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Mc Lc

1. Mng my tnh l g? Phn loi mng my tnh. ............................................................ 2 Mng my tnh ................................................................................................................... 2 C nhiu cch phn loi mng my tnh ....................................................................... 2 2. M hnh OSI: ngha, chc nng cc tng, c ch hot ng ....................................... 3 M hnh .............................................................................................................................. 3 Chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh osi: ....................................................................... 3 Qu trnh hnh thnh gi tin: .............................................................................................. 3 3. M hnh TCP: ngha, chc nng cc tng, c ch hot ng ...................................... 4 a.Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer): ........................................................ 4 b.Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer): .................................................................................. 5 c.Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer): ................................................................................. 5 d.Tng ng Dng (Application Layer): ............................................................................ 5 4. Giao thc IP: chc nng. a ch IP: cc lp a ch, phn chia mng con .................... 6 Nhim v chnh : ................................................................................................................ 6 S a ch ha................................................................................................................ 6 5. Giao thc TCP, UDP: chc nng, c ch hot ng .................................................... 11 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) ....................................................................................... 15 6. nh tuyn l g? cc giao thc nh tuyn trn mng ................................................. 16 Khi nim : ....................................................................................................................... 16 Giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocols): ....................................................................... 16 7. Dch v DNS: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng. .............................................. 18 Chc nng ca DNS......................................................................................................... 18 Nguyn tc lm vic ca DNS ......................................................................................... 18 Giao thc:......................................................................................................................... 18 8. Dch v WWW: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng ............................................ 19 World Wide Web ............................................................................................................. 19 2. C ch hot ng ......................................................................................................... 19 9. Dch v EMail: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng ............................................. 21 Th in t ....................................................................................................................... 21 Phng thc hot ng ca mt h thng th in t ..................................................... 21 Cc giao thc ................................................................................................................... 21 10. Dch v FTP: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng ............................................ 23 Khi nim v hot ng c bn ca FTP: ........................................................................ 23

1. Mng my tnh l g? Phn loi mng my tnh.


Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi ng truyn theo mt
cu trc no v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li cho nhau.

C nhiu cch phn loi mng my tnh tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn lm


ch tiu phn loi: khong cch a l, k thut chuyn mch, kin trc ca mng. Theo khong cch a l Phn lm 4 loi: mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu - Mng cc b (Local Area Networks - LAN): ci t trong phm vi tng i hp, khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh ni mng l vi chc km. - Mng th (Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN): ci t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm kinh t x hi, c bn knh nh hn 100 km - Mng din rng (Wide Area Networks - WAN): phm vi ca mng c th vt qua bin gii quc gia v thm ch c lc a - Mng ton cu (Global Area Networks - GAN): phm vi rng khp cc lc a K thut chuyn mch Phn lm 3 loi: mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo, mng chuyn mch gi. Phn loi theo kin trc mng Phn loi mng theo topo v giao thc s dng Cc mng thng hay c nhc n: mng SNA ca IBM, mng ISO, mng TCP/IP

2. M hnh OSI: ngha, chc nng cc tng, c ch hot ng


M hnh OSI c xy dng gm 7 tng giao thc, h thng ny c xy dng theo cc
nguyn tc sau: - Cc tng c tnh c lp tng i vi nhau thc hin cc chc nng ring bit - Cho php thay i chc nng hoc giao thc trong mt tng khng lm nh hng n cc tng khc. - C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng con khi cn thit. - Cho php hu b cc tng con nu thy khng cn thit. - Bo m lin kt cho nhiu h thng mng khc nhau - Thch ng vi nhu cu pht trin cc cng ngh mi trong tng lai. Chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh osi: 1. Physical Thc hin cc nhim v truyn dng bt phi cu trc qua ng truyn vt l, truy nhp ng truyn vt l nh cc phng tin c, in, quang, ... 2. Data link Cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy; gi cc khi d liu, kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu khi cn thit,.. 3. Network Thc hin vic chn ng v chuyn tip thng tin vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp, thc hin kim sot lung d liu d liu v ct/hp d liu nu cn. 4. Transport Thc hin truyn d liu d 2 u mt, kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu gia 2 u mt, vic ghp knh ct/hp d liu nu cn 5. Phin Cung cp cc phng tin qun l truyn thng gia cc ng dng, thit lp, duy tr, ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng gia cc ng dng. 6. Trnh din Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn d liu ca cc ng dng qua mi trng OSI. 7. ng dng Cung cp cc phng tin ngi s dng c th truy cp c vo mi trng OSI, ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn tn.

