Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn

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Ha VC HC

C tham kho t liu ca thy Nguyn Xun Trng

xem li nhng chng trc . Google: thy Hong Sn ( mc Cng hc Ha
vi thy Sn ), c tuyn tp thi H-C cc nm..
xem li thi TNPT cc nm.Google: thcs nguyen van troi q2 ( c tuyn tp
thi TNPT, thi C- H..)

Tun 11:n tp ( tt ) + Gii nhanh Ha hu c

ANKIN
Dy ng ng ca ankin :
Tn gi
etin
propin
But-1-in
pent-1-in
hex-1-in
het-1-in
oct-1-in
non-1-in
dec-1-in
Tng qut

CTPT
Tn HC + ilen
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C5H8
C6H10
C7H12
C8H14
C9H16
C10H18
CnH2n 2 (n 2)

ng phn ca ankin :
ankin c 4 Cacbon tr ln c ng phn mch cacbon v ng phn : ni i
tn thng thng :
CH CH : etylaxetilen
CH3 C CH : axetilen
Tnh cht ha hc :
Phn ng cng :
-Cng H2:
CH CH + H2
CH2 CH3
CH CH + H2
CH2 = CH2
-Cng dung dch halogen Br2:
CH CH + Br2 CHBr = CHBr
CHBr = CHBr+ Br2 CHBr2 CHBr2
-Cng HX :
CH CH + HX
CH2 = CHCl (vinyl clorua)
Phn ng ime v trime :
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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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Ha VC HC

2CH CH
CH2 = CH C CH (vinyl axetilen)
3CH CH
C6H6 (benzen)
Phn ng th ion kim loi : cho sp kt ta vng nht.
CH CH + 2 AgNO3 + 2 NH3 CAg CAg +2 NH4NO3
Phn ng oxi ha :
Phn ng oxi ha hon ton (phn ng chy) :

2CnH2n 1 + (3n 1) O2

2nCO2 + 2(n 1)H2O

Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton :

iu ch :
Trong phng th nghim :
CaC2 + H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
Trong cng nghip :
T ankan :
2 CH4
C2H2 + 3 H2

ANKAIEN
nh ngha :
ANKAIEN l mch h c hai lin kt i (C = C) trong phn t.

CH2 = CH CH = CH2 : buta 1, 3 ien (butaien).

CH2 = C(CH3) CH = CH2 : isopren.
Tnh cht ha hc :
Phn ng cng :
Cng H2: CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + 2H2
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + H2
CH2 = CH CH2 CH3
Cng dung dch halogen Br2: CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + Br2
CH2 = CH CHBr CH2Br
CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + Br2
CH2Br CH = CH CH2Br
Cng HX :
CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + HBr
CH2 = CH CH2 CH2Br
CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + HBr
CH3 CH = CH CH2Br
Phn ng trng hp :
n CH2 = CH CH = CH2
( CH2 CH = CH CH2 )n
Phn ng oxi ha :
Phn ng oxi ha hon ton (phn ng chy) :
2C4H6 + 11O2
8CO2 + 6H2O
Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton : lm mt mu dung dch kali penmanganat.
iu ch :
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + 2H2
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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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CH3 CH(CH3) CH2 CH3

Ha VC HC
CH2 = C(CH3) CH = CH2 + 2H2

Gii nhanh Ha hu c
1. S dung cng thc chung tinh s ete: un hn hp cha n ancol n chc (co cha
H2SO4 c xuc tac, 1700C ) thi tng s ete co th tao ra c tinh theo cng thc sau:
n

= (1 + n). 2
Co th tinh s ete theo quy lut sau:
1 ancol 1 ete
2 ancol 1 + 2 = 3 ete
3 ancol 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 ete
4 ancol 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 ete
..........
Vy: n ancol 1 + 2 + 3 +.....+n = ( 1 + n ).

n
( ete )
2

Vi du 1: un hn hp cha 4 ancol n chc 1400C ( co H2SO4 c xuc tac ) thi s ete thu
c la:
A.7
B.8
C.9
D.10
Vi du 2: un hn hp cha x ancol n chc 1400C ( co H2SO4 c xuc tac ) thi s ete thu
c la:
A. ( 1 + x )

