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I HC QUC GIA TP.

HCM TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN KHOA TON TIN HC


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BI TP I S
ti: Mnh o nh l Lagrange v cc phn th d trong l thuyt nhm

Sinh vin: Nguyn nh Thi Lp C Nhn Ti Nng MSSV: 1011199

TP H Ch Minh, 03/06/2011

I.

Tm phn th d chng minh chiu o nh l Lagrange khng ng. Chng minh mnh o ng trong lp nhm aben.

nh l Lagrange khng nh rng: nu l mt nhm con ca nhm hu hn th cp ca chia ht cp ca . Tuy nhin trong trng hp tng qut mnh o ca nh l Lagrange rng: nu l mt nhm hu hn cp v l mt c ca th c mt nhm con ca c cp l , khng cn ng na. y ta s nu mt phn th d chng minh mnh o khng ng v chng minh n ng khi l nhm aben. Trc tin ta cn nhc li v nh l Sylow: nh l Sylow[1]. Gi s l mt nhm hu hn v | |. Khi tn ti mt nhm con Sylow ca . l s nguyn t chia ht

Phn th d chng minh mnh o nh l Lagrange khng ng. Nhm thay phin c cp nhng khng cha nhm con cp
[2]

chng minh phn th d ny ta cn b sau: B 1. Nu Chng minh. Ta c l nhm con ca nhm * ghp tri bng nhau, tc l N u N u Do th th ta c . l nhm con ca v nn ( ) hay v c ch s l , th s lp ghp phi v lp + * + . , v l nhm con ca nhm v c ch s l th .

Nn trong mi trng hp ta u c . Do c cp l . Vy vi mi thuc , ta c , suy ra .

B c chng minh. By gi ta chng minh phn th d nu trn. Chng minh phn th d. Gi s ngc li, nhm thng th ( Nhng nu ) (v . l mt _chu trnh th c cp 3, tc l v l nhm con ca ). , suy ra c nhm con | | | c cp l . M c cp l , nn

c cp l |

. Do theo b trn ta c vi mi

M s cc _chu trnh trong ( )( )( )(

l 8, l )( )( )( )( )

Do s cc _chu trnh trong Vy nhm thay phin c cp

ln hn cp ca

(l 6), mu thun.

nhng khng cha nhm con cp . l nhm Abel.

Chng minh mnh o nh l Lagrange ng khi Trc tin ta cn chng minh b sau. B 2. Gi s dng. Khi vi mi l Chng minh. Ta chng minh bng quy np theo .

l s nguyn t v l nhm aben c cp , vi nguyn tha lun tn ti mt nhm con ca c cp

Vi th ta chn l nhm n v c cp l . Do b ng vi . Vi th do nn tn ti phn t thuc . Theo nh l Lagrange th cp ca chia ht | | , nn sao cho | | . - N u th chn l nhm con cyclic c cp . N u th do nn ( ) . Ta chn . , suy ra l nhm con ca l l nhm con cyclic cp . Gi s mnh ng vi Theo gi thit quy np th nhm con ca v c cp l c nhm con || | cch chn trn th v c cp l | | |

, ta chng minh b ng vi c nhm con vi cp l

. Khi v vi cp l . Suy ra .

nn theo nh

Do b 2 cng ng vi c chng minh.

. Vy theo nguyn l quy np th b trn l nhm

By gi ta chng minh mnh o ca nh l Lagrange ng khi aben hu hn bt k. Mnh o. Nu l nhm aben hu hn bt k cp nguyn dng ca , tn ti mt nhm con ca c cp l . Chng minh.

th vi mi c

Gi s tiu chun ca . l

l phn tch tiu chun ca , v ( ), trong

| nn phn tch

Theo nh l Sylow, tn ti cc nhm con Sylow ca vi cp . Khi v nn theo b 2 th tn ti cc nhm con ca vi . M cp l l nhm con ca nn cng l nhm con ca v c cp l . Ta s chng minh v c cp l . v ) ( ) ( )( { | } l nhm con

ca

Tht vy, sao cho ( V y Hn na

. Mt khc vi mi th do aben v ) ( )

nn

l nhm con ca . * + . khc v thuc , suy ra trong c ). V , suy ra

Tht vy, gi s ngc li, c phn t v cp l ( ( ) ) ( ) . Do c cp l trong v phn t nn c . * + phn t nn . c cp l

nn theo nh l Lagrange th phn t (vi

sao cho

iu ny chng t T ta c hay | | c

. c ng phn t,

V y l nhm con ca Lagrange c chng minh.

v c cp l

. Mnh o ca nh l

II.

