Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

CHUYN 1: DY IN HO DY KIM LOI

I. Dy in ho kim loi : K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Cr2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Cr3+

K Ca Na -2,93 -2,87 -2,71

Mg Al Mn Cr -2,37 -1,66 -1,19 -0,91

+ Fe3+ Hg 2 2

Zn Cr Fe Cr2+ -0,76 -0,74 -0,44 -0,41 Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+

Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ 2H+ Cu2+

Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Fe2+ Hg Ag Hg Pt Au -0,26 -0,14 -0,13 0,00 +0,34 +0,771 +0,792 +0,8 +0,85 +1,2 +1,5 1. Nhn xt : (1) Tnh kh kim loi t tri sang phi gim Mg > Al > Fe. (2) Tnh oxy ho ion kim loi tri sang phi tng Mg2+ < Al3+ < Fe2+ 2. Lu : Fe + 2FeCl3 3FeCl2 Fe + Fe2(SO4)3 3FeSO4 Fe + 2Fe (NO3)3 3 Fe(NO3)2 Fe + FeCl2 phi ng khng xy ra Fe + FeSO4 phi ng khng xy ra Fe + Fe (NO3)2 phi ng khng xy ra Cu + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 2FeSO4 + CuSO4 Cu + 2Fe (NO3)3 2 Fe(NO3)2 + Cu(NO3)2. Cu + FeCl2 phi ng khng xy ra Cu + FeSO4 phi ng khng xy ra Cu + Fe (NO3)2 phi ng khng xy ra II Dy hot ng kim loi: K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au Li Ba 5 kim loi khng tc dng HCl HBr, H2SO4, H3PO4,RCOOH 5 kim loi + H2O Baz + H2 Kim loi + HCl ( HBr, H2SO4, H3PO4 ) Mui + H2 Tr Au,Pt tt c KL cn li u tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c cho sp kh khng gii phng H2, vi Fe th cho ha tr 3(mui st 3) 1. C 5 Kim loi tc dng H2O to baz + H2 K, Na, Ca, Ba.Li K + H2O KOH + 1/2H2 Na + H2O NaOH + 1/2 H2 Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2 2. - C 5 kim loi ( Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au ) khng tc dng vi dd HCl, HBr, H2SO4 long, H3PO4. - Kim loi trc H2 tc dng vi axit to mui v H2 3. Kim loi trc y kim loi sau ra khi dd mui ( cc KL phi t Mg tr v sau)
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III. Cc cht tan v kt ta lu : 1.Kim loi, oxyt, baz : Tan

+H2O +H2O

H2

TT Kim loi Oxyt Baz Ghi ch 1 K K2O KOH 2 Na Na2O NaOH 3 Ca CaO Ca(OH)2 4 Ba BaO Ba(OH)2 Tt c u tan 5 Li Li2O LiOH 6 Rb Rb2O RbOH 7 Cs CS2O CsOH 8 Sr SrO Sr(OH)2 2. Baz, mui clorua, Sunfat, cacboat, photphat TT Sunfat Cacbonat Photpht Baz Mui clorua 2 2 OH Cl SO 4 CO 3 PO 3 4 1 Mg(OH)2 Trng AgCl BaSO4 BaCO3 Ba3(PO4)2 2 Zn(OH)2 Trng PbCl2 PbSO4 PbCO3 Pb3(PO4)2 3 Fe(OH)2 T Xanh CaCO3 Ca3(PO4)2 4 Cu(OH)2 Xanh MgCO3 Mg3(PO4)2 5 (trng) Cr(OH)2 Ag3PO4 6 Pb(OH)2 Trng vng 7 Al(OH)3 Trng 8 Fe(OH)3 nu 9 Cr(OH)3 lc xm a. Crom (Cr) : Trng bc CrO en Cr2O3 : xanh thm CrCl2 CrCl3 Cr(OH)2: mu vng Cr(OH)3 : Lc xm CrO3 : Rn , thm , tan trong nc Na2CrO4 Vng chanh Na2Cr2O7 : Cam b. St (Fe) xm Fe(OH)2 trng xanh d ho nu FeCl2 FeSO4 xanh rt nht ( khng mu) Fe(NO3)2

Fe(OH)3 : nu FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 dd nu Fe(NO3)3

c. ng (Cu) * Cu(OH)2 : Xanh CuCl2, CuSO4, Cu(NO3) : dd xanh CuSO4 : khan (trng) CHUYN 2: IU CH KIM LOI I. S iu ch kim loi Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Cr Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Hg Ag Pt Au -Thu luyn
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-Nhit luyn -Thu luyn

