1

CHNG I. IN HC
I/. KIN THC C BN.
1. nh lut m cho on mch ring l.
R
U
I = (1)
Trong : + I l cng dng in chy qua on mch o bng (A)
+ U l hiu in th t vo hai u on mch o bng (V).
+ R l in tr ca on mch o bng ( O). 1kO = 10
3
O, 1MO = 10
6
O.
Ch : T
R
U
I = =>
I
U
R = (1
/
) dng xc nh R khi bit U v I
Hoc U = I. R (1
//
) dng xc nh U khi bit I v R.
th s ph thuc ca cng dng in I v hiu in th U l mt ng thng i
qua gc ta . Khi bit th th suy ra c I v U ti mt im bt k trn th.
2. nh lut m cho on mch gm n in tr mc ni tip.

I = I
1
= I
2
= ..= I
n
(2)
U = U
1
+ U
2
+.+ U
n
(3)
R = R
1
+ R
2
+.+ R
n
(4)
2
1
2
1
R
R
U
U
= hay
R
R
U
U
1 1
= (5)
Ch : + R > R
1
. R
2
, ..., R
n

+ Nu R
1
= R
2
= ...= R
n
th U
1
= U
2
= ...= U
n
, R = nR
1
, U = nU
1
3. nh lut m cho on mch gm n in tr mc song song.
I = I + I
2
++ I
n
. (6)
U = U
1
= U
2
= ..= U
n
(7)
n
R R R R
1
....
1 1 1
2 1
+ + + = (8)
1
2
2
1
R
R
I
I
= hay
1
1
R
R
I
I
= (9)
Ch : + R , R
1
, R
2
, ..., R
n
+ Nu on mch ch c hai in tr th:
2 1
2 1
.
R R
R R
R
+
= (8

)
R
1
R
2 R
n
I I
1
I
2
I
n
U
1
U
2
U
n
U

R
1
R
2
R
n
U

I
I
1
I
2
I
n
2
+ Nu on mch gm n in tr
ging nhau mc song song th: I
1
= I
2
=...= I
n,
I = n I
1
.
n
R
R
1
= (8

)
+ R
A
rt nh, mc ni tip trong mch in cn R
V
rt ln, mc // vi mch in th A v V
khng nh hng n mch in.
4. on mch mc hn hp n gin.
a. R
1
nt (R
2
//R
3
)
I = I
1
= I
2
+ I
3

U
AB
= U
1
+ U
2
= U
1
+ U
3
.
3 2
3 2
1
.
R R
R R
R R R R
CB AC AB
+
+ = + =
b. (R
1
nt R
2
) // R
3

I = I
1
+ I
3
= I
2
+ I
3

U = U
1
+ U
2
= U
3

3 2 1
3 2 1
) (
). (
R R R
R R R
R
+ +
+
=

5. in tr ca dy dn ng cht chiu di l, tit din S, in tr sut

S
l
R = (10)
Ch : Dy dn thng c hnh tr, tit din l mt hnh trn nn S tnh bng cng thc: S
=
4
14 , 3 . 14 , 3
2
2
d
r = .
6. Cng sut in.
R
U
R I I U P
2
2
. . = = = (11)
Ch : + Cc gi tr nh mc: U
m
, P
m
, I
m
.
Khi s dng nu U = U
m
=> P = P
m
v I = I
m
th dng c hot ng bnh thng
Nu U > U
m
=> P > P
m
v I > I
m
th dng c hot ng qu mc bnh thng, c th
chy
Nu U < U
m
=> P < P
m
v I < I
m
th dng c hot ng yu hn mc bnh thng, c th
khng hot ng v b chy.
R
1
R
2
R
3
I
2
I
3
I
1
I
1
C

C

A

B

I

R
1
B

R
2
R
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
I

3
+ Cng sut tiu th trn c on mch bng tng cng sut tiu th trn cc on
mch thnh phn.
7. in nng Cng ca dng in.
t
R
U
t R I t I U t P A . . . . . .
2
2
= = = = (12)
in nng, cng ca dng in thng dng n v l Kw.h
Ch : Mt s m ca cng t in tng ng vi in nng tiu th l 1 kw.h = 3,6. 10
6
J
8. nh lut Jun Len x.
Q = I
2
.R.t = =U.I.t = t
R
U
2
(J) (13)
1J = 0,24 cal
9. Mt s cng thc khc c lin quan:
Cng thc tnh nhit lng m vt thu vo khi tng nhit t t
1
n t
2
:
Q = c. m . (t
2
t
1
) (14)
Trong m l khi lng ca vt. c l nhit dung ring ca cht lm vt, t
1
l nhit u,
t
2
l nhit cui
Cng thc tnh hiu sut: % 100 . % 100 .
tp
i
tp
i
Q
Q
A
A
H = = =
0
0
100 .
P
P
i
(15)
Thng thng Q
i
l nhit lng m nc thu vo nng ln, Q
tp
l nhit lng do dng
in ta ra. on mach c bng n th P
i
l cng sut ca cc bng n, P
tp
l cng sut
ca c mch in.
10. Phng php chung gii bi ton vn dng nh lut m:
- Bc 1. Tm hiu v tm tt bi, v s mch in.
- Bc 2. Phn tch mch in, tm cc cng thc c lin quan n cc
i lng cn tm.
- Bc 3. Vn dng cc cng thc lin quan gii bi ton.
- Bc 4. Kim tra, bin lun kt qu (nu c).
II/. BI TP VN DNG.
Bi 1.
Ba n tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
mc ni tip vi nhau vo hai u on mch c hiu in th
44 V. Bit R
1
= 2R
2
= 3 R
3=
. Cng dng in chy trong on mch l 4A. Tnh gi tr
cc in tr v hiu in th hai u mi in tr.
Gii:
in tr tng ng ca on mch l:
4
U

R
1
R
2 R
3
I
I
1
I
2
I
3
U
1
U
2
U
3
) ( 11
4
44
O = = =
I
U
R
Mt khc:
R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
=
1
1 1
1
6
11
3 2
R
R R
R = + +
Suy ra: ) ( 6
11
11 . 6
11
. 6
1
O = = =
R
R
R
2
= R
1
/ 2= 3 ( O)
R
3
= R
1
/ 3 = 2( O)
Hiu in th hai u in tr R
1
l:
U
1
= I
1
. R
1
=I. R
1
= 4.6 = 24 (V)
Hiu in th hai u in tr R
2
l:
U
2
= I
2
. R
2
= I . R
2
= 4.3 = 12 (V).
Hiu in th hai u in tr R
3
l:
U
3
= I
3
.R
3
= I.R
3
= 4.2 = 8 (V) hoc U
3
= U (U
1
+ U
2
) =44 (24 + 12) = 8 (V)
Bi 2.
T hai loi in tr R
1
= 10 O v R
2
= 40 O. Hy chn v mc thnh mt on
mch ni tip in tr tng ng ca on mch l 90 O.
Gii:
Gi x v y l s in tr 10O v 40O cn mc vo mch in ta c:
10 x + 40 y = 90 => x = 9 4y vi x, y l s nguyn dng v x s 9; y s 2 nn ta c ba
phng n mc cc in tr trn nh sau:
+ y = 0 v x = 9 . (9 in tr 10O mc ni tip vi nhau)
+ y = 1 v x = 5. (1 in tr 40O vi 5 in tr 10O mc ni tip)
+ y = 2 v x = 1. (2 in tr 40O v 1 in tr 10O mc ni tip).
Bi 3.
th biu din s ph thuc ca cng
dng in vo hiu in th t vo hai u
mi dy dn I v II nh hnh v.
Hy cho bit thng tin no di y
l ng? l sai? Gii thch.
a. Khi t vo hai u cc dy dn mt hiu
in th bng nhau th cng dng in qua
dy dn (II) ln hn,
(I
I)
(I
)
I(A
)
U(V
)
5
A
V
R
1
R
2
+ U
-

I
1
I
2
I

b. Khi dng in qua hai dy dn bng nhau th hiu in th t vo hai u dy dn
(I) nh hn.
c. in tr ca hai dy dn ny bng nhau.
Gii.
Nhn vo th ta thy:
a. Khi U
1
= U
2
th I
2
> I
1
vy (a) ng
b. Khi I
1
= I
2
th U
1
> U
2
vy (b) sai
c.
2
2
2
1
1
1
;
I
U
R
I
U
R = = . Khi I
1
= I
2
th U
1
> U
2
=> R
1
>R
2
vy

(c) sai.






Bi 4.
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Trong R
2
= 2R
1
; vn k ch 12V; ampek ch 0,8A.
a. Tnh R
1
, R
2
v in tr tng ng ca on mch.
b. Nu t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th khc c gi tr l 45V th cng
dng in qua cc in tr v qua ampek l bao nhiu?
Gii:
on mch gm hai in tr R
1
v R
2
mc song song.
a. in tr tng ng ca on mch l:
) ( 15
8 , 0
12
O = = =
I
U
R
Ta c:
=> =
+
=
+
=
3
2
2
2 . .
1
1 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
R
R R
R R
R R
R R
R
) ( 5 , 22
2
15 . 3
2
. 3
1
O = = =
R
R
R
2
= 2R
1
= 2.22,5 = 45( O)
b. Cng dng in qua cc in tr v qua ampe k l:
U(V
)
(I
I)
(I
)
I(A
)
U
1
= U
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
=
I
2
(I
I)
(I
)
I(A
)
U
1

U
2
U(V
)
6
R
1
R
2
+ U
-

I
1
I
2
I

I3
R3
r

r
r


) ( 2
5 , 22
45
1 1
1
1
A
R
U
R
U
I = = = =
) ( 1
45
45
2 2
2
2
A
R
U
R
U
I = = = =
I = I
1
+ I
2
= 2 + 1 = 3 (A)
Bi 5.
Cho on mch gm 3 in tr R
1
= 15( O), R
2
= R
3
=30( O) mc song song vi
nhau.
a. Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch.
b. Bit cng dng in qua in tr R
1
l 1A. Tnh hiu in th t vo hai u
on mch v cng dng in qua in tr R
2
v R
3
v cng dng in qua mch
chnh.
Hng dn:
a.
3 2 1
2 1 3 1 3 2
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
R R R
R R R R R R
R R R R
+ +
= + + =