Tm phn th d chng minh nhm con ca nhm hu hn sinh khng hu hn sinh. Xt tp gm cc ma trn tam gic trn
( )

, trn vnh nguyn t v ( trn


( )

| (
( )

l cc s nguyn ) l tt c cc ma trn

nh ngha

c dng

1 * * 0 u * 1 0 0 u2 0 0 0
trong

* * * 1

dng. D dng kim tra y l mt nhm vi php nhn ma trn. (


( )

C th ch ra rng trn m nhng ma trn hoc v

) l hu hn sinh bi nhng phn t: nhng ma hoc v , cng nh

; hoc ngc li

1 a1 a2 0 1 a3 0 0 1 0 0 0
trong ch c mt

0 a4 a5 1
(
( )

, cn nhng phn t (

) khc u bng . ). Ch rng vi phn t ca

By gi ta kho st tm ( ) ca ) ) trong ( ), phn t c dng

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0

a 0 0 1

Ta chng minh ( ) l nhm v hn sinh. Tht vy, gi s ngc li th ( ) phi c sinh bi mt s hu hn cc ma trn. Ta gi tp cc ma trn hu hn nh th l . Khi c mt s nguyn sao cho l mu s ln nht ca s hng trong s cc phn t ca tp . By gi ta ch rng cc ma trn trong ( ) sau y khng th sinh bi cc phn t ca :

1 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 p n1 0 0 1

Th nn ( ) l nhm v hn sinh. Vy ta thy rng ( ( ) ) l mt v d nhm hu hn sinh nhng c nhm con l tm nhm th v hn sinh[3].

III.

Tm phn th d chng minh nhm tha iu kin khng l nhm aben.

) nhng

Ta bit rng nu l nhm aben th vi mi ta c ( ) . Tuy nhin iu ngc li c ng khng, tc l nhm tha iu kin ( ) th nhm c l nhm aben khng. Ta s tm mt phn th d chng minh iu . Gi s l tp gm cc ma trn ( ( Khi ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

l mt nhm. Tht vy ) chnh l phn t trung ha.

Tnh kt hp: hin nhin Phn t trung ha: (ma trn n v Phn t kh nghch:

Ta c Do mi phn t trong V y ( u c phn t nghch o.

vi php nhn cc ma trn nh trn lp thnh mt nhm. ( ) vi bt k thuc , tc l th nn ta cng thuc ) .

Ta s chng minh nhm ny tha ) nhng khng l nhm aben.

Tht vy, ta kim tra c rng vi phn t cng lun c .

V vi php ton nhn lp thnh mt nhm nn th . M theo nh ta kim tra c l th , nn ta suy ra ( Vy ta chng minh c nhm aben v ( )( ) ( ) v ( ) . Tuy nhin

khng phi l

)(

) (

( ) vi

Nn . Vy nhm nhng khng phi l nhm aben.

xc nh nh trn tha

IV.

Tm phn th d chng minh nhm tha iu kin nguyn lin tip nhng khng l nhm aben. gm cc ma trn ging nh mc III. ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( (

) v i

Chn nhm

) )

Ta s chng minh nhm ny tha iu kin ( ) v lin tip l v , tc l l nhm aben. (

( ) vi s nguyn ( ) nhng khng phi th ) ( ) v

Tht vy, mc III ta chng minh c vi mi ) ( ) nn ta suy ra v ( ( ) . Do ta cng suy ra c Vy ta chng minh c V cng nh mc III th . ( ) vi ( ) v ( )

Vy nhm xc nh nh trn tha v nhng khng phi l nhm aben.

s nguyn lin tip l

TI LIU THAM KHO


[1] Nguyn Hu Vit Hng, i s i cng, NXBGD, 1999. [2] Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_theorem_(group_theory) [3] Finite CGroups, Kazem Mahdavi, Brian Nygen, Ramona R Ranalli, James Sizemore, Andrew Stout, Colleen Swanson, 2007.

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