Qu trnh hnh thnh gi tin:


D liu ca ngi s dng c a ra tng ng dng ca bn gi c coi nh mt gi tin. truyn thng vi cc tng ng mc trong mt my tnh mi tng giao thc b sung thng tin ring ca mnh vo gi tin ang gi. Thng tin ny xut hin di dng mt phn u (header) ,c b sung vo u gi tin (hnh v). Cc phn u c b sung khi ang chun b thng ip (gi tin) truyn, v chng c bn nhn g b sau khi s dng thng tin trong phn u. D liu ca mi tng bao gm phn u v d liu ca tng cao hn k cn.

3. M hnh TCP: ngha, chc nng cc tng, c ch hot ng

cho cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau TCP/IP s dng m hnh truyn thng 4 tng hay cn gi l M Hnh DoD (M hnh ca B Quc Phng M). Cc tng trong m hnh ny l (Theo th t t trn xung): + Tng ng Dng (Application Layer) + Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer) + Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer) + Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer) - Mi giao thc ca H TCP/IP u thuc 1 trong cc tng ny. Ta s cng tm hiu tng tng a.Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer): - Tng Giao Din Mng c trch nhim a d liu ti v nhn d liu t phng tin truyn dn. Tng ny gm cc thit b phn cng vt l chng hn nh Card Mng v Cp Mng. - 1 Card Mng chng hn card Ethernet cha 1 s HEX 12 k t (00-18-37-03-C0-F4) c gi l a Ch MAC (Media Access Control) hay a Ch Truy Nhp Phng Tin . MAC ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gn a ch v truyn d liu. - 1 s giao thc tiu biu thuc tng ny gm : + ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) + Ethernet + Token Ring + FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) + Frame Relay 4

b.Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer): - Nm bn trn tng giao din mng. Tng ny c chc nng gn a ch, ng gi v nh tuyn (Route) d liu. 4 giao thc quan trng nht trong tng ny gm: + IP (Internet Protocol): C chc nng gn a ch cho d liu trc khi truyn v nh tuyn chng ti ch. + ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C chc nng bin dch a ch IP ca my ch thnh a ch MAC. + ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): C chc nng thng bo li trong trng hp truyn d liu b hng. + IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol): C chc nng iu khin truyn a hng (Multicast) c.Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer): - C trch nhim thit lp phin truyn thng gia cc my tnh v quy nh cch truyn d liu. 2 giao thc chnh trong tng ny gm: + UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Cn gi l Giao Thc Gi Ngi Dng. UDP cung cp cc knh truyn thng phi kt ni nn n khng m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. Cc ng dng dng UDP thng ch truyn nhng gi c kch thc nh, tin cy d liu ph thuc vo tng ng dng + TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ngc li vi UDP, TCP cung cp cc knh truyn thng hng kt ni v m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. TCP thng truyn cc gi tin c kch thc ln v yu cu pha nhn xc nhn v cc gi tin nhn. d.Tng ng Dng (Application Layer): - Gm nhiu giao thc cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi dng. c s dng nh dng v trao i thng tin ngi dng. 1 s giao thc thng dng trong tng ny l: + DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Giao Thc Cu Hnh Trm ng + DNS (Domain Name System): H Thng Tn Min + SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao Thc Qun L Mng n Gin + FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin + TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin Bnh Thng + SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Th n Gin + TELNET

4. Giao thc IP: chc nng. a ch IP: cc lp a ch, phn chia mng con
Nhim v chnh : ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin
kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu.

