnh f(x) = 0 v nghim Hoc c nghim khng thuc on [ ] b a; th:

b
a
dx x f S ). (
Nu p.trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim thuc on [ ] b a; . Gi s x =

, x =

th

dx x f dx x f dx x f S
b
a
. ) ( . ) ( . ) (

+ +

a
dx x f S ). ( +

dx x f ). (
+

b
dx x f ). (
2. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi (c): y =f(x) v trc honh:
P.Php:
HG ca (c) v trc honh l nghim ca phng trnh: f(x) = 0

b x
a x



b
a
b
a
dx x f dx x f S ). ( . ) (
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3. Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi 2 ng
(c
1
): y = f(x) v(c
2
): y = g(x) v hai ng
x = a; x = b:
P.Php
DTHP cn tm l: dx x g x f S
b
a
. ) ( ) (

HG ca hai ng (c
1
) v (c
2
) l nghim ca p.trnh: f(x) g(x) = 0
Lp lun ging phn s 1
V. Th tch vt th:
1. Hnh phng (H) gii hn bi: x= a; x = b; trc ox v y = f(x) lin tc trn on [ ] b a; . Khi (H) quay
quanh trc ox to ra vt th c th tch:
[ ] dx x f V
b
a
. ) ( .
2

2. Hnh phng (H) gii hn bi: y = a; y = b; trc oy v x = g(x) lin tc trn on [ ] b a; . Khi (H)
quay quanh trc oy to ra vt th c th tch:
[ ] dy y g V
b
a
. ) ( .
2

.
IV. S PHC:
S i : i
2
= -1
S phc dng : z = a + bi ; a,bR
Modun ca s phc :
2 2
z a b +
S phc lin hp ca z = a + bi l
z a bi ' . ' . ; ' ' ; z z z z z z z z z z + +
;
z z
z z

_

,
0 z
vi mi z ,
0 0 z z
.
z z
;
zz z z
;
z
z
z z

;
z z z z + +
z l s thc z z ; z l s o z z
a+ bi = c + di
a c
b d

'

(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a +c) + (b + d)i

(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a -c) + (b - d)i
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac-bd) + (ad + bc)i

( ) ( )
2 2
a bi c di
a bi
c di c d
+
+

+ +
Ta c:
1 2 3 4
, 1, , 1 i i i i i i .

4 4 1 4 2 4 3
1, , 1,
n n n n
i i i i i i
+ + +
.

( )
2
1 2 i i + ;
( )
2
1 2 i i .
Cc cn bc hai ca s thc a < 0 l : i a t
Xt phng trnh bc hai :
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ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 ( a khc 0 ;
, , a b c R
)
t
2
4 b ac
o Nu = 0 th phng trnh c mt nghim kp(thc) : x =
2
b
a

o Nu > 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim thc :

1,2
2
b
x
a
t

o Nu < 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim phc :

1,2
2
b i
x
a
t

nh l Viet :
Nu phng trnh bc hai
2
0 az bz c + +
(
, , , 0 a b c a
) c hai nghim
1 2
, z z
th :
1 2
b
z z
a
+ v
1 2
c
z z
a
.
nh l o ca nh l Viet :
Nu hai s
1 2
, z z
c tng
1 2
z z S +
v
1 2
z z P
th
1 2
, z z
l nghim ca
phng trnh :
2
0 z Sz P +
.
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HNH HC 12
CC KIN THC CN NH V HNH HC GII TON HNH HC 12
I. T S GC NHN TRONG TAM GIC VUNG
1. sin

=
AB
BC
(I chia HUYN) 2. cos

=
AC
BC
(K chia HUYN)
3. tan

=
AB
AC
(I chia K) 4. cot

=
AC
AB
(K chia I)
II. H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC VUNG
1. BC
2
= AB
2
+ AC
2
(nh l Pitago)=>AB
2
= BC
2
- AC
2

