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BI TP LN VI X L

Sinh vin Lp Ging vin hng dn kin trc. : V TH GM : D07VT1 : Thy PHM HONG DUY.

bi: So snh kin trc RICS v CISC. Cho v d minh ha v s khc bit ca hai

Bi lm I. nh ngha v RISC v CISC 1.RISC: L ch vit tt ca Reduced Instruction Set Computer.


N cn c gi l my tnh vi tp lnh rt gn. Kin trc ny c nhng c im c bn sau: Mt lnh c mt chu k. Nhn mnh trn phn mm. nh dng lnh n gin ( di lnh c nh). Ch a ch n gin. Ch trng cc thao tc vi cc thanh ghi. Song song ha thun tin.

Ta gp kin trc ny trong cc vi x l hin nay nh: ARM, SuperH,MIPS,SPARC,DEC Alpha, PIC v PowerPC ca IBM.(theo bi ging ca thy).

2.CISC: L ch vit tt ca Complex Instruction Set Computers. N cn c gi l


My tnh vi tp lnh phc tp. Kin trc ny c nhng c im c bn sau: Tp lnh ln vi nhiu lnh phc tp. n gin ha trnh dch. Chng trnh dch nh v nhanh hn. Song song ha phc tp.

Mt vi v d v vi x l c kin trc CISC : System/360, PDP-11, VAX, 68000, v x86..(theo ti liu ca thy).

II. SO SNH KIN TRC CISC V RISC.


1. Lch s ra i ca hai loi kin trc CISC v RISC. Cc kin trc vi tp lnh phc tp CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) c ngh ra t nhng nm 1960. Vo thi k ny, ngi ta nhn thy cc chng trnh dch kh dng cc thanh ghi, rng cc vi lnh c thc hin nhanh hn cc lnh v cn thit phi lm gim di cc chng trnh. Cc c tnh ny khin ngi ta u tin chn cc kiu nh - nh v

nh - thanh ghi, vi nhng lnh phc tp v dng nhiu kiu nh v. iu ny dn ti vic cc lnh c chiu di thay i v nh th th dng b iu khin vi chng trnh l hiu qu nht. V d, chng trnh dch bit s dng cc thanh ghi v khng c s khc bit ng k no khi s dng nh cho cc vi chng trnh hay nh cho cc chng trnh. iu ny dn ti vic a vo khi nim v mt my tnh vi tp lnh rt gn RISC vo u nhng nm 1980. Vy s ra i ca kin trc my RISC l mun hn so vi kin trc CISC. V vy n c nhiu im khc bit so vi kin trc CISC. 2. S khc nhau trong nguyn tc lm vic. Ta s xt cc bng s liu ca mt vi my CISC v my RISC. B x l IBM 370/168 DEC 11/780 Nm sn xut 1973 1978 S lnh 208 303 B nh vi 420 KB 480 KB chng trnh Chiu di lnh 16 - 48 16 - 456 (tnh bng bit) K thut ch to ECL - MSI TTl - MSI Cch thc hin Thanh ghi- thanh ghiThanh Thanh ghi - thanh ghiThanh lnh ghi - b nhB nh - b nh ghi - b nhB nh - b nh Dung lng 64 KB 64 KB cache Bng I: c tnh ca mt vi my CISC. (theo http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_Instruction_Set_Computer') B x l Nm sn xut S lnh Dung lng b nh vi chng trnh di lnh (tnh bng bit) K thut ch to IBM 801 1980 120 0 RISC1 1982 39 0 MIPS 1983 55 0 iAPX 432 1982 222 64 KB 6 - 321 NMOS VLSI Ngn xpB nh- b nh 0

32 32 32 ECL MSI NMOS VLSI NMOS VLSI Thanh ghi-thanh Thanh ghi-thanh Thanh ghi-thanh Cch thc hin lnh ghi ghi ghi Bng II:c tnh ca ba mu u tin my RISC (theo http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_Instruction_Set_Computer')

Cc my RISC da ch yu trn mt tp lnh cho php thc hin k thut ng dn mt cch thch hp nht bng cch thit k cc lnh c chiu di c nh, c dng n gin, d gii m. My RISC dng kiu thc hin lnh thanh ghi - thanh ghi. Ch c cc lnh ghi hoc c nh mi cho php thm nhp vo nh. Cn kin trc CISC th di lnh l khc nhau :v d IBM 370/168 c chiu di lnh l 16-48(bit), DEC 11/780 c chiu di lnh 16 456(bit),v