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-in phn n/c -in phn n/c -in phn dung dch 1. Kim loi (K,Li,Ba,Ca,Na,Mg ) Phng php in phn nng chy 2. Kim loi Al : Thu luyn , in phn nng chy Al2O3 3. Kim loi t Mn sau: phng php thu luyn, nhit luyn, in phn dd II. Cc phng php: 1. Phng php thu luyn: Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi dd mui ca chng tr : K, Na, Ca, Ba,Li V d: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu 2. Phng php nhit luyn Kh cc oxt kim loi v kim loi dng cc cht kh C, CO, H2, Al. ( phng php ny iu ch nhng kim loi sau nhm) CuO + CO Cu + CO2 FeO + H2 Fe + H2O ZnO + H2 Zn + H2O Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Fe 3. Phng php in phn: a. Kim loi Al v nhng kim loi ng trc Al in phn nng chy Mg + Cl2 4Al + 3O2 MgCl2 dpnc 2Al2O3 dpnc b. Kim loi sau nhm + in phn dung dch mui clorua ( H2O khng tham gia) Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 dpdd + in phn dd mui sunfat, mui nitrat ( H2O tham gia ) Cu + 1/2O2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O dpdd Cu + 1/2O2 + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O dpdd CHUYN 3: CU HNH ELECTRON I.Cu hnh electron: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6

II. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t: 1. Nhm IA- Kim loi kim: C 1 electron lp ngoi cng ns1 M 1e M+ Li (Z=3): 1s2 2s1 Li+ :1s2 Na (Z=11): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Na+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 2 2 6 2 6 1 + K (Z=19): 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s . K : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 2. Nhm IIA- Kim loi kim th : C 2 electron lp ngoi cng ns2 M 2e M2+ Be ( Z=4) : 1s2 2s2 Mg ( Z=12): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Mg2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 2 2 6 2 6 2 Ca ( Z=20) : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s Ca2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3. Nhm III A- C 3 electron lp ngoi cng ns2 np1 M 3e M3+ 2 2 1 B ( Z=5) : 1s 2s 2p Al ( Z= 13): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1. Al3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 2 6 4. Nhm VIII A- Kh tr, him ns np He ( Z= 2): 1s2 2s2 . Ne ( Z= 10): 1s2 2s2 2p6 . 2 2 6 2 6 Ar ( Z= 18): 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . 5. Nguyn t khc Cr ( Z=24) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 Cr2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 Cr3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 Fe( Z=26) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 Fe3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 Cu ( Z=29) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 Cu+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 Cu2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9
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Zn ( Z= 30) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 Zn2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 CHUYN 4: LNG TNH TT 1 2 3 4 Ho cht Al Al2O3 Al(OH)3 Zn ZnO Zn(OH)2 Cr Cr2O3 Cr(OH)3 HCO 3 KHCO3 NaHCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 Ba(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 (NH4)2CO3 Aminoaxit NH2-CH2-COOH + Axit x X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + Kim x x X x x x Khng x x x x x x x x x x Lng tnh Khng x x Khng x x Khng x x x x x x x x x x

5 6

CHUYN 5 - AXIT I HCl, H2SO4 long , HBr, H3PO4 1. Kim loi + Axit Mui + H2 ( Trc H) 2. C 5 kim loi khng tc dng axit Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 Cu + HCl Khng xy ra II. HNO3 1. Tc dng tt c kim loi tr Au, Pt 2. HNO3 khng tc dng Al, Fe, Cr c ngui

HNO3loang Kim loi + HNO3dac

Mui

NO + NO 2 A

+ H2O

( ho tr cao I) A C th l: NH3, N2O, N2, NO, NO2, NH4NO3 3. Cc cht c tnh kh u b oxy ho bi HNO3. III. H2SO4 c 1. Tc dng tt c kim loi tr Au, Pt 2. H2SO4 ngui khng tc dng Al, Fe, Cr Kim loi + H2SO4 Mui + SO2 + H2O ( ho tr cao) ( S hoc H2S)
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Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

CHUYN 6 HIN TNG HO HC- PHN BIT CHT RN I L thuyt 1. C 5 kim loi ( K, Na, Ca, Ba,Li) tc dng trong nc cho baz + H2 Cht rn t t tan ra, c kh bay ra Na + H2O NaOH + H2 2. C 5 oxyt baz (Li2O K 2O, Na2O, CaO, BaO) tc dng H2O to baz Cht rn t t tan ra : Na2O + H2O 2 NaOH 3. C 5 baz tan trong nc (LiOH, KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2) Cht rn tan t t trong nc 4. Al Tc dng dung dch KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2),LiOH Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 + 3/2H2 Nhm t t tan ra v si bt 5. Al2O3 , Al(OH)3 tc dng dd KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 ,LiOH Al2O3 + 2NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 +H2O Cht rn t t tan ra 6. Kim loi trc H2+ HCl, H2SO4 to mui v si bt kh H2 Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 * Cht rn t t tan v si bt 7. Oxyt v hydroxyt tc dng HCl, H2SO4 long Fe2O3 + HCl Fe2O3 + H2SO4 * Cht rn t t tan ra 8. Phn bit cht rn * H2O Tan hoc khng tan * dd Kim lng tnh hoc khng lng tnh * HCl qu tm CHUYN 7 TCH HN HP- TNH KH- OXYT HO- NHIT PHN MUI I Tch hn hp 1. Tch hn hp Cu, Fe 3. Tch hn hp Zn, Cu. 5. Tch hn hp Cu, Cr II. Tnh kh, tnh oxy ho 1. Cht kh: S oxy ho tng ( B oxy ho) 2. Cht oxy ho : S oxy ho gim ( B kh) 3. Tnh oxy ho - kh cc cht Tnh kh Tnh kh - tnh oxy ho Kim loi K, Mg, Al, Cu
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2. Tch hn hp Ag, Mg. 4. Tch hn hp Al, Ag