2. AB
2
= BH.BC 3. AC
2
= CH.BC
4. AH
2
= BH.CH 5. AB.AC = BC.AH 6.
2 2 2
1 1 1
AH AB AC
+
III. NH L CSIN
1. a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bccosA 2. b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2accosB 3. c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2abcosC
IV. NH L SIN
a b c
2R
sinA sinB sinC

V. NH L TALET MN // BC
a)
AM AN MN
AB AC BC
; b)
AM AN
MB NC

VI. DIN TCH TRONG HNH PHNG

1. Tam gic thng:
a) S =
1
ah
2
b) S = p(p a)(p b)(p c) (Cng thc H-rng)
c) S = pr (r: bk .trn ni tip tam gic)
2. Tam gic u cnh a: a) ng cao: h =
a 3
2
; b) S =
2
a 3
4
c) ng cao cng l ng trung tuyn, ng phn gic, ng trung trc
3. Tam gic vung: a) S =
1
2
ab (a, b l 2 cnh gc vung)
b) Tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic l trung im ca cnh huyn
4. Tam gic vung cn (na hnh vung):
11 WWW.ToanCapBa.Net

H
C B
A
N
M
C B
A
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a) S =
1
2
a
2
(2 cnh gc vung bng nhau) b) Cnh huyn bng a
2
5. Na tam gic u:
a) L tam gic vung c mt gc bng 30
o
hoc 60
o
b) BC = 2AB c) AC =
a 3
2
d) S =
2
a 3
8
6. Tam gic cn: a) S =
1
ah
2
(h: ng cao; a: cnh y)
b) ng cao h t nh cng l ng trung tuyn, ng phn gic, ng trung trc
7. Hnh ch nht: S = ab (a, b l cc kch thc)
8. Hnh thoi: S =
1
2
d
1
.d
2
(d
1
, d
2
l 2 ng cho)
9. Hnh vung: a) S = a
2
b) ng cho bng a
2
10. Hnh bnh hnh: S = ah (h: ng cao; a: cnh y)
11. ng trn: a) C = 2

R (R: bn knh ng trn)

b) S =

R
2
(R: bn knh ng trn)
VII. CC NG TRONG TAM GIC
1. ng trung tuyn: G: l trng tm ca tam gic
a) Giao im ca 3 ng trung tuyn ca tam gic gi l trng tm
b) * BG =
2
3
BN; * BG = 2GN; * GN =
1
3
BN
2. ng cao: Giao im ca ca 3 ng cao ca tam gic gi l trc tm
3. ng trung trc: Giao im ca 3 ng trung trc ca tam gic l tm ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic
4. ng phn gic: Giao im ca 3 ng phn gic ca tam gic l tm ng trn ni tip tam
gic
VIII. HNH HC KHNG GIAN
1. Hnh t din u: C 4 mt l cc tam gic u bng nhau.
Chn ng cao trng vi tm ca y (hay trng vi trng tm ca tam gic y).
Cc cnh bn to vi mt y cc gc bng nhau
2. Hnh chp u: C y l a gic u .C cc mt bn l nhng tam gic cn bng nhau. Chn
ng cao trng vi tm ca a gic y .Cc cnh bn to vi mt y cc gc bng nhau
3. ng thng d vung gc vi mp(

):
a) t d vung gc vi 2 t ct nhau cng nm trn mp(

) Tc l:
d a; d b
a b
a, b

'

d (

)
b)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) a
a d ( )

'

d (

)
c) t d vung gc vi mp(

) th d vung gc vi mi t nm trong mp(

)
4. Gc

gia t d v mp(

): d ct (

) ti O v Ad
Nu
AH ( )
H ( )

'

th gc gia d v (

) l

hay

AOH
=

5. Gc gia 2 mp(

) v mp( ):
12 WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
60
o
30
o
C B
A
G
P
N
M
C B
A

