Th.

Stcherbatsky
NIM NIT-BN trong O PHT (The Conception of Buddhist Nirva ) JAIDEVA SINGH M.A (Phil. and Sans.), D.Litt PHN TCH V GII THIU Thch Nhun Chu dch

I.

DN NHP

I THA V TIU THA Trit hc Pht gio i tha c hai phng din, l Trit hc Pht gio i tha hay Tnh khng lun nyatvda) v Du-gi hnh tng (Yogcra) hay trng phi Duy thc (Vijnavda). y, chng ta ch cp n trit hc Trung qun (Madhyamaka Philosophy) hay trit hc Tnh khng (nyat). Ni chung, ng thi c ba tn gi dnh cho Tiu tha v i tha. Ba tn gi dnh cho Tiu tha l Pht gio Nam truyn (Southern Buddhism), Pht gio Nguyn thu (Original Buddhism), v Pht gio Tiu tha (Hnayna). Ba tn gi dnh cho i tha l Pht gio Bc truyn (Northern Buddhism), Pht gio Pht trin (Developed Buddhism), v Pht gio i tha (Mahyna). Hai danh xng u l do cc hc gi Chu u. Bc truyn v Nam truyn l da trn yu t a l. Cc hc gi Chu u cho rng o Pht c truyn b sang cc quc gia pha Bc n nh Nepal, Ty Tng, Trung Hoa , Nht Bn, v.v... l Pht gio Bc truyn, v Pht gio Nam truyn l o Pht c truyn b n cc quc gia pha Nam n nh Tch lan (Ceylon), Min in (Burma). Thi lan (Siam), v.v... S phn chia ny cha c hon ton ng lm, theo nh Tin s J. Takakusu, v Pht gio c truyn vo Java v Sumatra, nm v pha Nam n m c nt tng t nh Pht gio c truyn vo cc quc gia pha Bc. S phn chia Pht gio Nguyn thu v Pht gio Pht trin c cn c hoc tin rng i tha ch l s pht trin dn dn t gio l cn bn vn l t trong Tiu tha, nhng iu ny khng c cc nh i tha cng nhn. Cc hc gi Pht gio Nht Bn cho rng c Pht i tr truyn t gio php ca ngi cho mn tu theo cn c tip nhn ca h. Vi mt s cn c, ngi truyn dy gio php ph bin/cng truyn (exoteric; vyakta-upadea),1 cha ng nhng nhn thc v mt hin tng lun (phenomenological); i vi cc mn c cn c cao hn, ngi truyn dy gio php n mt/b truyn2 (esoteric teaching; guhya-upadea), bao hm nhng nhn thc v mt bn th lun (ontological). c Pht u a ra mt phc tho chnh cho c hai gio php, v c hai gio php u c pht trin bi nhng bc T s (crya). Do vy, c s nhm ln khi dng thut ng Pht gio Nguyn thu (Original Buddhism), v Pht gio Pht trin (Developed Buddhism). C hai gio php u c ging dy ng thi. Gio php cng truyn c th ni l c nhiu ngi bit n v gio php b truyn t c bit n. Gio php n mt ny vi t hn gio php cng truyn.

Tuy nhin, chng ta hiu ra v sao thut ng Tiu tha (Hnayna) v i tha (Mahyna) tr nn c thnh hnh. Theo R. Kimura, i chng b (Mahs ghika) duy tr gio php b truyn ca c Pht v phng khong, tin b hn Thng to b (Sthavira). Trong cuc Kt tp thnh Tda-li (Vail),3 cc v Trng lo thuc i chng b (Mahs ghika) hay cc v tng x Bt-k (Vajji) b cc Trng lo ca Thng to b khai tr khi gio on v bc l nhng kin khc vi nhng v thuc trng phi chnh thng, v ln n h l nhng v T-khu gi nua v l Trng phi A-t-tmaAdhammavadin. Cc t-khu thuc i chng b, th hin tnh u vit trong gio php ca mnh tri vt gio php ca Thng to b, h p tr li bng cch dng t i tha (Mahyna; c xe ln) gi tn trng phi ca mnh, v Tiu tha (Hnaynac xe nh) gi Thng to b, trng phi i th ca mnh. T , thut ng i tha v Tiu tha tr nn thng dng. Khng th ni rng cc thut ng ny ch ring c cc nh i tha s dng. BA GIAI K CA O PHT Ba giai k ny c th c ghi nhn d dng qua trit hc v tn ngng o Pht. 1. Giai on gio l A-t-t-ma (Abhidharma) t khi c Pht nhp nit-bn cho n th k th I stl . y chnh l giai on o Pht mang tnh cht Thc ti lun (realistic) v a nguyn lun (pluralistic). Phng php ca trng phi ny l mt trong nhng phng php phn tch. Trit hc ca thi k ny bao gm ch yu l nhng phn tch v cc hin tng tm-vt l (psycho-physical) ca cc php 4 hu vi5 v v vi.6 im quan tm chnh ca giai on ny l gii thot duy tm lun (psychologicalsoteriological). Sc thi u vit ca giai on ny l duy l ch ngha (rationalism) kt hp tu tp thin nh. Ngn ng c dng trong thi k ny l Pli, v trng phi chnh l Tiu tha (Hnayna). 2. S pht trin ca gio l mt truyn (esoteric teachings ) Dng th hai trong s pht trin gio php ca c Pht vn ang thnh hnh trong i chng b (Mahsghika), ng thi vi giai on A-t-t-ma (Abhidharma). Quan tm chnh ca giai on ny l gii thot bn th lun (ontological-soteriological). Sc thi ni bt ca trng phi ny l siu duy l (supra-rationalism) kt hp vi Du-gi (Yoga). 7 N lc chnh ca trng phi ny l nhn ra t tnh (svabhva) hay chn tnh (true nature) ca Thc ti (Reality), v nhn ra Thc ti trong chnh n bng s pht huy tu gic (Praj). Ngn ng c dng trong thi k ny l Sa skrta hay l Sanskrit hn chng.8 Trng phi ny c gi l i tha. Dng trc c gi l Trit hc Trung qun (Madhyamaka) hay l Tnh khng lun (nyatvda), trng phi sau ny c gi l Du-gi hnh tng (Yogcra) hay Duy thc tng (Vijnavda). Thi k ny ko di t th k th II stl n nm 500 stl. 3. S pht trin ca Tan-tra tha (Tantra) Dng pht trin th ba l Tan-tra tha. Dng ny ko di t nm 500 stl. n nm 1000 A.D. Quan tm chnh ca dng ny l gii thot v tr lun (cosmical-soteriological). Kha cnh tri vt ca trng phi ny l ch ngha huyn b (occultism). im nhn mnh chnh l iu chnh v ho hp vi v tr, v t n gic ng bng cc phng php huyn b v ch thut (mantric). Ngn ng phn l dng ting Sakrta v Apabhraa. Cc trng phi chnh thuc Tan-tra tha l Mt tha (Mantrayna), Kim cang tha (Vajrayna), Cu sinh khi tha (Sahaja yna), 9 Thi lun tha (Klacakra yna).10 y chng ta khng cp n dng th nht v th ba. Chng ta ch quan tm n dng u tin trong thi k th hai. Th. Stcherbatsky cung cp mt bn dch ch cp n phm th nht v phm th 25, c ngha l phm lin quan n Nhn qu v Nit-bn trong Trung lun (Madhyamaka stra) hay Trung qun lun tng(Madhyamaka-Karika) ca Long Th hoc l cng vi lun gii ca Nguyt Xng (Candrakirti).11 Trong phn dn nhp ny, s c gng nu ln mt tm tt v h thng Trung qun nh mt ton th. TRUNG QUN LUN: HNH TRNG CA LONG TH V THNH THIN T tng Trung qun bao hm ch yu trong Trung qun lun ca Long Th v T bch lun (catuataka) ca Thnh Thin.12

Cc kinh sch v Pht gio i tha hon ton b bin mt n . Cc bn dch cn lu hnh Trung Hoa, Nht Bn, v Ty Tng. Vn hc i tha phn ln c vit bng ting Sa skta v Sanskrit hn chng. Cc hc gi c nhng nghin cu v o Pht hu nh khng hoi nghi rng cng l nhng tc phm v o Pht bng ting Saskta. ng Brian Houghton Hodgson, ngi c b nhim lm Cng s Kthamndu Nepal nm 1833,v phc v trong t cch ny n ht nm 1843. Trong thi gian ny, ng pht hin ra 381 b bn tho c ni dung Pht hc bng ting Sa skta. y l nhng sp xp v nhng nghin cu x hi khc nhau bin tp v xut bn. Lc ng mi nhn ra rng o Pht qua cc bn tho bng ting Saskta rt khc vi o Pht qua kinh tng ting Pl; v o Pht Trung Hoa, Ty Tng, Nht Bn, v.v... rt ging nh trong cc tc phm bng ting Sa skta. Trong s cc bn tho bng ting Saskta, cn tm thy Trung qun lun tng(Madhyamakasra) ca Long Th cng vi lun gii ni ting nhan Minh c lun (Prasanna pad) ca Nguyt Xng. Bn ny c Louis de la Valle Poussin bin tp v n hnh trong Bibliotheca Buddhica, Vol. IV. St. Petersburg, Russia nm 1912. Mt n bn sm hn ca tc phm ny c n hnh bi Buddhist Text Society, Calcutta, nm 1897 v c bin tp bi araccandra str. Bn ny y nhng li in sai. Poussin tham kho sch ny, nhng ng cn s dng hai bn tho khc, mt t i hc Cambridge v bn khc t Paris. ng cn kim tra vn bn ca cc bi k tng (karika) v cc lun gii vi s tr gip ca bn dch ting Ty Tng. Tin s P. L. Vaidya s dng n bn ca Poussin bin tp v a ra vo nm 1960 tc phm Trung qun lun tng (Madhyamakasra) ca Long Th cng vi lun gii ca Nguyt Xng bng mu t Devangar.13 Tc phm ny c n hnh do Mithila Vidyapitha, Darbhanga. Stcherbatsky dng n bn do Poussin bin tp vit tc phm Conception of Buddhist Nirva ny. c Pht thng m t gio php ca ngi l Trung o. 14 Khi Long Th pht trin trit hc ca ngi, Long Th bm cht ly thut ng then cht ny, v Long Th gi trit hc ca ngi l Trung qun (Madhyamakamadhyamaiva madhyamakam) hay l Trung qun lun tng (Madhyamakasra). Nhng ngi ng h h thng trit hc ny tr nn c gi l Mdhyamika. 15 Tn gi chnh xc cho h thng trit hc ny l Madhyamaka, khng phi l Mdhyamika. Mdhyamika c ngha l ngi tin vo hay l mn ca h thng trit hc Trung qun (Madhyamaka). Di nhan Trung qun lun tng (Madhyamaka-sra), Long Th vit ra hc thuyt trit hc bng hn 400 bi k tng (krik) bng m iu nhp th anuubha,16phn thnh 27 phm. LONG TH (NGRJUNA) Ngi l bc T s pht trin v hon thin h thng trit hc Trung qun. Ngi c nh hng rt mnh vo th k th II stl. Ngi sinh trong mt gia nh B-la-mn vng ndhradea, c l l Vidarbha (Berr). rparvata v Dhnyakaaka l trung tm nhng hot ng ca ngi pha Nam. min Bc, ngi tin hnh nhng hot ng ca mnh nhiu ni m trong s , i hc Na-lan17 c xem l ni bt nht. Ngi cng c lin h vi vng Amarvat v i Long Th (Ngrjunakoa).Rjataragi (th k th 11th stl.) ni rng ngi l ngi cng thi vi Huska, Juska v Kaniska. Theo tiu s cua ngi Long Th, c ngi Cu-ma-la-thp (Kumrajva) dch sang ting Hn (khong nm 405 stl.), Long Th sinh trong mt gia nh B-la-mn min Nam n , c hc kinh in Ph v cc ngnh khc ca kin thc thuc dng B-la-mn. V sau ngi chuyn sang theo o Pht. Mt trong nhng tc phm th yu ca ngi, Khuyn gii vng tng (Suhllekha),18 tng truyn l dnh cho vua ndhra, x tavhana. Tuy nhin, tavhana khng phi l tn ring ca mt v vua, m l tn ca b tc vua ndhra, c to lp bi Simuka (tham kho Ancient India ca R. C. Majumdar, tr. 133). Mt s hc gi cho rng Khuyn gii vng tng (Suhllekha) l vit cho vua Ca-n-sc-ca (Kanika). C mt truyn thuyt lin quan n tn ca ngi. Nga c ngha l rn hoc rng. Arjuna l tn ca cy. Tng truyn ngi c sinh ra di gc cy Arjuna, v ngi ving thm vng quc di bin ca loi rng, ni Long vng trao tng cho ngi b kinh i Bt-nh (Mah prajpramit Stra), b kinh c c Pht giao ph cho Long vng.

Tuy nhin, t Nga l mt biu tng ca tr hu. c Pht lu : Rng l danh xng ca ca ngi ph tr sch lu hoc (sava; e:passions) (Majjhima-Nikya, I.23.). Do vy, loi rng (Nga), c th l mt v A-la-hn no , m qua ngi, gio php i Bt-nh (Mah prajpramit) c trao truyn. Ngi Long Th c l tip nhn gio php ny t v A-la-hn . Khng nn nhm ln ngi Long Th trong o Pht vi mt Long Th l nh gi kim (chemist), nh ch thut (tantrika) sgn vo th k th 7 stl.19 Ngi Ty Tng quy 122 tc phm l ca ngi Long Th. Nhng ch c nhng tc phm di y c th l nhng tc phm ng tin cy: 1. Trung qun lun tng (Madhyamaka-sra), cn c gi l Bt-nh (Praj) hay k tng (karika), vi lun gii nhan Akutobhaya,20 ca chnh ngi l tc gi.

2. Hi trnh lun21 (vigraha-vyvartan), vi mt lun gii ca chnh ngi l tc gi. 3. Lc thp tng nh l lun22 (yukti-ahik), .

4. Tht thp khng tnh lun thch23 (nyat-saptati), vi mt lun gii ca chnh ngi l tc gi. 5. 6. Nhn duyn tm lun tng (prattya-samutpda-h daya-krik)24 vi mt lun gii. Catustava.

7. Bhvankrama. 8. Khuyn gii vng tng (Suhllekha)

9. Bo hnh vng chnh lun (rjaparikath-ratnval). 25 10. Bhvasamkrnti. 11. i Tr lun (mahprajpramit-stra).26 12. Thp tr t-b-sa lun (daabhmi-vibh-stra).27 13. Eka-loka-stra. 14. Qung ph kinh (vaidalya-stra), v Qung ph lun (vaidalya-prakara a).28 bn dch Hn v Tng ng vn cn. 15. Vyavahra-siddhi. Ch c vi bn trong s ny l c gi tr nguyn bn. Tuy nhin, l cc bn dch bng ting Ty Tng v cc tc phm ny.29 Trong tiu s v Long Th ca ngi Cu-ma-la-thp, c cp n nhng tc phm sau y l ca Long Th: 1. Upadea gm 100.000 bi k (gth). 2. Buddhamrglakrastra gm 5.000 bi k. Su tp ting Hn cp n cc tc phm sau l ca ngi Long Th: 1. i tha ph hu lun (mahyna-bhavabheda-stra). 30 2. B- t lng lun (bodhisabhraka).31

3. Tn Php gii tng (dharmadhtu-stava).32 THNH THIN HAY L -B Ngi sinh Sihala (Tch lan) v tr thnh t ca Long Th. Ngi theo hu thy i khp ni v gip ngi Long Th phn ln trong vic truyn b gio l ca ngi. Tiu s ca ngi c Cu-ma-la-thp dch sang ting Hn vo khong nm 405 stl.

Tc phm ni ting ca ngi l T bch lun (catuataka), gm 400 bi k. Ngi tn tr gio l ca Long Th v ph phn trit hc Tiu tha, phi S lun (S khya) v Thng lun (Vaieika). C l ngi l tc gi ca Akara-ataka. Tng truyn ngi cng l tc gi ca Hastavala-prakaraa v Cittaviuddhi-prakaraa. Gio s Winternitz33 c by t mi hoi nghi Cittaviuddhi-prakaraa. khng phi l tc phm ca Thnh Thin. Tng truyn Thnh Thin b st hi bi mn ca mt v thy ngoi o, khi v ny b khut phc trong mt cuc tranh lun vi ngi.

NGUN GC CHNH CA I THA. Ngun gc ca i tha c th truy cu n mt trng phi trc c bit vi tn l Ma-ha-tng k (Mahsghika; i chng b) cng nhng ngun vn tch khc c gi l kinh vn i tha.

I.

Ma-ha-tng k (Mahsghika; i chng b).