Tnh oxy ho

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Fe

FeO, Fe(OH)2, FeCl2, FeSO4, Fe3O4

Cr NaCrO2, CrCl2 III. Phn ng nhit phn: 1. Ch c mui cacbonat kim loi kim th ( kim loi IIA) b nhit phn to oxyt v CO2 Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim ( nhm IA) khng b nhit phn MCO3 t MO + CO2 M l : Ca,Mg,Ba t R2CO3 khng xy ra phn ng R: l K,Na,Li 2. Mui Hydro cacbonat b nhit phn 2RHCO3 t R2CO3 + CO2 + H2O R: l K,Na,Li M(HCO3)2 t MCO3 + CO2 + H2O M l Ca,Ba t Mg(HCO3)2 MgO + CO2 + H2O MCO3 t MO + CO2 3. Hydroxyt (Baz) * Baz tan khng b nhit phn : KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 , LiOH * Baz khng tan b nhit phn to oxyt + H2O Mg(OH)2 t MgO + H2O 2Fe(OH)3 t Fe2O3 + 3H2O Ch : Nu nhit phn Fe(OH)2 ngoi khng kh 4Fe(OH)4 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)4 Trng xanh Nu 2Fe(OH)3 t Fe2O3 + 3H2O IV Nc cng:
o o o o o o o o o

Fe2O3 mui Fe3+ : Fe2(SO4)3,.. CrO3 Na2CrO4 ;Na2Cr2O7

Nc cng Ca2+ Mg2+ nhiu

Phn loi Tm thi

Gc un nng
HCO 3

Cch lm mm nc Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3 K2CO3 x x

Na3PO4 K3PO4 x

Vnh cu

Cl SO 2 4 HCO 3 Cl SO 2 4

Ton phn

PHN 2: NI DUNG HU C H THNG CHNG 1 ESTE LIPIT I. Gi tn este TT Chc 1 Axit Cng thc HCOOH CH3COOH C2H5COOH Tn thay th (QT) Axit metanoic Axit etanoic Axit propanoic Thng Axit fomic Axit axetic Axit propyonic
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Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

2 3

Ru Este

CH3OH C2H5OH CH3CH2CH2OH HCOOHCOOCH3 HCOOC2H5 CH3COOCH3 CH3COOC2H5 HCOOCH2CH2CH3 HCOOCH(CH3)CH3 C2H5COOCH3

Metanol Etanol Propanol metanoat Metyl metanoat Etyl metanoat Metyl etanoat Etyl etanoat Propyl metanoat Isopropylmetanoat Metyl propanoat

Ancol metylic Ancol etylic Ancol propylic fomat Metyl fomat Etyl fomat Metyl axetat Etyl axetat Propyl fomat Iso propyl fomat Metyl propionat

II Ho tnh * este: CH3COOC2H5 * Cht bo : (RCOO)3C3H5 Cht bo l tri este ca glixerol vi cc axit bo Thu phn trong mi Thu phn trong mi trng trng axit baz c im P thun nghch P x phng ho(ko nghch) Este x x Cht bo (lipit) x x * Ging nhau ca este, cht bo - Thu phn trong mi trng axit ( phn ng thun nghch) - Thu phn trong mi trng baz ( phn ng x phng ho) * Khc nhau: Phn ng hydro ho chuyn du thnh m H THNG CHNG 2 I H thng: TT CTPT c im cu to Ho tnh Phn ng c trng

Phn ng hydro ho Du m x

Phn ng thu phn Khng

Saccarit

C6H12O6 Glucoz (M=180)

C 5 OH

-t/d Na -t/d dd Cu(OH)2 xanh lam -t/dAxit to este

mono

-t/d dd Cu(OH)2 xanh lam

1 nhm -CH=O

t/d AgNO3/NH3 to kt ta trng - t/d Cu(OH)2 /NaOH to gch -Mt mu dd brom

t/d AgNO3/NH3 to kt ta trng - t/d Cu(OH)2 /NaOH to gch -Mt mu dd brom

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- ln men ru 2 C6H12O6 Fructoz (M=180) C12H22O11 Saccaroz (M=342) 3 C 5 OH V 1 nhm C=O -C nhiu OH Khng c CHO - thu phn (C6H10O5)n Tinh bt (M=162n) (C6H10O5)n Xenluloz (M=162n) glucoz lin kt nhau glucoz Lin kt nhau - I2 to dd xanh - thu phn - t/d HNO3 - thu phn to: glucoz Poli - I2 to dd xanh nt - t/d Cu(OH)2 to dd xanh lam -Ging glucoz -Khng lm mt mu dd brom - t/d Cu(OH)2 to dd xanh lam Khng Mono