) ( 5 , 7
2 1 3 1 3 2
3 2 1
O =
+ +
=
R R R R R R
R R R
R
b. Hiu in th t vo hai u on mch l:
U = U
1
= I
1
R
1
=1.15 = 15 (V)
Cng dng in chy qua in tr R
2
, R
3
v cng
dng in qua mch chnh l:
) ( 5 , 0
30
15
2
1
2
2
2
A
R
U
R
U
I = = = =
V R
3
= R
2
nn I
3
= I
2
= 0,5 (A)
I = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
= 3(A)
Bi 6.
Cho mch in gm 3 in tr R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= r =
36( O)
a. C my cch mc ba in tr ny vo mch? V s
cc cch mc .
b. Tnh in tr tng ng ca mi on mch ni trn.
Gii:
a. V 3 in tr ging nhau nn c 4 cch mc khc nhau. S mc nh hnh v.
7
r

r
r

I
1
R
1
I
2
R
2
I
3
R
3
I
x
R
x
I
A
B
r

r

r

r

r

r

b. in tr tng ng:
Cch 1. R
C1
= r + r +r = 3r = 108( O)
Cch 2. R
C2
= ) ( 12
3
O =
r

Cch 3. R
C3
= ) ( 24 2 . 36
33
2
) (
). (
O = = =
+ +
+ r
r r r
r r r

Cch 4. R
C4
= r + ) ( 54
2
36
36
2
O = + =
r

Bi 7.
Cho mch in nh hnh v.
Bit r
1
= 5O, R
2
= 15 O, R
3
= 12 O, R
x
c th thay i
c. U
AB
= 48V.
a. Khi R
x
= 18O. Xc nh cng dng in
chy qua R
x
v

hiu in th hai u in tr R
3
.
b. Xc nh gi tr in tr R
x
cho cng dng in chy qua R
x
nh hn hai ln
cng dng in chy qua R
1
. Tnh cng dng in chy qua mch chnh khi v
in tr tng ng ca ton mch.
Gii.
a. Cng dng in chy qua R
x

l: I
x
= I
3
=
) ( 6 , 1
30
48
3 3
A
R R
U
R
U
x
AB
x
AB
= =
+
=

Hiu in th hai u in tr R
3
l:
U
3
= I
3
.R
3
= 1,6. 12 = 19,2(V).
Mun cng dng in chy qua in tr R
x
nh hn hai ln cng dng in chy
qua R
1
th R
3
+ R
x
= 2(R
1
+ R
2
) => R
x
= 2(R
1
+ R
2
) R
3
= 28( O)
Cng dng in cha qua in tr R
1
l:
) ( 4 , 2
2 1
1
A
R R
U
I
AB
=
+
=
Cng dng in cha qua in tr R
x
l:
) ( 2 , 1
3
A
R R
U
I
x
AB
x
=
+
=
Cng dng in cha qua mch chnh l:
8
I
2
R
2
D R
3
I
4
R
4
I R
1
I
1
A

C

B

I = I
1
+I
x
= 2,4 + 1,2 = 3,6 (A)
in tr tng ng ca on mch l:
R
AB
= ) ( 3 , 13
6 , 3
8 , 4
O = =
I
U
AB

Bi 8.
Cho hai bng n loi (24V 0,8A) v (24V 1,2A)
a. Cc k hiu trn cho bit iu g?
b. Mc ni tip hai bng n trn vo hiu in th 48V. Tnh cng dng in
chy qua hai n v nu nhn xt v sng ca mi n.
c. hai n sng bnh thng th phi mc chng nh th no v s dng hiu in
th l bao nhiu?
Gii.
a. Con s 24V cho bit hiu in th nh mc ca bng n. Khi s dng nu hiu
in th t vo hai u bng n ln hn 24V th n c th b chy, nu hiu in th t
vo hai u bng n nh hn 24V th n sng yu hng vi khi n sng bnh thng.
Con s 0,8A v 1,2A cho bit gi tr cng dng in nh mc ca bng n. Khi s
dng bng n ng gi tr hiu in th nh mc th cng dng in chy qua n
ng bng gi tr cng dng in nh mc.
b. in tr ca mi bng n tnh t cng thc:
) ( 30
8 , 0
4 , 2
1
1
1
O = = =
dm
dm
I
U
R ) ( 20
2 , 1
4 , 2
2
2
2
O = = =
dm
dm
I
U
R
Khi mc ni tip: R = R
1
+ R
2
= 30 + 20 = 50( O).
Cng dng in qua mi n:
I = I
1
= I
2
= ) ( 96 , 0
50
48
A
R
U
= =
Ta thy I
1
> I
dm1
nn bng n 1 sng qu mc bnh thng nn c th b chy.
I
2
< I
dm2
nn bng n 2 sng yu hn so vi bnh thng.
Bi 9.
Cho mch in nh hnh
v. Trong R
1
= 15( O), R
2
=
3( O), R
3
= 7( O), R
4
= 10( O),
U
AB
= 35V
a. Tnh in tr tng
ng ca ton mch.
b. Tnh cng dng in qua cc in tr.
9
c. Tnh cc hiu in th U
AC
v U
AD
.
Gii:
a. R
23
= R
2
+ R
3
= 10( O)
) ( 5
10 10
10 . 10 .
4 23
4 23
234
O =
+
=
+
=
R R
R R
R
R
AB
= R
1
+ R
234
= 15 + 5 = 20( O)
b. Cng dng in qua cc in tr:
I
1
= I = ) ( 75 , 1
20
35
A
R
U
AB
AB
= =
U
AC
= I
1
R
1
= 1,75.15 = 26,25(V)
U
CB
= U
AB
U
AC
= 35 26,25 = 8,75(V)
) ( 875 , 0
10
75 , 8
4 4
4
4
A
R
U
R
U
I
CB
= = = =
I
2
= I
3
= I
1
I
4
= 1,75 0,875 = 0,875(A)
c. U
AC
= I
1
R
1
= 1,75.15 = 26,25(V)
U
AD
= U
AC
+ U
CD
= U
AC
+ I
2
R
2
= 26,25 + 0,875.3 = 28,875(V)
Bi 10.
Trn hnh v l mt on dy dn ng cht tit din u, hai im M v N chia dy
dn thnh ba on theo t l sau: AM = .
5
1
;
3
1
AB AN AB = t vo hai du dy dn mt hiu
in th U
AB
= 45V.
a. Tnh hiu in th U
MN
.
b. So snh hiu in th U
AN
v
U
MB
.
Gii:
Gi in tr ca cc on AB, MN, AN, MB ln lt l R
AB
, R
MN
, R
AN
, R
MB.
Ta c th coi dy dn AB gm cc in tr R
AM
, R
MN
, R
NB
mc ni tip vi nhau. V on
mch mc ni tip th hiu in th t l vi in tr m in tr li t l thun vi chiu
di nn hiu in th s t l thun vi chiu di.
a. Ta c: MN =AB - (AM +NB) = AB AB
AB AB
15
7
)
5 3
( = +
) ( 21 45 .
15
7
15
7
15
7
V U U
AB
MN
R
R
U
U
AB MN
AB
MN
AB
MN
= = = => = = =
b. Tng t ta c:

A M
N B
10
) ( 36
5
4
5
4
V U U
AB
AN
U
U
AB AN
AB
AN
= = => = =
) ( 30
3
2
3
2
V U U
AB
MB
U
U
AB MB
AB
MB
= = => = =
T s:
MB AN
MB
AN
U U
U
U
2 , 1 2 , 1
30
36
= => = =
Bi 11.
Cho mch in nh hnh v. MN l bin tr con chy C. Lc u y con chy C v
st N bin tr c in tr ln nht.
a. Khi dch chuyn con chy C v pha M th
sng bng n thay i th no?
b. Bng n ghi (12V 6W). in tr ton
phn ca bin tr l R = 52( O) v con chy C nm
chnh gia MN. Hiu in th do ngun cung cp
l 25V. Bng n sng bnh thng khng? Ti
sao?
Gii:
a. Khi dch chuyn con chy C v pha M th in tr ca bin tr gim lm cho in
tr tng ng ca ton mch gim (R = R

+ R
b
). Kt qu l cng dng in qua
n tng dn (I = U / R), n sng dn ln.
b. n sng bnh thng khi U

= U
m
hoc I

= I
m
. V C nm chnh gia MN nn
phn in tr ca bin tr c dng in chy qua l R
b
= R / 2 = 52 / 2 = 26( O).
in tr ca bng n tnh t cng thc: ) ( 24
6
12
2 2
O = = =
dm
dm
d
P
U
R
in tr ton mch l: R = R
b
+ R

= 26 + 24 = 50( O)
Cng dng in chy qua bng n l: I

= I = ) ( 5 , 0
50
25
A
R
U
= =
Cng dng in nh mc ca bng n l: ) ( 5 , 0
12
6
A
U
P
I
dm
dm
dm
= = =
V cng dng in chy qua n ng bng cng dng in nh mc nn bng
n sng bnh thng.
Cch khc: I
b
= I = U / R = 0,5(A)
U
b
= I
b
. R
b
= 0,5 . 25 = 13(V).
U

= U U
b
= 25 13 = 12(V) = U
m
vy n sng bnh thng.
Bi 12.
C


+ -
M N
R

11
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Bng n ghi (9V 4,5W) c mc ni tip vi mt
bin tr con chy s dng vi ngun in c hiu in th khng i 12V.
a. n sng bnh thng th phi iu chnh bin tr c in tr l bao nhiu? B
qua in tr dy ni.
b. Nu bin tr c in tr ln nht l 20( O) th khi n sng bnh thng dng in
chy qua bao nhiu % tng s vng dy ca
bin tr.
Gii:
a. Cng dng in nh mc ca bng
n l: ) ( 5 , 0
9
5 , 4
A
U
P
I
dm
dm
dm
= = =
n sng bnh thng th I