B. ( 1+ x)

x
2

C.(1 + x ).x

D) ( 1 + x ).2x

2. S dung cng thc tng quat tinh s vong no va s lin kt ( pi ) trong phn t
hirocacbon:
Cng thc tng quat cua hirocacbon: CnH2n + 2 2a ( n 1 )
a la s lin kt ( lin kt i ) hoc s vong no: ( 0 a nguyn n )
+ a = 0 Phn t khng cha lin kt va khng cha vong no.
+ a = 1 Phn t cha 1 lin kt hoc 1 vong no.
+ a = 2 Phn t cha 2 lin kt hoc 2 vong no hay 1 lin kt va 1 vong no.
........
+ a = n Chi xay ra vi hp cht mach h khi n la s chn.
Nh: Khi giai bai thng hoi a ( s lin kt i- lin kt )
Thi: CnH2n + 2 2a , th s C, s H vao cng thc ri giai a
- Con hoi n, cho a thi thng la bin lun ( hm ra thi )
Vi du 1: Licopen ( cht mau o trong qua ca chua chin ) co cng thc phn t C40H56 chi cha
lin kt i va lin kt n trong phn t. S lin kt i trong phn t licopen la:
A. 7
B.9
C.11
D.13
Giai:
Ta co cng thc tng quat : CnH2n + 2 2a , va s nguyn t H cho la 56, nn:
2n + 2 2a = 56 , thay n = 40 ta co: 2.40 + 2 2a = 56 a = 13
Vy phn t cha 13 lin kt i.

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Ha VC HC

Vi du 2: Caroten ( cht mau vang da cam co trong cu ca rt ) cung co CTPT C40H56 cung cha
lin kt i va con co vong no. Khi hiro hoa hoan toan caroten thu c hirocacbon no C40H78.
S lit i va s vong no trong phn t caroten ln lt la:
A.9 va 4
B.10 va 3
C.11 va 2
D.12 va 1
Giai: + Tim tng s lin kt i va s vong no: 2n + 2 2a = 56
Thay n = 40 ta co: 2.40 + 2 2a = 56 a = 13
+ Tim s vong no: ( 82 78) : 2 = 2
+ Tim s lin kt i: 13 -2 = 11
Vi du 3: mt hirocacbon X co cng thc ( CH)n. Cho bit 1 mol X phan ng va u vi 4 mol
H2 hoc vi 1 mol Br2 trong dung dich. CTCT thu gon cua X la:
A. C6H5-CH = CH2
B.C6H5-CH2CH3
C. C6H4- ( CH2CH3)2
D. C6H3-(CH2CH3)3
Giai:
Cng thc cua X la ( CH)n hay CnHn. CTTQ cua X la CnH2n + 2 2a
+ Theo bai ta co: 2n + 2 2a = n n = 2a 2
+ 1 mol X phan ng c vi 4 mol H2 nn X co 4 lin kt i.
+ 1 mol X phan ng c vi 1 mol Br2 trong dung dich nn X phai co 1 lin kt i phn
mach h cua phn t. Vy X co 3 lin kt i mach vong. Suy ra X co 1 vong.
Vy a = 4 + 1 = 5; n = 2.5 2 = 8. CTPT la C8H8. CTCT thu gon la C6H5-CH= CH2
3. Da vao san phm chay cua hirocacbon va phan ng cng vi Br2.
+ Khi t chay hirocacbon thi cacbon tao ra CO2 va hiro tao ra H2O. Tng khi lng C va H
trong CO2 va H2O phai bng khi lng cua hirocacbon.
+ khi t chay ankan thu c s mol H2O ln hn s mol CO2 va s mol ankan chay bng hiu
s cua mol H2O va s mol CO2.
CnH2n + 2 +

3n +1
O2 n CO2 + ( n + 1) H2O
2

+ Da vao phan ng chay cua anken mach h cho s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O.
+ t chay ankin thu c s mol CO2 ln hn s mol H2O va s mol ankin chay bng hiu s
cua s mol CO2 va s mol H2O.
+ Da vao phan ng cng cua ankien vi BR2 co ti l mol 1: 1 va cua ankin vi Br2 co ti l mol
1 : 2.
+ t chay hn hp cac hidrocacbon khng no c bao nhiu mol CO2 thi sau khi hiro hoa
hoan toan ri t chay hn hp hirocacbon khng no o se thu c by nhiu mol CO2. o la
do khi hiro hoa thi s nguyn t C khng thay i va s mol hirocacbon no thu c lun
bng s mol hirocacbon khng no.
+ Sau khi hiro hoa hoan toan hirocacbon khng no ri t chay thi thu c s mol H2O nhiu
hn so vi khi t luc cha hiro hoa. S mol H2O tri hn chinh bng s mol H2 tham gia phan
ng hiro hoa.
Vi du 1: t chay hoan toan m gam hn hp gm CH4, C3H6 va C4H10 thu c 17,6 gam CO2 va
10,8g H2O. Gia tri cua m la:
A. 2
B. 4
C.6
D.8
Giai:

