Tai Lieu On Tap Hoa 11 Day Du

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
CHUYN 1. CHNG I: S IN LI
A. PHN L THUYT
I. S IN LI - S in li l qu trnh cc cht tan trong nc ra ion. - Cht in li mnh: l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ha tan u phn li ra ion. + Nhng cht in li mnh: Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO 3, H2SO4 . . .cc baz mnh: KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 . . .v hu ht cc mui. HCl H+ + Cl Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH - Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt s phn t ha tan phn li ra ion, phn t cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch. + Nhng cht in li yu: L cc axit yu: CH 3COOH, HClO, HF, H2Scc baz yu: Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 . . . CH3COO - + H+ II. AXIT - BAZ - MUI 1. Axit - Theo A-re-ni-ut: Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+. HCl H+ + Cl - Axit mt nc: phn li mt nc ra ion H+: HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH . . . - Axit nhiu nc: phn li nhiu nc ra ion H+: H3PO4 . . . 2. Baz - Theo A-re-ni-ut: Baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra ion H+. NaOH Na+ + OH 3. Hidroxit lng tnh - Hidroxit lng tnh l hidroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn li nh baz. Th d: Zn(OH)2 l hidroxit lng tnh CH3COOH Phn li theo kiu baz: Zn(OH)2 Phn li theo kiu axit: 4. Mui
+ - Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation NH4 ) v anion l gc
Zn2+
2OH 2H+
Zn(OH)2
ZnO2+ 2
axit - Th d: NH4NO3 NaHCO3 NH+ 4 Na+ + + NO3 HCO3
III. S IN LI CA NC. pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ + -14 - Tch s ion ca nc l K H2O =[H ].[OH ]=1,0.10 ( 250C). Mt cch gn ng, c th coi gi tr ca tch s ny l hng s c trong dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau. - Cc gi tr [H+] v pH c trng cho cc mi trng Mi trng trung tnh: [H+] = 1,0.10-7M hoc pH = 7 Mi trng axit: [H+] > 1,0.10-7M hoc pH < 7 Mi trng kim: [H+] < 1,0.10-7M hoc pH > 7 IV. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI 1. iu kin xy ra phn ng - Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp li vi nhau to thnh t nht mt trong cc cht sau:
Ti liu n tp Ha Hc 11 1
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
+ Cht kt ta: BaCl2 + H2SO4 SO2Ba2+ + 4 + Cht bay hi: Na2CO3 + 2CO3 + 2HCl 2H+
BaSO4 BaSO4 2NaCl CO2
2HCl
+ +
CO2 H2O
H2O
+ Cht in li yu: CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl + CH3COO + H CH3COOH 2. Bn cht phn ng - Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.
B. BI TP C HNG DN GII
I. Cc cng thc lien quan khi gii bi tp ca chng 1. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch cc cht in li n [A] = A ; Trong : [A]: Nng mol/l ca ion A V nA: S mol ca ion A. V: Th tch dung dch cha ion A. 2. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch axit - baz mnh - [H+] = 10-a (mol/l) a = pH - pH = -lg[H+] 1014 + + -14 [H ] = - [H ].[OH ] = 10 [OH ] II. Cc bi tp c li gii Cu 1. Trn 100 ml dung dch HNO3 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0.05M thu c dung dch A. a. Tnh nng cc ion trong A. b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A. c. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0.1M trung ha dung dch A. Gii a. nHNO3 =0.1* 0.1=0.01(mol) ; nH2SO4 =0.1* 0.05=0.005(mol) nSO2 =nH2SO4 =0.005(mol); nNO =nHNO3 =0.01(mol); nH+ =nHNO3 +2nH2SO4 =0.02 (mol)