S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32


bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1 a ch IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hay nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm (dotted decimal notation) tch cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt k trn lin mng. Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai. Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 - lp E). y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau: -->Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte. -->Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte. -->Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte. Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng. Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm. 6

Hnh 1.1: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti mng nh danh bi vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng gm ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng

Hnh 1.2: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau: 7

Hnh 1.3: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng:

Hnh 1.4: Dng thc ca gi tin IP

ngha ca thng s nh sau: -->VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng version c v h thng s dng version mi. -->IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin datagram, tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty . di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes. -->Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truyn v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny. -->Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng). 8

-->D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong -->D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng -->D = 1 gi tin tr thp -->T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao. -->T = 0 thng lng bnh thng v -->T = 1 thng lng cao -->R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu -->R = 0 tin cy bnh thng -->R = 1 tin cy cao -->Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng trong tng lai vi nhng mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit. -->Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng. -->Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn on th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu. Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn on hay l gi tin phn on cui cng. Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu gc. ngha c th ca trng Flags l: -->bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0. -->bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment) -->bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments) -->Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha mt vng d 9

liu c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte. -->Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gim i (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc nhng ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live: -->Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0. -->Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn mng trong phm vi m rng. -->Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt. -->Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6, UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17 -->Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li ca header gi tin IP. -->Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun. -->Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch -->Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng chng trnh). -->Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. -->Data ( di thay i): Trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm.

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5. Giao thc TCP, UDP: chc nng, c ch hot ng


TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin
kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng qua mt cng (port) ca TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin bi 2 bytes.

Hnh 1.5: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP Mt cng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u ni TCP/IP (socket) duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cp u ni TCP/IP. Mt u ni TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u ni TCP/IP xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng. Cc thc th ca tng trn s dng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function calls) trong c cc hm yu cu yu cu, tr li. Trong mi hm cn c cc tham s dnh cho vic trao i d liu. -->Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th c m theo mt trong 2 phng thc: ch ng (active) hoc b ng (passive). -->Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i mt yu cu lin kt gi n t xa thng qua mt u ni TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive Open c khai bo cng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton) -->Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m mt lin kt vi mt mt u 11

ni TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng ng c thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP xa . Bng lit k mt vi cng TCP ph bin.

Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP. -->Thng s Open ID c TCP tr li ngay lp tc gn cho mt lin kt cc b (local connection name) cho lin kt c yu cu. Thng s ny v sau c dng tham chiu ti lin kt . (Trong trng hp nu TCP khng th thit lp c lin kt yu cu th n phi gi tham s Open Failure thng bo.) -->Khi TCP thit lp c lin kt yu cu n gi tham s Open Sucsess c dng thng bo lin kt c thit lp thnh cng. Thng bo ny dc chuyn n trong c hai trng hp b ng v ch ng. Sau khi mt lin kt c m, vic truyn d liu trn lin kt c th c thc hin. -->Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu: Sau khi xc lp c lin kt ngi s dng gi v nhn d liu. Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua cc hm Send v receive. 12

-->Hm Send: D liu c gi xung TCP theo cc khi (block). Khi nhn c mt khi d liu, TCP s lu tr trong b m (buffer). Nu c PUSH c dng th ton b d liu trong b m c gi, k c khi d liu mi n s c gi i. Ngc li c PUSH khng c dng th d liu c gi li trong b m v s gi i khi c c hi thch hp (chng hn ch thm d liu na gi i vi hiu qu hn). -->Hm reveive: trm ch d liu s c TCP lu trong b m gn vi mi lin kt. Nu d liu c nh du vi mt c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m (k c cc d liu c lu t trc) s c chuyn ln cho ngi s dng. Cn nu d liu n khng c nh du vi c PUSH th TCP ch ti khi thch hp mi chuyn d liu vi mc tiu tng hiu qu h thng. Ni chung vic nhn v giao d liu cho ngi s dng ch ca TCP ph thuc vo vic ci t c th. Trng hp cn chuyn gp d liu cho ngi s dng th c th dng c URGENT v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo cho ngi s dng cn phi s l khn cp d liu . -->Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt: Vic ng mt lin kt khi khng cn thit c thc hin theo mt trong hai cch: dng hm Close hoc dng hm Abort. -->Hm Close: yu cu ng lin kt mt cch bnh thng. C ngha l vic truyn d liu trn lin kt hon tt. Khi nhn c mt hm Close TCP s truyn i tt c d liu cn trong b m thng bo rng n ng lin kt. Lu rng khi mt ngi s dng gi i mt hm Close th n vn phi tip tc nhn d liu n trn lin kt cho n khi TCP bo cho pha bn kia bit v vic ng lin kt v chuyn giao ht tt c d liu cho ngi s dng ca mnh. -->Hm Abort: Ngi s dng c th ng mt lin kt bt v s khng chp nhn d liu qua lin kt na. Do vy d liu c th b mt i khi ang c truyn i. TCP bo cho TCP xa bit rng lin kt c hy b v TCP xa s thng bo cho ngi s dng ca mnh. -->Mt s hm khc ca TCP: -->Hm Status: cho php ngi s dng yu cu cho bit trng thi ca mt lin kt c th, khi TCP cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng.