to:Glucoz + fructoz

to: glucoz

Poli

II. Phng trnh 1. Saccarit phn ng thu phn * Glucoz, fructoz: mono saccarit khng b thu phn * Saccaroz : i saccarit khi thu phn to 2 mono saccarit C12H22O11 + H2O t C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Saccaroz fructoz + glucoz * Mantoz C12H22O11 + H2O t 2C6H12O6 glucoz * Tnh bt +xenluloz:polisaccarit thu phn to phn t mono saccarit (C6H10O5)n + H2O t n C6H12O6 Tinh bt glucoz Xenluloz 2. Cc phng trnh phn ng a. Phn ng Cu(OH)2 + NaOH nhit ca glucoz CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH t CH2OH(CHOH)4COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O b. Phn ng trng gng ca glucoz CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O t CH2OH(CHOH)4COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3
o o o o o

c. Phn ng to Sobitol ca glucoz, fructozo : C6H12O6 + H2 C6H14O6 CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + H2 t CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH glucoz Sobitol d. Glucoz ln men ru C6H12O6 t 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 e. iu ch glucoz : thu phn saccaroz, tinh bt, xenluloz.
o o

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Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

T Cht T 1 Amin h

CTCT R-NH2 R-NH-R R- N-R R C6H5NH2

H THNG CHNG 3 AMIN AMINO AXIT PROTEIN Trng Tan Qu tm Ho tnh thi trong m H2O a s X Xanh Tan trong nc kh to dd baz lm qi tm hoxanh - t/d dd axit Lng - khng tan - t/d dd baz - t/d dd Br2 kt ta trng -Tnh lng tnh - t/d ru - trng ngng - t/d kim loi trc H2, oxyt baz.. Thu phn trong mi trng axit, baz to - amino axit - p mu buire

phn ng c trng Qi tm m sang xanh

Amin thm Anilin

t/d Br2 to kt ta trng - Qu tm khng i mu - QT ho - QT ho xanh

Amino NH2RCOOH axit (NH2)2-RCOOH NH2R(COOH)2

Rn

X X

-khng i mu -Xanh -

Peptit

(NH2-CH-CO)n R1 2 50 - amino axit

Tan trong nc to dd keo v ng t c nhit

-t/d Cu(OH)2 mu tm

Protei n

Poli peptit cao phn t

nt

-t/d Cu(OH)2 mu tm

H THNG CHNG 4 I CNG V POLIME I.Phng php iu ch polime: TT 1 Phn ng Trng hp Trung ngng Khi nim QT lin kt nhiu phn t nh thnh phn t ln QT lin kt nhiu phn t nh thnh phn t ln+ H2O iu kin C lin kt i nCH2=CH2 hoc vng km bn C t nht 2 nhm chc c kh nng phn ng nNH2
,t xt
0

V d (-CH2-CH2-)n

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Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

II.Vt liu polime: TT 1 Vt liu Khi nim polime Cht do Vt liu polime c tnh do iu kin Cc polime * Polime dng lm cht do -PE -PVC - Thu tinh - PPF - Bng len t tm - t poli amt ( nilon, capron) - T visco, t xenluloz, t axetat * Mt s t thng gp a. T nilon 6,6: b. T nitron

* T thin nhin * T ho hc - T tng hp - T bn tng hp ( t nhn to) 3 Cao su L loi polime * Cao su thin c tnh n hi nhin * Cao su tng hp C hai loi t : t thin nhin (c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm,len , bng...) v t ha hc (ch bin bng phng php ha hc). T ha hc c chia thnh hai nhm : t nhn to v t tng hp. T nhn to c sn xut t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng con ng ha hc.Th d : t Xenluloz ch to ra t visco,t axetat,t ng -amoniac. T tng hp c sn xut t nhng polime tng hp .Th d : t poliamit(T nilon, T capron) ,t polieste(T lapsan). c im cu to ca t l gm nhng phn t polime mch thng (khng phn nhnh) sp xp song song dc theo mt trc chung,xon li vi nhau,to thnh nhng si di,mnh v mm mi. III Phn ng trng hp: 1. PE Poli etylen- Mch C bo ho. V d polietilen. ,t , P nCH2=CH2 Xt (-CH2-CH2-)n
0

Vt liu polime c dng hnh si di v mnh c b nht nh

2. PVC poli vinyl cloruaCng hirohalogenua ( 120oC - 180oC vi HgCl2 xc tc) v cc axit (HCl, HCN, CH3COOH,)

Vinyl clorua c dng trng hp thnh nha P.V.C:

3. PP poli propylen nCH2=CH(CH3)

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,t , P xt

[CH2-CH(CH3)]n
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4. Thu tinh hu c ( poli metyl meta crylat)

- L cht lng khng mu, tan c trong nc, ru, ete. - Este ca n vi ru metylic c trng hp ch to thu tinh hu c (plexiglat).