4 3
0.01 0.005 0.02 [NO3 ]= =0.05(M);[SO2 =0.025(M);[H+ ] = =0.1(M) 4 ]= 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.02 + =0.1(M) =101(M) pH =1 b. [H ] = 0.2 c. Cu c ta c th lm theo hai cch khc nhau: * Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta hay lm nht t trc n nay l vit PTHH ri tnh ton da vo PTHH. HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O 0.01 0.01 H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O 0.005 0.01
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
VNaOH =
nNaOH 0.02 = =0.2 (lit) CM 0.1
* Cch 2: Ngoi cch gii trn, ta c th vn dng cch gii da vo PT ion thu gn gii. y l cch gii ch yu m ta s dng khi gii cc dng bi tp v axit - baz cng nh cc dng bi tp khc khi s dng PT ion thu gn. Bn cht ca hai phn ng trn l: H+ + OH- H2O 0.02 0.02 0.02 nOH =nNaOH =0.02 (mol) VNaOH = =0.2 (lit) 0.1 Cu 2. Dung dch X cha NaOH 0.1M, KOH 0.1M v Ba(OH) 2 0.1M. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0.2M trung ha 100 ml dung dch X. Gii Bi ny ta c th gii bng cc cch khc nhau, tuy nhin ta ang hc da vo PT ion thu gn gii bi tp, nn TI s hng dn gii da vo PT ion thu gn. nNaOH =0.1* 0.1=0.01(mol); nKOH =0.1* 0.1=0.01(mol); nBa(OH)2 =0.1* 0.1=0.01(mol) nOH =nNaOH +nKOH +2nBa(OH)2 =0.04 (mol) Bn cht ca cc phn ng ny l H+ + OH- 0.04 0.04 nHNO3 0.04 VHNO3 = = =0.2 (lit) CM 0.2 H2O
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit PT in li ca cc cht sau: a. HNO3, Ba(OH)2, NaOH, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaHCO3, H2S. b. CuSO4, Na2SO4 , Fe2(SO4)3, NaHPO4, Mg(OH)2, CH3COOH, H3PO4, HF. Cu 2. Vit PT phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng (nu c) khi trn ln cc cht sau: a. dd HNO3 v CaCO3 b. dd KOH v dd FeCl3 c. dd H2SO4 v dd NaOH d. dd Ca(NO3)2 v dd Na2CO3 e. dd NaOH v Al(OH)3 f. dd Al2(SO4)3 v dd NaOHva g. dd NaOH v Zn(OH)2 h. FeS v dd HCl i. dd CuSO4 v dd H2S k. dd NaOH v NaHCO3 l. dd NaHCO3 v HCl m. Ca(HCO3)2 v HCl Cu 3. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc. a. NH4NO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl. b. NaOH, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3 c. NaOH, H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4, NaNO3 (ch dng thm qu tm). Cu 4. Vit phng trnh phn t ng vi phng trnh ion thu gn ca cc phn ng sau 2+ 2+ a. Ba + CO3 BaCO3 b. NH4 +OH NH3 +H2O c. S2- + 2H+ H2S d. Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 e. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl f. H+ + OH- H2O Cu 5. Vit PT dng phn t v ion rt gn ca cc phn ng trong dd theo s sau: a. Pb(NO3)2 + ? PbCl2 + ? b. FeCl3 + ? Fe(OH)3 + ? c. BaCl2 + ? BaSO4 + ?