F
E
M
B
A

O
H
A
d'
d

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Nu
( ) ( ) AB
FM AB; EM AB
EM ( ), FM ( )

'

th gc gia (

) v ( ) l

hay
EMF
=

6. Khong cch t im A n mp(

):
Nu AH (

) th d(A, (

)) = AH (vi H (

))
IX. KHI A DIN:
1. Th tch khi lng tr: V = Bh (B: din tch y; h: chiu cao)
2. Th tch khi chp: V =
1
Bh
3
(din tch y l a gic)
3. T s th tch ca khi chp:
S.AB C
S.ABC
V SA SB SC
. .
V SA SB SC

4. Din tch xq ca hnh nn trn xoay: S

xq
= Rl (R: bk ng trn; l: ng sinh)
5. Th tch ca khi nn trn xoay: V =
1
Bh
3
(din tch y l ng trn)
6. Din tch xq ca hnh tr trn xoay: S
xq
= 2 Rl (R: bk ng trn; l: ng sinh)
7. Th tch ca khi tr trn xoay: V = Bh =
2
R
h ( h: chiu cao khi tr)
8. Din tch ca mt cu: S = 4
2
R
(R: bk mt cu )
9. Th tch ca khi nn trn xoay: V =
3
4
R
3
(R: bn knh mt cu)
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PHN II: HNH HC TRONG KHNG GIAN
I. CNG THC VECT:
. Trong khng gian vi h trc Oxyz cho

( )
3 2 1
; ; a a a a

( )
3 2 1
; ; b b b b

v R k
Ta c:
1) ( )
3 3 2 2 1 1
; ; b a b a b a b a t t t t

2)
( )
3 2 1
; ; ka ka ka a k

3)
3 3 2 2 1 1
. b a b a b a b a + +

4)
2
3
2
2
2
1
a a a a + +

5) Tch c hng ca hai vect a

v b

l

[ ]

,
_

2 1
2 1
1 3
1 3
3 2
3 2
; ; ,
b b
a a
b b
a a
b b
a a
b a

6)
[ ] ( ) b a Sin b a b a

, . . ,
7)

'

3 3
2 2
1 1
b a
b a
b a
b a

8) a

cng phng b

[ ] 0 ,

b a
9) [ ] b a a


, hay [ ] b a b

,
10) a

, b

, c

ng phng [ ] 0 . , c b a

11) 0
3 3 2 2 1 1
+ + b a b a b a b a

ng dng ca vect:

[ ] AC AB S
ABC
, .
2
1

[ ]
/
.
. ,
/ / / /
AA AD AB V
D C B A HopABCD

[ ] AD AC AB V
CD TdienAB
. , .
6
1

II. TO IM:
Trog khng gian Oxyz cho
( )
A A A
z y x A ; ;


( )
B B B
z y x B ; ;

1) ( )
A B A B A B
z z y y x x AB ; ;
2) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
A B A B A B
z z y y x x AB + +
3) G l trng tm ABC , ta c:

'

+ +

+ +

+ +

3
3
3
C B A
G
C B A
G
C B A
G
z z z
z
y y y
y
x x x
x
4) G l trng tm t din ABCD
0

+ + + GD GC GB GA

'

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

4
4
4
D C B A
G
D C B A
G
D C B A
G
z z z z
z
y y y y
y
X x x x
x
5) im M chia on AB theo t s k. Ta c:

'

k
kz z
z
k
ky y
y
k
kx x
x
B A
M
B A
M
B A
M
1
1
1
, 1 k
6) I l trung im ca on AB th:
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'

2
2
2
2
z z
z
y y
y
x x
x
A
I
B A
I
B A
I
III. MT PHNG:
1) Gi s mp
( )
c cp VTCP l :

( )
3 2 1
; ; a a a a

( )
3 2 1
; ; b b b b

Nn c VTPT l:
n

[ ]