5. T nitron 6. Cao su buna

- Polivinyl axetat (P.V.A) iu ch bng cch : cho ri trng hp.

IV. Trng ngng: + T capron: l sn phm trng hp ca caprolactam + T nilon ( hay nilon ): l sn phm trng ngng hai loi monome l hexametyliamin v axit aipic :

Cc cht phn ng trng ngng : nilon-6(capron),nilon-7(enang), nilon-6,6; tdacron Cc cht phn ng ng trng ngng : nilon-6,6; t dacron(T lapsan) Cc cht phn ng trng hp : PE,PVC,PS,PMA,cao su clopren, PP,PVA,PMM,cao su Buna, cao su isopren, T capron, T nitron,teflon, Cc cht phn ng ng trng hp : cao su Buna-S, cao su Buna-N,

CHUYN 1: GI TN V NG PHN
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I. Tn ankan v gc Ankan CnH2n+2 CTCT CH4 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3CH(CH3)CH3 Tn Mtan Etan Propan Butan Iso butan Anken CnH2n CTCT CH3CH3-CH2CH3-CH2-CH2CH3CH(CH3)CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3 CH2 CH(CH3)CH3 CH(CH3)CH2(CH3)3CTn Metyl Etyl Propyl Iso propyl Butyl Secbutyl Iso butyl Tert butyl

II. Tn Ru- Axit Este 1. Ru a. Thay th : Ankan + vi tr nhm, -OH + ol - Chn mch Cacbon di nht c nhm OH, nh s u tin C c OH b. Tn thng : Ancol + Ankyl + ic 2. Axit a. Thay th: Axit + ankan + Oic Chn mch Cacbon di nht cha COOH nh s u tin nhm chc b. Thng: Axit + 1c: fomic + 2C axetic, propyonic, butyric, Valeric. 3. Este RCOOR Gi R+ gc axit RCOOLoi Cng thc Ru CH3OH C2H5OH CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH(OH)CH3 Axit HCOOH CH3COOH CH3CH2COOH CH3CH2CH2COOH CH3CH(CH3)COOH Este *HCOOH HCOOHCOOCH3 HCOOC2H5 HCOOCH2CH2CH3 HCOOCH(CH3)2 *CH3COOH CH3COOCH3COOCH3
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Tn thay th Metanol Etanol Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol Axit metanoic Axit etanoic Axit propanoic Axit butanoic Axit -2-metyl propanoic Axit Metanoic Metanoat Metyl metanoat Etyl metanoat Propyl metanoat Iso propylmetanoat Axit etanoic Etanoat Metyl etanoat

Tn thng Ancol metylic Ancol etylic Ancol propylic Ancol iso propylic Axit fomic Axit axetic Axit propyonic Axit butyric Axit osi butylric Axit fomic Fomat Metyl fomat Etyl fomat Propyl fomat Iso propyl fomat Axit axetic axetat Metyl axetat
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CH3COOC2H5 CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 *CH3CH2COOH CH3CH2COOCH3CH2COO-CH3 CH3CH2COO-C2H5 III. Tn Amin: R-NH2 R-NH-R RN(R)R

Etyl etanoat Propyl etanoat Axit propanoic propanoat Metyl propanoat Etyl propanoat

Etyl axetat Propyl axetat Axit propyonic Propyonat Metyl propyonat Etyl propyonat.

Ankyl + amin Tn Metyl amin Etyl amin Propyl amin Iso propyl amin i metyl amin i etyl amin Etyl metyl amin Tri metyl amin Etyl i metyl amin Bc 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3

Cng thc CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2 CH3-CH2-CH2CH3CH(CH3)CH3NH-CH3 C2H5-NH-C2H5 CH3-NH-C2H5 CH3N(CH3)CH3 C2H5N(CH3)CH3

IV. Amino axit Nhom amino + tn axit ( thng) Cng thc Tn NH2-CH2COOH Axit amino axetic CH3CH(NH2)COOH Axit amino propyonic NH2CH2CH2COOH Axit amino propyonic CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH Axit amino butyric CH3CH(NH2)CH2COOH Axit amino butyric NH2CH2CH2CH2COOH Axit amino butyric 1.Este v axit CTPT C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C5H10O2 p Este 1 2 4 9 p Axit 1 1 2 4 p Tp chc 1 4 11 (andehit,ancol,xeton,ete) p cu to mch h 3 4+3 11+6 a. C2H4O2 HCOOCH3 Metyl fomiat. b. C3H6O2. HCOOC2H5 Etyl fomiat. CH3COOCH3 Metyl axetat. c. C4H8O2. HCOOCH2CH2CH3. Propyl fomiat. HCOOCH(CH3)CH3 Iso propyl fomiat. CH3COOCH2CH3 Etyl axetat. CH3CH2COOCH3. Metyl propyonat.
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Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