iAPX 432 chiu di lnh l 6 321(bit) kin trc CISC c rt nhiu lnh, nh dng lnh phc tp. Chng ta xt v d: cng 1 vo vng a ch trong kin trc CISC th cc lnh thc hin l: c vng nh, cng them 1 v ghi li vng nh. Cn kin trc RISC th ch thc hin mt lnh. iu khc bit l CISC khng cn ti nhiu thanh ghi vi lnh trn CISC c th c trc tip gi tr ca vng nh vo ALU , thc hin tng ln 1 v lu li kt qu vo vng nh. i vi RISC th nu gi tr c c c sn thanh ghi th khng cn ly t b nh, gi tr sau khi tng ln 1 c th lu trc tip thanh ghi m khng cn lu vo b nh. Tm li s khc bit cn bn trong kin trc RISC v CISC l nguyn tc thc hin lnh cc thanh ghi: c v lu d liu vo cc thanh ghi. Mt khc tp lnh kin trc CISC di v phc tp hn tp lnh trong kin trc RISC, thi gian thc hin mt lnh di hn v khng c inh nh kin trc RISC. 3. Mt m. Cc chp CISC c mt m tt hn so vi cc chp RISC. V nguyn l ch o ca RISC l phn cng phi n gin, tt c cc hot ng phc tp c thc hin bng phn mm. iu c ngha l chp RISC ca bn s cn nhiu phn mm hn thc hin cng mt cng vic. Hu ht cc chp RISC khng c lnh chia. Nu mun chia 2 s bn phi hin bng phn mm. 4. Nn m L do m cc chp CISC c mt m tt hn l bi v chng tp lnh c xu hng c lm ngn hn. Theo nh ngha cc chp RISC 32-bit phi c tp lnh 32-bit. Cn mt chp CISC 32-bit th li khc, c th c lnh 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit v c c cc lnh di hn na. y l mt trong nhng c im lm cho chp CISC phc tp, nhng iu cng lm cho n thc t hn trong cc h thng nhng. 5.Tiu th nng lng Mt trong nhng thun li ca cc chp RISC l chng c s tiu th nng lng thp. Nh mt lut l cc chp RISC dng t nng lng hn nhiu so vi CISC. iu ny l r rng: thit k ca vi x l RISC l n gin hn v hp l hn th phi dng nng lng t hn. 6.Cc u im v nhc im ca kin trc RISC A.Cc u im: - Din tch ca b x l dng cho b iu khin gim t 60% (cho cc b x l CISC) xung cn 10% (cho cc b x l RISC). Nh vy c th tch hp thm vo bn trong b x l cc thanh ghi, cc cng vo ra v b nh cache ..... - Tc tnh ton cao nh vo vic gii m lnh n gin, nh c nhiu thanh ghi (t thm nhp b nh), v nh thc hin k thut ng dn lin tc v c hiu qu (cc lnh u c thi gian thc hin ging nhau v c cng dng).

- Thi gian cn thit thit k b iu khin l t. iu ny gp phn lm gim chi ph thit k. - B iu khin tr nn n gin v gn lm cho t ri ro mc phi sai st m ta gp thng trong b iu khin. B.Nhng nhc im:

Cc chng trnh di ra so vi chng trnh vit cho b x l CISC. iu ny do cc nguyn nhn sau : Cm thm nhp b nh i vi tt c cc lnh ngoi tr cc lnh c v ghi vo b nh. Do ta buc phi dng nhiu lnh lm mt cng vic nht nh. Cn thit phi tnh cc a ch hiu dng v khng c nhiu cch nh v. Tp lnh c t lnh nn cc lnh khng c sn phi c thay th bng mt chui lnh ca b x l RISC. Cc chng trnh dch gp nhiu kh khn v c t lnh lm cho c t la chn din dch cc cu trc ca chng trnh gc. S cng nhc ca k thut ng dn cng gy kh khn. C t lnh tr gip cho ngn ng cp cao.

7.Nhng u nhc im ca CISC: A .Li th ca kin trc CISC:- Chng trnh ngn hn so vi kin trc RISC - s lnh thc hin trng chnh t hn.Kh nng thm nhp b nh d dng hn. - Cc b x l CISC tr gip mnh hn cc ngn ng cao cp nh c tp lnh phc tp. Hng Honeywell ch to mt my c mt lnh cho mi ng t ca ngn ng COBOL. B.Nhng hn ch ca kin trc CISC - Din tch ca b x l dng cho b iu khin ln. Gim kh nng tch hp thm vo vi x l.Tc tnh ton cn chm. Thi gian xy dng xong b vi x l l lu hn do cc cu lnh phc tp.V thi gian thc hin lnh lu kh nng xy ra ri ro nhiu. 8. Cc kin trc ca vi x l ngy nay. Cc vi x l ngy nay hu ht c s kt hp gia hai loi kin trc ny c mt vi x l c nhiu u im hn v hn ch tng nhng khuyt im ca tng loi.

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