mhn hp = mC + mH =

17,6
10,8
.12 +
.2 = 6 ( gam )
44
18

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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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Ha VC HC

Vi du 2: t chay hon toan 0,15 mol hn hp 2 ankan thu c 9,45g H2O . Cho san phm chay
vao dung dich Ca(OH)2 d thi khi lng kt tua thu c la:
A.37,5g
B.52,5g
C.15g
D.42,5g
Giai: nankan = n H 2O nCO2 nCO2 = n H 2O nankan
nCO2 =

9,45
0,15 = 0,375 (mol )
18

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

nCaCO = nCO = 0,375 mol mCaCO = 0,375.100 = 75,5g
Vi du 3: t chay hoan toan hn hp 2 hirocacbon lin tip trong day ng ng thu c 11,2
lit CO2 (kc) va 12,6g H2O. Hai hirocacbon o thuc day ng ng nao?
A. Ankan
B.Anken
C.Ankin
D.Aren
3

Giai: n H

2O

12,6
= 0,7 > nCO2 = 0,5
18

Vy o la ankan

Vi du 4: t chay hoan toan hn hp 2 hirocacbon lin tip trong day ng ng thu c 22,4
lit CO2 (kc) va 25,2g H2O. Hai hirocacbon o la:
A. C2H6 va C3H8
B. C3H8 va C4H10
C. C4H10 va C5H12
D. C5H12 va C6H14
Giai:
n H 2O =

25,2
= 1,4mol ; nCO2 = 1mol
18

n H 2O > nCO2 2 cht thuc day ankan. Goi n la s nguyn t C trung binh:

CnH2n + 2 +
Ta co:

3n +1
O2 nCO2 + (n +1) H 2 O
2

n
1
=
1 +n 1,4

n =2,5

C2H6

C3H8
Vi du 5: t chay hoan toan hn hp gm mt ankan va mt anken. Cho san phm chay ln lt
i qua binh 1 ng P2O5 d va binh 2 ng KOH rn, d thy binh 1 tng 4,14g, binh 2 tng
6,16g. S mol ankan co trong hn hp la:
A. 0,06
B. 0,09
C.0,03
D.0,045
Giai: n H

2O

4,14
= 0,23
18

va nCO =
2

6,16
= 0,14
44

nankan = n H 2O nCO2 0,23 0,14 = 0,09 ( mol )

Vi du 6: t chay hoan toan 0,1 mol hn hp gm CH4, C4H10 va C2H4 thu c 0,14 mol CO2 va
0,23 mol H2O. S mol cua ankan va anken co trong hn hp ln lt la:
A.0,09 va 0,01
B. 0,01 va 0,09
C. 0,08 va 0,02
D.0,02 va 0,08
n
=
0
,
23

0
,
14
=
0
,
09
n anken = 0,1 0,09 = 0,01 (mol )
Giai: ankan
Vi du 7: t chay hoan toan hn hp 2 hirocacbon mach h trong cung day ng ng thu c
11,2 lit CO2 (kc ) va 9g H2O. Hai hirocacbon o thuc day ng ng nao?
A. Ankan
B. Anken
C.Ankin
D.Aren
11,2
9
Giai: nCO = 22,4 = 0,5 mol ; n H 2O =
= 0,5 mol
18
2

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Ha VC HC

Vy 2 hirocacbon thuc day anken.