2.Amin TT CTPT 1 C2H7N 2 C3H9N 3 C4H11N 4 C6H7N 5 C7H9N 3. Amino axit : TT CTPT 1 C2H7NO2 2 C3H7NO2 3 C4H9NO2 a.Amin * C2H7N CH3CH2NH2 Etyl amin CH3-NH-CH3 i metyl amin. * C3H7N CH3CH2CH2-NH2 Propyl amin. CH3(CH3)CH-NH2 Iso propyl amin CH3CH2-NH-CH3 Etyl metyl amin. CH3(CH3)N-CH3. Tri metyl amin. *C6H7N C6H5-NH2 Phenyl amin (Anilin). b. mino axit *C2H5O2N NH2-CH2-COOH *C3H7O2N NH2-CH2CH2COOH Axit - amino propynic. CH3(NH2)CH-COOH. Axit - amino propyonic. *C4H9O2N CH3CH2CH2(NH2)COOH CH3CH(NH2)-CH2COOH NH2CH2CH2CH2-COOH CH3CH(NH2)(CH3)-COOH. NH2CH2-CH(CH3)-COOH Axit - amino butyric. Axit - amino butyric. Axit amino butylric Axit - amino iso butylric. Axit - amino isobutylric. Axit - amino axetic. S ng phn 2 4 8 1 5 bc1 1 2 4 Bc bc 2 1 1 3 bc 3 1 1

S ng phn 1 2 5 *C4H11N CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 Butyl amin. CH3CH2(CH3)CH-NH2 Sec butyl amin. CH3(CH3)CH-CH2-NH2 Iso butyl amin. (CH3)3C-NH2 Tert butyl amin. CH3CH2CH2-NH-CH3 metyl propyl amin. CH3(CH3)CH-NH-CH3 metyl iso propyl amin. CH3CH2-NH-CH2CH3 i etyl amin. CH3CH2(CH3)N-CH3 Etyl i metyl amin. *C7H9N NH2-C6H4-CH3

CHUYN 3 LNG TNH - THU PHN SACCAROZ I.Cht lng tnh Amino axit: NH2-R- COOH Va tc dng axit, va tc dng baz, Qu tm khng i mu II.Cc cht b thu phn 1.Este b thu phn trong mi trng axit- baz a.Thu phn trong mi trng axit
H 2013 Trang 14/19

Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12
H H Este + H2O CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Axit + Ru CH3COOH + C2H5OH H H Este + H2O Axit + andehit CH3COOCH=CH2 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3CHO H H Este + H2O Axit + phenol CH3COOC6H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C6H5OH b.Thu phn trong mi trng baz ( X phng ho) Este +NaOH t Mui + Ru CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH t CH3COONa + C2H5OH t Este + NaOH Mui + andehit CH3COOCH=CH2 + NaOH t CH3COONa + CH3CHO Este+NaOH t Mui + phenolat CH3COOC6H5 + 2NaOH t CH3COONa + C6H5ONa+H2O
+ + + + + +

2.Cht bo a.Thu phn trong mi trng axit (thun nghch) H (RCOO)3C3H5 + 3H2O 3RCOOH + C3H5(OH)3 H Lipit + H2O Cc axit bo + glixerol b.Thu phn trong mi trng baz (x phng ho ) H (RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3 H Lipit + H2O Mui ca axit bo + glixerol 3.Saccaroz, mantoz ,H C12H22O11 + H2O t C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Saccaroz Glucoz Fructoz
+ + + +

glucozo AgNO / ddNH H% 1 mol saccaroz fructozo 3 3 4molAg saccarozo

C12H22O11 + H2O Mantoz
1 mol mantoz
,H t
0 +

2(mol ) glucozo 4molAg (1 H )(mol )mantozo AgNO 3 / ddNH 3 2(1 H )molAg

H%
,H t
0 +

2C6H12O6 Glucoz AgNO3 / ddNH 3

4.Tinh b, xenluloz (C6H10O5)n + nH2O Tinh bt Xenluloz 5.Peptit v protein :

2C6H12O6 glucoz

(-NH-CH(R)-CO-)n Peptit : n= 2-50, phi l -amino axit Protein : n >50 Thu phn peptit v protein to ra - amino axit ,H (-NH-CH(R)-CO-)n + nH2O t nNH2-CH(R)-COOH 6. Cacbohidrat: a. Monosaccarit : Glucoz v fructoz ( C6H12O6) M=180 b. isaccarit : Saccaroz v mantoz ( C12H22O11) M=342 c. Poli saccarit: Tinh bt v xenluloz ( C6H10O5)n M=162n
0 +

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Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

BNG THUC TH NHN BIT CC HP CHT V C

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Ho cht Mui clorua, HCl Tm tt l thuyt Mui bromua, HBr Ha 12 Mui iotua, HI Mui photphat tan (hoc H3PO4) Mui sunfat (tan), axit H2SO4 sunfit, hirosunfit, cacbonat, hirocacbonat