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-->Hm Error: thng bo cho ngi s dng TCP v cc yu cu dch v bt hp l lin quan n mt lin kt c tn cho trc hoc v cc li lin quan n mi trng. n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l segment (on d liu), c cc tham s vi ngha nh sau:

Hnh 1.6: Dng thc ca segment TCP

-->Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun. -->Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch. -->Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Ny bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. -->Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngun. -->Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi ca 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header (tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu). -->Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai -->Control bit (cc bit iu khin): -->URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc. -->ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc. -->PSH: Chc nng PUSH.
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-->RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. -->SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number). -->FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun. -->Window (16 bit): cp pht cre*** kim sot ngun d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm ngun san sng nhn. -->Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li cho ton b segment (header + data) -->Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. -->Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt segment. -->Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0. -->TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo phng thc khng lin kt c
s dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca tng ng dng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo li cho ngi gi. Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng tin cy nh trong TCP. Khun dng UDP datagram c m t vi cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP segment.

Hnh 1.7: Dng thc ca gi tin UDP

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UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP thng c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.

Hnh 1.8: M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP

6. nh tuyn l g? cc giao thc nh tuyn trn mng


Khi nim : Trong ngnh mng my tnh, nh tuyn (ting Anh: routing hay routeing) l
qu trnh chn la cc ng i trn mt mng my tnh gi d liu qua . Vic nh tuyn c thc hin cho nhiu loi mng, trong c mng in thoi, lin mng, Internet, mng giao thng. Giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocols): Giao thc nh tuyn c dng trong khi thi hnh thut ton nh tuyn thun tin cho vic trao i thng tin gia cc mng, cho php cc router xy dng bng nh tuyn mt cch linh hot. Trong mt s trng hp, giao thc nh tuyn c th t chy ln giao thc c nh tuyn: v d, BGP chy trn TCP: cn ch l trong qu trnh thi hnh h thng khng to ra s l thuc gia giao thc nh tuyn v c nh tuyn. Danh sch cc giao thc nh tuyn a. Giao thc nh tuyn trong Router Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Hai giao thc sau y thuc s ha ca Cisco, v c h tr bi cc router Cisco hay nhng router ca nhng nh cung cp m Cisco ng k cng ngh: o Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) o Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) 16

b.

Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)

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7. Dch v DNS: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng.