Hi ngh ti T-da-ly (Vail) (theo Kimura), mt s t-khu khng ng hon ton vi nhng t-khu khc v nhng im quan trng trong gio php. D cc t-khu bt ng chim s ng, nhng h b trc xut bi nhng v t-khu khc t nhn mnh l t-khu Trng lo v l nhng ngi theo trng phi A-t-t-ma (Adhammavadin). Trong lch s o Pht, nhng v t-khu ny c gi l i chng b (Mahsghika), v h hnh thnh nn s ng trong Hi ngh thnh T-da-ly, hay c l l d phn nh kin ca i a s ca tng lp c s. Cc t-khu trc xut cc v kia khi gio on t gi mnh l Sthavira (Trng lo) hay l Thng to b (Theravda), v h tin rng minh l i biu cho gio php truyn thng, nguyn thu ca c Pht. Chng ta thy rng i chng b tr ming khi dng t i tha (Mahyna) gi tn cho h thng tn ngng v tu tp ca mnh, v gi Sthavira l Tiu tha (Hnayna). Chng ta hy xem xt h thng gio l chnh ca i chng b. S ng gp ca i chng b c th gom li di bn tiu : 1. Vai tr ca c Pht. Theo i chng b, c Pht khng ch l mt nhn vt lch s. c Pht chn tht l siu vit, xut th gian, vnh cu, v v cng. c Pht lch s ch l con ngi c tng tng, c Ngi gi n th hin ni trn gian, chp nhn trong hnh thi con ngi, sng nh mt con ngi bnh thng v dy gio php cho nhng c dn trn th gian. c Pht chn tht l Thc ti (Reality) tuyt i v tip tc phi nhng s gi n trn gian ging dy gio php chn tht cho con ngi. 2. Vai tr ca A-la-hn. Thng to b quy kt mi s ton vn cho A-la-hn. Trong khi i chng b cho rng A-la-hn cha c vin mn; cc ngi vn cn nhiu do d v vn cn cha bit ht nhiu iu. 34 Cc ngi khng nn c xem nh l l tng. ng hn nn khng nh l nhng mu ngi l tng phi tri qua v s 3. Vai tr ca tri thc thng nghim. Theo i chng b, tri thc thng nghim khng em n cho ta mt ni qun (insight) vo Thc ti (Reality). Ch c tnh khng (nyat) siu vit mi hin tng th gian mi c th cho chng ta ci nhn v Thc ti (Reality). Tt c mi pht biu bng ngn t u cho chng ta mt mt ci nhn sai lm v Thc ti; v n ch l cu trc ca vng tng (thought-constructions) 4. V t tnh (Unsubstantial Nature) ca cc Php (Dharmas). Thng to b tin rng b-c-gi-la (pudgala) hay l bn ng ca con ngi l v t tnh, nhng cc php (dharmas; elements) l thc th c thc. i chng b cho rng khng ch B-c-gi-la l v ng

(pudgala-nairtmya) m cc php (elements of existence) cng v ng (pudgala-nairtmya). Vn php u l V t tnh (khng-nyat). Nhn t trn cao s thy rng cc chi phn thc t mi h thng quan trng ca trit hc Trung qun u c th hin trong h thng t tng ca i chng b. chnh l i chng b, tin phong trong mi biu hin nim bn th lun (ontology) ca c Pht vn t ban s, c trnh by trong cc kinh in i tha, v v sau pht trin thnh trit hc v tn ngng i tha. II. Ci ngun vn tch Trong o Pht, kinh (stra) c cho l cha ng li dy trc tip bng kim khu ca chnh c Pht, v lun (stra) bao gm nhng ch thch, ging gii tinh vi mang tinh trit hc v hc thut v nhng li dy trc tip ca c Pht. Chng ta c mt s lng s v nhng tc phm vn hc c gi l Kinh in i tha. L Kinh, cho rng l li dy trc tip ca c Pht. Mt s lng ln nhng kinh , d nhin, khng phi l t kim khu ca c Pht. l nhng bin son cng phu t m ca vi bn kinh ht nhnseminal sutras c t rt su trong vn h Kinh in i tha phong ph m by gi hu nh khng th no g ri c. Quan trng nht trong nhng kinh in ny l Kinh Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a (prajpramit). Prajpramit thng c dch l tr hu vin mn (perfect wisdom). Pram-it, c ngha l vt qua (gone beyond). C ngh nn dch Praj-pramit l ni qun siu vit transcendent insight; hay tr hu siu vit l tt hn. Ting Ty Tng dch theo cch ny. Trong tt c cc quc gia ni m truyn thng i tha nh mt tn ngng sinh ng, cu thn ch Bt-nh ba-lamt-a sau y thng c tr tng: Gate, gate, pra-gate, prasagate Bodhi, svh!35 C ngha l i qua, i qua, qua b bn kia, qua n b bn kia Gic ng, Chc lnh ! Theo Tin s Edward Conze, s hnh thnh vn h Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a ko di khong 1000 nm, c th phn thnh 4 thi k: 1. Thi k u (khong nm 100 ttl. n nm 100 stl. ): bao gm trong tinh tu ca gio l t bn kinh cn bn. Thi k th hai (khong nm 100 stl. n nm 300 stl. ): bao gm s m rng gio php thnh ba hay bn b lun di. Thi k th ba (khong nm 300 stl. n nm 500 stl. ): gm trong s c ng gio php thnh vi chuyn lun ngn hn. Thi k th ba (khong nm 500 stl. n nm 1000 stl. ): gm nhng c ng gio php thnh nhng -la-ni (dhrani) v ch ng (mantra). Theo phn ln cc hc gi, Bt-nh Bt thin tng (Aa shasrik), gm 8,000 bi k, l c xa nht trong vn h Bt-nh. C l n c ngun gc t trong i chng b. Ch chnh ca chuyn lun ny l gio l v tnh khng (nyat). Bt-nh Bt thin tng (Aa shasrik) c l c pht trin rng ra thnh Bt-nh Bch thin tng (atashasrik; 100.00 bi k), thnh Bt-nh Nh thp ng thin tng (Pacaviatishasrik; gm 25.000 bi k); v thnh Bt-nh Thp bt thin tng (Aada shasrik; gm 18.000 bi k). Bt-nh Thp bt thin tng do Lokaraka dch nm 172. Stl. Nay n cc tc phm c ng ca vn h Bt-nh ba-la-nh Tm kinh Bt-nh Tm kinh (Hdaya) v Kinh Kim Cang (Vajracchedik stra). Kinh Kim Cang c dch sang ting Hn c l vo th k th V stl. Bn dch ny c in Trung Hoa vo thng ngy 11 thng 5 nm 868. Tng truyn y l bn in sch c xa nht th gii.

2.

3.

Abhisamaylakra l bn tm tt ca Bt-nh Nh thp ng thin tng (Pacaviatishasrik), do ngi Maitreyanatha, thy ca ngi V Trc (Asa ga) thc hin. 4. Sau cng, Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a c c ng li thnh -la-ni (dhrani) v ch ng (mantra). Mt trong nhng dng ny, l, theo Ekk ar ni rng tr hu vin mn ch cha ng trong mt ch, l ch A. Rt ro Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a c nhn cch ho nh mt n thn tn sng.

Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a va l trit hc va l tn ngng. N khng ch l trit l nh trong cch hiu v mt ngn t ca ngi Ty phng. phng Ty t ct t chnh mnh khi tri dt trong tn ngng tr nn theo ui tr thc thun tu. n , mi trit l u l tn gio, v mi tn gio u l trit l. Tn ngng Ty phng ch tr thnh mt tn gio. Cn tn gio n l mt tn gio mang cht trit l. Ch chnh yu ca vn hc Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a l gio l Tnh khng (nyat). Cc nh Tiu tha ch tin vo B-c-gi-la v ng (pudgala-nairtmya) hay l Nhn v ng (unsubstantiality of the individual). H xp loi Thc ti (Reality) thnh mt php hin hu v cho rng cc php y v c thc th. Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a nh mt c rt mnh vo nim tin ny. Bt-nh ch trng rng Nht thit php khng (sarva-dharma-nyat), tnh v t th ca tt c cc hin tng (unsubstantiality of all dharmas). Cc hin tng l tu thuc v nhn duyn. Tu thuc nhau nh vy, nn chng khng c thc th. Do vy, chng l khng (nya). Nit-bn l siu vit cc phm tr ca t duy, chnh nit-bn l tnh khng (nyat). C nit-bn v lun hi, hu vi v v vi, ch l nhng cu trc ca t tng (thought-constructions), 36 th nn n khng c thc th. Thc ti tuyt i (Ultimate Reality) c th c gi l tnh khng (nyat) trong ngha n siu vit mi phn nh thng nghim (empirical determinations) v cu trc ca t tng. Bt-nh hay ni qun siu vit (transcendent insight) ct ch dng hn khng m mnh trong nhng cu trc ca t tng. Th nn Bt-nh tr nn ng ngha vi Tnh khng (nyat). Tuy nhin, t c ni qun trong tnh khng (nyat), chng ta khng ch bng cch nng nhit cng nhn n, cng chng phi bng cch tranh lun trn ngn t, m bng thin qun v tnh khng (nyat). Chng ta phi thin qun v tnh khng nh l s vng bt ca bn ng, trn tnh v t th ca cc php, trong tnh khng (nyat) cho n tnh khng (nyat) ca cc php v vi. Cui cng, chng ta phi t b chnh tnh khng. Tuy nhin, thin qun ny s khng c hiu qu tr phi chng ta tng tu tp o c nht nh. D y l tot yu tm tt v kinh vn Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, nhng cng ch ra rng dng vn h ny cha ng tt c cc yu t quan trng ca h thng kinh in i tha. Th nn chng ta hiu rng h thng Trung qun c pht trin trn nn tng gio l ca i chng b v trn nn tng kinh in i tha c tn l Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a. CC TC PHM TRUNG QUN V CC TRNG PHI. H thng trit hc ca i chng b c pht trin ch yu bi ngi Long Th. Ngi l mt trong nhng thin ti v i kit xut nht trn th gian. H thng trit hc m ngi t nn tng c pht huy bi cc mn sng chi ca ngi. H thng ny c mt lch s pht trin tng tc t th k th 2 stl. mi cho n th k th 11 stl. Ba giai on ca s pht trin ny c th c nh du d dng. Giai on th nht, c mt trnh by mang tnh h thng v trit hc Trung qun do ngi Long Th v Thnh Thin. Giai on th hai, l s

phn k ca h thng thnh hai phi Quy mu lun chng phi (Prsa gika)37 v Y t khi tng (Svtantrika).38 Giai on th ba l s ti xc lp ca Quy mu lun chng phi (Prsa gika). LONG TH V THNH THIN (th k th 2 stl.) Thi k th nhtLong Th l tc gi ca nhiu tc phm s lun gii v Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a c bit vi nhan i Tr lun (Praj pramit-sstra ). B lun ny c ngi Cu-ma-la-thp dch sang ting Hn nm 402-405 stl. Nn tng lc cha c sn dng. Tuy nhin,, ngi hnh thnh trit hc ch yu ca mnh trn Tr hu cn bn (praj-mla) hay trn tc phm lun gii Cn bn Trung qun lun tng (Mla-madhyamaka-krik), thng gi l Trung qun lun tng(madhyamaka-krik). t nhit thnh ca ngi l Thnh Thin (ryadeva) trnh by chi tit trit hc ca ngi trong tc phm T bch k (Catu-ataka). Chng ta hiu cc lun gii khc c son tho bii ngi Long Th v Thnh Thin (ryadeva). Thi k th haiLong Th dng k thut ca prasaga39 trong vic hnh thnh trit hc Trung qun ca mnh. Prasaga l mt thut ng chuyn mn c ngha l lp lun gim tr phi l (reductio ad absurdum).40 Long Th khng ci tin mt l thuyt no ca ring mnh, v do vy, khng cn phi ci tin bt k lp lun no chng minh cho l thuyt ca ngi. Ngi thng ch dng lp lun phn chng (prasaga-vakya) hay lp lun gim tr phi l (reductio ad absurdum) chng minh rng cc l thuyt m cc i phng ch trng ch dn n s phi l t mi nguyn l m h cng nhn. iu ny hm rng Thc ti siu vit mi cu trc t duy (bin k) (thought-construction). Pht H (Buddhaplita)41 ngi lm hng thnh trit hc Trung qun vo th k th 6 l mt mn nhit thnh ca Long Th. Ngi cm thy rng lp lun phn chng ( prasaga) l mt phng php tuyt ho dnh cho trit hc Trung qun v vn dng phng php ny vo trong gio php, phng thc truyn dy v cc tr tc ca mnh. Ngi vit mt lun gii v Trung qun lun tng ca Long Th nhan Madhyamakavtti.42 Lun gii ny ch cn bn dch ting Ty Tng, bn gc b mt. Mt nhn vt ng thi tr hn ngi Pht H, tn l Bhavya hay cn gi l Thanh Bin (Bhvaviveka), ch trng rng khng ch a i phng n ch gim tr phi l, m dng lp lun ca chnh mnh (svatantra) hay cn dng nhng lun chng lun l c lp lm im lng i phng. Thanh Bin43 tin rng ring ch h thng bin chng php khng phc v cho mc ch xc nh chnh xc Chn l tuyt i (Absolute Truth) Thanh Bin tr tc b lun i tha chng trn lun (mahynatlaratnastra), Trung qun tm lun tng (madhyamakahdayakrik), vi mt ch gii do chnh mnh thc hin, nhan l Trung qun tm quang minh bin lun (madhyamaka-hdaya-vtti-tarkajvl), Nhip trung qun ngha lun (madhyamrtha-sagraha), v Bt-nh ng lun thch (prajpradpa), mt b lun gii v Trung qun lun tng (Madhyamaka stra) ca ngi Long Th. Cc tc phm ny hin nay ch cn bn dch ting Ty Tng. Tin s L. M. Joshi phin chuyn cun Nhip trung qun ngha lun (madhyamrthasagraha) sang mu t Ngar v dch sang ting Hindi, hin c trong Dharmaduta, Vol. 29, JulyAugust, 1964. N. Aiyswami stri phc hi Karatalaratna t bn dch ting Hn ca Huyn Trang (Yuan Chwang) sang ting Saskta (Vivabhrati antiniketan, 1949). Th nn, chng ta thy rng vo th k th 6, gn 400 nm sau khi Long Th nhp dit, Trng phi Trung qun chia thnh hai nhnh, l: a. b. Quy mu lun chng phi44 (prsagika school), ngi Pht H dn u, v c lp lun chng phi45 (Svtantrika school), ngi Thanh Bin dn u.

Y. Kajiama cho rng vn phn nhnh Trung qun phi l do h thng tri thc tng i c c cng nhn l hp l, ng n (valid) hay khng, mc d n b nh la t im tt cng ca quan nim. Theo ngi Huyn Trang, Thanh Bin khoc v o ca phi S lun (Skhya) bn ngoi, d bn trong Thanh Bin tn thnh hc thuyt Long Th.

Thi k th baTrong giai on ba, chng ta c hai Lun s r ni bt ca Trung qun phi, l Nguyt Xng v Tch Thin.46 Mt s ln cc lun gii, chng 20 b, l nhm ch gii v Trung qun lun tng ca Long Th. Nay cc tc phm ny ch cn trong bn dch ting Ty Tng. Cun Minh c lun (s: Prasannapad),47 lun gii duy nht ca Nguyt Xng hin cn di dng gc bng ting Sa skta. Dng nh tc phm ny hch cc tc phm lun gii khc sang mt bn. Nguyt Xng ni ting rt sm t th k th 7 stl. v tr tc rt nhiu lun gii. Ngi sinh min Nam Samanta. Ngi hc Trit hc Trung qun vi thy l Kamalabuddhi, t ca Pht H v c l cng l t ca Thanh Bin (Bbhvaviveka). Cun Minh c lun lun gii v Trung qun lun tng ca Long Th ca ngi c n. Ngi vit mt tc phm c lp khc, nhan Nhp trung qun lun (Madhyamakvatra), cng vi mt tc phm t ch gii b lun ny. 48 Ngi thng cp n cun Nhp trung qun lun (Madhyamakvatra) trong Minh c lun, vn cho thy rng Nhp trung qun lun c vit trc Minh c lun. Nguyt Xng cn vit lun gii v cun Tht thp khng tnh lun (nyat-saptati ),49 v lun gii v cun Lc thp tng nh l lun (yukti-ahik)50 ca Long Th, v ch gii cun T bch lun (Catuataka) ca Thnh Thin (ryadeva). Hai cun prakaraa hay l sch gio khoa, kim ch nam khc ca ngi, l Madhyamakaprajvatra v Pacaskandha u do ngi tr tc. Trong tt c cc tc phm, ch c Minh c lun (s: prasannapad) l cn dng gc, cc tc phm khc ch cn bn dch ting Ty Tng. Nguyt Xng tch cc tn thnh Quy mu lun chng phi (prsa gika school), v thng ch by nhng l hng trong lun l ca Thanh Bin (Bbhvaviveka) t rt nhiu ni. Ngi cng tn thnh quan nim thng thng (common-sense view) v tri gic bng gic quan (sense-perception ) v ph phn hc thuyt t tng (s: sva-lakaa; e: unique particular) 51 v nim (s: kalpanpoha;52 e: devoid of determination). Nguyt Xng cn ph phn Duy thc tng (Vijna vda) v ch trng rng thc (vijna) khng c i tng l iu khng th tng tng c. Tch Thin (ntideva) l ct tr v i khc ca Quy mu lun chng phi. Ngi ni ting vo th k th 7 stl. Theo s gia Trntha,53 Tch Thin l con ca vua Kalynavarman x Saur tra v l ngi ngi trc tip c truyn ngi vua. Khi l mt hon t, ngi c gi l ntivarman. Ngi cm kch rt su xa vi t tng i tha n mc ngi trn khi vng quc v xut gia vi ngi Jaideva Tu vin Nalan- (Nlanda), sau ngi c tn l Tch Thin (Santideva). Ngi l tc gi ca Tp B-tt hc lun (s: iksamuccaya) v Nhp b- hnh lun (bodhicaryvatra). Trong Tp B-tt hc lun, ngi cp n nhiu tc phm quan trng ca i tha, gn 97 tc phm trong s bay gi hu nh tht lc. Trong tc phm Nhp b- hnh lun, ngi nhn mnh v tu tp b- tm. Ngi l nh th v i nht ca Trung qun tng, v cc tc phm ca ngi chng t mt s dung thng gia thi ca v trit hc. Ngi cng l mn ca phng php gim tr phi l/lp lun phn chng ( prasaga) v ch trch Duy thc tng rt kch lit. V nhn tin, c th ni rng ntarakita v l Kamalala i biu cho thuyt tng hp ca h thng trit hc Trung qun v Duy thc, nn khng th c xem mt cch nghim tc hc thuyt l Trung qun c. Hc thuyt ca ntarakita thnh hnh vo th k th 8 stl. Tc phm quan trng ca ngi l Tattvasagraha(Compendium of Reality). Mn kit xut ca ngi l Kamalala, vit tc phm Tattvasagraha-pajik, mt lun gii nghin cu v Tattvasagraha. Bin chng php Trung qun: Ngun gc, Cu trc v Pht trin. Chng ta hiu ra rng hu nh tt c h thng trit hc quan trng ca Trung qun u c phc ho trong h thng t tng ca i chng b v trong vn h Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a. Long Th ch l ngi pht trin chng. Th th, ci g l phn ng gp nguyn s ca Long Th? Phn ng gp

nguyn s ca ngi chnh l bin chng php m ngi pht trin. Chc chn ngi phng mt nh sng mi vo vo v s hc thuyt a dng ca i tha vn c bo hiu trc trong t tng ca i chng b v trong kinh h Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, v cung cp mt ph phn su sc hn v s trnh by cc hc thuyt ny, nhng phn tham d nguyn u nht ca ngi l bin chng php. S im lng huyn nhim ca c Pht trong cc vn nn tng nht ca Siu hnh hc (Metaphysics) dn ngi thm d vo s im lng y. Phi chng c Pht l ngi theo thuyt bt kh tri (agnostic) nh mt vi tc gi Chu u nghin cu v o Pht tin nh vy? Nu khng, iu g l nguyn do ca s im lng? Qua s tm kim thm su vo s im lng ny m bin chng php c ra i. C nhng cu hi ni ting m c Pht tuyn b l avykrta, c ngha l l nhng vn khng th no din t c. Nguyt Xng lit k cc cu hi ny trong lun gii ca ngi v Trung qun lun tng (MK, 22, 12.) Ngi bt u vi pht biu Iha caturdaa avykta-vastni bhaga-vat nirditniTh tn tuyn b 14 iu khng th din t c. (a) Th gii l (1) thng hng, (2) khng thng hng, (3) va thng va khng thng, (4) va khng thng va chng khng thng. (b) Th gii l (5) on dit, (6) khng on dit (7) va on dit va khng on dit (8) va khng on dit va chng khng on dit. (c) Nh Lai l (9) cn sau khi cht, (10) khng cn sau khi cht (11) va cn va khng cn sau khi cht (12) chng cn, va chng khng cn sau khi cht. (d) Thn v tm l (13) ng nht, hay (14) khc bit. S thy r rng c 4 kh nng trong ba nhm u gii php ny hnh thnh nn tng ca t c (s: catukoi; e: tetra-lemma) trong bin chng php ca Long Th. Trong mi nhm nh vy, t c l, th nht (i) lun chng xc nh, ph nhn bi (ii) lun chng ph nh i li. Hai lun chng ny l gii php cn bn. Th ba, (iii) chng khng nh lin kt nhau hnh thnh gii php th ba, v th t (iv) ph nh bng cch phn lit nhau hnh thnh gii php th t. Cu tr li c khng cho nhng vn nn tng ny khng th no ng vi s tht. c Pht gi nhng suy on ny ch l dihivda v trnh b ko v hng . Trc Long Th c cu trc ca nhng cu hi ny cng s im lng ca c Pht, t chi a ra bt k cu tr li xc thc v cc vn trn. c Pht thng ni rng ngi khng tin vo Thng hu lun (vata-vda), l mt khng nh tuyt i, cng khng tin vo on dit lun ( Ucchedavda), l mt ph nh tuyt i. Quan im ca ngi l mt loi duyn khi trung o ( madhyam pratipada), (c ngha l quan im chit trung). Ngi Long Th trm t rt su thm v thi ny ca c Pht, v ngi i n kt lun rng nguyn do ca s im lng c suy tnh ca c Pht v nhng cu hi l do Thc ti (Reality) vn siu vit nhng suy lng. Ngi h thng ho thnh bn kh nng (alternative; s: anta / koi), bc trn mt cch nghit ng nhng hm n ri tung ca mi koi, a ra nhng mu thun ni ti ca L tr (Reason) mt cch minh bch ang gic v tr ch o bng cch bng cch lng sc a chng l din ra t trong nhng khut lp, v ch ra kh tnh phng xut mt nn tng Siu hnh hc mnh m trn cn bn ca ch ngha gio iu (dogmatism) hay ch ngha duy l (rationalism). y chnh l Bin chng php ca Long Th. Bn phm tr y c c Pht nh thc ho. Tnh cht c o ca ngi nm trong vic rt ta ra t s ng dng php lun l kht khe trong hm n ca mi phm tr ( koi), a L tr (Reason) n ng cng,54 v qua , chun b cho tm thc n nhn s mnh chuyn y (parvtti; rightabout-turn) sang bt-nh (praj). i vi ngi c khng thn trng, dng nh Long Th va l mt trit gia kh tnh, phn i tt c mi h thng trit hc, va nh l nh ngu bin (sophist) dn d ti tnh, t mt i phng tin chc vo mt lun chng no trong tranh lun bi nhng pht biu nc i, v ri ci thm vo s lng tng hay nh l s hy dit h v trong mi quan nim sng sng th rp, l chng khng nh mt iu g c.