Vi du 8: Cho hai hn hp anken i qua binh ng nc brom thy lam mt mau va u dung
dich cha 8g brom. Tng s mol hai anken la:
A. 0,1
B.0,05
C.0,025
D.0,005
Giai: n anken = n Br =
2

8
= 0,05 mol
160

Vi du 9: Mt hn hp khi gm 1 ankan va 1 anken co cung s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t va

co cung s mol. Ly m gam hn hp nay thi lam mt mau va u 80g dung dich 20% brom trong
dung mi CCl4. t chay hoan toam m gam hn hp o thu c 0,6 mol CO2. Ankan va anken
o co cng thc phn t la:
A. C2H6, C2H4
B. C3H8, C3H6
C. C4H10, C4H8
D.C5H12, C5H10
80.20
= 0,1mol
100.160
3n
O2 n CO2 + n H2O
CnH2n +
2

Giai: nanken = n Br =
2

Anken chay:

0,1

0,1n

0,6
= 0,3 n = 3 C3H6
0,1n =
2

Ta co:

Vi du 10: t chay hoan toan V lit (kc) mt ankin th khi thu c CO2 va H2O co tng khi
lng la 25,2g. Nu cho san phm chay i qua dung dich Ca(OH)2 d thu c 45g kt tua.Gia
tri cua V la:
A. 6,72
B.2,24
C.4,48
D.3,36
45
= 0,45 mol
100
25,2 0,45.44
=
= 0,3mol
18

Giai: nCO = nCaCO =

2

n H 2O

nankin = nCO2 n H 2O = 0,45 0,3 = 0,15 mol Vankin = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lit
Vi du 11: t chay hoan toan V lit (kc) mt ankin thu c 10,8g H2O. Nu cho tt ca san phm
chay hp thu vao binh ng nc vi trong thi khi lng binh tng 50,4g. V co gia tri la:
A.3,36
B.2,24
C.6,72
D.4,48
Giai: Nc vi trong hp thu ca CO2 va H2O
mCO2 + m H 2O = 50,4 g ; mCO2 = 50,4 10,8 = 39,6 g
nCO2 =

39,6
= 0,9mol
44

n ankin = nCO2 n H 2O = 0,9 -

10,8
= 0,3mol
18

Vankin = 0,3 . 22,4 = 6,72 lit

4.Da vao phn t khi trung binh

cua hn hp bin lun.

Vi du: X, Y la 2 ancol no, n chc k tip trong day ng ng. Cho hn hp gm 1,6g X va
2,3g Y tac dung ht vi Na thu c 1,12 lit H2 (kc). Cng thc phn t cua 2 ancol la:
A.CH3OH, C2H5OH
B.C2H5OH, C3H7OH
C. C3H7OH, C4H9OH
D. C4H9OH , C5H11OH

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Ha VC HC

1,12

Giai: nA + B = 2. n H = 2. 22,4 = 0,1 mol

2

A+B

1,6 + 2,3
= 39
0,1

CH3OH = 32

C2H5OH = 46
5. Da trn phan ng tach nc cua ancol no n chc thanh anken thi s mol anken bng s
mol ancol va s nguyn t cacbon khng thay i.vi vy t ancol va t anken tng ng cho
s mol CO2 nh nhau.
Vi du: Chia a gam ancol etylic thanh 2 phn u nhau.
Phn 1 mang t chay hoan toan c 2,24 lit CO2 (kc)
Phn 2 mang tach nc hoan toan thanh etilen. t chay hoan toan lng etilen nay c m gam
H2O. Gia tri cua m la:
A.1,6
B.1,8
C.1,4
D.1,5
Giai: t ancol c 0,1mol CO2 thi t anken tng ng cung c 0,1 mol CO2. Nhng t
anken cho mol CO2 bng mol H2O vy m = 0,1.18 = 1,8g
6. t 2 cht hu c, phn t co cung s nguyn t C, c cung s mol CO2 thi 2 cah6t1 hu c
mang t co cung s mol.
Vi du: t chay a agm C2H5OH c 0,2 mol CO2. t chay 6gam CH3COOH c 0,2mol
CO2.
Cho a gam C2H5OH tac dung vi 6 gam CH3COOH ( co H2SO4 c xuc tac va nhit , gia s
hiu sut la 100% ) c c gam este. Gia tri cua c la:
A.4,4
B.8,8
C.13,2
D.17,6
Giai:
nC2 H 5OH = nCH 3COOH =

1
nCO2 = 0,1mol
2

nCH 3COOC2 H 5 = 0,1mol meste = c = 0,1 .88 = 8,8 gam

7. Da trn phan ng t chay anhit no, n chc cho s mol CO bng s mol H2O. Khi hiro
hoa anehit thanh ancol ri t chay ancol cung cho s mol CO2 bng s mol CO2 khi t
anehit con s mol H2O cua ancol thi nhiu hn. S mol nc tri hn bng s mol H2 a cng
vao anehit.