= I
m
= 0,5A
V R
b
ni tip vi R

nn I
b
= I

= I
m
= 0,5A
Khi n sng bnh thng th U
b
= U U

= U U
m
= 12 9 = 3(V)
in tr ca bin tr khi bng n sng bnh thng l:
R
b
= U
b
/ I
b
= 3 / 0,5 = 6( O)
Cch khc:
) ( 18
5 , 4
9
2 2
O = = =
dm
dm
d
P
U
R
n sng bnh thng thI = I

= ) ( 5 , 0
9
5 , 4
A
U
P
I
dm
dm
dm
= = =
Lc in tr ton mch l: R = U / I =U
AB
/ I
m
= 12 / 0,5 = 24( O)
M R = R
b
+ R

=> R
b
+ R

= 24 => R
b
= 24 R

= 24 18 = 6( O)
b. V R t l thun vi l m l t l vi s vng dy nn R t l vi s vng dy c dng
in chy qua.
20( O) chim 100% s vng dy ca bin tr
6( O) chim s % vng dy bin tr l x. Ta c: x
= % 30
20
% 100 . 6
= .
Bi 13.
Hai bng n ghi (12V 8W) v (12V
6W). Cn mc hai bng ny vi mt bin tr vo
hiu in th U = 18V hai bng n sng bnh
thng.
a. V s mch in v tnh in tr bin tr
U
C
A B
M N
R

C


R
b

I


R
1

R
2

U
12
khi .
b. Bin tr c qun bng hp kim nikelin c in tr sut l 0,4. 10
-6
Om, tit din
trn chiu di 8m. Tnh ng knh d ca tit din dy dn ny. Bit rng hiu in th ln
nht c php t vo hai u bin tr l 48V v khi cng dng in qua bin tr
l 2,4A.
Gii:
a. V hiu in th nh mc ca hai n u l 12V ln hn U / 2 = 9V Nn phi mc
hai bng song song v ni tip vi bin tr R (hnh v)
cc n sng bnh thng th U
1
= U
2
= U
m
= 12V
Cng dng in chy qua mi bng n l:
I
1
= I
m1
= ) (
3
2
12
8
1
1
A
U
P
dm
dm
= =
I
1
= I
m2
= ) (
2
1
12
6
2
2
A
U
P
dm
dm
= =
Cng dng in qua bin tr: I
b
= I
1
+ I
2
= 2/3 +1/2 = 7/6 (A)
Hiu in th hai u bin tr: U
b
= U U
1
= 18 12 = 6(V)
in tr ca bin tr: ) (
7
36
7
6 . 6
O = = =
b
b
b
R
U
R .
b. in tr ln nht ca bin tr l: R = U / I = 48 / 24 = 20( O)
T cng thc :
2 2 6
6
16 , 0 10 . 16 , 0
20
8 . 10 . 4 , 0 . .
mm m
R
l
S
s
l
R = = = = => =

V dy dn c tit din hnh trn nn: S = mm
S
d
d
45 , 0
14 , 3
16 , 0
2 2
4
.
2
= = = =>
t
t
.
Bi 14.
Hai bng n ghi (9V 13,5W) v (6V 12W). Cn mc hai bng n ny vi mt
bin tr vo hiu in th U = 15V hai dn
sng bnh thng.
a. V s v ni r cch mc ni trn.
b. Tnh in tr ca bin tr khi .
Gii:
a. Nhn xt: Ta thy U = U
1
+ U
2
. Mt
khc cng dng in nh mc qua hai
n khng ging nhau: I
m1
= P
m1
/ U
m1
=
13,5 / 9 = 1,5(A); I
m2
= P
m2
/U
m2
= 12 / 6 =
2(A). Ta thy I
m2
> I
m1
Vy hai bng sng

2
I
1

1
I
b

R
b
I
2
13
bnh thng phi mc nh hnh v trong (R
b
//
1
) nt
2

b. U
R
= U
1
= 9V
Cng dng in chy qua bin tr: I
b
= I
2
I
1
= I
m2
I
m1
= 0,5(A).
in tr ca bin tr khi : R
b
=U
b
/ I
b
= 9 / 0,5 = 18( O).
Bi 15.
Trn hai bng n ghi (110V 60W) v (110V 75W)
a. Bit rng dy tc hai bng n ny lm bng vnfram v c tit dn bng nhau. Hi
dy tc ca bng n no ln hn v ln hn bao nhiu ln?
b. C th mc hai bng n ny ni tip vi nhau vo hiu in th 220V c khng?
Ti sao?
Gii:
a. T cng thc
P
U
R
R
U
P
2 2
= => = . Ta c:
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
;
dm
dm
dm
dm
P
U
R
P
U
R = = . Vi U
m1
= U
m2
ta c:
25 , 1
60
75
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
= = = =
dm
dm
dm
dm
dm
dm
P
P
P
U
P
U
R
R
.
V hai dy dn cng tit din v lm t cng mt vt liu th in tr t l thun vi chiu
di dy dn, do l
1
= 1,25 l
2.
b. in tr mi bng l:
) ( 33 , 161
75
110
); ( 67 , 201
60
110
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
O = = = O = = =
dm
dm
dm
dm
P
U
R
P
U
R
Khi mc hai bng n trn ni tip vi nhau vo hiu in th 220V th din tr tng
ng ca on mch l: R = R
1
+ R
2
= 363( O)
Cng dng in chy qua cc bng n l I
1
= I
2
= I

= U / R = 220 / 363 = 0,61(A)
Hiu in th t vo hai u mi bng khi l:
U
1
= I. R
1
= 0,61 . 201,67 = 123(V)
U
2
= I. R
2
= 0,61 . 161,33 = 97(V).
Nhn xt: U
1
= 123V > 110V nn
1
sng qu mc bnh thng.
U
2
= 97V < 110V nn
2
sng yu hn so vi bnh thng.
Nh vy khng mc hai bng ny ni tipvo hiu in th 220V v mc nh vy th
1
b
chy.
Bi 16.
14
Mt ng c lm vic hiu in th 220V, dng in chy qua ng c l 4,5A,
a. Tnh cng ca dng in sinh ra trong 3h.
b. Hiu sut ca ng c l 80%. Tnh cng m ng c thc hin c trong
thi gian trn.
Gii:
a. Cng m dng in sinh ra trong 3h l:
A = U . I . t = 220. 4,5. 3. 3600 = 10692000(J).
b. Cng m ng c thc hin c l cng c ch. Cng m dng in sinh ra l cng
ton phn. Ta c:
) ( 8553600
% 100
10692000 %. 80
% 100
.
% 100 . J
A H
A
A
A
H
i
i
= = = => = .
Bi 17.
Mt m in ghi (220V 1000W) c s dng hiu in th 220V un si
1,8lt nc t nhit 20
0
C. Hiu sut ca m l 84%.
a. Tnh nhit lng cn thit un si lng nc trn, bit nhit dung ring ca
nc l c = 4200J/kg.K.
b. Tnh nhit lng m bp in to ra khi v thi gian un si lng nc trn.
c. Tnh tin in phi tr khi s dng m in trn trong 1 thng (30 ngy). Bit mi
ngy un 2 m v gi 1kwh l 700 ng.
Hng dn:
a. Khi lng 2lt nc l m = 2kg
Nhit lng cn thit un si 2 lt nc l:
Q
1
= m.c(t
2
t
1
) = 1,8.1200(100 20) = 604800(J)
b. Nhit lng Q m bp in to ra l nhit lng ton phn, nhit lng Q
1
cn
un si nc l nhit lng c ch. Ta c:
) ( 720000
% 84
% 100 . 640800
% 100 % 100
1 1
J
H
Q
Q
Q
Q
H = = = => =
Thi gian un si nc tnh t cng thc:
ph s
P
Q
t
t
Q
t
A
P 12 ) ( 720
1000
720000
= = = = => = = t.
c. Thi gian s dng m un nc trong 1 thng l:
t
1
= 30 . 2. t = 30. 2 .12 = 720 pht = 12h
Cng m dng in sinh ra m in trong 1 thng l:
A = P . t
1
= 1.12 = 12(kw.h)
15
Tin in phi tr khi dng m in trong mt thng l:
T = 700. 12 = 8400 (ng)
Bi 18.
Mt bp in khi hot ng bnh thng c in tr R = 100( O) v cng dng
in chy qua bp l 2,7A.
a. Tnh nhit lng m bp to ra trong 1pht.
b. Dng bp in trn un si 2l nc nhit ban u l 22
0
C th thi gian un
l 24 pht. Coi rng nhit lng cn thit un si nc l c ch. Tnh hiu sut ca bp.
Cho bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4200J/kg.K
Gii:
a. Nhit lng m bp to ra trong 1 pht = 60s l:
Q = I
2
Rt = 2,7
2
.100.60=43740(J)
b. Nhit lng cn thit un si 2 lt nc (tc 2kg nc) l:
Q
i
= m.c(t
2
t
1
) = 2. 4200(100 22) = 655200(J)
Nhit lng ton phn do dng in chy qua bp to ra trong thi gian 24 pht l:
Q = I
2
Rt = 2,7
2
.4200.24.60 = 1049760(J)
Hiu sut ca bp l:
% 4 , 62 % 100 .
1049760
655200
% 100 = = =
Q
Q
H
i