Ti liu n tp Ha Hc 11
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
d. HCl + ? ? + CO2 + H2O e. NH4NO3 + ? ? + NH3 + H2O f. H2SO4 + ? ? + H2O Cu 6. Tnh nng cc ion trong cc dung dch sau a. dd NaOH 0,1M b. dd BaCl2 0,2 M c. dd Ba(OH)2 0,1M Cu 7. Ha tan 20 gam NaOH vo 500 ml nc thu c dung dch A. a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A. b. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M trung ha dung dch A. Cu 8. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,5M thu c dung dch C. a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch C. b. Trung ha dung dch C bng 300 ml dung dch H2SO4 CM. Tnh CM. Cu 9. Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M thu c dung dch D. a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D. b. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m. Cu 10. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau a. NaOH 0,001M b. HCl 0,001M c. Ca(OH)2 0,0005M d. H2SO4 0,0005M Cu 11. Trn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M vi 300 ml dung dch HCl 0,2M thu c dung dch A. a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A. b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A. Cu 12. Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1M vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 0.1M thu c dung dch D . a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch D. b. Tnh pH ca dung dch D. c. Trung ha dung dch D bng dung dch H2SO4 1M. Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 1M cn dng. Cu 13. Hn hp dung dch X gm NaOH 0.1M v KOH 0.1M. Trn 100 ml dung dch X vi 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0.2M thu c dung dch A. a. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch A. b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A. + 2 Cu 14. Dung dch X cha 0.01 mol Fe3+, 0.02 mol NH4 , 0.02 mol SO4 v x mol NO3 . a. Tnh x. b. Trn dung dnh X vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0.3 M thu c m gam kt ta v V lt kh (ktc). Tnh m v V. Cu 15. Trn 100 ml dung dch FeCl3 0.1M vi 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0.1 M thu c dung dch D v m gam kt ta. a. Tnh nng cc ion trong D. b. Tnh m. Cu 16. Trn 50,0ml dd NaOH 0,40M vi 50,0 ml dd HCl 0,20M c dd A. Tnh pH ca dd A Cu 17. Trn ln 100ml dd HCl 0,03M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,01M c dd A. a. Tnh pH ca dd A. b. Tnh th tch dd Ba(OH)2 1M trung ha dd A Cu 18. Trn ln 100ml dd K2CO3 0,5M vi 100ml dd CaCl2 0,1M. a. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c. b. Tnh CM cc ion trong dd sau phn ng. Cu 19. Trn 50ml dung dch HCl vi 50ml dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 thu c dung dch X c pH = 2. S mol ca dung dch HCl ban u l bao nhiu? Cu 20. Chia 19,8 gam Zn(OH)2 thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
a. Cho 150 ml dung dch H2SO4 1M vo phn mt. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh. b. Cho 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo phn hai. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh. Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp A gm H 2SO4 0,015M; HCl 0,03M; HNO 3 0,04M. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0,2M trung ha ht 200ml dung dch A. Cu 22. Cho 100 ml dung dch hn hp X gm Ba(OH) 2 0.015M; NaOH 0.03 M; KOH 0.04M. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0.2M trung ha dung dch X. Cu 23. Cho dung dch A gm 2 cht HCl v H 2SO4. Trung ho 1000 ml dung dch A th cn 400ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,95 gam mui. a. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc ion trong dung dch A. b. Tnh pH ca dung dch A. Cu 24. Cho 200 ml dung dch gm MgCl 2 0,3M; AlCl3 0,45M; v HCl 0,55M tc dng hon ton vi V lt dung dch C gm NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH) 2 0,01M. Hy tnh th tch V c kt ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh nht? Tnh lng kt ta ? Cu 25. Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,08 mol/l v H 2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml dung dch NaOH a mol/l, thu c 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Tnh a. Cu 26. trung ha 500 ml dung dch X cha hn hp HCl 0,1M v H 2SO4 0,3M cn bao nhiu ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,3M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M?
D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO

Cu 1. Trn 250 ml dd hn hp HCl 0,08 mol/l v H 2SO4 0,01 mol/l vi 250 ml dd Ba(OH)2 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH = 12. Hy tm m v x. Gi s Ba(OH)2 in li hon ton c hai nc. Cu 2. Trn 300 ml dd hn hp NaOH 0,1 mol/l v Ba(OH) 2 0,025 mol/l vi 200 ml dd H2SO4 c nng x mol/l thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dd c pH=2. Hy tm m v x. Gi s H 2SO4 in li hon ton c hai nc. Cu 3. Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH) 2 c nng tng ng l 0,2M v 0,1M. Dung dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4 v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M. Tnh th tch dung dch X cn trung ha va 40 ml dung dch Y. Cu 4. Dung dch A gm 5 ion: Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3 . Thm t t dung dch K2CO3 1M vo dung dch A n khi lng kt ta ln nht. Tnh th tch dung dch K 2CO3 cn dng. 2 Cu 5 (A-2010). Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na +; 0,02 mol SO4 v x mol OH . Dung dch Y
c cha ClO4 , NO3 v y mol H+; tng s mol ClO4 v NO3 l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100 ml
dung dch Z. Tnh pH ca dung dch Z (b qua s in li ca H2O). Cu 6 (A-2010). Nh t t tng git n ht 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch cha Na2CO3 0,2M v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh V. Cu 7 (A-07). Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH) 2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch (gm H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Tnh pH ca dung dch X. Cu 8 (B-08). Trn 100 ml dung dch c pH = 1 gm HCl v HNO3 vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH nng a (mol/l) thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Xc nh gi tr ca a (bit trong mi dung dch [H+][OH-] = 10-14). 2Cu 9 (CA-07). Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+ , x mol Cl- v y mol SO4 . Tng khi lng mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca x v y. 2+ Cu 10 (CA-08). Dung dch X cha cc ion: Fe3+, SO4 , NH4 , Cl-. Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn bng nhau: - Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc) v
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
1,07 gam kt ta; - Phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2, thu c 4,66 gam kt ta. Tnh tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X (qu trnh c cn ch c nc bay hi). Cu 11 (CA-2009). Cho dung dch cha 0,1 mol (NH4)2CO3 tc dng vi dung dch cha 34,2 gam Ba(OH)2. Sau phn ng thu c m gam kt ta v V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh gi tr ca V v m.