Vi du: t chay hn hp 2 anehit no, n chc c 0,4 mol CO2. Hiro hoa hoan toan 2
anehit nay cn 0,2 mol H2 c hn hp 2 ancol no, n chc. t chay hoan toan hn hp 2
ancol thi s mol H2O thu c la:
A. 0,4 mol
B.0,6 mol
C.0,8 mol
D.0,3 mol
Giai: t hn hp anehit c 0,4 mol CO2 thi cung c 0,4 mol H2O. Hiro hoa anehit a
nhn thm 0,2 mol H2 thi s mol H2O cua ancol tri hn cua anehit la 0,2 mol.vy s mol H2O
tao ra khi t ancol la 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 mol
8. Da vao phan ng trang bac cho ti l mol cua HCHO va Ag la 1 :4, cua R CHO va Ag la 1 :
2

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Ha VC HC

Vi du: Cho hn hp HCHO va H2 i qua ng ng bt Ni nung nong. Dn toan b hn hp thu

c sau phan ng vao binh nc lanh ngng tu hi cht long va hoa tan cac cht co th tan
c, thy khi lng binh tng 11,8g.
Ly dung dich trong binh cho tac dung vi dung dich AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 21,6g bac kim
loai. Khi lng CH3OH tao ra trong phan ng hp hiro cua HCHO la:
A. 8,3g
B.9,3g
C.10,3g
D.1,03g
Giai: H CHO + H2 Ni,t CH3OH
Tng khi lng cua CH3OH va HCHO cha phan ng la 11,8g

CO2 + H 2 O + 4 Ag
HCHO + 2Ag2O NH
0

1
1 21,6
n Ag = .
= 0,05mol
4
4 108
= 0,05.30 = 1,5 g ; mCH 3OH = 11,8 1,5 = 10,3 gam

n HCHO =
m HCHO

Vi du 2: Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCOOH va 0,2 mol HCHO tac dung ht vi dung dich
AgNO3 trong amoniac thi khi lng Ag thu c:
A. 108g
B.10,8g
C.216g
D.21,6g
Giai:
0,1 mol HCOOH cho 0,2 mol Ag
0,2 mol HCHO cho 0,8 mol Ag
Vy thu c 1 mol Ag co khi lng 108 gam
Vi du 3: Cht hu c X co thanh phn gm C, H, O trong o oxi chim 53,3% khi lng. Khi
thc hin phan ng trang bac, t 1 mol X cho 4 mol Ag. Cng thc phn t cua X :
A.HCHO
B.(CHO)2
C. CH2(CHO)2
D.C2H4(CHO)2
Giai: 1 mol mi cht trong 4 phng an trn khi trang bac u cho 4 mol Ag nhng chi co
HCHO mi co phn trm khi lng cua oxi la 53,3%.
9. Da vao inh lut bao toan khi lng:
Vi du: un 132,8g hn hp 3 ancol no n chc vi H2SO4 c 1400C thu c hn hp cac
ete co s mol bng nhau va co khi lng la 111,2g. S mol mi ete la:
A.0,1 mol
B.0,2 mol
C.0,3 mol
D.0,4 mol
3.(3 + 1)
= 6 ete
Giai: un hn hp 3 ancol tao ra
2
Theo inh lut bao toan khi lng: mru = mete + m H O
Vy m H 2O = 132,8 111,2 = 21,6g
2

Do

ete

= n H 2O =

21,6
1,2
= 1,2 mol nmi ete =
= 0,2 mol
18
6

10. Da vao s bao toan nguyn t.

Vi du: Cho m gam mt ancol no, n chc X qua binh ng CuO ( d ), nung nong. Sau khi
phan ng hoan toan, khi lng cht rn trong binh giam 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c co ti
khi i vi hiro la 15,5. Gia tri cua m la:
A.0,92
B.0,32
C.0,64
D.0,46
t
Giai: CnH2n + 1CH2OH + CuO CnH2n + 1CHO + Cu + H2O
Khi lng cht rn trong binh giam chinh la s gam nguyn t O trong CuO phan ng. Do o
nhn c: mO = 0,32 gam
0

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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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nO =