16



CHNG II. IN T HC.
I. KIN THC C BN:
1. Nam chm.
Nam chm l nhng vt c c tnh ht st.
- Nam chm no cng c hai cc. Khi t do, cc lun ch hng Bc gi l cc
Bc v cc lun ch hng Nam gi l cc Nam.
- Khi t hai nam chm gn nhau cc t cc cng tn y nhau, cc t cc khc tn
ht nhau.
2. Tc dng t ca dng in T trng T ph - ng sc t.
- Nam chm hoc dng in u c kh nng tc dng mt lc t ln kim nam chm
t gn n.
- Khng gian xung quanh nam chm v xung quanh dng in tn ti mt t trng.
- Cch nhn bit t trng. Ngi ta dng kim nam chm (gi l nam chm th)
nhn bit t trng: u c lc t tc dng ln kim nam chm th th c t
trng.
- T ph l hnh nh c th v cc ng sc t. C th thu c t ph bng cch rc
mt st ln tm nha t trong t trng v g nh.
- Cc ng sc t c chiu nht nh. bn ngoi thanh NC chng l nhng ng
cong i vo cc Nam v i ra cc Bc ca NC.
3. T trng ca ng dy c dng in chy qua.
- T ph bn ngoi ng dy c dng in chy qua ging t ph bn ngoi thanh
nam chm.
- Quy tc nm tay phi: Nm bn tay phi, ri t sao cho bn ngn tay theo chiu
dng in chy qua cc vng dy th ngn tay ci choi ra ch chiu ng sc t
trong lng ng dy.
4. S nhim t ca st, thp. Nam chm in.
- St, thp, cban, niken v cc vt liu t khc t trong t trng u b nhim t.
- Sau khi b nhim t st non khng gi c t tnh cn thp vn gi c t tnh.
- Nam chm in: Khi c dng in chy qua ng dy c li st th ng dy v li st
tr thnh mt nam chm.
- C th lm tng tc dng t ca nam chm in bng cch tng cng dng in
chy qua ng dy hoc tng s vng dy ca ng dy.
17
5. Lc in t.
- Dy dn c dng in chy qua t trong t trng v khng song song vi ng
sc t th chu tc dng ca lc in t.
- t bn tay tri sao cho ng sc t hng vo lng bn tay, chiu t c tay n
ngn tay gia hng theo chiu dng in th ngn tay ci choi ra 90
0
ch chiu ca
lc in t.
6. ng c in mt chiu.
- ng c in mt chiu hot ng da trn tc dng ca t trng ln khung dy c
dng in chy qua t trong t trng.
- ng c in mt chiu c hai b phn chnh l nam chm to ra t trng v
khung dy dn c dng in chy qua.
- Khi ng c in hot ng, in nng chuyn ho thnh c nng.
7. Hin tng cm ng in t - iu kin xut hin dng in cm ng.
- C nhiu cch dng nam chm to ra dng in trong cun dy dn kn. Dng
in c to ra theo cch gi l dng in cm ng.
- Hin tng xut hin dng in cm ng gi l hin tng cm ng in t.
- iu kin xut hin dng in cm ng trong cun dy dn kn l s ng sc t
xuyn qua tit din S ca cun dy bin thin.
8. Dng in xoay chiu - My pht in xoay chiu
- Chu dng in cm ng: Dng in cm ng trong cun dy dn kn i chiu khi
s ng sc t xuyn qua tit din S ca cun dy ang tng m chuyn sang gim
hoc ngc li ang gim m chuyn sang tng.
- Cch to ra dng in xoay chiu: Khi cho cun dy dn kn quay trong t trng
ca NC hay cho NC quay trc cun dy dn kn th trong cun dy xut hin dng
in cm ng xoay chiu.
- My pht in xoay chiu c hai b phn chnh l nam chm v cun dy dn. Mt
trong hai b phn ng yn gi l Stato, b phn cn li quay gi l rto.
9. Cc tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu - o cng dng in v hiu in th
xoay chiu.
- Dng in xoay chiu c tc dng nhit, quang, t , ha hc v sinh l
- Lc t i chiu khi dng in i chiu.
- Dng ampe k v vn k xoay chiu c k hiu AC (hoc ~) o gi tr hiu dng
ca cng dng in v hiu in th xoay chiu, khi mc khng cn phn bit
cht +,-.
10. Truyn ti in nng i xa My bin th.
18
- Khi truyn ti in nng bng ng dy dn s c mt phn in nng hao ph do
hin tng to nhit trn ng dy.
- Cng sut hao ph do to nhit trn ng dy ti in t l nghch vi bnh phng
hiu in th t vo hai u ng dy.
2
2
U
P
R P
hp
=

- t vo hai u cun dy s cp mt hiu in th xoay chiu th s to ra trong
cun dy th cp mt hiu in th xoay chiu.
- T s gia hiu in th hai u cc cun dy ca my bin th t l vi s vng
dy ca cc cun dy tng ng, u ng dy ti v pha nh my in t my
tng th, ni tiu th t my h th.
2
1
2
1
n
n
U
U
= . + Khi U
2
> U
1
=> my tng th
+ khi U
2
< U
1
=> my gim th


II/. BI TP VN DNG.
Cc cu c th ra thi:
Cu 1. Nam chm l g? Nam chm c my cc l nhng cc no? Tng tc gia
cc cc ca nam chm nh th no?
Cu 2. T trng l g? Nu cch nhn bit t trng? V sao gn mt t kim
nam chm u nh theo mt hng xc nh?
Cu 3 Pht biu quy tc xc nh chiu ng sc t trong lng ng dy c dng
in chy qua.
Cu 4. Hy so snh s nhim t ca st v thp. Nu cch ch to mt nam chm
in v mt nam chm vnh cu.
Cu 5. Pht biu quy tc xc nh chiu lc in t tc dng ln dy dn c dng
in chy qua.
Cu 6. Dng in cm ng xut hin trong trng hp no? Gii thch v sao ngi
ta ni my pht in v my bin th l cc ng dng ca hin tng cm ng in t.
Cu 7. Nu cc cch to ra dng in xoay chiu.
Cu 8. Nu cc tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu? Mi tc dng nu mt vi ng
dng.
Cu 9. Nu nguyn nhn gy hao ph trn ng dy ti in v phng n lm
gim hao ph trn ng dy.
19
Cu 10. Nu cu to ca my bin th. Trong trng hp no my bin th lm tng
hiu in th? Trong trng hp no my bin th lm gim hiu in th?
Bi 1.
a. Khi no th mt on dy dn chu tc dng ca lc in t ?
b. Hy xc nh v biu din chiu ca lc in t ( hnh a) ; chiu ca dng in
( hnh b); cc cc ca nam chm ( hnh c)
Cho bit: K hiu ch dng in c phng vung gc vi mt phng t giy v c
chiu t pha trc ra pha sau.
K hiu ch dng in c phng vung gc vi mt phng t giy v c
chiu t pha sau ra pha trc.
F

N S S N

F
Hnh a Hnh b Hnh c



Gii
F


F
Hnh a Hnh b Hnh c
Bi 2.
Hy xc nh lc in t tc dng ln on dy AB hnh v sau:

A

+
-


- + B
Hng dn:
Xc nh c chiu ng sc t trong lng ng dy
Xc nh c chiu lc in t theo quy tc bn tay tri: T sau ra trc t giy.
Hy tm chiu dng in trong cc trng hp sau:


S N N S S N
20
X
F
B A




Bi 3.
a. Tm
chiu ca
ng
sc t khi c dng in chy qua dy AB v ng dy L, xc nh cc ca ng
dy trn hnh v.










b. Tm chiu dng in khi bit chiu ng sc t v cc cc ca ng dy trong
hnh sau:






c. Xc nh chiu lc in t trong cc trng
hp sau:

N S
+
_
L
S
N
21
Bi 4.
t mt khung dy hnh ch nht ABCD vo trong t trng u sao cho cc ng
sc t song song vi mt phng khung dy. Khung c th quay xung quanh trc OO
/
,
chiu dng in chy qua khung nh hnh v..
a. Xc nh chiu lc in t tc dng vo cc cnh ca khung dy.
b. Khung s chuyn ng nh th no di tc dng ca cc lc ny?

HD:
Cc cnh AD v BC song song vi cc ng sc t nn khng chu tc dng ca
lc t.
Cc cnh AB v CD chu tc dng ca
lc t. p dng quy tc bn tay tri ta thy
cnh AB chu tc dng ca lc t F
1
ko AB
ra khi mt phng hnh v. Cnh CD chu tc
dng ca lc t F
2
ko vo mt phng hnh
v.
c. Di tc dng ca hai lc ny khung
dy s quay quanh trc OO
/
theo chiu
nh hnh v.
Khung quay cho n khi mt phng
khung dy vung gc vi cc ng sc t
th cp lc t ny cn bng nhau nn khng
c tc dng lm cho khung quay na nhng
khung vn tip tc quay theo chiu c do qun tnh


Bi 5.
Mt my bin th m s vng dy ca cun th cp ln hn s vng dy ca cun
s cp. Ni hai u cun s cp vi mt b c quy cn hai u cun th cp th ni qua
N

S
N

S
+

N

S

S

N
I
I
I
I
O
D
A
B
C
O
/
22
mt in tr R. Hi khi c dng in chy qua R hay khng v c th thu c hiu
in th ln hn hiu in th ca b c quy hay khng?
HD:
B c quy cho dng in khng i trong cun s cp. V vy t trng xuyn qua
cun th cp l t trng khng i. Do khng th xut hin dng in cm ng cun
th cp d l mch kn. V vy hiu in th hai u cun th cp bng khng. Vy ta
khng th dng bin th lm tng hay gim hiu in th ca b pin hay c quy. (Hiu
in th khng i)

Bi 6. Mt my pht in xoay chiu cho mt hiu in th hai cc ca my l
1500V. Mun ti in nng i xa ngi ta phi tng hiu in th ln 30000V.
a. Hi phi dng my bin th c cc cun dy c s vng theo t l no?
Cun dy no mc vo hai u my pht in.
b. Khi tng hiu in th ln nh vy , cng sut hao ph gim i bao nhiu
ln?.
Gii:
a. U
1
/ U
2
= n
1
/ n
2
= 1 / 20.
cun dy c s vng t hn c mc vo hai u my pht in.
b. U tng ln 20 ln => cng sut hao ph do to nhit gim 20
2
ln = 400ln.