Cng nghin cu cn trng hn v php bin chng Long Th, s thy rng dng nh nhng ni lo s ny l iu khng c thc, do chnh ngi, trong tm thi rt trm tnh, ch n lc ch by ra mu thun khng th trnh c, trong L tr b vng mc khi n vt qua phm vi hp php ca s nm bt hin tng gii, v th nhp vo mnh t b him ca bn th lun (noumena) NGHA CA BIN CHNG PHP Th ngha ca Bin chng php l g? Ni n gin, bin chng php l s vn ng ca t duy, m qua s tn thnh hay phn i v mt vn , a n mt nhn thc sng sut v cc s mu thun trong khin cho L tr b sa ly v cho thy mt con ng thot ra ng ct bng cch khi pht mt bnh din cao hn L tr. CU TRC CA BIN CHNG PHP Chng ta thy r rng ngun gc ca bin chng php Trung qun l nm trong bn phm tr ca mi avykta theo sau mi s im lng huyn nhim ca c Pht. Hin nhin Long Th h thng ho nhng phm tr ny v trnh by r rng thnh lun thc t c 55( s: catukoi; e: tetralemma/ quadrilemma), cn c gi l ph nh bn chiu (four-cornered negation). Cu trc ca php bin chng n khp nhau mt cch r rng ny rt ro c hiu nh sau: L lun th nht trong T c l: (i) lun xc nh, th hai (ii) lun ph nh, th ba (iii) khng nh hai lun thc u, th t (iv) ph nh c hai lun thc u. 56 K THUT CA BIN CHNG PHP K thut ca Bin chng php ct im rt ra c hm trong quan im ca i phng t nn tng nguyn l c anh ta chp nhn, v do vy, ch ra c tnh cht t mu thun trong quan im . i phng b nhc bng ln bi ci by ca chnh mnh. Anh ta b dn n k cng ca quan nim phi l khi mu thun ni ti pht sinh t gi lp ca anh ta b phi by. Nh vy Bin chng php l s bc b quan im (ngi khc) bng lun c gim tr phi l (reductio ad absurdum). T chuyn mn Pht hc c gi l prasaga. R. H. Robinson ch ra trong tc phm ca mnh nhan Early Mdhyamika in India and China rng cc bi k trong Trung qun lun tng ca Long Th cha ng phn ln phng php suy lun gi nh.57 Trong bi k, c mu thc hai dng hp l ca suy lun gi nh modus ponens v modus tollens, v cn c dng thc sai lm m trong tin b chi b. Mt v d ca modus ponens c R. H. Robinson trch dn trong Minh c lun (Prasannapad, 3.2.), v v d ca modus tollens c R. H. Robinson trch dn trong (Prasannapad, 19. 6.). R. H. Robinson c l khi cho rng trong cc bi k, c rt nhiu song v dng thng dng nht l: Nu p, th q; nu khng p, th q. vn l mt dng c bit ca cu trc n gin ca song simple constructive dilemma trong Lun l hc phng Ty. Mt dng khc ca song c tm thy trong cc bi k l: Nu p th q; nu khng p th r, vn l mt dng c bit trong cu trc phc hp ca song complex constructive dilemma trong Lun l hc phng Ty. MC CH CA BIN CHNG PHP Mc ch ca Bin chng php l bc b lun im c trnh by bi di phng, ch khng chng t mt quan im ring no ca chnh mnh. Ngi a ra mt quan im cn nht phi chng minh cho ngi m anh ta mun thuyt phc; cn ngi khng c quan im no nu ra th khng cn c nhu cu y. Long Th xc nh r rng trong tc phm Vigrahavyvartan (St.29)58 rng khng ai c th tm thy sai lm no qua Trung qun lun tng, v anh ta khng c quan im no a ra c. Yadi kcana pratij syn me tata eva me bhaved daa ./ Nsti ca mama pratij tasmn naivsti me doa // Nu ti c mt gi thit ca ring mnh nu ra, th anh s tm ra li lm ca n. Do vy ti khng a ra gi thit no, nn vn bc b s khng c c. 59

Bin chng php chng li trc tip ch ngha gio iu v ch ngha duy l vn ch trng mt quan im nht nh v Thc ti (Reality). Qua s phi by nhng l hng t phng php lun l v mu thun ni ti theo sau gi nh ca n, Long Th mun phn bc li khng nh ca L tr trong nm bt Thc ti (Reality). Nguyt Xng nu ton b quan im rt hin nhin ny qua pht biu sau: Nirupapattika-pakbhyupagamt svtmna eva aya kevala visa vdayan na aknoti pare nicayam dhtum iti. Idameva asya spa atara d a a yaduta svapratjtrthasdhansmarthyam iti (Madhyamakavtti-prasannapad, p.6) Bi gi nh sai lm ca h, i phng ch t mu thun chnh mnh, v khng th no thuyt phc c ngi khc. iu g t tuyn n hn thc t l thm ch khng th chng minh tin trn c s lun chng m anh ta nu ra. (Minh c lun, tr.6) Long Th ph hu khng khoan nhng mi quan im trit hc ng thi ca ngi, lm nh vy khng phi xut pht t s thch th tn bo, m v ngi c mt mc ch r rng. Bin chng php ph nh c ngha l chng t rng Thc ti khng c th c o bng tam on lun (three-foot rule/syllogism) ca suy tng lan man ri rc. Nhng khng phi l tt c. N cn c nhiu gi tch cc. Trc ht, hin tng gii hay thc ti thng nghim (empirical reality) l mt cnh gii tng i, trong thc th l khng (nya) hoc v t tnh (nis-svabhva), c ngha l khng phi l mt thc th c lp hay hu vi (unconditionedness) Th hai, ngi ta c th nm bt Thc ti bng khi pht mt bnh din cao hn suy tng mang tnh lun l hc, d l bnh din Bt-nh. Th ba, Thc ti khng th din t bng cc thut ng c/phi/l v khng/ khng phi l/khng c ca tm thc nh nguyn (dichotomising mind). NG DNG CA BIN CHNG PHP Long Th kho st rt tng tn mi l hc thuyt trit hc do cc lun s ng thi vi ngi xin dng. Ngi dng bin chng php nh gy ng p lng ng, p li nhng khi nim nh nhn qu, chuyn ng v dng tr, x (ayatana), un (skandha), ng (tman) v.v...60 Stcherbatsky ch bao gm phn ph phn ca Long Th v nhn qa v nit-bn, v l nhng khi nim quan trng nht. Do vy, chng ta hn nh qun st ca mnh ch trn hai khi nim ny. Chng ta s xem xt kho st nim nhn qu ca Long Th y. Cn kho st v nim nit-bn di nhng tiu ring. Pht u tin ht ca Long Th l nhm vo nhn qu, v l vn trng tm trit hc trong thi i ca ngi. p dng T c vo lut nhn qu, Long Th ni rng ch c th xy ra bn quan nim v nhn qu, l (1) Sinh khi t chnh n (s : svata-upatti; e: self-becoming). (2) Sinh khi t ci khc n (s : parataupatti; e: production from another ). (3) Sinh khi t chnh n v t ci khc n (dvbhym upatti, production from both/from itself and from another). (4) Sinh khi khng do nguyn nhn no c, sinh khi ngu nhin ( ahetuta utpatti; e: production without any cause, production by chance).61 (1) Sinh khi t chnh n (s : svata-upatti; e: self-becoming). iu ny c ngha l nguyn nhn v kt qu l ng nht, l vc vt th c sinh ra t chnh n. R rng Long Th nhm vo trng phi Satkryavda ca S lun (Skhya) khi ph phn hc thuyt t sinh ca nhn qu ny. S ph phn ca cc nh Trung qun v hc thuyt ny c th tm tt nh sau: (i) Nu qu c ngay trong nhn, th khng c mc ch g c dnh cho s ti xut hin ca n. Cc Lun s phi S lun (Skhya) c th ni rng d qu c sn trong nhn, nhng s hin hnh ca n (abhivyakti) l ci g rt mi. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha rng qu l mt thc th mi. Ch c ngha l mt dng thc hay trng thi mi ca thc th. Nhng s khc bit ca dng thc hay trng thi ny tri vi tnh ng nht ca tim th (underlying substratum).

(ii) Nu ni rng nhn mt phn l hin thc, mt phn l tim n, th rt cuc chp nhn bn cht i nghch trong mt v trong cng ci tng t. Nu nhn hon ton tim n, th n khng th no t chnh n tr thnh hin thc m khng c mt tr gip t bn ngoi m khng lin quan g n n, cho nn chng c s sinh khi t chnh n. iu ny rt cuc bc b lun im ca phi Satkryavda ca S lun (S khya) (iii). Nu nhn v qu ng nht, th khng th no phn bit c ci ny l ci sn sinh ra ci khc. Quan im nhn qu dng nht (Satkryavda), do vy, t mu thun v kh hiu. (2) Sinh khi t ci khc n (s : parata-upatti; e: production from another ). iu ny c ngha l nhn v qu khc nhau. Quan nim ny c gi l asatkryavda do cc nh Nht thit hu b v Kinh lng b (Sautrntika) hay Tiu tha ni chung ch trng. Long Th hin nhin nhm vo ph phn nhng quan im hn tp v nhn qu ny. S ch trch ca ngi v quan im ny khin xut sinh nhng im quan trng sau: (i) Nu nhn khc qu, khng c mi lin quan no c th tn ti gia hai ci y. Trong trng hp mi vt u c th pht sinh t bt k vt khc. (ii) Cc nh Tiu tha cho rng vi s pht sinh t qu, th nhn khng cn tn ti. Nhng gi thuyt tin nh (ex hypothesi), nhn qu l mi tng quan gia hai yu t : Tr phi nhn v qu cng tn ti vi nhau, nu khng, chng chng lin quan vi nhau. Nu chng khng th no lin quan vi nhau, th lut nhn qu tr nn v ngha. (iii) Cc nh Tiu tha cho rng qu pht sinh do nhiu yu t kt hp. By gi v s phi hp ca nhng yu t ny, nhng yu t khc s c cn n, v ln na v s kt hp ca yu t mi thm vo vi yu t trc, nhng yu t khc li c cn n. iu ny s dn n s gim tr n v cng (regressus ad infinitum). (3) Sinh khi t chnh n v t ci khc n ( dvbhym upatti, production from both/from itself and from another). Thuyt ny tin rng qu va ng nht va khc vi nhn. iu ny l tng hp ca c phi Satkryavda v Asatkryavda, v nh th, bao hm tnh mu thun trong c hai. Bn cnh , iu ny c c thc t bng hai yu t i nghch (ng nht v d bit) trong mt yu t v trong cng mt lc. (4) Sinh khi khng do nguyn nhn no c, sinh khi ngu nhin ( ahetuta utpatti; e: production without any cause, production by chance). Thuyt ny ch trng rng vt th pht sinh khng cn nguyn nhn, m do t ngu nhin. Cc Lun s thuc Svabhvavdinscc Lun s ch trng thuyt t nhin (Naturalists), cc nh ch trng thuyt hoi nghi (Sceptics) tin vo thuyt ny. Nu khng c nguyn do g gn cho thuyt ny, th kt cc ch l th ch ngha gio iu v l. Nu c c nguyn do, kt cc dn n phi tha nhn c nhn. trnh by tnh mu thun c hu trong nhng quan im trn, Long Th i n kt lun rng nguyn l nhn qu ch l cu trc tng tng cht chng ln trn trt t khch quan ca s hin hu. Theo ngn ng ca Kant, nguyn l nhn qu ch l mt phm tr ca tm. NHNG NG GP TCH CC CA LONG TH. Khi c Trung qun lun tng, nh th rng Long Th ch l mt ngi theo thuyt ph nh khng khoan nhng. Tuy nhin, trong tc phm i Tr lun (Mah praj pramit stra), c dn gii ti tnh do Dr. K. Venkata Ramanan, Long Th th hin quan im tch cc ca mnh qua nhng vn ang gy ra nhiu s tranh ci v Thc ti (Reality). 1. C Trung qun lun tng v Tr lun u ch ra v t tnh (naihsvdbhavya), khng t th (unsubstantiality), hay l nhn duyn tnh (conditionedness), tng i tnh (relativity) nh l mt ni dung cn bn ca tnh khng (nyat) lin quan n tnh cht tc ca s vt, nhng trong tc phm lun gii (Tr lun) li a ra nhiu s r rng hn l trong Trung qun lun tng, a ra nhng hm su mu hn v tnh v t th ca cc thc th thuc tc . Tr lun ch ra rng con ngi c khuynh

hng chp vo tng i nh l tuyt i, do t cn , nhng mong mun ln xn n mt t tm khm ca con ngi v tuyt i ( dharmaia). Do v cn bn v minh (inveterate ignorance), ci mong c ny b p dng sai. Con ngi chp trc vo tng i nh l tuyt i ch l i mt vi s v mng. Nhng nu anh ta chp trc vo s khc bit gia tuyt i v tng i nh l tnh cht ring bit ca tuyt i, th ln na anh ta li phm v li lm chp trc vo mt dng thc khc. Long Th c bit c gip con ngi hiu r su hn rng v vi (unconditioned) tuyt i khng ch l nn tng ca hu vi (conditioned) hay tng i, m thc t chnh l bn cht tuyt i ca tng i, v khng phi l mt thc th khc tch la n. 2. Tuyt i, v vi (unconditioned), khng ch l bn cht tuyt i ca cc thc th hu vi tc , m cn l l bn cht tuyt i ca con ngi. Chnh v iu ny nn con ngi kht khao thc ti i hi mt ngha su thm hn. Khi l mt c nhn, con ngi chc chn phi tng quan vi phn cn li ca th gii, vi cc hin tng, vi cc un ca n, vi tnh ngu nhin, vi cnh gii hu vi, nhng anh ta khng b c lp vi v vi vn l bn cht ti hu ca cc hin tng. Anh ta b rng buc vi nhng mnh ri rc hin nhin ca chnh mnh. B thu ht hon ton vo trong s i qua ca cc thc th hu vi, v ng su trong ngha ni ti hin hu ca mnh, anh ta nm cht tng i nh l tuyt i v do vy, anh ta chiu vi ci kh khng th trnh c. Mt khi anh ta tnh thc t hu vi (conditionedness), tc nhn ra tnh khng (nyat), cm nhn v gi tr ca anh ta thay i. Anh ta tr nn con ngi thay i hon ton v ri quan nim v tuyt i ( dharmaia) ca anh ta, ni khao kht b n v Thc ti ca anh ta nhn ra ngha v tho mn. Trung qun lun tng (krik) nhn mnh vo tnh khng , bt ton, tnh v t th ca cc php (dharma; entities) v ng (s: pudgala; empirical individual). 62 Tr lun (stra) nhn mnh vo ngha gi tr ca cm quan v s bt ton ny, v duy tr n chnh l nhn thc sc bn ca s thiu st ny khin thi bng tia la nh nhoi khao kht Thc ti, tuyt i thnh nh la sng ng ca s tht. 3. Trn thc t, mi nim cn bn ca trit hc Long Th u c tm thy trong Trung qun lun tng (krik) nhng chng u bao ph trn ngp c tnh ph nh phng php tip cn. V iu y khng th no khc hn, v trong Trung qun lun tng, ngi Long Th t u n cui dng k thut prasaga vkya, tc k thut lun chng gim tr phi l (reductio ad absurdum). im quan tm chnh ca ngi l nhm phi by nhng im v l lin quan vi s chp nhn iu ch l tng i (nihsvabhva; v t th) nh l tuyt i (sasvabhva; hu t th). Ngay c trong Trung qun lun tng, Long Th khng nh mt cch thng thn ng tin cy rng hu vi hin by v vi trong lnh vc tuyt i ca n. ya javajavbhva updya prattya v | so 'prattynupdya nirvam upadiyate || MMK_25,09)63 Ci g bn cht ca n l n i, sinh dit trong phng din hu vi, th chnh l nit-bn trong phng din v vi. S KHC BIT GIA TIU THA V I THA C vi phng din trit hc v tn ngng o Pht trong i tha khc bit vi Tiu tha. Sau y, chng ta ch cp phn ln n h thng t tng Trung qun ca i tha. 1. Khc nhau trong cch hiu v Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda). Gio l Duyn khi cc k quan trng trong o Pht. chnh l lut nhn qu ca c v tr v i sng c nhn. N quan trng t hai quan nim. Th nht, n a ra mt tng rt r rng v tnh cht v thng v hu vi ca tt c cc hin tng. Th hai, n ch ra rng sanh gi bnh cht v nhng iu bt hnh ca s hin hu mang tnh hin tng u sinh khi do nhn duyn, v ch ra cch lm th no cc bt hnh dng bt trong s vng bng ca cc nhn duyn ny. Chng ta thy r cc nh Trung qun xin dng lut nhn qu theo quan im no. V Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) l lut tc nhn qu ca ton v tr, nn cc nh Trung qun m nhim mt kho

st nghim khc v lut tc ny. Cch kin gii ca h v lut tc ny khc bit mt cch ng k vi cch hiu ca Tiu tha. Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda ) c dch mt cch thng dng l cng sinh khi c iu kinconditioned co-production hay pht sinh ph thuc ln nhauinterdependent origination. Theo Tiu tha, Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) c ngha l prati prati ityn vin samutpda; n tng vt th hin trong thong chcthe evanescent momentary things appear." Theo , Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) chnh l lut nhn qu quy nh s xut hin tn ti v bin mt ca cc hin tng (dharma). Theo cc nh Trung qun, s sinh khi v bin mt ca cc hin tng (dharma) khng phi l cch hiu ng n v Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda). Khi Nguyt Xng nu ra: Hetupratyyapeko bhvanm utpda prattyasamutpdrtha (P. P., p. 2)

Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) c ngha l s biu hin ca cc thc th nh l lin quan vi nhn v duyn (causes and conditions). (Minh c lun) Cc nh Tiu tha kin gii rng l Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) nh l trnh t thi gian (temporal sequence) ca cc Thc th c thc gia iu c mi lin h nhn qu. Theo cc nh Trung qun, Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) khng c ngha l nguyn l trnh t thi gian (temporal sequence), m l nguyn l tu thuc thit yu ca cc hin tng vi nhau. Ni vn tt, l nguyn l v tng i (relativity). Tnh tng i l pht hin quan trng nht ca khoa hc hin i. Nhng g khoa hc khm ph c ngy hm nay, c Pht cp n 2500 nm trc y ri. Khi gii thch Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) nh l yu tnh tng thuc nhau ca cc php hay l tnh tng quan ca vn hu. Trung qun c ngha l t vn nghi ng cc hc thuyt khc ca Tiu tha. Gio l ca Tiu tha phn tch cc hin tng thnh cc php (dharma; element), v tin rng nhng php ny c mt thc th ring bit ca chnh n. Cc nh Trung qun ni rng gio l Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) u tuyn b rng cc php u l tng i, chng khng c mt thc th ring bit trong chnh n.64 Tnh cht v t th (nis-svabhvatva) l ng ngha vi tnh khng (nyat), c ngha l khng c s hin hu thc s, c lp. Cc hin tng u l rng khng ( nya) thc ti c lp. Duyn khi (Prattya samutpda) hay tng thuc/ (Interdependence) c ngha l Tng i tnh (Relativity) v Tng i tnh bao hm v th tnh (tnh khng; nyat) ca cc php ring bit. Nguyt Xng pht biu: Tadatra-nirodhdyaa-vieaa-viia prattyasamutpda strbhidheyrtha (P. P, p. 2) C ngha l ti ch yu hay tng trng tm ca b lun ny chnh l Duyn khi c tiu biu bng tm ph nh tiu biu. (Minh c lun, tr.2) im quan trng ca Duyn khi ( prattyasamutpda) l nm trong gio l v cc hin hu mang tnh hin tng, cc thc th trong v tr u tn ti do nhn duyn, u khng c thc th (khng; nya), u khng hin hu c lp (svabhva). Long Th din t: Na hi svabhvo bhvn pratyaydiu vidyate (M. K. 1,3 )|65 Ngha:

Nh t tnh cc php, khng tn ti trong duyn .66 Nh Tin s E. Conze trnh by: Tt c cc thc th u thuc v s tc ng ln nhau ca v s iu kin (duyn). (Buddhist Thought in India, p. 240). Long Th tm tt gio l Duyn khi vi nhng dng sau: 67 Aprattya samutpanno dharma kacin na vidyate | yasmt tasmd anyo hi dharma kacin na vidyate || MMK_24,19 V khng c mt php no tn ti m khng t nhn duyn, do vy khng c php no l khng tn ti trong khng (nya) (khng thc c s hin hu c lp). Duyn khi ng ngha vi tnh khng (nyat) hay l Tng i tnh (relativity). Long Th pht biu: Ya prattyasamutpda nyat t pracakmahe | MMK_24,18 (Cc php do) Duyn khi, c gi l tnh khng (nyat). 68 Khng (nya) hay tnh khng (nyat) l nim quan trng nht trong trit hc Trung qun. Do vy, chng ta s kho st iu y chi tit hn theo tng mc theo sau. Tuy nhin, trong Trung qun lun tng (mc ch chnh ca Long Th l to nn tng minh nhin cho s trnh by t tng trit hc tch cc ca ngi, c ngha l vai tr ca Bt-nh trong vic nm bt cc mc khc nhau ca nhn thc. Long Th a ra mt trnh by chi tit v Bt-nh trong Tr lun (stra). Li na, trongTrung qun lun tng (Krik) khng c mt cp trc tip no v tuyt i (dharmaia), mong c n mt v Thc ti thm m trong tim con ngi. Trong Tr lun (stra) tuyt i (dharmaia), ny tr thnh ch chnh trong tn ca ca ngi. Trong Trung qun lun tng (Krik), hu nh t c m t no v tin trnh i v pha mc tiu, m trong Tr lun (stra) iu ny c m t mt cch sinh ng. Trong Trung qun lun tng (Krik), v vi (unconditioned) nh l thc t ni ti ca nhn duyn ch c gi mt cch quanh co. Tr lun (stra), iu y c c s ch ni bt. Phm cp n Chn nh (tathat) c bit phng chiu nh sng t ni v thc ti cho mi hin hu. Phm qun Bin t (bhutakoti) phng mt m t sng chi cho phng tin (upya), diu dng ca tinh thn v chp trc. Th nn Tr lun chnh l mt b sung cho Trung qun lun tng.

2. Khc nhau v nim Nit-bn. Nhng quan nim sau y v Nit-bn l thng c chung gia Tiu tha v i tha. (1) Nit-bn l khng th din t c. N khng sanh, khng bin i, khng hoi dit. N bt t (amta). (2) Nit-bn phi c thc chng t trong chnh mnh. iu ny ch c th xy ra khi hon ton dp tt mi tham mun dc lc. (3) Ng l ci phi dng bt trong nit-bn. Ch c th t n nit-bn bng cch dit tr hn bn ng. (4) C s tnh ch (ama hay upaama) bao trm mi nhn thc. (5) Pht sinh s an tnh bn vng lu di. T Nit-bn (nirva) n gin c ngha l dp tt v do vy, nn n tch tnh. C bn cch thng c m t nit-bn trong vn hc Pht gio: (1) ph nh, (2) xc nh, (3) nghch l, v (4) biu tng.

1. Tiu cc: M t ph nh l th ng dng nht. Nit-bn l (1) bt t (s: amta; e: deathless), (2) bt bin, (3) bt hoi (s: acyuta; e: imperishable), (4) v cng (s: ananta), (5) khng pht sinh, (6) chm dt s sinh khi (7) khng sinh, (8) Khng b tan hoi (s: apalokina; e: not liable to dissolution), (9) v tc (abhutam), (10) khng bnh, (11) khng gi; (12) khng b lun hi sinh t, (13) v cng tn (s: anuttaram; utmost), (14) Kh dit (duhkha-nirodha), (15) gii thot ti hu (s: apavagga). 2. Tch cc: Nit-bn l (1) Tnh ch (ama hay upaama); Bi k sau y trong Kinh i bt Nit-bn (Mah parinirv a stra) ni ln rt r tng ny: anity vata saskr utpda-vyaya-dharmia / utpadya hi nirudhyante tem vyapaimas sukham // Thc vy, V thng l cc php hu vi. Bn cht ca n l sinh dit. sinh ra t phi dit. S dng bt sinh dit a n an lc v t ti.69 Tnh ch (ama hay upaama) bao hm s dp tt tm tham dng bt kh au v l trng thi an tch tnh. (2) Diu lc: Nibbnam parama sukham Nit-bn l trng thi v cng an lc. (3) Chnh nh hay Bt-nh (tr hu siu vit) (4) Tr (sng sut), liu tri (vinam) tm thc thanh tnh, sng sut. (5) Kham nhn (kamam) 3. Nghch l: Trng hp ny hu nh thng thy trong vn h Bt-nh hay Trung qun. Nit-bn l tr (abide) trong cnh gii v tr (non-abiding). Cch duy nht tip cn mc tiu l trc nhn ngha cu cnh vn l khng c mc tiu n c. Nit-bn l thc ti khng tnh (nyat). 4. Biu tng: M t mang tnh biu tng khc vi nghch l ch trnh li ni tru tng v thay v , dng nhng hnh nh c th. T lp trng ny, nit-bn l: (1) hang lnh, (2) c o, (3) b bn kia, (4) thnh ph linh thing, (5) ni tr n, (6) ch nng nu, (7) ni n np an ton. Mt vn pht sinh trong mi lin quan ny, liu nit-bn ch l mt cnh gii bin chuyn ca tm thc hay n l chiu hng khc ca hin hu. Thut ng nit-bn c dng cho c hai, mt trng thi chuyn bin thuc tm l v mt cho trng thi siu hnh hc. Vn hc Pht gio y dy nhng cu ni dn n cho thy rng nit-bn l trng thi chuyn ho ca tnh cch v nhn thc. S chuyn ho c m t qua cc thut ng tiu cc nh s hoi dit ca kht i ( tah; craving), ca lu hoc (sava; obsessions); hoc c m t qua cc thut ng tch cc nh s lu xut tr Bt-nh hay chnh gic (sambodhi) v tch tnh (nti; peace). Trong khi s nhn mnh l nhm vo trmh thi chc chn thuc tm l, cn c nhng pht biu khc dn n trnh by nit-bn c mt cnh gii siu hnh hc, chnh l mt chiu hng khc ca hin hu. Hai trch dn trn l va . Tng truyn c Pht c nhng nhn nh nh sau v nit-bn: - Ny cc T-kheo, c s khng sanh, khng hin hu, khng b lm, khng hu vi, ny cc Tkheo, nu khng c ci khng sanh, khng hin hu, khng b lm, khng hu vi, th y

khng th trnh by s xut ly khi sanh, hin hu, b lm, hu vi. V rng, ny cc T-kheo, c ci khng sanh, khng hin hu, khng b lm, khng hu vi, nn c trnh by s xut ly khi sanh, hin hu, b lm, hu vi. (III) (Ud 80)70 iu ny cho thy rng nit-bn khng phi l h v, l kht khao th nhp mt chiu hng khc ca hin hu. C ngi n lc gii thch cnh gii nh ch l trng thi chuyn ho nhn cch. Lun l ngn ng khng cho php cch hiu nh vy. Tuy nhin, c mt pht biu khc trong kinh Kinh Pht T Thuyt (Udna)71 m khng th no, d di thnh tu ca ngn ng hc cgn khng cho php c hiu nit-bn ch l trng thi chuyn ho nhn cch. on kinh y nh sau: Atthi bhikkhave tad yatana, yattha n 'eva pathavna apo / na tejo va vyo na ksnacyatanam, vincyatana na kicayatana na nevasasasanayatana nya loko na paraloko ubho candimasriy, tad aham bhikkhave n'eva gati vadi na gati, na hiti na cuti na upapattim appati ha appatiha appavatta anrammaa eva ta, e evanto dukkhass" ti ( Udna, 80). - Ny cc T-kheo, c x ny, ti y khng c t, khng c nc, khng c la, khng c gi; khng c h khng v bin, khng c Thc v bin x, khng c V s hu x, khng c Phi tng phi phi tng x; khng c i ny, khng c i sau, khng c c hai mt trng mt tri. Do vy, ny cc T-kheo, Ta tuyn b khng c n, khng c i, khng c tr, khng c dit, khng c sanh; khng c an tr, khng c chuyn vn, khng c s duyn, y l s on tn kh au. Trch dn di ny cho thy khng cn ch cho s nghi ng rng ni n nit-bn nh l mt chiu hgn khc ca hin hu. Tuy nhin, thc t l nit-bn khng th no din t c. Trong Kinh Tng ng b (Sayutta Nikya ; 1069-76) v nit-bn. Trong cuc i thoi , c mt on i thoi kh di gia c Pht v Upaiva. Hai bi k sau y do c Pht ni l rt c ngha: Acc yath vtavegena khitto attha paleti, na upeti sakha/ evam mun nmaky. vimutto attha paleti, na upeti sakha.// Nh la b gi thi v tt hn, khng cn c nhn bit na, cng nh vy, bc thnh khi thot khi danh v sc, s t n tch dit v khng cn c nhn bit . Attha-gatassa na pama atthi; yena na vajju, ta tassa n'atthi; sabbesu dhammesu samhatesu samhat vdapath pi sabbeti.

Khng c iu g o lng c mt ngi khi h t n tch dit; ngi y khng lu gi iu g c th nh danh c. Khi tt c cc php tch dit, th mi con ng ca ngn ng cng tch dit. C Tiu tha v i tha u t ra ng tnh vi nhng m t p ny v nit-bn. Chnh trong nhng bc chn ca ct li s cht m chng ta c th hng n nit-bn. Nh Suzuki pht biu Nit-bn theo o Pht, khng c ngha l s th tiu thc, cng chng phi s cm ch trng thi tm l nht thi hay thng xuyn, nh c hnh dung bi mt s ngi; m nit-bn chnh l s tuyt dit khi nim v ng th (ego-substance) v s tuyt dit tt c mi ham mun sinh khi t nim sai lm ny. (Outlines of Mahyna Buddhism, pp. 50-51) By gi chng ta s quay tr li im khc nhau trong cch hiu v nit-bn gia hai khuynh hng.

(1) Cc nh Tiu tha tin rng nit-bn l thng hng (nitya), diu lc (sukha). Cc nh Trung qun cho rng khng th c s khng nh no v nit-bn. (2) Cc nh Tiu tha tin rng nit-bn l iu g c th t n c. Cc nh Trung qun cho nit-bn l ci g khng c th t n c. Nit-bn bng nhng li sau: apraha asaprpta anucchinna avata | aniruddha anutpanna etan nirva cyate || MMK_25,03 Khng c s chng c, cng khng c s t n (cnh gii nit bn), khng dt on cng chng thng hng, chng sanh cng khng dit. Nhng iu c trnh by nh th ch th l nit bn.72 Trch dn ca Nguyt Xng: Sarvaprapacopaamaivalakaa nirvna (P. P. p. 2). Nit-bn biu th s dng bt mi lun bn v n, l s tch dit ca cc hin tng hin hu, v l s t n trng thi tuyt diu nht. 3. Cc nh thuc trng phi Thng lun (Vaibhika) cho rng nit-bn l mt thc th thc c (bhva). Long Th ni rng cc nh Tiu tha tin rng nit-bn l v vi. Ni nit-bn l v vi (s: asa sk ta; e: unconditioned), v li l mt thc th thc c (bhva), rt cuc l t mu thun, v mt thc th tht c m khng nh vo iu kin th khng th no c khm ph n. Nu n khng thc c (bhva), th n cng khng th tn ti (abhva; v ), tc hon ton hoi dit, v (abhva; v ) l mt thut ng tng i. Li na, khng tn ti (abhva; v ) l mt s kin, xy ra ng thi. N khin cho nit-bn ngn ngi ph du. Trong lun gii v Trung qun lun tng ca Nguyt Xng a trch dn thch ng ny t tc phm Arya Ratnavali. Na cabhvo' pi nirvam kuta evsya bhvan/ Bhvbhvaparmara-kayo nirvam ucyate.// (P.P., p. 229) Nit-bn cng chng phi l khng hin hu. Ti sao cc ng c tng nh vy? Nit-bn thc s l hon ton dng bt mi suy lng nh hin hu (bhva; ens) hay khng hin hu (abhva; non-ens) v thc ti. Trn y chnh l tnh tng i ca hin hu v khng hin hu. Nguyt Xng gii quyt ton b vn bng pht biu: Tataca sarvakalpan-kayarpam eva nirvam (P., P. p. 229) Nit-bn hay Thc ti chnh l iu c tuyn b ca cu trc t tng.

4. Cc nh Tiu tha cho rng nit-bn l tri ngc vi lun hi sinh t (hin tng). Long Th ni rng khng c s khc nhau gia nit-bn v lun hi. na sasrasya nirvt kicid asti vieaam | na nirvasya sasrt kicid asti vieaam ||