Ha VC HC

0,32
= 0,02mol
16

Hn hp hi gm:

CnH2n + 1CHO : 0,02 mol

H2O
: 0,02 mol
Vy hn hp hi gm tng s mol la 0,04 mol
Co M = 31 mhh hi = 31 . 0,04 = 1,24g
mancol + 0,32 = mhh hi
mancol = 1,24 0,32 = 0,92gam
11. Da vao s tng giam khi lng.
Nguyn tc cua phng phap la khi chuyn t cht A thanh cht B ( khng nht thit trc tip, co
th bo qua nhiu giai oan trung gian) khi lng tng hay giam bao nhiu gam ( thng tinh
theo 1 mol ) va da vao khi lng thay i ta d dang tinh c s mol cht a tham gia phan
ng hoc ngc lai. Vi du:
Trong phan ng este hoa : CH3-COOH + R/-OH CH3-COOR/ + H2O thi t 1 mol R OH
chuyn thanh 1 mol este khi lng tng: ( R/ + 59) ( R/ + 17 ) = 42 gam
Nh vy, nu bit khi lng cua ancol va khi lng cua este ta d dang tinh c s mol ancol
hoc ngc lai.
Vi du 1: Cho 20,15g hn hp 2 axit no, n chc tac dung va u vi dung dich Na2CO3 thi thu
c V lit khi CO2 (kc) va dung dich mui. C can dung dich thu 28,96 gam mui. Gia tri cua
V la:
A.4,84
B.4,48
C.2,24
D.2,42
Giai: Goi CTTQ trung binh cua hai axit la R COOH
2R COOH + Na2CO3 2R COONa + CO2 + H2O
Ta co:
2 mol axit 2 mol mui thi co 1 mol CO2 va khi lng tng:
2 ( 23 1) = 44 gam
S mol CO2 =

8,81
= 0,2mol
44

Khi lng tng 28,96 20,15 = 8,81 gam

VCO2 = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48lit
Vi du 2: trung hoa ht 10,6 gam axit cacboxylic A cn dung va u V ml dung dich NaOH
1M. C can dd sau phan ng thu c 15 gam cht rn. Gia tri cua V la:
A.100
B.200
C.300
D.400
Giai: t CTTQ cua A la: R(COOH)x ( x 1 )
R(COOH)x + x NaOH R(COONa)x + x H2O
a
ax
a
Nhn thy c 1 mol R(COOH)x phan ng se tao ra 1 mol R(COONa)x khi lng cht rn
tng ( 67 45)x = 22x gam
Vy nu co a mol R(COOH)x phan ng thi2se4 tao a mol R(COONa)x lam khi lng cht rn
tng: 22ax = 15 10,6 = 4,4 gam n NaOH = ax = 0,2mol
Vdd NaOH = 0,2 : 1 = 0,2 lit = 200ml
Vi du 3: Trn 40 gam ROH vi CH3COOH d, un nong hn hp thu c trong binh cu co
H2SO4 c lam xuc tac, sau mt thi gian thu c 36,3g este. Bit hiu sut phan ng este hoa
at 75%.S mol ancol a phan ng la:
A. 0,3
B.0,1
C.0,15
D.0,4
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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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Giai: Khi lng ROH phan ng :

Ha VC HC
40.75
= 30gam
100

ROH + CH3COOH CH3COOR + H2O

1mol

1 mol
C 1 mol ROH phan ng se tao ra 1 mol CH3COOR lam khi lng tng
( R + 59 ) ( R + 17) = 42 gam
Khi lng tng 36,3 30 = 6,3 gam thi s mol ROH phan ng la:
6,3
= 0,15mol
42

Vi du 4: Cho 3 gam mt axit no, n chc A tac dung va u vi dung dich NaOH. C can dung
dich sau phan ng thu c 4,1 gam mui khan. CTPT cua A la:
A. HCOOH
B. CH3COOH
C.C3H7COOH
D. C2H5COOH
Giai: C 1 mol axit n chc tao thanh 1 mol mui thi khi lng tng ( 23 1 ) = 22 gam, ma
theo bai khi lng mui tng ( 4,1 3 ) = 1,1 gam nn s mol axit la:
n axit =