23
CHNG III. QUANG HC
I./. KIN THC C BN.
1. Hin tng khc x nh sng.
- Hin tng khi nh sng truyn t mi trng trong sut ny sang mi trng trong sut
khc b gy khc ngay ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng.
- S thay i gc khc x theo gc ti:
+ Khi nh sng truyn t mi trng khng kh sang cc mi trng rn, lng khc nhau
th gc khc x nh hn gc ti v ngc li.
+ Khi gc ti tng (gim) th gc khc x cng tng (gim). Khi gc ti bng 0
0
th gc
khc x cng bng 0
0
, tia sng i thng khng b gy khc.
1. Thu knh hi t.
b. c im:
- Phn ra mng hn phn gia.
- Chm tia sng song song ti thu knh cho chm tia l hi t ti mt im.
- nh o ca thu knh hi t ln hn vt v xa thu knh hn vt
c. ng truyn ca ba tia sng c bit.
- Tia ti song song vi trc chnh cho tia l i qua tiu im F
/
.
- Tia ti qua quang tm O cho tia l tip tc i thng
khng b i hng.
- Tia ti i qua tiu im F cho tia l song song vi
trc chnh.
- Tia ti bt k cho tia l i qua tiu im ph ng
vi trc ph song song vi tia ti.
d. c im nh ca vt:
- d bng v cng cho nh hin ln tiu im F
/
.
- d > 2f: nh tht, ngc chiu, b hn vt.
- d = 2f: nh tht, ngc chiu, bng vt (d
/
= d).
- 2f > d > f: nh tht, ngc chiu, ln hn vt.
- d = f: nh v cng (d
/
bng v cng)
- d < f: nh o, cng chiu, ln hn v xa thu knh hn vt.
e. Cch dng nh.
- Dng nh mt im sng S:
+ T S dng hai tia sng c bit qua thu knh.
F
'

O

F
24
+ Nu hai tia l ct nhau thc s ti S
/
th S
/
l nh
tht ca S.
+ Nu hai tia l khng ct nhau thc s m ko di
mi gp nhau ti S
/
th S
/
l nh o ca S.
Ch : ng ko di v nh o phi v nt t
- Dng nh ca mt vt sng AB hnh mi tn,
AB vung gc vi trc chnh, im A nm trn trc
chnh: Ta ch cn dng nh B
/
ca B bng cch s dng hai trong ba tia sng c bit, sau
t B
/
h vung gc xung trc chnh, ct trc chnh ti A
/
th A
/
l nh ca A v A
/
B
/
l
nh ca AB qua thu knh.
- Ch : Nu B
/
l nh o th A
/
B
/
cng l nh, v nt t.
2. Thu knh phn k.
a. c im cu thu knh phn k:
- Phn ra dy hn phn gia.
- Chm tia ti song song cho chm tia l phn k c ng ko di i qua tiu im.
- nh o ca thu knh phn k nh hn vt v gn thu knh hn vt.
b. ng truyn ca ba tia sng c bit qua thu knh phn k:
- Tia ti song song vi trc chnh cho tia l ko di i qua tiu im F
/
.
- Tia ti i qua quang tm O cho tia l di thng, khng b i hng.
- Tia ti hng ti tiu im F cho tia l song song vi trc chnh.
- Tia ti bt k, cho tia l c ng ko di i qua tiu im ph, ng vi trc ph
song song vi tia ti.
c. c im nh.
Vt mi v tr trc thu knh phn k u cho nh o, cng chiu, nh hn vt v lun
nm trong khong tiu c ca thu knh.
d. Cch dng nh.
- Dng nh mt im sng S:
+ T S dng hai tia sng c bit qua thu knh.
+ Hai tia l khng ct nhau thc s m ko di mi gp nhau ti S
/
nn S
/
l nh o ca S.
Ch : ng ko di phi v nt t
- Dng nh ca mt vt sng AB hnh mi tn, AB vung gc vi trc chnh, im A
nm trn trc chnh: Ta ch cn dng nh B
/
ca B bng cch s dng hai trong ba tia sng
c bit, sau t B
/
h vung gc xung trc chnh, ct trc chnh ti A
/
th A
/
l nh ca
A v A
/
B
/
l nh ca AB qua thu knh.

F
O

F
/
25
- Ch : A
/
B
/
l nh o nn phi v nt t.
4. My nh.
- Cu to: Vt knh (TKHT) bung ti Phim.
- c im nh ca mt vt trn phim: nh tht, ngc chiu, nh hn vt. (Ging nh ca
TKHT vi d > 2f).
- Ch : Vi my nh th khi chp nh, nh phi hin r trn phim nn mt s trng hp
khi khng cn xc nh tiu c ca vt knh th v nh ch cn s dng mt tia sng c
bit qua quang tm O. V d >> f nn khng cn v ng t l)
5. Mt Mt cn v mt lo.
a. Cu to: Th thu tinh mng li (vng mc).
Th thu tinh l mt TKHT lm bng cht trong sut, mm, c th phng ln hay xp
xung khi c vng bp li hay gin ra lm cho tiu c ca n thay i.
Mng li y mt. nhn r vt th nh ca vt phi hin r trn mng li.
b. S iu tit. Khong cch t vt n mt thay i nhng nh phi lun hin r trn
mng li nn c vng phi co gin almf thay i tiu c ca mt. l s iu tit.
c. im cc cn, im cc vin, khong nhn r ca mt.
- im cc vin C
V
: im xa nht m mt nhn r khng cn iu tit.
- im cc cn C
C
: im gn nht m mt phi iu tit ti a nhng cn nhn r.
- Khong nhn r ca mt. Mt nhn r trong khong t im cc cn n im cc vin:
C
C
C
V
d. Mt cn:
- c im: Nhn thy r vt gn m khng nhn thy r vt xa.
- Cch khc phc: eo thu knh phn k nhn r vt xa. Knh cn thch hp c tiu
im trng vi im cc vin (F
/
trng C
V
).
e. Mt lo:
- c im: nhn r vt xa m khng nhn r vt gn.
- Cch khc phc: eo thu knh hi t nhn r vt gn nh ngi bnh thng.
6. Knh lp.
- Knh lp l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn, dng quan st cc vt nh.
- Mt knh lp c mt bi gic G :
f
G
25
= vi f o bng cm.
- Cch quan st: t vt trong khong OF sao cho thu c nh o, cng chiu, ln hn
vt, mt ta nhn thy nh o .
7. nh sng trng v nh sng mu.
26
- Ngun pht ra nh sng trng: Mt tri, bng n dy tc
- Ngun pht ra nh sng mu: n LED, bt lade
- Ta c th to ra nh sng mu bng tm lc mu: nh sng trng qua tm lc mu no th
cho ta nh sng cng mu tm lc.
8. S phn tch nh sng trng.
- Phn tch nh sng trng bng lng knh: Cho mt chm nh sng trng ti lng knh, sau
khi qua lng knh s b phn tch thnh nhiu chm sng mu khc nhau.
- Phn tch nh sng trng bng s phn x trn mt ghi ca a CD: Khi cho mt chm
nh sng trng phn x trn mt ghi ca a CD, chm nh sng phn x cng b phn tch
thnh nhiu chm sng mu khc nhau.
9. S trn cc nh sng mu.
- Hai cch trn nh sng mu:
+ Chiu ng thi cc chm nh sng mu ln cng mt ch trn mn nh trng th ch
gp nhau ca cc nh sng mu l nh sng c mu c trn.
+ Chiu ng thi cc nh sng mu trc tip vo mt (cng yu v khng phi tia
lade).
- Trn hai nh sng mu v nhau ta c mt nh sng c mu khc hn.
- Trn ba nh sng mu mt cch thch hp ta c th c nh sng mu trng.
10. Mu sc cc vt.
- Ta nhn thy vt mu no khi c nh sng mu t vt truyn ti mt (tr vt mu en).
- Kh nng tn x nh sng mu ca cc vt:
+ Vt mu trng tn x tt (hp th km) tt c cc nh sng mu.
+ Vt mu no th tn t tt (hp th km) nh sng mu v tn x km (hp th mnh)
nh sng khc mu.
+ Vt mu en khng c kh nng tn x nh sng mu (hp th mnh tt c cc nh sng
mu).
11. Cc tc dng ca nh sng:
- Tc dng nhit: nh sng chiu vo cc vt lm cho cc vt nng ln.
- Tc dng sinh hc: nh sng c th gy ra mt s bin i nht nh trong c th
sinh vt.
- Tc dng quang in: Tc dng ca nh sng ln pin quang in gi l tc dng
quang in.