C ion Cl Br IPO43 SO42 SO32 HSO3 CO32, HCO3 S

2

Thuc th dd AgNO3

Du hiu phn ng AgCl trng AgBr vng nht AgI vng Ag3PO4 vng, tan trong axit mnh BaSO4 trng, khng tan trong cc axit

dd AgNO3 ion Ba2+ (BaCl2, Ba(OH)2) ion H+ (dd HCl, dd H2SO4, dd HNO3)

si bt kh SO2 hoc CO2

Dd mui sunfua, dd H2S Mui nitrat (hoc HNO3) Mui canxi (tan) Mui bari (tan)

dd c Pb2+, Ag+, Cu2+ :Pb(NO3)2. H2SO4 c,Cu,to Dd c SO32 hoc CO32, SO42,CrO42(dd Na2CO3) SO42, C2O42dd baz kim: OH NaOH, KOH. (hoc dd NH3) NaOH, KOH. (hoc dd NH3) dd baz kim NaOH, KOH. (hoc dd NH3) dd baz kim NaOH, KOH. (hoc dd NH3) OH, Cl OH2, OH S2 , OH d Cl, I Cl OH OH OH d dd baz kim NaOH, KOH, to ngn la n cn. Dd KMnO4 Dd AgNO3, H+ Dd NH3 hoc OH Dd NH3 hoc OH Dd NH3 hoc OH Dd c Ba2+ Dd nc Br2 Dd Ca(OH)2 Dd Ca(OH)2

PbS en, CuS en (hoc Ag2S en) NO khng mu sau ho nu (NO2) , dd sau phn ng mu xanh lam CaSO4 (t tan), CaCO3trng BaSO4,BaCO3 trng, BaCrO4 vng SrSO4, SrC2O4 trng, CaC2O4 trng Mg(OH)2 trng Fe(OH)2 lc nht (hoc trng xanh), ho nu trong khng kh Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 nu Cu(OH)2 xanh lam (tan trong dd NH3 d) Al(OH)3 keo trng tan trong kim d. (Khng tan trong dd NH3 d) nu en(Ag2O), trng(AgCl) CdS vng, Cd(OH)2 trng PbS en, trng tan ra khi OH- d PbCl2 trng, PbI2 vng Hg2Cl2 trng Ni(OH)2 mu xanh nht Co(OH)2mu hngCo(OH)3 mu nu trong khng kh trng Be(OH)2 tan ra NH3 mi khai, lm xanh giy qu m. K: Ngn la mu tm hng. Na: Ngn la mu vng. Mt mu dd thuc tm Ag2SiO3, H2SiO3 keo trng trng tan ra (nu d tt) Cr(OH)2 vng, Cr(OH)3 xm xanh tan trong OH- d trng Mn(OH)2 trng BaSO4 Trang Mt mu dd nc Br2 17/19 trng tan ra(nu d SO2) trng tan ra(nu d CO2)

NO3 Ca2+ Ba2+

Mui bari (tan) Mui magi (tan) Mui st (II) (tan) Mui st (III) (tan) Mui ng (tan) (dd mu xanh lam) Mui nhm Dd AgNO3 Dd mui caimi Dd mui ch Dd mui ch Dd mui Hg22+ Dd mui Ni2+ Dd mui Co2+ Dd mui Beri Mui amoni Mui kali, natri Dd mui nitrit Dd mui silicat Dd mui km Dd mui Cr2+, Cr3+ Dd mui Mn2+ SO3 (cht lng) H 2013 SO2 (mi sc) CO2

Sr2+ , Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+ Fe3+

Cu2+ Al3+ Ag+ Cd2+ Pb2+ Pb2+ Hg22+ Ni2+ Co2+ Be2+ NH4+ K+, Na+ NO2SiO32Zn2+ 2+ Cr , Cr3+ Mn2+

Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12

Mt s qung
I. Qung st: 1. Hematit : Fe2O3 khan 2. Hematit nu (limonit): Fe2O3.nH2O 3. Manhetit: Fe3O4 4. Xiderit: FeCO3 5. Pirit: FeS2 (khng dng qng ny iu ch Fe v cha nhiu lu hunh, dng iu ch H2SO4). 6. Xementit : Fe3C. 7. Pirolosit : MnO2. 8. Inmenit : FeTiO3. II. Qung kali, natri: 1. Mui n : NaCl ; 2. Sivinit: KCl.NaCl 3. Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O 4. X a : Na2CO3 5. Dim tiu: NaNO3 6. Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (Da vo tan khc nhau ca cc mui clorua i vi nhit tch ring KCl). III. Qung canxi, magie: 1. vi, phn. CaCO3 2. Thch cao : CaSO4.2H2O 3. Photphorit :Ca3(PO4)2 4. Apatit: Ca5F(PO4)3 hay 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2 5. olomit CaCO3.MgCO3 ( bch vn). 6. Florit: CaF2. 7. Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O 8. Manhezit : MgCO3 , 9. Cainit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O VI. Qung nhm: 1. Boxit: Al2O3.nH2O (thng ln SiO2, Fe2O3 v mt s tp cht khc). 2. Cryolit: Na3AlF6 hay AlF3.3NaF 3. Cao lanh: Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O 4. Mica: K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O 5. Berin :Al2O3.3BeO.6SiO2 6. Anotit : CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2. 7. t st : Al2O3.SiO2.2.H2O. 8. phn chua K2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 24H2O 9. phn amoni Al2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4.24H2O V. Qung ng 1. Chancozit : Cu2S 2. Cancoporit : CuS.FeS ( CuFeS2) 3. Malakit : CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 4. Azurite : 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 5. Cuprit : Cu2O