1,1
= 0,05mol
22
3

Maxit = 0,05 = 60 gam

t CTPT cua axit no, n chc A la CnH2n+1COOH nn ta co:
14n + 46 = 60 n = 1
Vy CTPT cua A la CH3COOH
12. Da vao gia tri trung binh:
Vi du 1: Mt hn hp A gm 2 ankan X, Y co tng s mol la 0,25 mol. Khi cho hn hp A tac
dung vi dd AgNO3/NH3 co d thi co tao ra 86,4g kt tua va khi lng dd AgNO3 giam 77,5 g.
Bit MX < MY. CTCT thu gon cua X la:
A. CH3CHO
B. H CHO
C. C2H5CHO
D. khng xac inh
Giai:
Vi khi lng Ag tach ra la 86,4 gam ma khi lng dd AgNO3 giam 77,5gam
khi lng 2 andehit la 86,4 77,5 = 8,9 gam
M =

8,9
= 35,6 g / mol . Ma MX < M < MY MX < 35,6 < MY MX = 30
0,25

X la H CHO
Vi du 2: Co 2 axit hu c no: A la axit n chc va B la axit a chc. Hn hp ( X ) cha x mol
A va y mol B. t chay hoan toan X thi thu 11,2 lit CO2 (kc). Cho x + y = 0,3 va MA < MB.
CTCT thu gon cua A la:
A. CH3COOH
B.C2H5COOH
C.HCOOH
D.khng xac inh c
S nguyn t cacbon trung binh cua A, B la:
n=

x (n + 1) + y (m + a) 0,5
=
= 1,666
x+y
0,3

Ma n + 1 < n < m + a n + 1 < 1,666 < m + a n = 0

CTPT cua ( A ) la HCOOH
Vi du 3: t chay hoan toan a gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc lin tip trong day ng ng
thu c 3,584 lit CO2 (kc) va 3,96 gam H2O. Gia tri cua a la CTCT thu gon cua hai ancol la:
A. 3,32 ; CH3OH va C2H5OH
B. 4,32; C2H5OH va C3H7OH
C. 2,32; C3H7OH va C4H9OH
D. 3,32; C2H5OH va C3H7OH
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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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Ha VC HC

Giai:
Goi n la s nguyn t C trung binh va x la tng s mol cua hai ancol.
CnH2n + 1OH +

3n
O2 nCO2 + ( n +1) H 2 O
2

nx

nCO2 = n.x =

3,584
= 0,16 mol
22,4

n H 2O = (n + 1) x =

3,96
= 0,22 mol
18

n +1) x

( mol )

(1)
(2)

T ( 1 ) va ( 2 ) giai ra x = 0,06 va n =2,67

Ta co: a = ( 14 n +18) x = ( 14.2,67 ) + 18.0,06 = 3,32 gam
2 < n = 2,67 < 3 2 ancol la C2H5OH va C3H7OH
Vi du 4: Trung hoa hoan toan 12,9 gam hn hp X gm 2 axit hu c n chc cn dung va u
250 ml dd Ba(OH)2 0,5M. C can dung dich sau phan ng thu c m gam cht rn. Gia tri cua
m la:
A. 9,925
B.22,333
C.14,875
D.29,775
n
=
0
,
5
.
0
,
25
=
0
,
125
mol
Giai: Ba (OH ) 2
t cng thc chung cua hai axit la: R COOH
2 R COOH + Ba(OH)2 ( R COO)2Ba + 2H2O
0,25
0,125
0,125
12,9

R + 45 = 0,25 = 51,6 R = 6,6

mui = ( 2.6,6 + 44.2 + 137 ).0,125 = 29,775 gam
Vi du 5: Hn hp X gm 2 axit no A1 va A2 hn kem nhau 1 nguyn t cacbon.t chay hoan
toan 0,3 mol X thu c 11,2 lit khi CO2 (kc). trung hoa 0,3 mol X cn 500ml dd NaOH
1M. CTCT cua 2 axit la:
A. CH3COOH va HOOC COOH
B. HCOOH va C2H5COOH
C. CH3COOH va C2H5COOH
D. HCOOH va HOOC COOH
Giai:
nCO2 =