27

12. Phng php chung gii bi tp v quang hnh hc.
Bc 1. c k , v s to nh ca vt qua thu knh bng cch s dng hai trong ba
tia sng c bit.
Ch : V ng t l nu bi ton khng cho khng cn v ng t l, nh o v ng
ko di ca tia l phi v nt t.
- Nn k hiu thng nht vi mi bi ton l cc im: A, B, A
/
, B
/
, O, F, F
/
, I.
Vi TKHT, F
/
nm khc pha tia ti so vi TK. TKPK, F
/
nm cng pha vi tia ti so vi
TK.
Bc 2. Xt cc cp tam gic ng dng c lin quan n cc i lng: d, d
/
, f, h, h
/
. T
vit cc h thc lin quan n n s ca bi ton.
OAB A
/ /
B OA A ta c ... hay ) 1 (
/ /
d
d
h
h
=
OI F
/
A
/ / /
B A F A ta c ... m OI = AB .... hay
f h
h .........
/
= (2)
Bc 3. Gii h phng trnh hoc phng trnh tm ra n s ca bi ton.
Bc 4. i chiu kt qu tm c vi s to nh tm hiu chnh xc ca s
to nh hoc kt qu bi ton.
II/. BI TP VN DNG.
A. BI.
Bi 1.
Trn hnh v: M l v tr t mt nhn
thy nh ca vin si trong nc. A l v tr
thc ca vin si, PQ l mt nc. ng
truyn ca vin si ti mt l AIM. Hy cho
bit mt nhn th nh ca vin si ti v tr
no? Tr li bng php v nh.
Bi 2.
t vt AB hnh mi tn vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt TKHT sao cho A nm
trn trc chnh, cch thu knh mt khong d = 30cm, tiu c ca thu knh l f = 20cm,
cao ca vt l h, cao ca nh l h
/
, khong cch ca nh ti thu knh l d
/
.
a. cm:
/
1 1 1
d d f
+ = v
d
d
h
h
/ /
=
b. Xc nh v tr v chiu cao ca nh. Bit AB = 4cm.
Bi 3.
P
I
A
Q
M
28
t vt AB hnh mi tn vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt TKHT sao cho A nm
trn trc chnh, cch thu knh mt khong d = 12cm, tiu c ca thu knh l f = 24cm.
a. Xc nh v tr v nu tnh cht ca nh.
b. Bit nh cao 4cm. Tm chiu cao ca vt.
Bi 4.
t vt AB hnh mi tn vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt TKHT sao cho A nm
trn trc chnh, thu knh c tiu c 28cm. nhn qua thu knh thy nh cao gp 4 ln vt.
a. Hy cho bit nh ny l nh tht hay o? V sao?
b. Xc nh v tr ca vt v ca nh.
Bi 5.
t vt AB hnh mi tn vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt TKPK sao cho A nm
trn trc chnh, cch thu knh mt khong 60cm th cho nh cch thu knh 20cm.
a. Tnh tiu c ca thu knh.
b. Bit AB = 1,5cm. Tm chiu cao ca nh.
c. Cm:
d d f
1 1 1
/
= v
d
d
h
h
/ /
=
Bi 6.
Trn hnh Atrc chnh ca mt thu knh. S l mt im sng, S
/
l nh ca im
sng S.
a. Hy cho bit S
/
l nh tht hay
o? V sao?
b. Thu knh l thu knh hi t
hay phn k?
c. Bng cch v hy xc nh
quang tm O, cc tiu im F v F
/
cu thu knh cho.
Ch : (C th m rng bi ton ny khi i ch S v S
/
hoc cho S
/
xung di trc chnh
c hai bi ton khc vi cch gii tng t)
Bi 7.
t vt AB trc thu knh ta nhn thy nh A
/
B
/
cng chiu v nh hn vt. Thng
tin trn cho ta kt lun g v thu knh cho l TKHT hay TKPK? Dng hnh v minh
ho.
(C th i nh hn vt thnh ln hn vt c bi ton khc)
Bi 8.
A

S
S
/
29
Dng my nh chp nh ca mt vt cao 120cm, t cch my 2,4m. Sau khi
trng phim thy nh cao 1,2cm.
a. Tnh khong cch t phim ti vt knh lc chp nh.
b. Tnh tiu c ca thu knh dng lm vt knh ca my nh ni trn.


Bi 9.
Mt my nh c vt knh l mt TKHT c tiu c 7cm. Khong cch t phim ti vt
knh c th thay i t 7cm n 7,5cm. Hi dng my nh ny c th chp c nhng vt
nm trong khong no trc my nh.
Bi 10.
Mt mt ngi ch c th nhn r c nhng vt cch mt mt khong ti a l
100cm.
a. Ngi y mc tt g?
b. sa tt ni trn ngi phi eo knh g? C tiu c bng bao nhiu?
Bi 11.
Mt ngi gi, mt b lo ho.
a. Ngi phi eo knh g sa tt mt lo ni trn.
b. Bit im cc cn ca mt ngi y cch mt 50cm, khi eo knh ngi c th
nhn r vt gn nht cch mt 25cm. Tnh tiu c ca knh.
Bi 12.
Mt ngi gi phi eo st mt mt TKHT c tiu c 120cm th mi nhn r vt gn
nht cch mt 30cm. .
a. Ngi y mc tt g?
b. Khi khng eo knh ngi y nhn r c nhng vt gn nht cch mt bao nhiu?
Bi 13.
Dng knh lp quan st cc vt nh t cch mt 10cm th thy nh cao gp 5 ln
vt.
a. Xc nh v tr ca nh.
b. Tm bi gic ca knh.
Bi 14.
Mt hc sinh xc nh bi gic ca mt knh lp bng cch t mt vt sng AB
hnh mi tn vung gc vi trc chnh ca knh, cch knh 16cm, A nm trn trc chnh v
30
thu c nh trn mn v cao gp ba ln vt. Hi HS xc nh c bi gic ca
knh lp l bao nhiu?
Bi 15.
Trn hnh v. Tia(1) sau khi khc x qua thu knh i qua im A. Hy v ng
truyn ca tia (2) qua
thu knh v ch r cc
tiu im ca thu knh.
Bi 16.
t vt AB trc
mt TKPK c tiu c
32cm sao cho AB vung
gc vi trc chnh, A
nm trn trc chnh. Bit
nh ch cao bng 1/4 vt.
Xc nh v tr ca vt v
ca nh.
II/. Hng dn gii.
Bi 1.
nh ca vin si l giao hai tia l ca hai tia ti xut pht t vin si.
- Tia 1: Tia ti AI cho tia l IM
- Tia 2: V tia AJ vung gc vi mt
nc PQ cho tia l JR truyn thng
khng i hng.
- Ko di IM ct JR ti A
/
th A
/
l
nh o ca vin si.

Bi 2.
a. OAB A
/ /
B OA A Ta c: ) (!
d
d
h
h
hay
OA
A O
AB
B A '
=
' '
=
' '







A
(1
)
(2
)
O
P
I
A
Q J
A
/
M R
R
A
B
O
F
/
I
B
/
A
/
F
F
31

















N THM PHN IN HC
1. Mt s cu c th ra thi phn l thuyt.
Cu 1. Pht biu v vit cng thc nh lut m. Gii thch cc k hiu v ghi r n v o
cc i lng dng trong cng thc.
Cu 2. Nu kt lun v s ph thuc ca in tr dy dn vo cc yu t ca dy.
Cu 3. Mt bng n ghi: (220V 75W). nu ngha cc con s ? Tnh cng dng
in nh mc v in tr ca bng n.
Cu 4. V sao ni dng in c mang nng lng? ( V n c kh nng sinh cng hoc lm
bin i ni nng ca vt.
Cu 5. Pht biu v vit biu thc nh lut Jun Len x. Gii thch cc k hiu v ghi r
n v cc i lng dng trong cng thc.
2. on mch mc hn hp n gin.
Loi 1. R
1
nt (R
2
//R
3
)
I = I
1
= I
2
+ I
3

U
AB
= U
1
+ U
2
= U
1
+ U
3
.
R
1
R
2
R
3
I
2
I
3
I
1
I
1
C

C

A

B

I

B
A
O
F
/
I
B
/
A
/
F
32
3 2
3 2
1
.
R R
R R
R R R R
CB AC AB
+
+ = + =
Loi 2. (R
1
nt R
2
) // R
3

I = I
1
+ I
3
= I
2
+ I
3

U = U
1
+ U
2
= U
3

3 2 1
3 2 1
) (
). (
R R R
R R R
R
+ +
+
=

3. Bi tp vn dng.
Bi 1.
Mt on mch gm ba in tr l R
1
= 3 O, R
2
= 6 O, R
3
= 4 O c mc nh hnh
v. Hiu in th gia hai u in tr R
1
l 6V.
a. Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch .
b. Tnh cng dng in chy qua cc in tr.
c. Tnh hiu in th U gia hai im A v B A B
d. Tnh nhit lng to ra trn cc in tr

trong thi gian 3 pht.
e. Nu tho b in tr R
1
th cng sut tiu th
trn ton mch thay i th no? Ti sao?
Cho U
AB
khng i.
Hng dn.
a. R =
3
2 1
2 1
.
R
R R
R R
+
+
= 6
O

b. I
1
= U
1
/ R
1
= 2A
I
2
= U
2
/ R
2
= U
1
/ R
2
= 1A
I
3
= I
1
+ I
2
= 3A
c. U
AB
= U
1
+ U
3
= U
1
+ I
3
. R
3
= 18V

d. Q = I
2
Rt = 9720 J

e. Tho b R
1
th R tng , U khng i nn P
gim ( P = U
2
/R)
Bi 2.
R
1 R
3
R
2
U

R
1
B

R
2
R
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
I

R
1
B

R
2
R
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
I

33
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Bit R
1
= 6( O); R
3
= 12( O). t vo hai u on mch
mt hiu in th U th cng dng in chy qua mch chnh l 1,5A, cng dng
in chy qua R
3
l 1A.
a. Tnh hiu in th hai u mi in tr.
b. Tnh in tr R
2
.
c. Tnh cng m dng in sn ra trn in tr R
3
v trn ton mch trong 1 pht
Gii:
a. U = U
3
= I
3
. R
3
= 12V
I
1
= I
2
= I I
3
= 0,5A
U
1
= I
1
. R
1
= 3V
U
2
= U U
1
= 9V
b. in tr R
2
l R
2
= U
2
/ I
2
= 9 / 0,5 = 18( O)
c. A
3
= U
3
. I
3
t = 720(J)
A = U I t = 1080 (J)

Bi 3.
Hai bng n ln lt ghi (120V 60W) v 120V 45W).
a. Tnh in tr v dng in nh mc ca mi n.
b. Mc hai bng n trn nh th no vo hiu in th 220V chng
hot ng bnh thng. Tnh in tr cn mc thm vo mch in khi .
c. Tnh hiu sut ca mch in ni trn.
Gii:
a. in tr ca mi bng n tnh t cng thc:
) ( 240
60
120
2
1
2
1
1
O = = =
dm
dm
d
P
U
R
) ( 320
45
120
2
2
2
2
2
O = = =
dm
dm
d
P
U
R
Dng in nh mc ca mi n:
) ( 5 , 0
120
60
1
1
1
A
U
p
I
dm
dm
dm
= = =
) ( 375 , 0
120
45
2
2
2
A
U
p
I
dm
dm
dm
= = =
I
1
R
3

I

2

U
I
2
34


b. V U
m1
= U
m2
v I
m1
khc I
m2
nn cn mc hai bng n song song
v mc ni tip vi in tr R
3
vo mch in c hiu in th 220V (nh hnh v)
Cng dng in chy qua R
3
l I
3
= I
1
+ I
2
= I
m1
+ I
m2
= 0,875 (A)
Hiu in th hai u in tr R
3
l: U
3
= U U
m1
= 100(V)
in tr R
3
l R
3
= U
3
/ I
3
= 100/0,875 = 114,3 ( O)
3. V hai bng sng bnh thng nn cng c ch bng in nng tiu th ca hai bng
trong thi gian t l:
A
i
= (P
m1
+ P
m2
). t = 105 t
Cng ton phn bng in nng tiu th ca ton on mch trong thi gian t l:
A = U. I .t = U . I
3
. t = 220.0,875.t =192,5 t
Hiu sut ca mch in l:
H = A
i
/ A
tp
.100% = 105 t . 192,5 t . 100% = 54,54%.