CHUYN II. NIT - PHOTPHO

A. PHN L THUYT
I. NIT 1. V tr - cu hnh electron nguyn t - V t: Nit th 7, chu k 2, nhm VA ca bng tun hon. - Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p3. - Cng thc cu to ca phn t: NN. 2. Tnh cht ha hc - nhit thng, nit tr v mt ha hc, nhng nhit cao nit tr nn hot ng. - Trong cc phn ng ha hc nit va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh. Tuy nhin tnh oxi ha vn l ch yu. a. Tnh oxi ha (tc dng vi kim loi, H2,)
t 3Mg+N2 Mg3 N2 (magie nitrua) 0
0
-3
N2 +3H2 2N H3
xt
t0 ,p
-3
b. Tnh kh
t 2N O N2 +O2 0
0
+ 2
Kh NO sinh ra kt hp ngay vi O2 khng kh to ra NO2 2N O +O2 2N O2 2. iu ch a. Trong cng nghip - Nit c iu ch bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng. b. Trong phng th nghim - un nng nh dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit t0 NH4NO3 N2 + 2H2O - Hoc NH4Cl + NaNO2 II. AMONIAC - MUI AMONI 1. Amoniac a. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l - Cu to phn t
t
0
+ 2
+ 4
N2
NaCl
2H2O
- Tnh cht vt l: NH3 l mt cht kh, tan nhiu trong nc cho mi trng kim yu. b. Tnh cht ha hc * Tnh baz yu
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- Tc dng vi nc
NH+ NH3 + H2O 4 + OH Trong dung dch amoniac l baz yu. C th lm qu tm ha xanh. Dng nhn bit NH3. - Tc dng vi dung dch mui AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl - Tc dng vi axit NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (khi trng) * Tnh kh t 4N H3 +3O2 2N2 +6H2O t 2N H3 +3Cl 2 N2 +6HCl -3
0
-3
ng thi NH3 kt hp ngay vi HCl to thnh khi trng. c. iu ch * Trong phng th nghim t0 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 + CaCl2 * Trong cng nghip
0
2NH3
2H2O
t ,xt,p 2NH3(k) H<0 N2 (k) +3H2(k) - Cc iu kin p dng sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip l + Nhit : 450 - 5000C + p sut cao: 200 - 300atm + Cht xc tc: st kim loi trn thm Al2O3, K2O 2. Mui amoni a. nh ngha - Tnh cht vt l + - L cht tinh th ion, gm cation amoni NH 4 v anion gc axit
- Tt c u tan trong nc v in li hon ton thnh ion. b. Tnh cht ha hc * Tc dng vi dung dch kim t0 (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH 2NH3 + 2H2O + NH4 + OH NH3 + H2O - Phn ng ny nhn bit ion amoni v iu ch amoniac. * Phn ng nhit phn t0 NH4Cl NH3 (k) + HCl (k) (NH4)2CO3 NH4HCO3 NH4NO2
t NH3 (k) t t
0 0 0 0
Na2SO4
+ +
NH4HCO3 (r) CO2 (k) 2H2O 2H2O + H2O (k)
NH3 (k) + N2
t NH4NO3 N2O + III. AXIT NITRIC 1. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l a. Cu to phn t
- Trong hp cht HNO3, nguyn t nit c s oxi ho cao nht l +5. b. Tnh cht vt l
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- Axit nitric tinh khit l cht lng khng mu, bc khi mnh trong khng kh m. Axit nitric khng bn lm: khi un nng b phn hu mt phn theo phng trnh: 4HNO3 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O - Axit nitric tan trong nc theo bt k t l no. Trn thc t thng dng loi axit c c nng 68%, D = 1,40 g/cm3. 