11,2
= 0,5mol
22,4

n NaOH = 0,5.1 = 0,5mol

t cng thc chung cua hai axit no la: R (COOH ) x hay C n H 2 n x O2 x

R (COOH ) x + x NaOH R (COONa ) x + x H2O ( 1)
0,3
0,3 x
( 1 ) n NaOH = 0,3.x x =1,667
Trong hai axit co mt axit la axit no n chc ( x1 = 1)
O

nCO2 ( 2 )
CnH2n-xO2x +
n 0,3
0,3
( 2) nCO2 = n0,3 = 0,5 n =1,667 1 n n = 1,667 < m = n + 1
n = 1: HCOOH v m = 2: HOOC COOH
2

13. Da vao s ng cheo:

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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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Ha VC HC

- S ng cheo thng dung giai bai toan trn ln cac cht vi nhau, co th ng th hoc
di hp th nhng hn hp cui cung phai la ng th.
Vi du 1: Mt dd ancol C2H5OH co ancol la 450 va mt dd ancol etylic khac co ancol la 150.
co mt dung dich mi co ancol la 200 thi cn pha ch v th tich gia dd ancol 450 va
ancol 150 theo ty l la:
A. 1 : 2
B. 2: 5
C. 1: 5
D. 2: 3
Ap dung quy tc ng cheo ta co:
V1 45
5 ( Ly 20 15 )
V1
5
1
=
=
V2 25 5
V2 15
25 ( ly 45 20 )
Vi du 2: Ty khi hi cua mt hn hp gm HCHO va CH3CHO so vi oxi la 1,23. Thanh phn
phn trm v th tich cua hn hp o la:
A. 25,55% va 74,45%
B. 35% va 65%
C.50% va 50%
D. 33,33% va 66,67%
Ta co: M hh = 1,23.32 = 39,36
Ap dung quy tc ng cheo ta co:
CH3CHO 44
9,36

20

39,36
HCHO
% VCH CHO
3

30

VCH 3CHO
V HCHO

9,36 2

4,64 1

4,64

2.100
=
= 66,67% va % VCHO = 100 66,67% = 33,33%
3

Vi du 3: Trn 2 th tich hi ancol metylic vi 1 th tich hi mt ancol no, n chc, mach h X

cung iu kin thu c hn hp hi co ty khi hi so vi H2 la 18,33. CTPT cua ancol X la:
A. C2H5OH
B. C3H7OH
C. C4H9OH
D.C5H11OH
Giai:
M hh 2ancol = 2.18,33 = 36,66
2V 32
MX 36,66
36,66

M 36,66
2V
= X
V
36,66 32

1V MX
36,66 32
MX = 46 X la C2H5OH
14. Da vao cac ai lng dang tng quat:
Vi du 1: t chay hoan toan a mol axit hu c Y c 2 mol CO2. Mt khac, trung hoa a mol
Y cn va u 2a mol NaOH. CTCT thu gon cua Y la :
A. HOOC CH2- CH2- COOH
B. C2H5-COOH
C. CH3- COOH
D. HOOC COOH
Giai:
-t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2 axit hu c Y co hai nguyn t C trong phn t.
- Trung hoa a mol axit hu c Y cn dung u 2 a mol NaOH axit hu c Y co 2 nhom chc
cacboxyl ( -COOH )
CTCT thu gon cua Y la HOOC COOH
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Cng hc Ha vi thy Sn
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Ha VC HC

Vi du 2: t chay hoan toan a mol mt andehit X ( mach h) tao ra b mol CO2 va c mol H2O
( bit b = a + c ). Trong phan ng trang bac, mt phn t X chi cho 2 electron. X thuc day ng
ng andehit.
Giai:
Trong phan ng trang gng mt andehit X chi cho 2e X la andehit n chc bi vi: RCHO
RCOONH4
t cng thc phn thc phn t andehit n chc X la CxHyO ta co phng trinh
CxHyO + ( x +
a

y 1
y
) O2 x CO2 +
H 2O
4 2
2
ay
ax
( mol )
2

( b mol )

( c mol )

ay
Ta co: b = a + c ax = a +
y = 2x 2
2

Cng thc tng quat cua andehit n chc X la CxH2x 2O co dang Cx 1H2(x -1) 1CHO la andehit
khng no co mt lin kt i, n chc.
Vi du 3: Cng thc phn t cua mt ancol A la CnHmOx. cho A la ancol no thi m phai co gia
tri.
A. m = 2n
B.m = 2n + 2
C.m = 2n 1
D.m = 2n +1
CHC CC BN HC TT!
D cho bn c ngho th khi bn c hc, bn s khng b ngi ta khinh b. (H.Sn )

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