Bi 4.
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Bit R
1
=
2O R
2
= 6O, Cng dng in chy qua
R
1
l 1,5A. Hiu in th t vo hai u on
mch khng i v bng 12V. Bit hai n
sng bnh thng.
a. Tnh hiu in th nh mc
v cng sut nh mc ca mi bng.
b. Tho b R
1
th sng cc
bng n thay i th no?
Gii:
a. on mch gm R
1
nt ( R
2
// R
1
) ta c:
U
2
= U
R1
= I
1
. R
1
= 3(V)
U
1
= U U
2
= 12- 3 = 9(V)
I
2
= U
2
/ R
2
= 3 / 6 = 0,5(A)
I
1
= I
1
+ I
2
= 1,5 + 0,5 = 2(A)
V hai n sng bnh thng nn ta c :
U
m1
= U
1
= 9(V)

1
I
2

2
I
1

R
1
I

1
U

35
R
1

R
2

U
m2
= U
2
= 3(V)
P
m1
= U
m1
I
m1
= 9. 2 = 18(W)
P
m2
= U
m2
I
m2
= 3. 0,5 = 1,5(W).
b. Tho b in tr R
1
th on mch tr thnh hai bng n mc ni tip
vi nhau. Ta c:
in tr cc bng n l: R
1
= U
m1
2
/ P
m1
= 9
2
/ 18 = 4,5( O)
R
2
= U
m2
2
/ P
m2
= 3
2
/1,5 =4,5( O)
Cng dng in chy qua hai n l:
I = I
1
= I
2
= U /R = U / R
1
+ R
2
) = 12 / 9 = 1,25 (A).
I
1
= 1,2A < I
m1
= 1,5A =>
1
sng yu hn bnh thng.
I
2
= 1,25A > I
m2
= 0,5A =>
2
sng qu mc bnh thng.

Bi 5.
Cho mch in nh hnh v.
Bit R
1
= 10O, R
2
= 15O,
bin tr v tr c in tr R
b
= 4O.
a. Tnh in tr tng ng ca ton mch.
b. Cng dng in chy qua mch chnh l 0,5A. Tm cng dng in chy
qua cc in tr v hiu in th trn ton mch.
c. iu chnh con chy ca bin tr sang tri th cng dng in qua mch chnh
thay i th no? Bit hiu in th U ca mch khng i.
d. Mc thm in tr R
3
song song vi R
2
th cng dng in qua mch chnh thay
i th no? Bit U khng i.
Gii:
a. on mch gm: R
b
nt (R
1
// R
2
) ta c R = R
b
+ R
12
= ... = 4 + 6 = 10( O)
b. I
1
+ I
2
= I = 0,5A (1)
I
1
/I
2
= R
2
/ R
1
(2) Gii h phng trnh ta c I
1
= 0,3A, I
2
= 0,2A.
Hoc tnh U
b
ri tnh U
1
= U
2
= U U
b
= I R U
b
ri tnh I
1
, I
2
.
c. I = U/ (R
b
+ R
12
). Vi U v R
12
khng i. Khi diu chnh con chy C sang tri th
R
b
gim => I tng.
d. Khi mc R
3
// R
2
th in tr tng ng ca on mch song song gim v:
1/R
123
= 1/R
1
+ 1/R
2
+ 1/R
3
> 1/R
1
+ 1/R
2
= 1/R
12
=> 1/R
123
>1/R
12
=> R
123
< R
12

in tr ton mch gim => I = U/R tng.

R
b

I


U
36
Bi 6.
Cho on mch nh hnh v. Trong R
1
=
R
2
= 20O, R
3
= R
4
= 15O. Bit cng dng
in chy qua R
2
l

0,3A.
a. Tnh in tr ton mch.
b. Tnh cng dng in qua mi in tr.
c. Bit mi in tr c th chu c hiu in
th ln nht l 30V. Tm in tr ln nht
m b bn in tr mc nh trn u chu
c.
Gii.
a. Tnh R = R
123
+ R
4
= 6 + 15 = 21O
b. U
1
= U
2
= U
3
= I
2
R
2
= 6V
I
1
= U
1
/ R
1
= 0,3A
I
3
= U
3
/ I
3
= 0,4A
I = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
= I
4
= 1A
c. on mch R
123
chu c hiu in th ln nht l U
max
= 30V nn chu c dng
ln nht l I
123max
= U
max
/ R
123
= 30/6 = 5A
in tr R
4 chu
c dng in ln nht l:
I
4max
= U
max
/ R
4
= 2A
I
4max
< I
123max
nn khi mc ni tip b in tr chu c dng in ln nht l I = I
4max
=
2A.
Hiu in th ln nht ca b in tr l: U = I.R = 2. 21 = 42V.
Bi 7.
Cho mch in nh hnh v. U = 220V. Khi K
1
ng, K
2
m, am pe k ch 0,5A. Khi
K
1
m, K
2
ng th Am pe k ch 0,2A. Trong mi trng hp bng u sng bnh
thng.
a. Nu k
1
v K
2
u ng th am pe k ch bao nhiu?
b. Tnh cng sut nh mc ca mi bng v bng no tiu th in nng nhiu hn
trong cng mt khong thi gian? Bng no c in tr nh hn?
c. Nu mc hai bng ni tip th bng no tiu th in nng t hn trong cng mt
khong thi gian.
Gii
R
1
R
2
+ U
-

I
1
I
2
I

I3
R3
R
4
37
V
R
1
R
2
R

A

B

a. V n 1 mc // vi n 2 nn khi K
1,
K
2
u

ng th s ch ca Ampe k l I = I
1
+
I
2
= 0,7A.
b. Cng sut tiu th ca bng th nht l:
P
1
= U.I
1
= 110W
Cng sut tiu th ca n 2 l:
P
2
= U.I
2
= 44W
Vy bng th nht tiu th in nng nhiu hn
trong cng mt khong thi gian.
V hai bng mc // v dng in qua bng 1 ln
hn nn in tr bng 1 nh hn. R
1
< R
2

c. Khi 2 bng mc n tip vi nhau th cng dng in qua c hai bng u nh
nhau nn cng sut tiu th t l vi in tr ca n. V R
1
< R
2
nn P
1
< P
2
. Vy
bng th nht tiu th in nng t hn bng th hai trong cng mt khong thi
gian.
Bi 8.
Cho mch in nh hnh vvi: R
1
= 60O, l loi n (24V 5,76W), vn k c
in tr rt ln, ch 8V. Thy rng n sng bnh thng.
a. Tm in tr R
2
.
b. Tm U
AB
.
c. Tm cng dng in qua R
2,
so snh

cng sut nhit trn trn R
1
, trn R
2
v
n .
Gii.
a. R = U
2
/P = 100O.
V Vn k c in tr rt ln nn coi nh khng c dng in chy qua vn k.
on mch gm (R
1
// R

) nt R
2
Ta c R
12
=
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
+
=37,5O
V n sng bnh thng nn U
12
= U
1
= U

= U
m
= 24V
Ta c U
12
/ U
2
= R
12
/ R
2
=> R
2
= R
12
. U
2
/ U
12
= 12,5O
Hoc tnh I

= I
m
, Tnh I
1
, => I = I
2
=> R
2

b. U
AB
= U

+ U
2
= 32V
c. I
2
= U
2
/ R
2
= 0,64A
I
1
= U
1
/ R
1
=0,4A
P
1
= I
1
2
R
1
= 9,6W
A
R
d1

K
1
R
2

K
2
38
P
2
= I
2
2
R
2
= 5,12W
P

= P
m
= 5,6W
P
2
< P

< P
1
.
Bi 9.
Mt bp in mc vo mch c hiu in th 110V th cng dng in qua bp
l 4A.
a. Tnh in tr ca bp.
b. Tnh cng sut tiu th ca bp v nhit lng m bp to ra trong 30ph
c. Nu ct ngn dy in tr i mt na m vn mc vo hiu in th trn th cng
sut ca bp so vi lc cha ct ra sao?
d. Nu ct i dy in tr ri chp li hai u m vn mc vo hiu in th trn.
Cng sut ca bp lc ny ra sao?
Gii:
a. in tr ca bp l R = U / I =27,5O
b. Cng sut tiu th ca bp: P = UI = 440W
Nhit lng to ra trong 30 ph: Q = Pt = 440.30.60 = 702000(J)
c. Do in tr ct ngn i mt na nn: R
1
= R / 2.
Cng sut ca bp lc ny: P
1
= U
2
/ R
1
= 2 U
2
/ R = 2P = 880W
d. Nu ct i in tr ri chp hai u th coi nh mc song song nn in tr ca
bp lc ny l:
R
2
= R
1
/ 2 = R / 4
Cng sut ca bp lc ny l:
P
2
= U
2
/ R
2
= 4 U
2
/ R = 4P = 1760W.
Bi 10.
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Hiu in th gia hai im BD khng i v lun bng
12V. in tr R
1
= 4O mc ni tip vi mt in tr R
x.
.
a. Vn k ch 8V. Tnh cng dng in chy qua R
1
.
Lc ny con chy v tr C, in tr on PC ca bin tr l bao nhiu?
b. Con chy v tr Q, vn k ch 2V. in tr cc i ca bin tr l bao nhiu.
c. Khi con chy ca bin tr di chuyn t P n Q, s ch ca vn k thay i th no?
Gii thch.
39
R
1
R
2
K
R
3
A