DNS l t vit tt trong ting Anh ca Domain Name System, l H thng tn min c pht minh vo nm 1984 cho Internet, ch mt h thng cho php thit lp tng ng gia a ch IP v tn min. H thng tn min (DNS) l mt h thng t tn theo th t cho my vi tnh, dch v, hoc bt k ngun lc tham gia vo Internet. N lin kt nhiu thng tin a dng vi tn min c gn cho nhng ngi tham gia. Quan trng nht l, n chuyn tn min c ngha cho con ngi vo s nh danh (nh phn), lin kt vi cc trang thit b mng cho cc mc ch nh v v a ch ha cc thit b Chc nng ca DNS Mi Website c mt tn (l tn min hay ng dn URL:Uniform Resource Locator) v mt a ch IP. a ch IP gm 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm(IPv4). Khi m mt trnh duyt Web v nhp tn website, trnh duyt s n thng website m khng cn phi thng qua vic nhp a ch IP ca trang web. Qu trnh "dch" tn min thnh a ch IP cho trnh duyt hiu v truy cp c vo website l cng vic ca mt DNS server. Cc DNS tr gip qua li vi nhau dch a ch "IP" thnh "tn" v ngc li. Ngi s dng ch cn nh "tn", khng cn phi nh a ch IP (a ch IP l nhng con s rt kh nh) khp th gii. Nguyn tc lm vic ca DNS - Mi nh cung cp dch v vn hnh v duy tr DNS server ring ca mnh, gm cc my bn trong phn ring ca mi nh cung cp dch v trong Internet. Tc l, nu mt trnh duyt tm kim a ch ca mt website th DNS server phn gii tn website ny phi l DNS server ca chnh t chc qun l website ch khng phi l ca mt t chc (nh cung cp dch v) no khc. - INTERNIC (Internet Network Information Center) chu trch nhim theo di cc tn min v cc DNS server tng ng. INTERNIC l mt t chc c thnh lp bi NFS (National Science Foundation), AT&T v Network Solution, chu trch nhim ng k cc tn min ca Internet. INTERNIC ch c nhim v qun l tt c cc DNS server trn Internet ch khng c nhim v phn gii tn cho tng a ch. - DNS c kh nng truy vn cc DNS server khc c c 1 ci tn c phn gii. DNS server ca mi tn min thng c hai vic khc bit. Th nht, chu trch nhim phn gii tn t cc my bn trong min v cc a ch Internet, c bn trong ln bn ngoi min n qun l. Th hai, chng tr li cc DNS server bn ngoi ang c gng phn gii nhng ci tn bn trong min n qun l. - DNS server c kh nng ghi nh li nhng tn va phn gii. dng cho nhng yu cu phn gii ln sau. S lng nhng tn phn gii c lu li ty thuc vo quy m ca tng DNS.

Giao thc: Giao thc DNS bao gm rt nhiu loi bn tin DNS, cc bn tin ny c x l
da trn d liu trong trng tin ca n Giao thc DNS gm 3 loi bn tin : Truy vn, cp nht, v phn hi

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8. Dch v WWW: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng


World Wide Web l dch v tuy mi ra i nhng n tr thnh mt trong nhng dch v
hp dn nht, quan trng nht v pht trin nhanh nht trn Internet. Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu su thm v dch v ny. 1. Ngun gc ca World Wide Web World Wide Web ra i t mt d n nghin cu pht trin ti Trung tm nghin cu ht nhn chu u vo nm 1989. Nhm nghin cu nghin cu v pht trin mt giao thc truyn v nhn cc tp tin siu vn bn theo m hnh client/server c gi tt l HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). Sau nhm pht trin cng b rng ri th vin chng trnh ngun ca giao thc ny cho cc nh pht trin v cc t chc pht trin trn Internet h pht trin cc trnh duyt Web (Web Browser). Cc t chc v tp on thnh lp W3 Consortium tip tc chun ho v pht trin b giao thc. W3 Consortium pht trin thm cc tnh nng mi ca HTML v cc mc cng nh cc chun thc hin cc phn mm i km. T thut ng World Wide Web ra i. 2. C ch hot ng World Wide Web v c bn rt ging vi nhng h thng vn bn tr gip cho nhng chng trnh ng dng nh cc help online trong h iu hnh Windows. tng c bn ca h thng ny l thay th vic t chc vn bn theo kiu cu trc cng nhc, ln lt vn bn s c t chc theo kiu lin kt phc tp cho php nhy t mc ny sang mc khc bng cch thao tc trn vn bn v tu theo s la chn ca ngi c. Cc lin kt cho php ngi c iu khin vic chuyn i t vn bn ny sang vn bn khc trong siu vn bn. Nh vy mi mt lin kt chnh l mt mc xch cho php lin kt hai vn bn li vi nhau v cc lin kt ny rt phc tp v trong mi mt vn bn c rt nhiu cc im lin kt. Cng ging nh cc dch v khc trn Internet, World Wide Web c th hot ng trn mi h iu hnh v gia cc h iu hnh khc nhau. S d nh vy l do World Wide Web s dng mt ngn ng giao tip chung HTTP. Ngoi ra World Wide Web cng c th hiu c mt s giao thc khc ca Internet nh FTP, TELNET... WWW hot ng theo m hnh client/server. D liu Web c lu tr trn cc Web Server. Web Browser (trnh duyt Web) l chng trnh xem cc ti liu Web, c t trn client.