MMK_25,19 Cc hin tng hin hu (lun hi) khng c s khc bit vi nit-bn. Khng c s khc bit giai v nit-bn vi cc hin tng hin hu (lun hi). 73 nirvasya ca y koi koi sasaraasya ca | na tayor antara kicit suskmam api vidyate || MMK_25,20 Khng c s khc bit no gia bin gii (ngn m) ca nit bn v lun hi, khng c my may sai bit gia hai bin t y.74 ya javajavbhva updya prattya v | so 'prattynupdya nirvam upadiyate || MMK_25,09 V th chp cc nhn duyn nn xoay vn (lun chuyn) trong sanh t. Khng th cc nhn duyn, chnh l nit bn.75 tm tt, c hai im chnh phn bit nim nit-bn ca Trung qun vi Tiu tha: (1) Cc nh Tiu tha chc chn xem cc php hu vi nhim l c thc mt cch tuyt i, v nh vy, cc php v vi v khng cu nhim cng l tuyt i c thc. Theo h, nit-bn c ngha l s chuyn bin thc s ca cc php ring r, hu vi (sa sk ta), v nhim (klea) thnh cc php v vi (asaskta) v thanh tnh. Cc nh Trung qun cho rng nit-bn khng c ngha l s chuyn bin trong trt t khch quan, m s bin i y ch trong ch quan. Khng c ngha l chng ta phi thay i th gii, m thay i trong chnh mnh. Nu nhim (klea) v cc php hu vi (s: sa sk ta dharma; e: conditioned existences) l tuyt i c thc, th khng c ngun lc no trn th gian c th thay i chng. S bin i chnh l trong cch nhn ca chng ta. chnh l s bin chuyn mang tnh tm l, khng phi l bin chuyn mang tnh bn th lun (ontology). Suzuki tm tt quan im Trung qun v nit-bn vi nhng li nh sau: V mt l thuyt, nit-bn l xua tan m my ang lng vng quanh nh sng gic ng. V mt o c, nit-bn l s cm ch bn ng (egoism) v nh thc tm t bi (karu). V mt tn gio, nit-bn chnh l s quy hng ton b ca bn ng i vi hng ca Php thn (Dharmakya). (Outlines of M. Buddhism, p. 369). C th ni thm, v mt bn th lun (ontology), nit-bn chnh l Tuyt i. Khng c s chng c, cng khng c s t n (cnh gii nit bn), khng dt on cng chng thng hng, chng sanh cng khng dit. Nhng iu c trnh by nh th ch th l nit bn.76 (M.K..XXV, 3). Khng c s bin i no c th nh hng n Thc ti hay Tuyt i. S thay i ch c th nh hng n chnh mnh m thi. 2. Tuyt i v Thng nghim (Empirical), Bn th (Noumenon) v Hin tng (Phenomena), Nit-bn (Nirva) v Lun hi (Sasra), khng phi l hai thnh phn ca nhng thc th ring bit lp thnh chng tri ln nhau. Tuyt i, hay Nit-bn c nhn t cu trc vng tng (vikalpa; bin k s chp) th chnh l lun hi. Ci gii lun hi c nhn di nh sng thng hng 77 th lun hi chnh n l nit-bn hay Tuyt i. C th ni rng ngu nhin trnh by nhiu ci nhn ri rm v nit-bn l do thc t, cng mt t nitbn m c dng cho s bin i v mt tm l theo sau s dng bt tm tham v thc v bn ng, v cng dng cho Thc ti hay Tuyt i v mt bn th lun (ontology). C l c sn trong tm ngi Long Th khi dng t nit-bn trong sut phm th 25 78 ca Trung qun lun tng trong ngha Thc ti

tuyt i (Absolute Reality) v chnh t quan im ny m s ph phn ca ngi nhm n chng li quan im ca cc nh Tiu tha. 3. Khc nhau v l tng L tng ca Tiu tha l qu v A-la-hn; l tng ca i tha l B-tt. Ni n gin, l tng ca Tiu tha l gii thot c nhn; l tng ca i tha l gii thot cho ton th mi loi. Ch yna thng c dch l phng php, con ng, c xe .79 Trong tc phm Survey of Buddhism, T-khu Sagharaksita gi nn dng t ' career; s nghip' dch ch yna. T ny c l l gn gi nht trong cch chuyn ng ting Anh cho t yna. C ba tha (yna) c bit n trong o Pht Nguyn thu, l Thanh vn tha (rvaka-yna), Bch chi Pht tha (Pratyekabuddha-yna) v B-tt tha Bodhisattva-yna). Thanh vn (s: rvaka; p: Svaka) c ngha l ngi nghehearer. Danh xng ny dnh cho t nghe c, c ngha l hc c chn l t c Pht hay cc mn ca ngi nhm vo mc ch qu v A-la-hn. A-la-hn (Arhat/ Arhant) cnh gii ca bc thnh t c gic ng. Arhat theo t nguyn c ngha l xng ng (worthy). Ngha khc c xut trong cc kinh sch o Pht l ngi git sch (han) k th (ari), c ngha l phin no hay nhim . Bch chi Pht (s: Pratyekabuddha; p: Poccekabuddha) l ngi t mnh gic ng, khng nh n nhng tr duyn bn ngoi, chng t qu v A-la-hn. T pratyekac ngha l ring mnh, n c, mt mnh. H khng chia x cho ngi khc hiu bit kh t ca mnh v chng c nit-bn. H tin rng ngi khc cng vy, b li ko bi thc t nghit ng ca i sng kh au, c th mt ngy no s d vo dng thnh, nhng h khng bn tm gio ho hay gic ng cho nhng ngi y. Hai dng ngi tinh th ng biu tng cho l tng c nhn. H xem s gic ng nh l mt thnh tu c nhn ch khng thuc v phm tr x hi hay v tr. B-tt l nhng ngi tm cu gic ng ti thng khng ch cho ring mnh m cn cho tt c cc loi hu tnh. B-tt tha (Bodhisattva yna) c mc tiu ca mnh l chng t Pht qu ti thng. Do vy, cn c gi l Pht tha (Buddhayna) hay Nh Lai tha (Tathgatayna). T bodhi c ngha l tr hu vin mn (perfect wisdom) hay ng hn l tr hu siu vit (transcendental wisdom), gic ng ti thng. T sattva c ngha l th tnh, yu tnh ( essence). T bodhi khng th dch c. N chnh l nh phn chiu ca tm, t trong Php thn (Dharmakya) ca mi chng sinh. B-tt l ngi c bn cht hay tim nng tr hu siu vit hay gic ng ti thng, l ngi ang trn ng t n tr hu siu vit. B-tt l mt c Pht tim ti. Cng hnh ca B-tt tri di hng kip ti sinh, trong mi kip, cc ngi t th hin cng hnh bng chnh mnh v mc ch Pht qu ti hu bng cch thc hnh Lc (six perfections) v tu tp Thp a ( daabhmi),80 sng vi cuc i ca mt k i trng phu v hy sinh khng bao gi ngng ngh v li lc cho tt c cc chng sinh. B-tt phi c trong mnh b- tm (bodhi-citta) v nguyn (praidhanabala). B- tm c hai phng din, l tr hu (praj) v t bi (karu ). Nguyn (praidhanabala) l pht tm khng thi chuyn nguyn cu ht thy chng sinh. y l ba phng din ca Php thn (Dharmakya), l Nhn cch tuyt i (Absolute Personalized) c phn chiu trong tm thc tu o ca hng B-tt. Bt-nh (Praj) l th hin cao nht ca phng din nhn thc; t bi (karu ) l biu hin cao nht v phng din cm tnh, v nguyn (praidhanabala) l biu hin cao nht v phng din ch ca tm thc. Th nn B-tt pht trin hon ton cc phng din ca tm thc. B- tm l c im quan trng nht ca hng B-tt. Trn nn tng tc phm ca Long Th, Discourse on the Trans-cendentality of the Bodhicitta , Suzuki a ra mt m t chi tit v b- tm trong tc phm ca mnh nhan Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism. C th tm tt nh sau: a. B- tm vt trn mi khng nhng un, 12 x, 18 gii. Chng khng ring bit, m ph qut. b. T bi l yu tnh ca b- tm. Do vy hng B-tt tm thy nguyn nhn hin hu (raison d' etre) ca mnh trong ny.

c.

B- tm an tr trong tm bnh ng (samat), to thnh cc phng tin ( upya) cu ring bit.

Cng hnh tu tp ca B-tt phi tri qua Thp a (daabhmi),81 l: 1. Hoan h a (pramudit-bhmi; e: delight): ngi cm thy mnh i qua l tng nh hp ca nit-bn ring t sang l tgn cao hn, gii thot ton th chng sinh khi tnh trng rng buc bi v minh. 2. Li cu a (vimal-bhmi): V mt tiu cc, l t ti i vi mi nhim , v mt tch cc, th nhp bn tm thanh tnh. 3. Pht quang a (prabhkr-bhmi): Ni qun thng sut bn cht v thng va cc php. 4. Dim hu a (arcimat-bhmi): giai v ny, hng B-tt tu tp tm t v tm khng chp trc, t chy hai chng ngi song i l phin no v v minh. 5. Cc nan thng a (sudurjay-bhmi): Giai v ny B-tt pht huy tm bnh ng (samat), gii thot qua phng tin thin nh. 6. Hin tin a (abhimukh-bhmi; Face to Face): giai v ny, B-tt i mt vi Thc ti, B-tt trc nhn th tnh bnh ng ca cc hin tng. 7. Vin hnh a (dragam-bh-mi): t ti cnh gii ny, B-tt cn c tr hu gip cho ngi p dng cc phng tin cho cng hnh cu chng sinh. 8. Bt ng a (acal-bhmi): Trong giai v ny, B-tt tri nghim V sinh php nhn (anutpattikadharma-knti), hay l tm tu thun bn tnh khng sanh khi ca cc php. B-tt bit r tng chi tit s pht trin v lin quan trong ton php gii. 9. Thin hu a (sdhumat-bhmi): n giai v ny, B-tt t c s hiu bit ton din m tri thc hng phm phu khng d thu c. B-tt bit r tham mun v cn tnh ca mi loi chng sinh gio ho h thch hp vi tng cn c. 10. Php vn a (dharmamegh-bh-mi): n giai v ny, B-tt t c qun chiu vin mn, bit r s vi diu ca hin hu, v c cng nhn l vin mn. Ngi chng c Pht qu. L tng ca Tiu tha l A-la-hn hay t n gii thot c nhn. L tng ca i tha l B-tt o. Thanh vn tha v Bch chi Pht tha, theo i tha th ch nhm n gii thot c nhn nn l l tng hn hp. B-tt tha nhm n gii thot ph qut. l quyt nh mi c nhn u s thnh Pht. L tng B-tt i tha l cao c hn (mah). L tng ca Tiu tha l nh hn (hna). im khc nhau v l tng tinh thn ca hai phi cn c din t theo mt cch khc na. L tng ca Tiu tha l nit-bn; L tng i tha l thnh Pht (Buddhatva), l chng c qu v Pht. Nitbn l l tgn cao nht, nhng chng c Pht tnh, c ngha l tr hu Bt-nh, (ni qun siu vit) v t bi (karu) l l tng cao nht. 4. S khc nhau v phng tin chng c nit-bn. Tiu tha tin rng qua s chng t B-c-gi-la v ng (pudgala-nairtmya) th s chng c nitbn. Cc nh i tha cho rng khng phi ch t c B-c-gi-la v ng (pudgala-nairtmya), m cn phi nhn ra php v ng (dharma-nairtmya) c ngha l cc php hay cc phn t hin hu u l v t th, khng c thc th no tn ti c lp ring chnh n), th ngi y chng thc s c nit-bn. Theo i tha, th chng c B-c-gi-la v ng (pudgala-nairtmya) v php v ng l thit yu cho s chng c nit-bn. 5. S khc nhau v s g b cc trin ci (varaa) hay chng ngi. Mi quan h mt thit vi ti trn l vn g b cc trin ci. Cc nh Tiu tha ni rng con ngi khng th no t n nit-bn, v Thc ti b che ph bi s che khut (trin ci; varaa) ca si m nh chp trc, in o, v minh (klevaraa; phin no chng). Phin no chng ng vai tr

nh l chng ngi trn con ng thc chng nit-bn. Do vy phin no phi c g b khi thc chng nit-bn. Tuy nhin,, phin no tin vo ci ng ng nht vi c nhn (tt-ca-da kin; satkyadi). N khng ch do nhn bit v B-c-gi-la v ng (pudgala-nairtmya), c ngha l tnh khng thc hay v t th ca ci ng c nhn phin no hay chng ngi c g b, v ch khi no phin no c tr sch, th nit-bn mi c thc chng. Tr sch phin no chng (klevaraa) do vy, c lin quan vi s nhn ra B-c-gi-la v ng (pudgala-nairtmya). Cc nh Tiu tha xem vic tr sch ring phin no chng ( klevaraa) khng thi l thc chng nit-bn. Cc nh i tha cho rng Thc ti b che ph khng ch do phin no chng ( klevaraa) m cn do s tri chng (jeyvaraa) hay l nhng tm mn che ph hiu bit chn tht. Do vy, s g b s tri chng (jeyvaraa) cng rt l cn thit. iu ny ch c th t c khi nhn ra php v ng (dharma-nairtmya) hay php khng (dharma-nyat), tnh cht v ng v tnh khng (nyat) ca cc php hin hu. Chnh s g b phin no chng (klevaraa) c lin quan vi nhn ra B-c-gi-la v ng (pudgala-nairtmya), v s g b s tri chng ( jeyvaraa) c lin quan vi s nhn ra php v ng (dharma-nairtmya). Cc nh i tha ch trng rng s dt tr ch ring phin no chng ( klevaraa) cha t c s ti ton trit; s chuyn ho ton b s tri chng ( jeyvaraa) cng rt l cn thit. 6. S khc nhau nim v Php (Dharma) Cc nh Tiu tha tin vo mt s thc tuyt i, gi l php (dharmas). T php (dharmas) trong ngha ny rt kh dch. i khi n c dch l s vtthings. C l sinh khi trong u rng php (dharma) khng phi l s vtthings trong ngha d liu th ca ngha thng thng. Yu t tn ti'Elements of existence, thc ti ti thngultimate reals l nhng t hay hn dch ch php (dharma). Cc nh Tiu tha cho rng th gii cu thnh bi dng chy khng dng ngh ca cc php ti hu vn l n nht, thong qua v v ng (impersonal). Hu ht cc php y l hu vi (sa sk ta), php c hnh tng (dharmas with signs); v mt s l php v vi (asa sk ta), php khng c hnh tng (dharmas without signs). Theo cc nh i tha, cc php ny l nhng thc th rt ro khng thc c, m ch l nhng cu trc t tng (mental constructs) (Bin k s chp). i tha ch ra rng ngay c php c gi l tuyt i hu vi (ultimate saskta) v tuyt i v vi (ultimate asa sk ta) cng u l tu thuc nhn duyn v tng i. Hin hu tng quan, nn chng l khng (khng (nya), khng c thc th (devoid of reality). 7. Khc nhau v quan nim Pht thn lun (Buddhology) Sc thn (rupa-kya) Pht n gin ch l thn sc cht c th nhn thy c. Tiu tha v i tha u khng cng nhn thn ny l thn Pht chn tht. o Pht nguyn thu cn pht trin quan nim ng thn ( nirma-kya),82 l thn tng tng m c Pht mang ly bng nng lc thin nh bt k lc no ngi cn n, v bng phng tin , ngi c th th hin khp mi ni. Khng c s khc nhau quan nim v thn ny gia Tiu tha v i tha. im khc nhau nm trong quan nim v php thn Pht. Quan nim cao nht v php thn Pht c Tiu tha tip cn l tng s cc phm tnh v php (dharma) ca c Pht. Khi mt t quy y vi c Pht, l ngay ni Pht tnh (Buddha-nature) ny m anh ta quy y. Anh ta khng quy y ni c Pht C-m (Gautama) nhp dit v khng cn na. Cc nh Trung qun pht trin quan nim php thn theo cch khc. nim Th dng thn (sambhogakya)83 l s ng gp ca cc nh Du-gi hnh tng (Yogacarins). Chng ta s nghin cu khi nim cc thn ny di nhng mc ring. 8. Tiu tha mang tnh tri thc, i tha thin v m o.

Tiu tha hon ton mang tnh tri thc. iu quan trng chnh ca Tiu tha l theo ng Bt chnh o do c Pht vch ra. Trong Tiu tha, kha cnh con ngi ca c Pht c nhn mnh. Trong i tha, c Pht c xem nh mt bc Thnh, l Thc ti ti thng (Supreme Reality), chnh ngi th hin trn gian trong hnh dng loi ngi em iu thin n cho nhn loi. nim v bc Thnh trong o Pht khng bao gi ngi nh l mt ng sng to m l mt Tnh thng Thing ling (Divine Love) pht ra tm t th hin ngay chnh trong hnh thi con ngi nh bt ni kh ca con ngi. c Pht c th phng vi lng m o nhit thnh. Tm sng knh ca ngi i tha to nn ngh thut kin trc v hi ho. Cc pho tng Pht tuyt p c khc to, v v s tranh tng giu tr tng tng tuyt vi th hin ngi v v s phng din khc v cuc i ngi c khc ho. i tha ch trng rng con ng dn n Bt-nh (tr hu siu vit) ch c ngha dnh cho rt t ngi tin tin, v i vi ngi trung bnh, l tm sng knh c Pht gip cho h t n nitbn. c Pht c Pht sng knh vi hnh thc ca B-tt Qun Th m, c Pht A-di-, v c Pht tng lai, T th Di-lc. 9. Tiu tha a nguyn, i tha phi nh nguyn. T tng trong Tiu tha l mt dng a nguyn lun trit . T tng i tha l mt dng phi nh nguyn lun nguyn cht (Bt nhadvaya; non-dualism) 10. Tiu tha duy l, i tha huyn b. Cch tip cn chn l c ngi thuc Tiu tha chp nhn l thuc dng ch thuyt duy l pha trn cht huyn b, cc nh i tha cng nhn cch tip cn theo mt dng siu duy l v ch ngha huyn b su thm hn. Nhng c im chnh ca trit hc Trung qun. 1. Khng (nya)tnh khng (nyat) c im ni bt nht ca trit hc Trung qun l s dng lp i lp li rt nhiu ln v Khng (nya) v Tnh khng (nyat). Th nn trng tm chnh l khi nim ny sut c h thng thng c gi chung l Tnh khng lun (nyat vda), c ngha l trit hc ch trng Khng (nya) nh l m t v Thc ti (Reality) Khng (nya) l mt thut ng phc tp nht trong trit hc Pht gio. Cc tc phm trit hc ngoi Pht gio thng dch t ny n gin l ch ngha h v (nihilism). Nhng khng phi l ngha chnh ca n. V mt t nguyn hc (Etymologically), n c t cn l v, c ngha l phng ln (swell), m rng, tri di ra (expand). iu k l l ch Brahman c t cn l bhhay bh , cng c ngha l phng ln (swell), m rng, tri di ra (expand). Tng truyn c Pht l ngi c an tr trong nguyn l khng (nya tattva, nyaprinciple). T khng (nya) dng nh c dng vi ngha bn th lun (ontology) trong ng cnh ny. Hm v mt t nguyn (etymological) ca ch ny dng nh cha c th hin ton b ngha. Theo mt vi hc gi, t nya khng c ngha v mt bn th lun (ontology). N ch c gi v gii thot lun. Nhng t nya d nhin cn c dng trong ngha bn th lun (ontology) vi mt ng v thuyt gi tr (axiological) v nn tng gii thot lun (soteriological) V ngha bn th lun (ontology), nya l rng khng m cng l y n. V n l ci g ring bit, n c kh tnh ca tt c mi vt. N c ng nht vi nit-bn, vi Tuyt i, vi nht ngha (Paramrtha-sat; Supreme Reality), vi Thc ti (Tattva; Reality). Ci g l Thc ti Khng tnh ( nyatattva)? y l iu Long Th pht biu: aparapratyaya nta prapacair aprapacitam | nirvikalpam annrtham etat tattvasya lakaam ||

MMK_18,0984 T mnh tri nhn ch khng ty thuc vo (theo s thuyt gii ca) k khc (m tin v hiu). Tch dit khng h lun, khng cn c s sai khc v phn bit (v phn bit) chnh l tht tng. 1. l t mnh tri nhn ( aparapratyaya). L t chng nghim m khng th c truyn t t ngi no khc. iu y phi c thc chng tng iu mt do ni chnh mnh. 2. l s tch dit, vng lng (nta), khng b nh hng bi tm thc thng nghim.