,
_

2 1
2 1
1 3
1 3
3 2
3 2
; ; ,
b b
a a
b b
a a
b b
a a
b a

2) Phng trnh tng qut ca mp

( )
c
dng:
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Vi 0
2 2 2
+ + C B A ; trong
( ) C B A n ; ;

l VTPT ca mp
( )
3) Phng trnh cc mt phng to :
(Oxy) : z = 0 ; (Ozy) : x = 0
(Oxz) : y = 0
4) Chm mt phng: Cho hai mt phng ct
nhau:
( ) 0 :
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + D z C y B x A

( ) 0 :
2 2 2 2 2
+ + + D z C y B x A

P.tr ca chm mp xc nh bi
( )
1

v
( )
2

l:
( ) ( ) 0
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + + + D z C y B x A D z C y B x A

vi 0
2 2
+
5) Cc vn vit phng trnh mt
phng:
Vn 1: Vit phng trnh mt phng
P.Php:
Tm VTPT
( ) C B A n ; ;

v im i
qua
( )
0 0 0 0
; ; z y x M
dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0
+ + z z C y y B x x A
Vn 2: Vit phng trnh mt phng qua
ba im A, B, C
P.Php:
Tnh AC AB,
Mp (ABC) c VTPT l [ ] AC AB n ,

v qua A
Kt lun.
Vn 3: Vit phng trnh mp
( )
i qua
im A v vung gc BC
P.Php:
Mp
( )
BC. Nn c VTPT l BC qua A
Ch :
Trc Ox cha ( ) 0 ; 0 ; 1 i

Trc Oy cha ( ) 0 ; 1 ; 0 j

Trc Oz cha ( ) 1 ; 0 ; 0 k

Vn 4: Vit phng tnh mp

( )
l mt
phng trung trc ca AB.
P.Php:
Mp
( )
AB. Nn c VTPT l AB i
qua I l trung im ca AB
Kt lun.
Vn 5: Vit phng tnh mp
( )
i qua
im
( )
0 0 0 0
; ; z y x M
v song song vi mt
phng
( ) 0 : + + + D Cz By Ax
P.php:

( ) ( ) //
. Nn phng trnh
( )
c
dng:
Ax + By + Cz + D
/
= 0

( )
/
0
D M
Kt lun
Vn 6: Vit phng trnh mp (P) i qua
hai im A, B v vung gc vi mp (Q)
P.Php:
Mp (P) c cp VTCP l:
AB
v VTPT
ca (Q) l Q
n

Mp (P) c VTPT l [ ]
Q
n AB n

, v qua
A
Kt lun.
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Vn 7: Vit phng trnh mp
( )
i qua
cc im l hnh chiu ca im
( )
0 0 0
; ; z y x M
trn cc trc to .
P.Php:* Gi M
1
, M
2
, M
3
ln lt l hnh
chiu ca im M trn Ox, Oy, Oz. Th
M
1
(x
0
;0;0) , M
2
(0;y
0
;0) , M
3
(0;0;x
0
)
* Phng trnh mp
( )
l:
1
0 0
+ +
z
z
y
y
x
x

Vn 8: Vit phng trnh mp
( )
i qua
im M
0
v vung gc vi hai mt phng (P)
v (Q).
P.Php:
(P) c VTPT l
P
n

(Q) c VTPT l Q
n

Mp
( )
c VTPT l
[ ]
Q P
n n

,
v qua M
o
Kt lun.

Vn 9: Vit phng trnh mt phng tip din ca mt cu (S) ti tip im A.