C hai chng trnh Web Browser hay c s dng nht l Internet Explorer ca Microsoft v Nescape Navigator ca Nescape. Ngi dng s dng cc cng c ny yu cu hin th cc trang Web. Nhng nh cung cp dch v Web c mt Web Server (chng trnh qun l h thng d liu Web), nhn cc yu cu t khch hng (Web Browser) thng qua h thng mng, sau gi cc vn bn tng ng n ng ni yu cu. Khi giao tip vi Web Server, 19

Web Browser s dng giao thc HTTP. Ngoi ra Web cng s dng mt s giao thc khc ca Internet nh: FTP, TELNET, GOPHER. a ch ca mt vn bn c gi l URL (Universal Resource Locator), c c php nh sau: protocol://Internet Address/path Trong : Protocol: giao thc truy nhp v ly thng tin, c th l http, ftp, gopher. Internet Address: a ch Internet ca trm (site) cha vn bn. Path: ng dn ti ni cha thng tin.

V d: http://www.microsoft.com/sitebuilder/intro.htm Mi trang Web c mt URL duy nht. Hyperlink l cc siu lin kt gip di chuyn gia cc trang Web, mi hyperlink tr ti URL ca mt trang Web. Trang Web c lu tr di dng file c phn m rng l .htm, .html... HTML (HyperText Markup Language) l ngn ng to nn cc trang Web.

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9. Dch v EMail: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng


Th in t, hay email (t ch electronic mail), i khi c dch khng chnh xc l in
th, l mt h thng chuyn nhn th t qua cc mng my tnh. Email l mt phng tin thng tin rt nhanh. Mt mu thng tin (th t) c th c gi i dng m ho hay dng thng thng v c chuyn qua cc mng my tnh c bit l mng Internet. N c th chuyn mu thng tin t mt my ngun ti mt hay rt nhiu my nhn trong cng lc. Phng thc hot ng ca mt h thng th in t Hot ng ca h thng email hin nay c th dc minh ha qua phn tch mt th d nh sau 1. Nguyn dng MUA ca mnh son mt l th c a ch ngi nhn l Trn vi a ch l Tran@b.org. Nguyn nhn nt Send v phn mm th in t ca Nguyn p dng SMTP gi mu thng tin (l th) n MTA, hay my ch th in t, ca Nguyn. Trong th d th my ch ny l smtp.a.org c cung cp t dch v Internet ca Nguyn. 2. MTA ny s c a ch ch nhn (tran@b.org) v da vo phn tn min n s tm hi a ch ca tn min ny, ni c my ch s nhn email gi n, qua H thng Tn min. 3. My ch DNS ca b.org l ns.b.org s tr li v mt bn ghi trao i th t, y l bng ghi ch ra cch thc lm th no nh tuyn cho email ny. Trong th d th mx.b.org l my ch t dch v cung ng Internet ca Trn. 4. smtp.a.org gi mu thng tin ti mx.b.org dng giao thc SMTP, iu ny s phn phi l th n hp th ca Trn. 5. Khi c Trn ra lnh nhn th trn my (MUA) ca Trn, iu ny to ra vic ly v mu thng tin bng cch p dng giao thc POP3. Trong trng hp Nguyn khng c MUA m ch dng Webmail chng hn th bc 1 s khng xy ra tc l MTA ca Nguyn s lm vic trc tip. Tong t cho trng hp Trn khng c MUA ring. Trc y, nu mt MTA khng th gi ti ch th n c th t nht ngng li ch gn vi ch nhn. S ngng ny s to c hi my ch c th nhn v cc mu thng tin trong thi gian tr hn. Nhiu MTA s chp nhn tt c mu thng tin t ngi gi bt k v tm mi cch phn n v n my ch. Nhng MTA nh vy gi l nhng ngng ng th m (open mail relays). iu ny kh cn thit v s cht lng lin lc ca h thng Internet lc cn yu. Ngy nay, do vic li dng trn c ch hot ng ca h thng th in t nhiu ngi gi ra cc loi th v b. Nh l hu qu, rt t MTA ngy nay cn chp nhn cc ngng ng th m. Bi v cc th nh vy rt c th l cc loi th nhng lm. Cc giao thc