2. Tnh cht ha hc a. Tnh axit - Axit nitric l mt axit mnh. C y tnh cht ca mt axit. CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O b. Tnh oxi ho - Axit nitric l mt trong nhng axit c tnh oxi ho mnh. Tu thuc vo nng ca axit v bn cht ca cht kh m HNO3 c th b kh n mt s sn phm khc nhau ca nit. * Vi kim loi - Khi tc dng vi kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Cu, Pb, Ag,... HNO 3 c b kh n NO2, cn HNO3 long b kh n NO. Th d: Cu+4H NO3( c) Cu(NO3)2 +2N O2 +2H2O 3Cu+8H N O3(lo ng) 3Cu(NO3)2 +2N O+4H2O - Khi tc dng vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Mg, Zn, Al,... HNO 3 long c th b kh n N O , N 2 hoc NH NO . 4 3 2 - Fe, Al b th ng ho trong dung dch HNO3 c, ngui. * Vi phi kim S + 6HNO3 ( c) H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O * Vi hp cht H2 S + 6H N O3( c) H2 S O4 + 6N O2 + 3H2O 3. iu ch a. Trong phng th nghim NaNO3(r) + H2SO4(c) HNO3 + NaHSO4 b. Trong cng nghip - HNO3 c sn xut t amoniac. Qu trnh sn xut gm ba giai on : + Giai on 1: Oxi ha NH3 bng oxi khng kh to thnh NO 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O + Giai on 2: Oxi ho NO thnh NO2. 2NO + O2 2NO2 + Giai on 3: Chuyn ho NO2 thnh HNO3. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3. IV. MUI NITRAT - Mui nitrat l mui ca axit nitric. Th d, natri nitrat (NaNO3), ng (II) nitrat (Cu(NO3)2),... 1. Tnh cht vt l - Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan nhiu trong nc v l cht in li mnh.
2 +5 +6 +4 0 +5 +6 +4
0 + 5 + 2 + 2 0 + 5 + 2 + 4
+1
-3
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
NaNO3 Na+ + NO3 2. Tnh cht ho hc - Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng mnh (kali, natri, canxi, ...) b phn hu thnh mui nitrit v oxi:
t Th d : 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 - Mui nitrat ca km, st, ch, ng,... b phn hu thnh oxit kim loi tng ng, NO2 v O2: t Th d : 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 - Mui nitrat ca bc, vng, thu ngn,... b phn hu thnh kim loi tng ng, kh NO2 v O2. t Th d : 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 3. Nhn bit ion nitrat - nhn ra ion NO3 , ngi ta un nng nh dung dch cha NO3 vi Cu v H2SO4 long:
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ +
2NO + 4H2O
(xanh) (khng mu) 2NO + O2 NO2 (nu ) Phn ng to dung dch mu xanh v kh mu nu thot ra. V. PHOTPHO 1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t a. V tr: th 15, nhm VA, chu k 3 trong bng tun hon. b. Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p3. 2. Tnh cht vt l - Photpho c hai dng th hnh: Photpho trng v photpho . Ty vo iu kin m P(t) c th chuyn thnh P () v ngc li. - P (t) km bn hn photpho . Do vy bo qun P (t) ngi ta ngm vo nc. 3. Tnh cht ha hc - Trong cc hp cht, photpho c cc s oxi ha -3, +3, +5. - Trong cc phn ng ha hc photpho th hin tnh oxi ha hoc tnh kh. a. Tnh oxi ha
t 2P + 3Ca Ca3 P2 (canxi photphua) 0
0
-3
b. Tnh kh * Tc dng vi oxi - Thiu oxi: - D oxi: * Tc dng vi Clo - Thiu clo: - D clo:
t 2P+3Cl2 2PCl3 t 2P+5Cl2 2PCl5 0
0
t 4 P + 3O 2 2 P2 O3 t 4P+5O2 2P2 O5 0
0
+3
+ 5
+ 3
+ 5
4. Trng thi t nhin - Trong t nhin photpho khng tn ti di dng t do. Hai khong vt quan trng ca photpho l: photphorit Ca3(PO4)2 v apatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2. VI. AXIT PHOTPHORIC - MUI PHOTPHAT 1. Axit photphoric a. Tnh cht ha hc