P.Php:
Xc nh tm I ca mt cu (S)
Mt phng
( )
: Mp tip din c VTPT :
IA
Vit phng trnh tng qut.
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IV. NG THNG:
Phng trnh ng thng:
1) Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng:

'

+ + +
+ + +
0
0
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
D z C y B x A
D z C y B x A

vi A
1
: B
1
: C
1
A
2
: B
2
: C
2
2) Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i
qua im ( )
0 0 0 0
; ; z y x M c VTCP
( )
3 2 1
; ; a a a a

l:

'

+
+
+
t a z z
t a y y
t a x x
3 0
2 0
1 0

( ) R t
3) Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng i
qua im M
0
c VTCP:
( )
3 2 1
; ; a a a a

l
3
0
2
0
1
0
a
z z
a
y y
a
x x

Vi
0
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + a a a
Qui c: Nu a
i
= 0 th x x
0
= 0
Vn 1: Tm VTCP ca ng thng tng
qut.
:

'

+ + +
+ + +
0
0
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
D z C y B x A
D z C y B x A
P.Php:
c VTCP l :

,
_

2 1
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
; ;
B A
B A
A C
A C
C B
C B
a

Vn 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng

:
P.Php:
Cn bit VTCP
( )
3 2 1
; ; a a a a

v
im
( )
0 0 0 0
; ; z y x M

Vit phng trnh tham s theo cng
thc (2)
Vit phng trnh chnh tc theo cng
thc (3)
Vit phng trnh tng qut. th t
phng trnh chnh tc , ta c phng trnh
tng qut:

'

3
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
a
z z
a
x x
a
y y
a
x x
Rt gn v dng (1)
Ch :
Vit phng trnh tng qut v phng trnh tham
s Hoc chnh tc. Ta tm:
- VTCP
( )
3 2 1
; ; a a a u

bng vn 11
- Cho mt n bng 0 Hoc bng mt gi tr no
. Gii h tm x, y => z
- C im thuc ng thng
- Kt lun.
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Vn 3: Vit ptr ng thng i qua
im
( )
0 0 0 0
; ; z y x M
v vung gc vi mt
phng
( ) 0 : + + + D Cz By Ax
P.Php:
Mp
( )
c VTPT l
( ) C B A n ; ;

ng thng i qua im M
0
v c VTCP l
n

Vit phng trnh chnh tc => Ptr

tng qut
Vn 4: Vit phng trnh hnh chiu ca
d trn mp
( )
P.Php:
Gi d
/
l hnh chiu ca d tr mp
( )
Gi
( )
l mt phng cha d v
( ) ( )
Nn
( )
c cp VTCP l
VTCP ca d l
d
u

l VTPT ca mt
phng
( )
Mp
( )
c VTPT
[ ]

n u n
d

,
Mp
( )
i qua im M
0
d
Vit phng trnh tng qut ca Mp
( )

Phng trnh ng thng d
/
:
( )
( )

'

:
:
Vn 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng d
qua im
( )
0 0 0 0
; ; z y x M
v vung gc vi hai
ng
1

v
2

P.Php:

c VTCP
1
u

c VTCP
2
u

d vung gc vi
1

v
2

. Nn d c VTCP
l
[ ]
2 1
,u u u
d



Vn 6: Vit phng trnh ng thng d
i qua im A v ct c hai ng
1

v
2

.
P.Php:
Thay to A vo phng trnh
1

v
2

2 1
, A A
Gi (P) l mt phng i qua im A v cha
1

Gi (Q) l mt phng i qua im A v cha

2

P.tr ng thng d:
( )
( )

'

:
:
Q
P
Vn 7: Vit phng trnh ng thng d
( ) P
ct c hai ng
1

v
2

.
P.Php:
Gi
( ) P A
1
Gi
( ) P B
2
ng thng chnh l ng thng AB
Vn 8: Vit phng trnh ng thng
d // d
1
v ct c hai ng
1

v
2

.
P.Php
Gi (P) l mt phng cha
1

v (P) // d
1
Gi (Q) l mt phng cha
2

v (Q) // d
1

( ) ( ) Q P d
Phng trnh ng thng d
( )
( )

'