SMTP (t ch Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) -- hay l giao thc chuyn th n gin. y l mt giao thc lo v vic vn chuyn email gia cc my ch trn ng trung chuyn n a ch nhn cng nh l lo vic chuyn th in t t my khch n my ch. Hu ht cc h thng th in t gi th qua Internet u dng giao thc ny. Cc mu thng tin c th c ly ra bi mt email client. Nhng email client ny phi dng giao thc POP hay giao thc IMAP. 21

IMAP (t ch Internet Message Access Protocol) -- hay l giao thc truy nhp thng ip (t) Internet. Giao thc ny cho php truy nhp v qun l cc mu thng tin v t cc my ch. Vi giao thc ny ngi dng email c th c, to ra, thay i, hay xo cc ngn cha, cc mu tin ng thi c th tm kim cc ni dung trong hp th m khng cn phi ti cc th v. Phin bn mi nht ca IMAP l IMAP4 tng t nhng c nhiu chc nng hn giao thc POP3. IMAP nguyn thu c pht trin bi i hc Standford nm 1986. POP (t ch Post Office Protocol) -- hay l giao thc phng th. Giao thc ny c dng truy tm cc email t mt MTA. Hu ht cc MUA u dng n giao thc POP mc d mt s MTA cng c th dng giao thc mi hn l IMAP. Hin c hai phin bn ca POP. Phin bn u tin l POP2 tr thnh tiu chun vo thp nin 80, n i hi phi c giao thc SMTP gi i cc mu thng tin. Phin bn mi hnPOP3 c th c dng m khng cn ti SMTP.

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10.Dch v FTP: Chc nng, giao thc, c ch hot ng


FTP (vit tt ca File Transfer Protocol dch ra l "Giao thc truyn tp tin") thng c dng trao i tp tin qua mng li truyn thng dng giao thc TCP/IP (chng hn nh Internet - mng ngoi b - hoc intranet - mng ni b). Hot ng ca FTP cn c hai my tnh, mt my ch v mt my khch). My ch FTP, dng chy phn mm cung cp dch v FTP, gi l trnh ch, lng nghe yu cu v dch v ca cc my tnh khc trn mng li. My khch chy phn mm FTP dnh cho ngi s dng dch v, gi l trnh khch, th khi u mt lin kt vi my ch. Mt khi hai my lin kt vi nhau, my khch c th x l mt s thao tc v tp tin, nh ti tp tin ln my ch, ti tp tin t my ch xung my ca mnh, i tn ca tp tin, hoc xa tp tin my ch v.v.

Khi nim v hot ng c bn ca FTP:


Nhng ngi pht trin giao thc FTP cn phi cn bng nhu cu gia vic pht trin mt b giao thc va c nhiu chc nng v va n gin trong trin khai. Do , FTP khng n gin nh a em trai ca n l giao thc TFTP. Hot ng ca giao thc ny c th chia ra thnh nhiu thnh phn nh, hot ng cng nhau thc hin cc cng vic nh khi to kt ni, truyn thng tin iu khin v truyn lnh. Ni dung m bi vit ny hng ti l a ti ngi c nhng khi nim quan trng nht ng sau giao thc FTP, cng nh gii thch tng quan v nguyn l hot ng ca n.