B

+
-

Bi 11.
Cho mch in nh hnh v, hiu in th
hai u on mch lun khng i v bng
12V. Bit
1
ghi (6V 9W),
2
ghi (12V
12W), in tr R
3
= 6O. Coi in tr ca dn
khng i, in tr kho K v cc dy ni
khng ng k.
1. Khi K ng:
a. Tnh in tr mi n v in tr trn ton
mch.
b. Tnh cng dng in thc t chy qua
mi n v in tr ? Tnh cng sut tiu
th trn n 2?
2. Khi kho K m th sng cc n thay i th no? Gii thch?
Bi 12.
Cho on mch nh hnh v. Bng n ghi (6V 12W) in tr R
2
= 6O. R
MC
=
18O. U
AB
= 24V khng i.
1. Kho K m. Tnh U
AD
v U
DB

2. Kho K ng. Tnh in tr tng
ng ca on mch AB v tnh cng
sut tiu th ca bng n.
3. Kho K ng. Dch chuyn con chy C
sang tri (v M) . Hi sng ca bng
n thay i nh th no? Ti sao?
Khi con chy C n v tr C
/
th bng
n sng bnh thng. Tnh in tr
R
MC
. B qua in tr ca dy dn v kho K. Coi nhit khng lm nh hng
n in tr ca bng n.

Bi 13.
Hai in tr R
1
= 24O, R
2
= 36O c mc song song vi nhau vo hiu in th
duy tr l 18V.
1. Tnh in tr tng ng ca on mch.
2. Tm cng dng in qua mi in tr v qua mch chnh.
3. Tnh cng sut tiu th ca c on mch.
B

A M C
N
K

R
2
40
4. Mc song song thm mt bng n (24V 16W) vi hai in tr ni trn. Bng n
c sng bnh thng khng? Ti sao? Tnh cng dng in qua mch chnh
trong trng hp ny?
Bi 14.
Dng hai bng n cng loi (110V 75W) mc vo mng in c hiu in th
110V.
a. Ngi phi mc bng n nh th no hai bng u sng bnh thng? Ti
sao?
b. Tnh cng dng in chy qua mi bng n.
c. Tnh in tr dy tc ca mi bng n.
d. Nu mng in c hiu in th 220V m vn s dng hai bng n trn th phi
mc hai bng nh th no? Hai bng c sng bnh thng khng ? Ti sao?
Bi 15.
Cho mch in nh hnh v. Bit U
MN
= 15V, R
1
= 8O, R
2
= 36O, R
3
= 24O, R
4
=
6O, R
5
= 12O.
a. Tnh in tr tng ng ca on
mch.
b. Tnh cng dng in chy qua
mi in tr.
c. Tnh nhit lng to ra trn in tr
R
3
trong 5 pht.
d. Tnh cng sut tiu th R
3
.






CHNG III. QUANG HC.
I/. CC CU HI L THUYT.
Cu 1. Th no l hin tng khc x nh sng? Nu kt lun v s thay i gc khc
x theo gc ti?
Cu 2. Nu c im ca thu knh hi t? (Nu cch nhn bit thu knh hi t?)
Cu 3 Nu c im ca thu knh phn k? (Nu cch nhn bit thu knh phn k?)
Q

R
2
R
1
R
3
R
5
R
4
P

M

N

41
Cu 4. Nu c im nh ca vt qua thu knh hi t.
Cu 5. Nu c im nh ca vt qua thu knh phn k.
Cu 6. Nu cch dng nh ca mt vt qua thu knh.
Cu 7. Nu cu to ca my nh v c im nh ca mt vt trn phim.
Cu 8. So snh v cu to ca mt v my nh?
Cu 9. Nu c im ca mt cn th v cch khc phc.
Cu 10. Nu c im ca mt lo v cch khc phc.
Cu 11. Knh lp l g? Knh lp dng lm g? Nu cch quan st mt vt nh qua
knh lp.
Cu 12. Nu cc cch phn tch nh sng trng v cc cch trn nh sng mu.
Cu 13. Nu kh nng tn x nh sng mu ca cc vt.
Cu 14. Nu cc tc dng ca nh sng. Mi tc dng nu mt vi ng dng?
Cu 15. Ti sao ni nh sng c mang nng lng?
II. MT S DNG BI TON QUANG HC THNG GP.
1. Thu knh hi t:
Trng hp 1. d >2f ( Mt, my nh)
Trng hp 2. 2f < d <f
Trng hp 3. d <f (Knh lp, Knh lo)
2. Thu knh phn k.(Knh cn)
III. VN DNG.
+ Nu bit F v F
/
(bit f) Khi dng nh ta s dng hai tia c bit:
Tia ti song song vi trc chnh cho tia l i qua tiu im
Tia ti qua quang tm cho tia l tip tc i thng.
+ Nu cha bit F, F/ (phi tm f)
Ta v tia qua O i thng tm B
/
.
Sau v tia ti song song vi trc chnh cho tia l i qua B
/
ct trc chnh ti F
/
Sau khi dng xong nh ca vt ta xt hai tam gic ng dng lp ra hai
phng trnh tm hai trong nm i lng d, d
/
, f, h, h
/
.
V d:
1. Thu knh hi t:
Trng hp 1. d >2f (Mt, my nh)
Trng hp 2. 2f < d <f
42
Trng hp 3. d <f (Knh lp, Knh lo)
2. Thu knh phn k.(Knh cn)
3. Nu bi ton cho h
/
/h th c ngay d
/
/ d

Bi 1.
Cho vt sng AB hnh mi tn cao 5cm t vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt
TKHT v cch thu khnh 40cm, tiu c ca TK l 10cm. Xc nh v tr v chiu
cao ca nh.
(d
/
= 13,3cm, h
/
= 1,66cm).
Bi 2.
Cho vt sng AB hnh mi tn t vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt TKHT.
Vt t trc TK cho nh hng c trn mn v cao gp hai ln vt v cch TK
40cm.
a. Nu cch dng nh ca vt qua TK.
b. Xc nh tiu c ca TK v v tr ca vt.
( d = 20cm. f = 13,3cm)
Bi 3.
Cho vt sng AB hnh mi tn t vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt thu knh
v cch TK 40cm. Nhn qua thu knh ta thy nh cao gp hai ln vt.
a. Thu knh l thu knh g? Hy dng nh ca vt qua TK.
b. Xc nh v tr ca nh v tiu c ca thu knh.
Bi 4.
Cho vt sng AB hnh mi tn t vung gc vi trc chnh ca mt thu
knh v cch TK 40cm. Nhn qua thu knh ta thy vt cao gp hai ln nh.
c. Thu knh l thu knh g? Hy dng nh ca vt qua TK.
d. Xc nh v tr ca nh v tiu c ca thu knh.








F
/
O

I

B

A

A
/
B
/
43
Chng IV. S BO TON V CHUYN HA NNG LNG
1. Nng lng v s chuyn ha nng lng.
- Ta nhn bit mt vt c nng lng khi vt c kh nng thc hin cng hoc lm
nng vt khc.
- Ta nhn bit c ha nng, in nng, quang nng khi chng chuyn ha thnh c
nng hay nhit nng.
2. nh lut bo ton nng lng.
- Nng lng khng t sinh ra hoc mt i m ch chuyn ha t dng ny sang dng
khc, hoc truyn t vt ny sang vt khc.
3. Sn xut in nng nhit in v thy in.
- Trong nh my nhit in, nng lng ca nhin liu b t chy chuyn ha thnh
in nng.
- Trong nh my thy in, th nng ca nc trong h cha c chuyn ha thnh
in nng.
4. in gi, in mt tri, in ht nhn.
- in gi v pin mt tri c th cung cp nng lng cho vng ni v hi o xa xi.
- Nh my in ht nhn bin nng lng ht nhn thnh nng lng in, c th cho
cng sut ln nhng phi c thit b bo v rt cn thn ngn chn cc tia phng
x c th gy nguy him cht ngi.
(Bi tp phn ny ch yu l trc ngim)






CU TRC MT THI TUYN SINH VO LP 10 KHNG CHUYN.
- Chng 1, 2 ra hai cu vi s im l 5 im
- Chng 3, 4 ra hai cu vi s im l 5 im
- C th khng chng 4 nhng chng 1 v 3 ra mi chng 2 cu trong c mt
cu cp nhn bit, thng hiu (cp 1,2) v mt cu vn dng cp thp
v cao (cp 3, 4).
- Thi lng: 60 pht khng k thi gian giao .










44
MT S THI
S 1.
Bi 1. Th no l mt cn? Nu cch khc phc tt cn th.
Bi 2. Kh nng tn x nh sng mu ca cc vt nh th no?
Bi 3. Mt bng n c ghi 6V 6W v mt in tr R = 12O c mc ni tip vi
nhau v c mc vo ngun in c hiu in th U = 12V (hnh v)
1. Tnh s ch ca ampe k.
2. Tnh hiu in th gia hai u in tr R v hai
u bng n.
3. n c sng bnh thng khng? V sao?
Bi 4. Vt sng AB cao 3 cm t vung gc vi trc
chinh (A nm trc chnh) v cch thu knh hi t
40cm. Bit tiu c ca thu knh l 60cm.
1. V nh ca vt qua thu knh.
2. Tnh khong cch t nh n thu knh v chiu
cao ca nh.
A
U
- +
R