:
:
Q
P
Vn 9: Vit phng trnh ng vung
gc chung ca hai ng thng cho nhau
1

v
2

.
P.Php:
Gi
1
u

v
2
u

ln lt l VTCP ca
1

v
2

Gi
[ ]
2 1
,u u v

Gi (P) l mt phng cha

1

v c mt
VTCP l v

. Nn c VTPT l
[ ] v u n
P

,
1

phng trnh mt phng (P)
Gi (Q) l mt phng cha
2

v c mt
VTCP l v

. Nn c VTPT l
[ ] v u n
Q

,
2

phng trnh mt phng (Q)
Phng trnh ng vung gc chung
ca
1

v
2

:
( )
( )

'

:
:
Q
P
Vn 10: Vit phng trnh ng thng d
vung gc (P) v ct hai ng thng
1

v
2

P.Php:
Gi
( )
l mt phng cha
1

v c mt VTCP l
P
n ( VTPT ca (P) )
Gi
( )
l mt phng cha
2

v c mt VTCP l
P
n ( VTPT ca (P) )
ng thng
( ) ( ) d
Vn 11: Vit phng trnh ng thng d
i qua im M
0
vung gc vi ng thng
1

v ct ng thng
2

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P.Php:
Gi
( )
l mt phng i qua M
0
v vung
gc
1

Gi
( )
l mt phng i qua im M
0
v
cha
2

ng thng
( ) ( ) d
Vn 12: Vit phng trnh ng thng d
i qua giao im ca ng thng v mt
phng
( )
v
( ) d d ,
P.Php:
Gi
{ } ( ) A
Gi
( )
l mt phng i qua A v
vung gc vi . Nn
( )
c VTPT
l VTCP ca
ng thng
( ) ( ) d
V. MT CU:
1. Phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I (a;b;c) bn
knh R l: (x-a)
2
+ (y-b)
2
+ (z-c)
2
= R
2

2. Mt cu (S) c phngtrnh : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- 2ax
- 2by -2cz + d = 0 vi k a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d > 0
th (S) c : Tm I(a ; b ; c)
Bn knh d c b a R + +
2 2 2
Vn 1: Vit phng trnh mt cu
P.Php: Cn:
Xc nh tm I(a ; b ; c) ca mt cu
Bn knh R
Vit phng trnh mt cu
(x-a)
2
+ (y-b)
2
+ (z-c)
2
= R
2
Vn 2: Vit phng trnh mt cu ng
knh AB
P.Php:
Gi I l trung im ca AB. Tnh to
I => I l tm mt cu
Bn knh
AB R
2
1

Vit phng trnh mt cu
Vn 3: Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c
tm I(a ; b ; c) v tip xc vi
( )
: Ax + By +
Cz + D = 0
P.Php:
Mt cu (S) c tm I v tip xc vi
( )
. Nn c bn knh

( ) ( ) , I d R

2 2 2
C B A
D Cz By Ax
I I I
+ +
+ + +

Vit phng trnh mt cu
Vn 4: Vit phng trnh mt cu (S)
ngoi tip t din ABCD
P.Php:
Phng trnh mt cu (S) c dng
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2Ax + 2By +2Cz + D = 0
A, B, C, D thuc (S). Ta c h phng
trnh
Gii h phng trnh tm A, B, C, D
Kt lun
Vn 5: Lp phng trnh mt cu i qua
ba im A, B, C c tm nm trn mt phng
Oxy
P.Php:
Gi I(x
I
; y
I
; 0) l tm ca mt cu,
( ) Oxy I
Ta c AI
2
= BI
2
= CI
2
Ta c Hpt

'

2 2
2 2
CI AI
BI AI

Gii Hpt

IA = R
Kt lun
VI. KHONG CCH:
1) Khong cch gia hai im AB
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
A B A B A B
z z y y x x AB + +
2) Khong cch t im M
0
(x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) n mt
phng
( )
: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 0 0
0
,
C B A
D Cz By Ax
M d
+ +
+ + +