M hnh hot ng ca FTP, cc thnh phn trong giao thc, v cc thut ng c bn


Giao thc FTP c m t mt cch n gin thng qua m hnh hot ng ca FTP. M hnh ny ch ra cc nguyn tc m mt thit b phi tun theo khi tham gia vo qu trnh trao i file, cng nh v hai knh thng tin cn phi thit lp gia cc thit b . N cng m t cc thnh phn ca FTP c dng qun l cc knh ny c hai pha truyn v nhn. Do , m hnh ny to cho ta mt khi im l tng xem xt hot ng ca FTP mc khi qut. Tin trnh Server-FTP v User-FTP FTP l mt giao thc dng client/server truyn thng, tuy nhin thut ng client thng thng c thay th bng thut ng user ngi dng do thc t l ngi s dng mi l i tng trc tip thao tc cc lnh FTP trn my clients. B phn mm FTP c ci t trn mt thit b c gi l mt tin trnh. Phn mm FTP c ci t trn my Server c gi l tin trnh Server-FTP, v phn trn my client c gi l tin trnh User-FTP. Knh iu khin v knh d liu trong FTP Mt khi nim ct yu m ta cn phi nm v FTP l: mc d giao thc ny s dng kt ni TCP, nhng n khng ch dng mt knh TCP nh phn ln cc giao thc truyn thng khc. M hnh FTP chia qu trnh truyn thng gia b phn Server vi b phn client ra lm hai knh logic: - Knh iu khin: y l knh logic TCP c dng khi to mt phin kt ni FTP. N c duy tr xuyn sut phin kt ni FTP v c s dng ch truyn cc thng tin iu 23

khin, nh cc lnh v cc hi p trong FTP. N khng c dng truyn file - Knh d liu: Mi khi d liu c truyn t server ti client, mt knh kt ni TCP nht nh li c khi to gia chng. D liu c truyn i qua knh kt ni ny do n c gi l knh d liu. Khi file c truyn xong, knh ny c ngt. Vic s dng cc knh ring l nh vy to ra s linh hot trong vic truyn truyn d liu m ta s thy trong cc phn tip theo. Tuy nhin, n cng to cho FTP phc tp nht nh. Cc tin trnh v thut ng trong FTP Do cc chc nng iu khin v d liu s dng cc knh khc nhau, nn m hnh hot ng ca FTP cng chia phn mm trn mi thit b ra lm hai thnh phn logic tng ng vi mi knh. Thnh phn Protocol Interpreter (PI) l thnh phn qun l knh iu khin, vi chc nng pht v nhn lnh. Thnh phn Data Transfer Process (DTP) c chc nng gi v nhn d liu gia pha client vi server. Ngoi ra, cung cp cho tin trnh bn pha ngi dng cn c thm thnh phn th ba l giao din ngi dng FTP - thnh phn ny khng c pha server. Do , c hai tin trnh xy ra pha server, v ba tin trnh pha client. Cc tin trnh ny c gn vi m hnh FTP m t chi tit hot ng ca giao thc FTP. Di y l hnh i chiu cc tin trnh vo trong m hnh FTP:

Cc tin trnh pha server: Cc tin trnh pha server bao gm hai giao thc: - Server Protocol Interpreter (Server-PI): chu trch nhim qun l knh iu khin trn server. N lng nghe yu cu kt ni hng ti t users trn cng dnh ring. Khi kt ni 24

c thit lp, n s nhn lnh t pha User-PI, tr li li, v qun l tin trnh truyn d liu trn server. - Server DataTransfer Process (Server-DTP): lm nhim v gi hoc nhn file t b phn User-DTP. Server-DTP va lm nhim thit lp kt ni knh d liu v lng nghe mt kt ni knh d liu t user. N tng tc vi server file trn h thng cc b c v chp file. Cc tin trnh pha client: - User Protocol Interpreter (User-PI): chu trch nhim qun l knh iu khin pha client. N khi to phin kt ni FTP bng vic pht ra yu cu ti pha Server-PI. Khi kt ni c thit lp, n x l cc lnh nhn c trn giao din ngi dng, gi chng ti ServerPI, v nhn phn hi tr li. N cng qun l tin trnh User-DTP. - User Data Transfer Process (User-DTP): l b phn DTP nm pha ngi dng, lm nhim v gi hoc nhn d liu t Server-DTP. User-DTP c th thit lp hoc lng nghe yu cu kt ni knh d liu trn server. N tng tc vi thit b lu tr file pha client. - User Interface: cung cp giao din x l cho ngi dng. N cho php s dng cc lnh n gin hng ngi dng, v cho php ngi iu khin phin FTP theo di c cc thng tin v kt qu xy ra trong tin trnh.

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