3. l khng h lun (prapacair aprapacitam), c ngha l khng th din t bi ngn t thc. Khng th xc nh c. 4. Khng sai khc (nirvikalpam), c ngha l siu vit mi suy ngh lan man ri rc. 5. Khng phn bit (annrtham). chnh l bt nh (non-dual). Tnh khng (nyat) k mt danh t tru tng phi sinh t nya. N c ngha l thiu thn, cn kit v gi mt s hon thnh. T nya v nyat s c hiu trn vn ngha nht l trong s chuyn tip vi t svabhva. Svabhva c ngha l t th, t hu, t tnh'own being. Nguyt Xng ni rng t ny c dng trong trit hc Pht gio vi 2 cch: 1. Yu tnh hay bn cht ring bit ca mt vt, v d nh sc nng l yu tnh hay bn cht ring bit ca la. Iha yo dharmo yam padrtha na vyabhicarati, sa tasya svabhva iti vyapadiyate, aparapratibaddhalvt. (P.P. 105) C ngha l Trn th gian, mt thuc tnh lun lun i cng vi mt mc ch, khng bao gi tch ri n, nn khi lin h khng tch la vi mt vt no khc, c gi l t tnh ( svabhva), c ngha l bn cht ring bit ca i tng y. (Minh c lun. 105) 2. Svabhva ( t tnh; own-being) nh l phn ngha ca parabhva (tha tnh; other-being). Nguyt Xng pht biu rng: svo bhva svabhva itiyasya padthasya yadtmya rpa tat tasya svabhva iti (P. P. p. 115)

T tnh l t th, chnh l bn cht ca s vt . (Minh c lun) Long Th pht biu: aktrima svabhvo hi nirapeka paratra ca || MMK_15,02 T tnh chnh l ci khng phi do c to ra ( aktrima), khng phi nh vo mt php khc m c hnh thnh (nirapeka paratra ca).85 Trung qun bc b ngha th nht ca Svabhva v ch chp nhn ngha th hai. Nguyt Xng ni r rng: ktrimasya paraspekasya ca svabhvatva netam.

Chng ti khng tha nhn t tnh l iu c to ra, ph thuc vo ci khc, lin quan n ci khc. (Minh c lun) Ngha th nht khng th chp nhn c, v ngay c ci gi l t tnh (Svabhva) hay yu tnh ring bit ca mt vt l ph thuc (ktrima) v lin quan (speksa)n ci khc. Ngay c nhit, l yu tnh ring bit ca la, cng tu thuc vo nhiu iu kin khcque dim, hay thu knh, hay nhin liu, hay s c xt hai thanh ci. Do vy, khng phi t tnh ( svabhva) l ngha cao nht ca ngn t. Trong mt ngha, t Svabhva l Thc ti tuyt i (Absolute reality), trong khi mi th khc, mi hin tng u l tha tnh (parabhva), tc ch l yu t lin quan (relative). T nya phi c hiu t hai quan im. l, (1) t quan im hin tng hay thc ti thng nghim, n c ngha l t tnh khng ( svabhva-nya), l khng c t th hay khng c mt thc th c lp ring ca chnh n. (2) t quan im Tuyt i, n c ngha l ( prapaca-nya), gi thit khng hay thi thit khng.86 L khng mi gi thit hay din t bng ngn t, khng mi cu trc t tng (bin k) v a tp/d bit (plurality). i. Chng ta s xem xt t nya trong ngha th nht

trc tin. Chng ta tho lun t svabhva kh di hiu r t nya khi c dng trong mi lin h vi thc ti mn tnh hin tng hay vi dharmas (yu t hin hu). Trong ng cnh ny, ngha ca nya bin thnh svabhva-nya (t tnh khng), c ngha l rng khng hay khng phi l mt thc th c lp ring bit. Khng c mt vt no trn th gian l c thc mt cch tuyt i khng iu kin. Mi vt u lin quan vi nhau, ph thuc vi nhau, b tc ng bi nhng ci khc. Tho lun kh di v lut nhn qu hay Duyn khi (prattya-samutpda) trong Trung qun lun tng khng ch c ngha cho thy khng c mt vt no trn th gian hin hu ring bit t chnh n, khng c mt thc th no tn ti c lp ring mnh n. Mi vt u tn ti tng duyn vi ci khc ( Duyn khi; prattyasamutpda). Th gii khng phi l Thc ti (Reality): ch l cnh gii tng i. l l do ti sao Long Th pht biu: ya prattya samutpda ny tm pracakmahe. MMK_24,18 Thc s khng c s sinh khi: ch l s biu hin ca cc php tu thuc vo nhn v duyn. Chnh do duyn sinh m ti gi l Khng. 87 Khng c nguyn nhn lin quan gia cc thc th; ch c s tu thuc ln nhau gia cc thc th m ngha c th ni bbng cch khc l cc thc th khng c t th ring bit, tc khng c t th (svabhva). Quan h nhn qu, do vy, khng c ngha l h qu ca thc ti m ch l tng tc ca trnh hin (sequence of appearances). Vn hu trn th gian l tu thuc vo ton b cc iu kin ca n. Hin tng ch l nhng trnh hin. Do vy Duyn khi tng ng vi Tnh khng (nyat) hay tng i (relativity). Th gii khng phi l mt khi cc vt th kt hp li. N ch l mt tin trnh, v s vt ch l nhng s kin. Mt vt chnh n khng l g c. y chnh l ngha tnh khng (nyat; emptiness) ca tt c cc php (dharmas). (ii) By gi chng ta s xem xt tnh khng (nyat) c ngha l g t quan im Tuyt i. T quan im Tuyt i, tnh khng (nyat) prapacair aprapacitam, l khng vng tng bin k (thoughtconstruction); c ngha l annrthm, l khng a tp88 (plurality). Ni cch khc, tnh khng (nyat) nh c p dng chothc ti (tattva) t biu hin chnh n. a. Khng th din t c bng ngn ng ca con ngi. b. c. l, khng phi l, va l va khng phi l, chng phi l va khng chng phi l 89khng mt phm tr t tng hay mt thuc tnh no c th gn cho n. N siu vit mi t duy. N thot khi mi a th, c ngha n l mt Ton th (Whole), khng th no tch ra tng phn.

Ni tm li, ngha ca tnh khng (nyat) c th c hiu theo 6 phng thc. Ba phng thc trong s ny c th c cgn nu ra trong bi k th 18 ca phm 24 ca Trung qun lun tng.

ya prattyasamutpda nyat t pracakmahe | s prajaptir updya pratipat saiva madhyam || MMK_24,18 Ta gi tnh khng (nyat) chnh l Duyn khi (prattyasamutpda), gi danh (prajapti) v Trung o (madhyam). 1. V vn vyavahra hay thc ti thng nghim (empirical reality), tnh khng (nyat) c ngha l v t th (naisvbhvya) c ngha l l khng t hu, khng c bn cht ring. Ni cch khc, c ngha l duyn sanh (conditiond co-production) hay Duyn khi (prattyasamutpda), hon ton tng i. 2. tng ny c chuyn n mt phng thc qua thut ng updyaprajapti, hay l gi danh (derived name), c ngha l s hin hu ca mt ci tn m khng c ngha thc ca tn y. Nguyt Xng pht biu: cakrdnyupdya rathgni ratha praj-pyate Mt chic xe c tn nh vy l do bao gm v s cc b phn nh bnh xe , v.v... (Minh c lun) khng c ngha l chic xe l ci g tch ri phn chnh ca n trong thnh phn chung ca n. y l mt v d khc ca tnh tng i (relativity). Vi ngha tng i (relativity), tnh khng (nyat) cn hm tng quan, bn cht khng tuyt i ca ci nhn c trng. 3. Tnh khng (nyat) vch trn s in r khi chp nhn mi khi u hay ton th tin trnh ca tuyt i v do vy, hm Trung o (madhyam pratipat)nhn cc php nh chung ang hin hu v trnh xa cc cc oan (1) c/l, v (2) khng / chng phi l. Bao trm v trn ba iu ni trn, cn c ba ngha khc, trong t tnh khng (nyat) c dng trong trit hc Trung qun. 4. V vn nht ngha (paramrtha) hay Thc ti tuyt i (ultimate reality), tnh khng (nyat) hm tnh phi khi nim (non-conceptual nature) ca tuyt i. 5. V vn bn nguyn (aspirant), tnh khng (nyat) bao hm quan im v th c (anupalambha) hay l phng tin kho lo khng m chp vo tng i xem nh l tuyt i, hay chp trc vo tuyt i nh l iu g c bit. 6. i Tr lun (Mahpraj-pramit stra) nu ra mt hm khc ca nguyn l tnh khng (nyat), l tuyt i (dharmaia), mong c khng th kim nn c v Thc ti (Real), siu vit cc cnh trn i qua trong i sng phm tnh. ngha v Thuyt gi tr (Axiological) ca Tnh khng (nyat) Tnh khng (nyat) khng ch l mt t mang ngha bn th lun (ontology). N cn c hm Thuyt gi tr (axiological). V tt c cc vt th thng nghim u khng c thc th, do vy, chng l v dng, khng c gi trworthless. Do v v minh m chng ta gn rt nhiu gi tr cho nhng vt tm thng. Mt khi tho c hiu chnh ng, lng tham qu mc truy ui in cung s vt: Nh tuyt ph trn b mt sa mc. Sng lo ch mt hai gi sau l tan bin. dng hn, v chng ta tri nghim c nim vui an lc. ngha v gii thot lun (Soteriological)

ca Tnh khng (nyat) Tnh khng (nyat) khng ch l mt khi nim mang tnh tri thc. Chng ng tnh khng (nyat) c ngha l gii thot. Khi hiu c mt cch ng n, n s dn n s ph nhn tnh a tp (d bit) ca cc php v thot ra khi tung bin ho t cm d ca cuc i. Thin qun v tnh khng (nyat) dn n Bt-nh (tr hu siu vit), tr tu khin cho c gii thot khi tham vng t tm thc ti tm. Long Th pht biu v tnh tu gio l tnh khng (nyat) trong bi k: karmakleakayn moka karmakle vikalpata | te prapact prapacas tu nyaty nirudhyate || MMK_18,05

V nghip v phin no dit nn gi l gii thot. Nghip v phin no l nhng ci khng c tht, mt khi thm nhp vo Khng Tnh th tc khc mi h lun u b tn dit .90 Gii thot l ci t c qua s bin mt cc chng t ch k v si m. Tt c cc chng t ch k v si m do bi bin k vng tng, xem nhng th v dng thnh ra c gi tr Bin k hay vng tng sinh khi t h lun (prapaca), hnh vi tng tng ca thc tm. Hot ng ny ca thc tm s dng bt mt khi nhn ra tnh khng (nyat), hay tnh cht rng khng ca s vt. Tnh khng (nyat) nh l biu tng ca Bt kh t ngh. Tnh khng (nyat) c dng trong trit hc Trung qun nh l biu tng ca bt kh t ngh. Khi gi Thc ti l tnh khng (nyat), Trung qun ch mun ni c ngha l bt kh thuyt ( avcya), bt kh c (anabhilpya), l khng th din t c (inexpressible). Trong bi k m u ca Trung qun lun tng, Long Th a ra lp trng minh bch v tnh khng (nyat). Lp trng bao gm tm ph nh. anirodham anutpdam anucchedam avata | anekrtham annrtham angamam anirgama ||91 l: (1) bt dit, (2) bt sanh, (3) bt on, (4) bt thng, (5) bt nht, (6) bt d (a tpplurality), (7) bt lai (khng n/beyond ingress) (8) bt xut( khng i/beyond egress). Ni tm tt, Thc ti siu vit tnh lng phn ca tri thc. N l khng th din t c. T khng (nya) hoc tnh khng (nyat) c dng trong h thng ny, thnh thong nh l biu th ca bt kh thuyt (avcya), bt kh c (avykta; not expressed). Tnh khng (nyat) khng phi l hc thuyt Chng ta thy rng Trung qun dng php bin chng nh l s ph phn cc hc thuyt ( di; theories) m khng c hc thuyt no ca ring ngi c. Bng cch dng bin chng php ca mnh, Long Th i n kt lun rng cc php l khng (nya) hay v t tnh (nisvabhva), c ngha khng phi l thc th ring bit, c lp. C th ngh rng tnh khng (nyat) chnh l mt hc thuyt. Nhng iu ny s l s nhm ln do khng hiu lp trng Trung qun. Tnh khng (nyat) chng phi l mt hc thuyt. l mt khi hiu ra s bt lc ca L tr (Reason) nhn ra S thc v c s thc bch phi pht khi mt tng bc cao hn L tr nhn ra n. Khi ngi suy t bung b nhng du tch ca mnh trn vng suy tng lan man, chnh l lc anh ta c th bc ln mt vng tri cao rng hn. Mc ch ca tnh khng (nyat) c Long Th pht biu mt cch tuyt vi qua bi k: atra brma nyaty na tva vetsi prayojanam |

nyat nyatrtha ca tata eva vihanyase || MMK_24,07 92 Cc ng khng nhn ra c mc ch ca tnh khng (nyat). Tnh khng (nyat) khng nn c dng nh mt l thuyt ch v cho tnh khng (nyat). Khi gii thch v mc ch ca tnh khng (nyat), Nguyt Xng pht biu rng chnh l s im bt khng ngng tm thc suy lng h lun (prapacastu nyaty nirudhyate). Tnh khng (nyat) c ch trng khng phi l v chnh n, m dn dt tm thc n Thc ti bng cch cm ch khuynh hng suy t theo khi nim ca n. N chnh l mt biu hin ca nguyn vng mnh m, ch khng phi l hc thuyt. Tnh khng (nyat) khng phi l ch thuyt h v (nihilism) C s ngi cho rng tnh khng (nyat) hon ton l ph nh lun. N phn i mi hc thuyt v khng c mt gi tch cc no ban tng. Tnh khng (nyat) khng a chng ta n mt iu g c. N tht l kh chu. Bin chng php Trung o dn n tnh khng (nyat) khng ch l ph nh lun. N khng n thun bc b mi khng nh v Thc ti (Reality), m n cn bc b mi ph nhn v v Thc ti. N cho rng Thc ti l chng phi c (hin hu, tn ti; existent), chng phi khng (non-existent). N ch xc quyt rng Tuyt i (Absolute) l khng th nm bt c bng t duy; n khng cho rng Tuyt i l mt phi thc th (non-entity). N ch ch trng rng Tuyt i ch c nhn bit c bng tr hu phi nh nguyn, siu vit. N ht sc tn thnh s thc chng S tht tuyt i. Long Th pht biu: paramrtham angamya nirva ndhigamyate MMK_24,10 Khng th nhp nht ngha , th khng th no chng c nit-bn.93 Trung qun lun tng ch ph nhn mi quan nim v Thc ti (Reality); n khng ph nhn chnh Thc ti. Do vy, n khng th no c gi l ch ngha h v (nihilism). Nh Tin s Murti pht biu Phi hc thuyt, v Thc ti khng c ngha l khng c hc thuyt v Thc ti. Tnh khng (nyat) ch ph nh t duy suy lng; nhng t thn chnh l tri thc khng lin quan g n Tuyt i. Thm ch n c th c xem nh ph qut v tch cc hn c s xc nh. (CPB, p. 160) Nguyt Xng cc lc phn i chng li vic Trung qun c gi l ch ngha h v (nstika; nihilist). Ngi ni rng Trung qun ch nhm n tnh tng i ca cc php. Do vy, hc thuyt ca ngi siu vit khng nh ln ph nh. (P. P. p., 156-157). Trung qun lun tng dnh ton b phm th 24 gii thch quan im ca mnh rng tnh khng (nyat) chng phi l ch ngha h v m ch l tng quan tnh v nhn duyn, iu y khng c ngha l ph nhn th gii ang hin hu m l mt gii thch v nhng tng quan ni ti ca n, l V vi chnh l s thc tuyt cng ca hu vi. Long Th pht biu mt cch rt chnh xc qua bi k: sarva ca yujyate tasya nyat yasya yujyate | sarva na yujyate tasya nya yasya na yujyate || MMK_24,14 Nhng ai tha nhn tnh khng (nyat), cc php u an tr trong v tr ring bit ca n trong s hi ho ton th, Nhng ai tha nhn tnh khng, cc php khng c s tc thnh ny.94 Long Th khng nh rng tng quan tnh phi c xem nh l tng i v khng phi l tuyt i, v v c s phm nh gi tr v nhn thc v ngha ca i sng. Cch gi mang tnh ph nh lun ca ngi chnh l mt phng tin cha tr. Tnh khng (nyat) chnh n khng phi l cu cnh.

Long Th cnh bo rng khng nn c s tn sng qu ng v tnh khng (nyat). Chnh n khng phi l mt cu cnh. N ch l phng tin dn dt tm thc mi ngi n Bt-nh (tu gic ni qun), v khng nn bnh vc n nh l mt cu cnh. Bi k sau y ca Long Th din t tng ny mt cch trn vn: nyat sarvadn prokt nisaraa jinai | ye tu nyatdis tn asdhyn babhire || MMK_13,08 Tnh khng (nyat) do c Pht tuyn b l min tr mi quan nim hay hc thuyt ( isms). Nhng ai quan nim tnh khng (nyat) nh l mt hc thuyt th khng cn hy vng hay nh v c g. Nguyt Xng khi nhn nh v vn trn lu n iu c Pht nhc nh Ca-dip v tnh khng (nyat). c Pht ni vi Ca-dip: Th chp ng (pudgala di) nng nh ni tu-di cn hn chp khng l on dit ( abhvbhiniveikasya). Ngi y ta gi l khng c g cha tr c v chp vo tnh khng (nyat) nh mt l thuyt. Nu nh toa thuc c trao cho bnh nhn cha tr nhng ri lon c th, nhng s thnh c hi nu nht y bng chnh th thuc y, ng c cho rng bnh nhn y cha lnh bnh chng? Thm ch, tnh khng (nyat) l thuc gii c ho gii quan nim gio iu, nhng nu ngi bm chp vo n, xem chnh n nh l mt quan nim, th tht l bi t. ni khc, c bit c Pht lu rng tnh khng (nyat) l c xem nh ci thang dng bt ln mi nh Bt-nh. Mt khi ln n mi nh ri, phi dp ci thang i. Mt ln na, Long Th cnh bo r rng cho s sai lm cch vn dng tnh khng (nyat) trong bi k sau: vinayati durdt nyat mandamedhasam | sarpo yath durghto vidy v duprasdhit || MMK_24,11 V cn tnh m n, khng c kh nng chnh qun Khng tnh nn t hi, chng khc no khng gii v ch thut m bt rn nn khng th bt nhng rn c mt cch kho lo. 95 R. H. Robinson tm tt ton b mc ny mt cch ton m bng nhng li sau: Tnh khng (nyat) khng phi l t ng bn ngoi h thng din t, nhng ch l t kho nm bn trong n. Nhng ai mun c th ho tnh khng (nyat) u l nhm ln h thng biu tng vi h thng thc ti. (Early Mddhyamika in India and China, p. 49) Thin qun v tnh khng (nyat). Trc ni rng tnh khng (nyat) chng phi n thun l mt khi nim mang tnh tri thc m l mt c nguyn (aspiration). thnh tu c nguyn ny, chng ta phi thin qun v 20 mc khc nhau ca tnh khng (nyat). Tht l qu di khi nu ra y.

2. Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a Kha cnh quan trng th hai ca Pht gio i tha l tu tp Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a. Thin qun v tnh khng (nyat) chnh l phn chun b k lut tinh thn ca Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a. Bt-nh l siu vit l tr. N chnh l ni qun siu vit (transcendent-insight). Bt-nh bit thc ti nh chnh l thc ti (praj yathbhtam artham prajti). K. V. Ramanan ni rng Trung qun lun tng dng t Bt-nh (praj) trong hai ngha:

(1) Bt-nh th tnh thng hng (eternal praj), v (2) Bt-nh hot dng cng vi 5 ba-la-mt (trong Lc ). Ngha sau l dng ca Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a, trong khi ngha trc l th, hay l nn tng vng chc ca Bt-nh. Dng ca Bt-nh t du chm ht cho v minh v do vy, Bt-nh, th tnh thng hng (eternal praj) lin hin by. Trong Bt-nh th tnh thng hng (eternal praj), chng ta khng th no tm thy s phn bit gia v minh v tri gic. chnh l nh sng tri gic thng hin tin. chnh l s sng sut thng hng trong tm. Cc vt th ring bit th sinh khi v hoi dit, cn nh sng Bt-nh ny th mi mi chiu soi. Dng ca Bt-nh l hot dng ca ci bit bao gm phn tch, ph phn v nhn thc. y chnh l phng thc lc dng ca Bt-nh thng hng. Ch nh vo th chng Bt-nh m chng ta c th liu ng S tht. Bt-nh khng th no c thc chng bng cch lun m ca cc vin s hn lm m yu vi dng v xanh xao ca t duy. N cng khng th no chng t c n thun bng suy ngh n o, cn nhc k lng. N ch c th t c bng cch t kh luyn tu hc tinh cn. Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a thng c dch l tr hu vin mn, nhng nhng ng thc ca n l tr hu siu vit (transcendent wisdom) . C 6 phm tnh tm linh phi t c. Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a l thut ng bao trm cc phm tnh ny. l: 1. B th (dna; charity) 2. Tr gii (la; withdrawing from all evil deeds), 3. Nhn nhc (ksnti; forbearance), 4. Tinh tn (vrya; enthusiasm and exertion), 5. Thin nh (dhyna; concentration) 6. Tr hu (praj; transcendental insight). Bn phm tnh u l phm tnh o c. S pht trin cc phm tnh y chun b cho chng ta tu tp thin nh. Thin nh hng tm n Bt-nh. Sau khi tu tp thin nh vin mn, mt sng ra v thy c s tht hin tin ( vipayan); con nhng bn ng b tch ri ra tng mnh, v chng ta thy c nh sng cha tng c trn bin hoc t lin.96 i tng ca Bt-nh l chn nh (tathat), php gii (dharmadhtu), tht t (bhta-koi). Bt-nh l dng cao nht ca tr hu. l mt nguyn l thit yu bao hm c hai mt nhn thc v cm tnh, v v th nn nbao hm c chn l v tnh thng rng ln. N ph hy khng ch tham i dc lc m cn mi tham vng quyn lc v ti sn. 3. L tng B-tt Trc ni v mi lin quan khc bit gia Tiu tha v i tha, s th nhp cnh gii B-tt chnh l l tng ca i tha. Theo i Tr lun (Mah praj pramit-stra), Bodhi (b-) c ngha l phng tin ca ch Pht, v sattva c ngha l yu tnh v c im ca thin php. Tm (citta) B-tt cu gip mi loi vt qua bin kh sinh t. Do vy, chnh l tm (citta) hay ngi ng thc l B-tt (Bodhisattva). C ba phm tnh quan trng ca B-tt. l, pht tm rng ln cu tt c chng sinh. Tm nguyn y khng lay ng. V n lc y khng lui st. Khi tm nguyn y t n v sanh php nhn (anutpattika-dharma-knti), c ngha l kh nng nhn chu s tht cc php vn khng sanh, lc cc ngi s th nhp tr a (nyma) ca hng B-tt. Th nhp vo giai v ny, cc ngi c gi l avaivarta, bt thi chuyn, khng lui st. Khi cc ngi chng c v sanh php nhn (anutpattika-dharma-knti), cc ngi sch s khng cn phin no (phin no tr a), v khi cc ngi chng qu v Pht, cc ngi chuyn ho sch hn v minh tr a (residual impressions).

Pht tm hng n B-tt o bng cng c v thng (anuttara puj)tinh cn tu tp By b- phn (Tht gic chi), v tu tp Lc . Pht trin cao nht ca B-tt o bao gm pht b- tm vi hai phng din, l (1) Tnh khng (nyat) hay Bt-nh (praj) v (2) T bi (karu ). Chng ta hiu Tnh khng (nyat) hay Bt-nh (praj) l nh th no ri. T bi (karu) thng c dch l s cm thng hay tm thng xt, nhng tt hn nn dch l tnh thng rng ln (universal love) nh Suzuki gi. Bt-nh hay tr hu siu vit v T bi hay tnh thng rng ln s to thnh Pht qu. 3. Pht thn lun (Buddhology) Trong Tiu tha, c Pht n thun ch l con ngi, bng n lc ca chnh mnh, ngi tr thnh ng gic ng v siu phm. Trong i tha, chnh thn thnh (Divinity) ti sinh trong mt c Pht v h sinh xung trn gian truyn t gio l cao siu nht v sinh mnh ca con ngi nh l hnh vi n hu. i tha m ra nim Tam thn Pht. l: 1. Ho thn (Nirma-kya) 2. Php thn (Dharma-kya) 3. Th dng thn/Bo thn (Sabhoga-kya) Th dng thn (Sabhoga-kya) hay Bo thn (body of bliss) l nim c rt ra sau ny bi cc nh Du-gi hnh tng. Trung qun ch ni n hai thn Pht, l Php thn v Ho thn (Nirm a-kya) Dharma (php) l mt t c dng rt uyn chuyn trong o Pht. Trong ngha m rng, n c ngha l nng lc tm linh hun tp n mt b su v trong tt c. C bn ngha quan trng m thut ng ny thng c dng trong lnh vc trit hc v tn ngng o Pht.

1. Php (Dharma) l Thc ti tuyt i (ultimate Reality). N va siu vit, va t ti i vi th gii, v cn l lut tc chi phi bn trong th gii. 2. Php (Dharma) trong ngha kinh in, gio l, tn ngng, nh l Pht php. 3. Php (Dharma) trong ngha s cng bng, c hnh, lng m o, hiu tho. 4. Php (Dharmas) vi ngha yu t ca s hin hu. Trong ngha ny, n thng c vit dng s nhiu. Ch php (dharma) trong Php thn (dharma-kya) c dng vi ngha th nht, c ngha l Thc ti tuyt i (ultimate Reality). T kya trong ng cnh ny khng c dng theo ngha th ng thng l thn th (body), m c ngha l s y (raya) hay l nn tng, c s (substratum), trong ngha mt dng thc hu hiu v ng nht. Php thn (dharma-kya) c ngha l nguyn l v tr thng nht. khng ch l mt nim trit hc tru tng, m l mt i tng ca thc tn gio (religious consciousness). Php thn (dharma-kya) Php (dharma) l yu tnh ca hin hu (essence of being), l Thc ti ti thng (ultimate Reality), l Tuyt i (Absolute). Php thn (dharma-kya) l th tnh chn tht ca c Pht. Bng php thn, c Pht th nghim nhn cch ca ngi vi Php hay Tuyt i, th nghim tnh ng nht, bnh ng (samat) vi ton th chng sinh.

Php thn chnh l s hiu bit, yu thng, sn lng vi mi chng sinh, ci ngun bt tn ca tnh thgn v lng thng cm. Khi t-khu Vakkali, t ca c Pht ang trn gign bnh sp cht, s biu l s nhit tm mun gp c c Pht. Nhn c duyn y, c Pht nhc nh Ngi no thy c Php l thy Nh Lai. Ngi no thy c Nh Lai l thy Php. Li dy ny ca c Pht khi dy nim tin rng Pht ch thc chnh l Php (Dharma), khng phi l nhn vt C-m (Gautama) lch s c gi l c Pht, th nn tng Php thn (dharma-kya) c pht trin. Cc nh i chng b (Mahsghika) quan nim c Pht l xut th (lokottara) hay l php thn (dharma-kya) siu vit (transcendental), v Thch-ca Mu-ni (kyamuni) ch l ho thn (Nirm akaya) hay l thn bin ho, khng c thc, ho hin bi t php thn truyn trao thng ip ca Php n cho chng sinh m mui. Php thn (dharma-kya) chnh l phng din siu vit ct yu ca Pht. Php tnh ( dharmat) chnh l nguyn l v ng ti thng. Php thn (dharma-kya) chnh l tnh cch ph qut ti thng. C cht tng ng gia Brahman97 v avara98 ca Ph-n-a (Vednta) v Php gii v php thn ca Trung qun. Php gii hay Chn nh (tathat) ging nh Brahma ca Ph-n-a (Vednta) v Php thn (dharma-kya) ging nh avara ca Ph-n-a (Vednta), nhng cn c nhiu s khc nhau gia hai khuynh hng. Trong Ph-n-a (Vednta), avara kt hp vi My sng to, duy tr v hy dit v tr. Php thn (dharma-kya) khng c ci dng nh vy. Dng ca php thn l nhm th nhp vo tr hu v t bi su thm, lng su vo nhn gian nh mt c Pht ging dy gio php, nh sch sai lm cho chng sinh. Ngi l bcc Thnh (Divine) ch khng phi l Thng (God), v trong mi h thng, dng ca sng to v tr l kt hp vi Thng . o Pht khng tin cht no v Thng . Suzuki pht biu tng Thng trong o Pht qua nhng li nh sau: o Pht khng nn b phn x nh l thuyt v thn khi tn thnh thuyt bt kh tri (agnostic), hiu v v tr theo cch duy vt. Ngc li l khc, o Pht thng thn tha nhn s hin hu trong th gii mt thc ti siu vit mi gii hn ca hin tng, tuy th m n t ti trong khp mi ni v t th hin chnh n trong ton vn v huy hong ca n, v trong chnh iu chng ta ang sng, ang di chuyn v c c s hin hu ca chnh mnh. (Outlines of Mahyna Buddhism p. 219) Php thn (dharma-kya) ng nht vi Tuyt i (Absolute) v n cng lin quan vi hin tng. Do vy, chnh Php thn c th bc xung trn gian nh ng cu mun loi. Bt k khi no Php thn (dharma-kya) quyt nh th hin ci trn trong hnh dng con ngi, n lin ho hin mt thn tng huyn o c gi l Ho thn (Nirm akaya). Ho thn l chnh l thn gi huyn t Php thn bt k khi no n mun th hin trn gian cu mun loi. Chnh qua phng tin ny m Php thn ti hin trong thn tng con ngi, nh l ng cu nhn loi. Thn th vt cht tht c ca c Pht l Sc thn (rpa-kya). Nh vy thy rng o Pht khng phi l mt tn gio mang tnh lch s nh C-c gio chnh thng. c Pht khng phi l nh sng lp tn gio. Ngi ch l ngi truyn dy Php vn d thng hng. 99 Trc c rt nhiu c Pht, v s c rt nhiu c Pht trong tng lai. Khi ngi Pht t quy y Pht, chnh l h quy y php thn Pht thng ti. Ho thn (Nirmakaya). Trc ni rng Ho thn (Nirmakaya) l thn ho hin bi c Pht thit lp mi quan h vi th gian trong hnh tng con ngi. Php thn (dharma-kya) cn c gi l T tnh thn (Svbhvika-kya) hay l thn tuyt i, thn t nhin ca c Pht. Ho thn (Nirm akaya) l thn ho hin trong thi gian cho mt mc ch c bit. Sc thn (rpa-kya) hay l thn vt cht c tht ca c Pht l mi ngi c th thy c. Ho thn (Nirm akaya) ch c nhng ngi tinh thng mi c th thy c. NGHA CA NIM TRUNG O (MADHYAM PRATIPAD)

c Pht thng dy rng S tht khng nm trong cc cc quan, m trung o (madhyama pratipad). Cc nh Tiu tha thng dng nim Trung o trong ngha o c, vi ngha khng dng qu nhiu hoc qu t thc n, khng ng qu nhiu hoc qu t, v.v... Cc nh Trung qun cn hiu Trung o trong ngha siu hnh hc. Long Th pht biu: ktyyanvavde cstti nstti cobhayam | pratiiddha bhagavat bhvbhvavibhvin || MMK_15,07100 Trong Kinh Ca-chin-din (Ktyyanvavda-stra), Th tn c tu qun ng n v c (bhva; ens) v khng (abhva; non-ens). Ngi bc b c hai cc oan c (bhva; ens) v khng (abhva; non-ens). Lun gii v im ny, Nguyt Xng trch dn on vn ni bt trong Kinh Ca-chin-din (Ktyyanvavda-stra), vn c cng nhn l c thm quyn i vi hng Pht t. c Pht ni vi Ca-dip. Ny Ca-dip. C l mt cc oan, khng l mt cc oan. Th nn quan im Trung o l khng th no nm bt c, khng th no so snh c, khng c mt quan nim, khng c hnh tng, khng th nm bt... l ngha Trung o. Ny Ca-dip. chnh l s nhn bit v Thc ti (bhuta pratyavek).(P. P., p. 118) Long Th lp quan im ca mnh trn pht biu c thm quyn ny ca c Pht. Thut ng trung (madhyam) trong ngha n gin ca n l gia hay ngha gia hai bn. Rt hin nhin t tnh t khng th hiu c, khng th so snh, khng th nm bt, v.v... Trung o c ngha l Thc ti, siu vit cc lut mu thun ca L tr, tnh lng phn ca t duy, v khng th no nht, giam v gii hn trong cc cc oan c v khng. Chnh trn nn tng ny m Long Th gi trit hc trung qun ca mnh l Trung qun (madhyamaka), c ngha l gn lin s siu vit. Cc cc oan tr thnh im cht ca thng kin (eternalism) v on kin (annihilationalism). C nhng ngi chp trc ring vo khng nonbeing v c ngi chp trc ring vo c being. c Pht v i ng trung gian, bng gio l Trung o, ngi ko li v ngun gc s tht rng cc php y l chng tuyt i c hoc tuyt i khng, m cc php y sinh ri dit, hin hu ri tr thnh, v Thc ti l siu vit i vi t duy suy lng v khng th nm bt c bng tm thc nh nguyn. TUYT I V HIN TNG C rt nhiu thut ng dng cho Tuyt i (Absolute) hay Thc ti (Reality) trong trit hc Trung qun. Chn nh (Tathat; suchness), tnh khng (nyat), nit-bn (nirv a), bt nh (advaya; non-dual), bt sanh (anutpanna; unproduced), v phn bit (nirvikalpa; the realm of non-discrimination), php gii hay php tnh (dharmdhtu / dharmat), v c (anabhilpya; inexpressible), thc ti/nh nh tattva; thatness), v h lun (niprapaca; free of verbalisation and plurality), nh thc (yathabhuta; that which really is), s thc/chn l/ (Satya; Truth), thc tnh (bhtatathat/ bhutat; the true reality), Nh Lai tng (tathgata-garbha; the womb of Tathgata), t tri bt tu tha (aparapratyaya; reality which one must realize within oneself), v.v...mi thut ng u c dng trong mi quan im ring bit. Sut trong Trung qun lun tng, Long Th rt ch chng minh rng Tuyt i l siu vit c suy lng v ngn thuyt. C khi nim c (bhva; ens) v khng (abhva; non-ens) u nm trong . ltj pht trin nguyn nhn sau cho iu khng th p dng c nhng khi nim ny: bhvas tvan na nirva jarmaraalakaam | prasajyetsti bhvo hi na jarmaraa vin || MMK_25,04, 101 Nit-bn hay Tuyt i khng th l c hay hu vi; v nu vy th nit-bn s l i tng ca sinh gi v cht; khng c mt hin hu thng nghim no m khng thot khi hoi dit.

Nu nit-bn khng phi l c hay hu vi; th n phi l khng hoc v vi; khng hoc v vi cng ch l mt khi nim tng i (khng phi l c), n tu thuc vo khi nim c/hu vi. Long Th pht biu tip: bhvasya ced aprasiddhir abhvo naiva sidhyati | bhvasya hy anyathbhvam abhva bruvate jan || MMK_15,05, 5)102 Khi Hu (bhva) c chng t l khng th p dng c cho Thc ti, th V (bhva) khng th no kim chng c. V V (bhva) ch c bit khi Hu (bhva) bin mt. Khi nim Hu (bhva) (hin hu thng nghimempirical existence) v V (abhva) , ph nh ca Hu, khng th p dng cho Tuyt i, th vn p dng nhng khi nim khc cho n u khng cn na, v tt c khi nim khc u tu thguc vo hai nim trn. Ni vn tt, Tuyt i l siu vit t duy suy lng, v n siu vit t duy, nn n bt kh c. nivttam abhidhtavya nivtta cittagocara | anutpannniruddh hi nirvam iva dharmat || MMK_18,07, 7)103 Ci g khng th l i tng ca t duy th cng khng th l i tng ca ngn thuyt. Tuyt i l yu tnh ca tt c hin hu, vn khng sinh, khng dit. Nguyt Xng pht biu rng: Paramrtho hi rym tumbhva (P. P. p. 19) i vi cc bc Thnh, Tuyt i chnh l s im lng, c ngha l bt kh c. ( Minh c lun, p. 19) Hin tng khng c thc th ring ca chnh n. Tng quan tnh hay tng duyn chnh l c tnh ca hin tng gii, v do vy nn tnh tng i khng thc c trong ngha cao nht ca ngn t. Tuyt i chnh l Thc ti ca trnh hin. Tuyt i v th gii khng phi l hai khuynh hng thc ti c t i nghch nhau. Hin tng c xem l tng i, v n b chi phi bi nhn duyn cu thnh th gii, v ci c xem l t ti i vi mi iu kin chnh l Tuyt i. Tuyt i lun lun l bn cht khng thay i. Nit-bn hay Thc ti tuyt i khng phi l t ci g pht sinh ra hay t c t ci g . Nit-bn ch c ngha l s bin mt s to tc ca cc vng tng lan man. Nu Tuyt i siu vit mi t duy v ngn t, th lm sao m t Tuyt i, lm sao c nhng ch dn v Tuyt i? Cu tr li l Hin tng gii khng hon ton ct t chng ta vi Thc ti. Hin tng gii l nhng trnh hin, v nhng trnh hin ch ra Thc ti ca n. S ngn che ban tng mt gi nhng g n ngn che. Nguyt Xng trch dn li dy ca c Pht: Anakarasya dharmasya ruti k dean ca k / ryate deyate cpi samropdanakara // Lm sao m mi hiu bit v gio php l khng th din t bng ngn t (c ngha l bt kh c)? iu y ch c th hiu v truyn dy c bng tng an lp ( samropa; ascribed mark) Hin tng gii ging nh v bc cha ng trong n li mi gi t Thc ti. Tng an lp (samropa; superimposed character/ascribed mark) ca hin tng gii che khut bn th (noumenon). Khi Tng

an lp y c vn m, khi s ngn che b tho g, lc y mi hin by Thc ti. Trit hc Tnh khng (nyat) ch c ngha gip cho s vn m ngn cch ny. TC V NHT NGHA Phi chng cc hin tng u khng tht? Long Th ni rng n c thc trong mt dng. l tc /s tht quy c ( savti satya); n l trnh hin ca Thc ti. TRnh hin ch ra ci ang hin hu. Savti 104 chnh l trnh hin ngn che hay bao ph. Savti hay bao ph khng ch l mng mng nh nh t tri bp bnh trong chn khng (vacuo); Savti bao ph nht ngha (paramrtha) tc l Thc ti tuyt i (absolute reality). Long Th pht biu: dve satye samupritya buddhn dharmadean | lokasavtisatya ca satya ca paramrthata || MMK_24,08105 c Pht ging dy gio php bng cch dng n hai s tht, s tht quy c 106 v s tht tuyt i.107 Rt quan trng chnh l phn bit m Long Th cu mang, khin khng ai c th hiu r gio php Pht dy m khng hiu r s phn bit ny. ye 'nayor na vijnanti vibhga satyayor dvayo | te tattva na vijnanti gambhra buddhasane || MMK_24,09108 Nhng ai khng hiu r s phn bit gia hai s tht ny th khng th hiu c ngha Pht php thm thm. Nguyt Xng gii thch v Savti nh sau: Samantvaraam savtirityucyate // (P. P. p. 215) Ci g bao ph trm khp gi l savti. Savti chnh l v tr (ajna) (v thu v minh; primal ignorance) ngn che tht tnh ca cc php. Hin tng c mt t nh l savti (quy c), v n bung mt bc mn che ln Thc ti. Cng lc n ng vai tr nh l ch im n Thc ti nh l nn tng ca n. S tht quy c (sa v ti-satya) chnh l s tht do t biu tng danh ngn (vyvahrika-satya), 109 l thc dng (pragmatic) hay l thc ti thng nghim. S tht tuyt i (paramrtha-satya) l (thc ti tuyt i absolute reality). Hai s tht (nh )Quy c v nht ngha, Tuy nhin,, khng phi l hm hai phng din khc nhau m chng c ng dng. Ci Tuyt i c nm bt qua cc phm tr t tng chnh l hin tng v hin tng c tho b trn tri khi nhng phm tr ny chnh l Tuyt i. Nguyt Xng lu ba ngha v quy c (savti) (1) Samantt sarvapadrthatattvvacchdant sa vti. (P. p. p. 215) Savti bao ph trm khp tht tnh ca cc php. Nguyt Xng gi l v tr (ajna) (v thu v minh; primal ignorance). Savti l do v tr (ajna) hoc v minh (avidy) v ng nht vi chng. chnh l v thu v minh (primal ignorance) bung bc mn ph ln Thc ti. (2) Parasparasambhavana v savtiranyonyasamrayea (P. p.p. 215) savti. Ajna hi samantt-sarva-padrthatattvvacchdant