3) Khong cch t im M
1
n ng thng d
Ly M
0
d
Tm VTCP ca ng thng d l u

( )
[ ]
u
u M M
d M d

,
,
1 0
1

4) Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
v
/

Gi u

v
/
u
ln lt l VTCP ca
v
/

i qua im M
0
,
/ /
0
M

( )
[ ]
[ ]
/
/
0 0
/
/
,
. ,
,
u u
M M u u
d

VII.GC:
1. Gc gia hai vect a

v b

Gi

l gc gia hai vect a

v b

2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
. .
.
b b b a a a
b a b a b a
b a
b a
Cos
+ + + +
+ +

2. Gc
gia hai ng thng (a) v (b)
19 WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
Gi

l gc gia hai ng thng (a) v (b)

( )
0
90 0
ng thng (a) v (b) c VTCP ln lt l :

( )
3 2 1
, , a a a a

( )
3 2 1
, , b b b b

2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
. .
.
b b b a a a
b a b a b a
b a
b a
Cos
+ + + +
+ +

c bit: 0 . b a b a

3. Gc gia hai mt phng

( )
v ( )
/

( )
: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
( )
/
: A
/
x + B
/
y + C
/
z + D
/
= 0
Gi

l gc gia hai mt phng

( )
v ( )
/

2 / 2 / 2 / 2 2 2
/ / /
. C B A C B A
CC BB AA
Cos
+ + + +
+ +

4. Gc gia ng thng (d) v mt phng
( )
(d): c VTCP l u

= (a, b, c)
( )
: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Gi

l gc nhn gia (d) v

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
. c b a C B A
Cc Bb Aa
Sin
+ + + +
+ +

5. V tr tng i gia mp
( )
v mt cu (S)
c tm I, bn knh R
P.Php:
Tnh d(I,
( )
)
Nu d(I,
( )
) > R =>
( )
khng ct (S)
Nu d(I,
( )
) = R =>
( )
tip xc (S)
Nu d(I,
( )
) < R =>
( )
ct (S) theo mt
ng trn giao tuyn c bn knh

( ) ( ) [ ]
2
2
, I d R r
Gi d
/
l ng thng i qua tm I v ( )
/
d
Gi { } ( ) H d H
/
l tm ng trn giao
tuyn
20 WWW.ToanCapBa.Net
5. Ta giao im ca ng thng
v mt cu (S)
P.Php:
* Vit phng trnh ng v dng
phng trnh tham s
* Thay vo phng trnh mt cu (S) ta
c phng trnh ( ) theo t
Nu ptr () v nghim => khng
ct mt cu (S)
Nu ptr () c nghim kp => ct
(S) ti mt im
Nu ptr () c hai nghim => ct (S)
ti hai im. Th t = ... vo phng trnh
tham s ca => Ta giao im
Vn 1: Ta im M
/
i xng
ca M qua mt phng
( )
P.Php:
Gi M
/
(x
/
; y
/
; z
/
) l im i xng
ca M qua
( )
Gi d l ng thng i qua M v
( ) d
. Nn d c VTCP l n

Vit phng trnh tham s ca d

Gi
{ } ( ) d H
Ta im H l nghim ca h
phng trnh
( )
( )

'

:
: d
=> Ta im H
V H l trung im ca MM
/
=> Ta
im M
/
Vn 2: Tm ta im M
/
i
xng ca M
0
qua ng thng d
P.Php:
Gi M
/
(x
/
; y
/
; z
/
)
Gi (P) l mt phng i qua im
M
0
v
( ) d P
. Nn (P) nhn VTCP ca
d lm VTPT
Gi
{ } ( ) P d H
M
/
l im i xng ca M
0
qua
ng thng d. Nn H l trung im ca
on M
0
M
/
Ta c:

'

2
2
2
/
0
/
0
/
0
z z
z
y y
y
x x
x
H
H
H
=> M
/
21 WWW.ToanCapBa.Net