Mu ca mt s oxit
Cr(OH)2 vng CrO en CrO3 thm Fe2O3: FeSO4.7H2O: xanh lc. FeCl2: dung dch lc nht MnCl2 : dung dch: xanh lc; tinh th: nht. K2MnO4: xanh lc. K2CrO4: vng cam. ZnCl2 : bt trng Al2O3: trng AgCl: trng.( Ha en Ngoi nh Sng). AgI : vng m. AgBr : Vng Nht CuS ,FeS ,Fe2S3 ,Ag2S ,PbS ,HgS: en. SnS: Nu. CdS : Vng. PbI2 : vng ti, tan nhiu trong nc nng. Ag2CrO4: gch. PbCrO4 : vng. BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4 : trng As2S3, As2S5 : vng. In(OH)3: kt ta nhy, mu trng. Fe(OH)2 : kt ta trng xanh hay lc nht. Cu(OH)2: Keo Xanh. CuCl2 : tinh th mu nu, dd xanh l cy. Cu2O: gch. TlI3: mu en. H 2013 Cr(OH)3 xanh xm Cr2O3 xanh thm Fe3O4: xanh en. FeO : en. Fe(OH)3: nu. FeCl3: vng nu. KMnO4: tinh th mu tm. MnO2 : kt ta mu en. K2Cr2O7: da cam. CrCl2 : lc sm. Au2O3: nu en. Al2(SO4)3: mu trng. AlCl3 ( tinh th lc phng) mu trng, thng ng mu vng nht v cha FeCl3. NaCl: khng mu, nhng mui n c mu trng l do c ln MgCl2 v CaCl2. MnS,SbS: Hng. ZnS:Trng. ZnS : trng. Hg2I2 ; vng lc. BaCrO4 : vng. Hg2CrO4 : . CaC2O4 : trng. Fe(SCN)3 dd mu mu. Tl(OH)3, TlOOH: kt ta nhy, mu hung Mn(OH)2: nu Al(OH)3 : Keo Trng. CuSO4: dd xanh lam. GaI3 v InI3: mu vng. Tl2O: bt mu en. Trang 18/19

Tm tt l thuyt Ha 12 TlOH: tinh th mu vng. H2SiO3: kt ta keo . Na-mu trng bc. K-c mu trng bc khi b mt sch. B-C hai dng th hnh ca bo; bo v nh hnh l cht bt mu nu, nhng bo kim loi th c mu en. O-kh dng phn t khng mu. Al-mu trng bc. P-tn ti di ba dng th hnh c bn c mu: trng, v en. Cl-kh mu vng lc nht. Mn-kim loi mu trng bc. Cu-kim loi c mu vng nh . Ba-c mu trng bc Pb-trng xm . I : Tinh th mu tm en . Zn2+:trng. Ca2+ th chy vi ngn la mu cam. K+ ngn la mu tm. Cu1+ c mu gch . Fe2+ mu trng xanh . Cr3+ mu lc . MnO4- mu tm . Li+ mu ta . Li c mu ta, Ba c mu lc vng. H2S : khng mu , mi trng thi . NO: ha nu trong khng kh.

Zn3P2: tinh th nu xm SrSO4 trng, HgI2 ,... Li-mu trng bc . Mg-mu trng bc. Ca-mu xm bc. N-l mt cht kh dng phn t khng mu . F-kh mu vng lc nht. Si-mu xm sm nh xanh. S-vng chanh. Cr-mu trng bc. Fe-kim loi mu xm nh nh kim. Zn-kim loi mu xm nht nh lam. Hg-Trng bc. Br : nu . Mn2+:vng nht. Al3+:trng. Na+ th ngn la mu vng. Cu2+ c mu xanh lam . Fe3+ mu nu . Ni2+ lc nht . Co2+ mu hng . CrO4 2- mu vng . nhng Pt vo Li, Ba (cc cht cn nhn bit) ri em un nng trn ngn la ko mu. NO2 : Nu SO2 : mi sc . NH3 : lm qu tm m ha xanh.

ng i kh, khng kh v ngn sng cch ni m kh v lng ngi ngi ni e sng ! Nhng li ha m ging bo s d b lng qun khi lc p tri ! Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

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