Savti chnh l tnh tng thuc ln nhau ca cc php hay l tnh tng quam ca chng, n ng nht vi hin tng. 4. Savti saketo lokavyavahra. Sa ca abhidhnbhidheya-jnajeydilakaa. (P.p. p. 215.) Ci g c chp nhn theo quy c phn ln do con ngi chnh l Sa v ti. Tt c cc ngha ny u lin h ln nhau. th nht l chnh yu, nhng mi ngha sau u c tm quan trng t quan nim thc ti thng nghim. Savti hay l thc ti thc dng chnh l phng tin (upya) t n Thc ti (Reality) n vn l mc tiu (upeya), Long Th cp ring tm quan trng ca biu tng danh ngn (vyvahra) hay l thc ti thng nghim (empirical reality) trong vic t n nht ngha hay Thc ti tuyt i. Ngi pht biu: vyavahram anritya paramrtho na deyate | paramrtham angamya nirva ndhigamyate || MMK_24,10110 Khng nng vo thc ti thc dng (pragmatic reality), th Thc ti tuyt i khng th c truyn t. Nu khng hiu Thc ti tuyt i, th khng th chng c nit-bn. Nhn nh v vn ny, Nguyt Xng trnh by: Tasmd nirvdhigamopyatvd bhjanam iva salilrthin // (P. P. P. 216) Do vy, v savti c m t nh l phng tin chng t nit-bn, th n nn c tha nhn, nh ci ni c dng bi ngi kht khao c nc. (Minh c lun) Quy c (savti) l phng tin (upya; means), nht ngha l cu cnh, mc tiu (upeya; goal). C hai loi quy c (savti) i. ii. Quy c th gian (loka-savti) v Quy c xut th gian (aloka-savti) avayameva yathvasthit savti dveva abhyupey

(i) Quy c th gian l ch cho i tng kinh nghim thng thng c nhn bit nh l thc bi tt c mi ngi. Chng hn,, ci bnh, ming vi, v.v.... (ii) Quy c xut th gian (aloka-savti) ch cho nhng i tng tri nghim di nhng iu kin khc thng. Nhng i tng khng thc t, nhng tri gic khng trt t sinh khi do bnh tt hay khim khuyt cc quan nng (sense-organs), i tng trong gic m, v.v... u l nhng trng hp ca Quy c xut th gian. y l Quy c xut th gianchng phi thng nghim, v chng khng c thc thm ch i vi tm thc thng nghim. Prajkaramati ch nh r Quy c th gian (loka-sa v ti) l quy c chn tht (tathya-savti; true savti) v Quy c xut th gian (aloka-savti) l quy c h vng/sai lm (mithya-savti; falsesavti). Quy c chn tht ging nh biu tng danh ngn (vyvahra-satta). Quy c h vng ging nh prtibhsika satt ca cc nh Ph-n-a (Vednta). Chnh v Quy c xut th gian (alokasavti) l khng tht c i vi tm thc thng nghim, ngay c Quy c th gian (loka-sa v ti) cng l khng tht c nhn t quan nim siu xut. Sa v ti c gi l s tht 111/chn l/ (satya; true

or real) l do phong cch tao nh, v khng th nh mc trong Chn l (Truth). nht ngha (Paramrtha) hay thc ti tuyt i, chnh l thc tichn thc. Kinh in hay gio php ca c Pht chuyn ti nht ngha hay thc ti tuyt i c cc nh Trung qun gi l liu ngha/chnh/trc tip (ntrtha (primary / direct), v nhng kinh in phi liu ngha/gin tip/th yu (neyrtha/secondary/indirect) CHN NH (TATHAT) -NH LAI (TATHGATA) Chng ta bit rng php gii (dharma-dhtu) hay php tnh (dharmat) hay chn nh (tathat) l nhng thut ng c dng trong trit hc Trung qun chi cho Tuyt i. Nguyt Xng pht biu rng: Y s dharm dharmat nma saiva tatsva-rpam (P. P. p. 116). Ci g yu tnh hin hu ca mi yu t tn ti chnh l bn cht ca Thc ti. l Chn nh (tathat), l Thc t (Reality) vn d nh vy. Theo ngn ng ca Bradley, chng ta c th ni rng n nh vy, ch khng phi n l ci g (that it is, not what it is). Theo Nguyt Xng: tathbhvo'vikritva sadaiva sthyit. (P. P. p. 116) Chn nh ca Thc ti bao hm trong chnh n tnh bt bin, trong s lu gi th tnh thng hng ca n. Chn nh (tathat) chnh l S thc (Truth), nhng n khng hin l (impersonal). hin by chnh n, cn phi c mt trung gian. Nh Lai (Tathgata) chnh l trung gian y. Nh Lai (Tathgata) chnh l s hin by ca Thc ti (Reality). Nh Lai chnh l Thc ti c nhn cch ho. Nh Lai l mt thc th lng c (amphibious) d phn trong c Tuyt i ln hin tng. Nh Lai ng nht vi Chn nh (tathat), nhng th hin trong thn tng loi ngi. l l do ti sao Nh Lai c gi l Nh Lai tng (Tathgatagarbha), bo thai ca Nh Lai (the womb of Tathagata). T Tathgata c hiu l tath+gata112 hay l tath+gata, dch ngha l n nh vy (thus gone) hoc i nh vy (thus come), c ngha l ch Pht qu kh th hin v nhp dit. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng to chiu nhiu nh sng cho nim Nh Lai. C mt cu th trong S thi Mahbhrata, dng nh i vi ti n vn m hon ton s kh hiu chung quanh t ny. akuntnmivke matsynmiva codake / Pada yath na dyate tath jnavida gati // (ntiparva, 181, 12) Ngay du tch ca chim bay trn tri v c li di sng cng khng th no thy c. Cng nh vy, s ang i (gati; going) ca ngi thc chng Chn l. Ring thut ng tath-gati113 (ch trong dng khc vi tathgata) c dng cho nhng con ngi hon ho vn du tch ca h khng th no truy tm li c. T khng truy tm c du tch (untraceable) c dng cho Tathgata trong Trung b kinh (Majjhimanikya , Vol. I,"p. 140, P. T. S.) tathgatam ananuvejjoti vadmi. C ngha l: Ti ni rng Nh Lai l ngi c du tch khng th truy tm 114 c, l ngi siu vit mi t duy nh nguyn. Trong kinh Php c (Dhammapada) cng vy, c Pht c gi l khng c du vt (p: apada; e: trackless) trong bi k: tam Buddhamananta gocaram apada kena padena nessatha . (k 179).115

Oai lc ca v Pht khng du vt y tht v cng tn. Ngi s dn dt Ngi bng ng li no?116 Mt ln na, trong bi k 254 ca kinh Php c, t Nh Lai li c dng trong mi lin h vi kse pada natthi (h khng khng du tch).117 Nh th rng Nh Lai (Tathgata) ch c ngha l n nh vythus gone, i nh vyso gone c ngha l khng du tch, ngi khng c du tch tm kim, bng bt k phm tr no ca t duy. S thi n Mahbhrata, c cc hc gi xem l tc phm vn hc trc Pht gio. D tc phm ny ra i trc hay sau o Pht, Nh Lai (Tathgata) dng nh c dng cho nhng ai chng ng Chn l v l ngi khng li du tch. Bt lun vi ngun gc ngn ng no, dng ca Nh Lai (Tathgata) rt l r rng. Ngi th hin ci i truyn trao nh sng S tht (Truth) cho loi ngi v ri ra i, khng lu li du tch. Ngi l biu hin ca Nh Lai (Tathgata). Khi c Pht c gi l Nh Lai (Tathgata), nhn cch ring ca ngi b qun i, ngi c xem nh mt dng th hin t thi ny n thi khc trn th gian. Ngi chnh l biu hin ca Php th trn. Nh Lai (Tathgata) l ngi vt qua mi a tp d bit v phm tr t duy suy lng ( sarvaprapaca-atta), c th ni l khng thng cng khng on. Ngi l khng th truy tm du tch. Thng v on ch c p dng ni no c khi nim nh nguyn (duality), ch khng c tc dng cnh gii bt nh (non-dual). V do Nh Lai (Tathgata) l ng nht trong mi s biu hin, do vy mi chng sinh u l cc Nh Lai (Tathgata) tim tng. chnh l Nh Lai trong chng ta khin cho chng ta ngng vng nit-bn v rt ro gip cho chng ta t c t ti . Tnh khng (nyat) v t bi (karu) l nhng tnh cht cn bn ca Nh Lai (Tathgata). Tnh khng (nyat) trong ng cnh ny chnh l Bt-nh, tr hu siu vit (transcendental insight). t c tnh khng (nyat) hay Bt-nh (praj), Nh Lai ng nht vi Chn nh/Nh tnh (Tathat) hay Khng (nya). C c t bi (karu), ngi l ng cu cho ton th chng sinh. Th tnh chn tht ca Nh Lai cng nh l Th tnh chn tht ca tt cc cc php l khng th ngh bn. Trong th tnh tuyt i, Nh Lai chnh l su mu, khng th suy lng, khng th d thu. Php (dharmas) hay cc yu t hin hu l khng th xc nh c, v chng l duyn sanh, v chng l tng quan. Nh Lai l khng th xc nh c trong mt ngha khc. Nh Lai l khng th xc nh c do v, trong th tnh tuyt i, Nh Lai khng sinh khi do nhn duyn. Ci khng th xc nh ca th tnh tuyt i thc cht c ngha l khng th xc nh c phng thc ca khi nim. Long Th pht biu mt cch hon m trong bi k: prapacayanti ye buddha prapacttam avyayam | te prapacahat sarve na payanti tathgatam || (MMK_22,15)118 Ngi no din t c Pht l siu vit t duy v ngn t v ngi khng phi l i tng ca sinh dit trong ngha phm tr khi nim, th nhng ngi y u l nn nhn ca h lun (prapaca; the verbalising mind), th nn khng th thy c Nh Lai bng chn tnh ca ngi. Nguyt Xng trch dn bi k trong Kinh Kim Cang: (verse 43) Dharmato Buddh draavya dharmaky hi nyak / vijnitum // (P. P., p. 195) c Pht c nhn thy t php tnh chn tht, v nhng iu ny chnh l s dn o ti thng (ca nhn loi) c php tnh trong ct li ca h. Nhng ysur tnh ca php l siu vit t duy v khng th nm bt bng khi nim. (Minh c lun) Dharmat cpyavijey na s aky

Chn nh (tathat) hay Thc ti V vi (unconditioned Reality) khng phi l thc th khc tch ri ngoi hu vi. V vi l nn tng ca hu vi. Suy ngh rng cc php nht nh l tuyt i v t hu trong bn cht ring bit ca n l phm vo sai lm ca Thng kin lun (eternalism; svata-vda). 119 V cho rng cc php bt nh l v vi l hon ton loi tr tnh nht nh l phm vo sai lm ca ph nh lun (negativism). 120 i Tr lun (Mahprajpramit stra) phn bit ba loi Chn nh (tathat) hay th tnh (essential nature). Th nht chnh l bn cht ring bit, c trng ca cc php. Th hai l tnh cht v t th bn cht ring bit ca cc php, ca tnh hu vi hay tng quan tnh ca cc php nht nh, v th ba l thc ti tuyt i ca cc php. Tuy nhin, thc t hai im u tin c gi l Chn nh (tathat) ch l do cch ni tao nh. N vn ch l bn tnh ti hu, v vi ca cc php trnh hin m Chn nh chnh l ngha cao nht. Chn nh hay l chn tnh ca cc php cc mc khc nhau, l th gian hay l hin tng, v xut th gian hay Thc ti, cn gi l php tnh (dharmat) trong hai cp khc nhau PHP GII (DHARMADHTU) V THT T (BHTAKOI) Chn nh (tathat) hay Thc ti cn c gi l nit-bn hay Php tnh (dharmat). T dhtu trong ng cnh ny c ngha l bn cht su thm nht, l th tnh tuyt i. Chn nh (tathat) hay Php gii (dharmadhtu) u siu vit v t ati. l siu vit nh l Thc ti tuyt i (ultimate Reality), nhng n hin hu ngay trong mi mt gc r v th tnh su thm nht ca n. Tht t (bhtakoi) ch cho s kho lo th nhp ca tm vo trong php gii (dharmadhtu). T bhta c ngha l thc ti v vi (unconditioned reality), l php gii (dharmadhtu. T koi c ngha l phng tin t n gii hn hay tn cng; n biu th cho s thc chng. Bhtakoi (bin t Thc ti), cn gi l anutpdakoi(bin t tt cng), c ngha l tn cng vt qua sinh dit. Tt c cc php, c phn tch trong u v truy cu n ci ngun ca chng c xem l th nhp vo php cu cnh (anutpdadharma), tc l php gii (dharmadhtu). y, s th nhp ca cc php vo trong Thc ti v vi c gi l anutpdakoi (bin t tt cng). Anutpda biu th cho nit-bn vn siu vit sinh t. Trong php gii (dharmadhtu), tt c mi hin hu u c chuyn ho thnh php tnh (dharma nature). Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a tng ng vi php gii (dharmadhtu). Bt nh (Advaya) l phi nh nguyn tnh (non-dual) v khng b phn chia. Theo trit hc Trung qun, Thc ti chnh l bt nh (non-dual). Tnh cht hu vi ca cc thc th, khi c hiu mt cch ng n, s m by v vi khng ch nh l cn ca n m cn nh l thc ti tuyt i ca chnh cc thc th hu vi. Thc t, hu vi v v vi khng phi l hai, khng phn bit. y ch l s khc bit tng i, khng phi l s phn chia tuyt i. l l do ti sao Long Th pht biu: Ci nhn t mt quan im l lun hi, nhng nhn t quan im khc th chnh n l nit-bn. (Trung qun lun tng, K 20, Phm 25. Qun Nit-bn)121 Chng ta hiu c nhng im chnh ca t tng Trung qun. N va mang tnh trit l, va huyn b ch ngha. Bng php bin chng, n ph phn thch thc ( prasagpdana) tt c mi phm tr t tng. N phi by khng thng tic tnh t ph ca L tr khi mun bit v S tht. Thi k ca L tr ht hy vng, n mc no , tr thnh thi ca S tht (Truth). Ngi cu hc by gi quay sang thin qun nhng mc khc nhau v tnh khng (nyat), v tu tp Bt-nh ba-la-mt-a. Nh thc hnh o c v tu tp cc php Du-gi (yogic), h sn sng n nhn S tht. tng bc cu cnh ca Bt-nh, vng quay vng tng dng bt, tm thc lang thang lng ng, v trong Thc ti n mt (bhta-tathat) s knh cn ci mnh hn ln i mt con ngi nhit thnh; anh ta n nhn s m hn ca Bt-nh v tr thnh hip s ho phng ca S tht. Khng c g chc chn hn

iu thuc v huyn nhim v bnh ng, v khng cn s bt lc ln hn t trn anh ta khi a ra din t v S tht m anh cm nhn t nh cao hn lon ca kinh nghim. l kinh nghim ca mt chiu kch phi thi gian khng gian khc l, v phn bit (nirvikalpa), siu vit phm tr t tng v ngn thuyt. T , anh ta khng th c din by bng bt ngn ng th gian no na. Vn l nhm vo tng bc Lun l hc ca L tr; cu tr li l t nn tng trn tng bc siu lun l (supralogical), siu l tr (suprarational) ca Bt-nh m con ngi ch c th bc ln bng i sng o c v k lut tinh thn. H thng t tng Trung qun khng phi l hoi nghi ch ngha (scepticism) cng khng phi l thuyt bt kh tri (agnosticism). l li mi khong t cho mi ngi thy c Thc ti ngay trc mt. Chng ta thy ngay t khi im, l tng i tha l B-tt o. Chng ta s kt lun vn tt s lc v h thng t tng Trung qun ny vi li pht biu ca Sa gharakita: o Pht c th c v nh l cy. Nhn thc siu vit ca c Pht v nh r cy. Pht hc cn bn v nh thn cy, c im gio l i tha c v nh nhng cnh cy, v cc trng phi chnh v pht sinh t i tha v nh nhng o hoa. By gi ci dng ca hoa, d p n nh th no, cng l sinh ra tri. Trit hc, chng g khc hn l s suy on cn ci, n phi tm thy l do v s thc hin ca n trong mt cch sng; t tng s dn o cho hnh ng. Gio php s sn sinh ra Phng ph. L tng B-tt chnh l qu chn trn vn ca ton b cy c th Pht gio. Chnh qu s bao hm ht ging, th nn trong l tng B-tt ti kt hp nhng yu t khc nhau v i khi c v nh phn k ca truyn thng i tha. (A Survey of Buddhism, p. 432).

Dch xong Thng 2/2009. K Su. Thch Nhun Chu Tnh tht T Nghim