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- L mt axit ba nc, c mnh trung bnh. C y tnh cht ha hc ca mt axit. H+ +H2PO-4 H3PO4 H+ +HPO2H2PO-4 4 H+ +PO3HPO2 4 4 - Khi tc dng vi dung dch kim, ty theo lng cht m to ra cc mui khc nhau. H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O b. iu ch * Trong phng th nghim P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O * Trong cng nghip - Cho axit sunfuric c tc dng vi qung apatit hoc photphoric t0 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 (c) 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 - sn xut axit photphoric vi tinh khit v nng cao hn ngi ta iu ch t P t0 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 2. Mui photphat a. nh ngha - Mui photphat l mui ca axit photphoric. - Mui photphat c chia thnh 3 loi Mui ihirophotphat : NaH2PO4, NH4H2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2 Mui hirophotphat : Na2HPO4, (NH4)2HPO4, CaHPO4 Mui photphat : Na3PO4, (NH4)3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2 b. Nhn bit ion photphat - Thuc th: dung dch AgNO3 - Hin tng: Xut hin kt ta mu vng 3Ag+ + PO34 Ag3PO4 (mu vng) VII. PHN BN HA HC - Phn bn ha hc l nhng ha cht c cha cc nguyn t dinh dng, c bn cho cy nhm nng cao nng sut ma mng. 1. Phn m + - Phn m cung cp nit ha hp cho cy di dng ion nitrat NO3 v ion amoni NH 4 . - dinh dng ca phn m c nh gi theo t l % v khi lng nguyn t nit. a. Phn m amoni - l cc mui amoni: NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 - c iu ch bng cch cho NH3 tc dng vi axit tng ng. 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 b. Phn m nitrat - l cc mui nitrat: NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2 - c iu ch bng phn ng gia axit HNO3 v mui cacbonat tng ng. CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + 2H2O c. Phn m ur - (NH2)2CO (cha khong 46%N) l loi phn m tt nht hin nay. - c iu ch bng cch cho NH3 tc dng vi CO nhit v p sut cao.

t ,p 2NH3 + CO (NH2)2CO + - Trong t ur dn chuyn thnh mui cacbonat (NH2)2CO + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3. 2. Phn ln
0
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
H2O
- Phn ln cung cp nguyn t P cho cy di dng ion photphat ( PO 4 ). - dinh dng ca phn ln c nh gi theo t l % khi lng P 2O5 tng ng vi lng P c trong thnh phn ca n. a. Supephotphat - C hai loi: supephotphat n v supephotphat kp. * Supephotphat n: Gm hai mui: Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4. c iu ch bng cch cho qung photphorit hoc apatit tc dng vi axit H2SO4 c. Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 (c) Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 * Supephotphat kp: l mui Ca(H2PO4)2. c iu ch qua hai giai on Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2 3. Phn kali - Phn kali cung cp nguyn t K di dng ion K+. - dinh dng ca phn K c nh gi theo t l % khi lng K 2O tng ng vi lng K c trong thnh phn ca n. 4. Phn hn hp - Phn phc hp a. Phn hn hp: cha N, P, K c gi chung l phn NPK. - Th d: (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3. b. Phn phc hp: Th d: Phn amophot l hn hp cc mui NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4. 5. Phn vi lng: - Phn vi lng cung cp cho cy cc nguyn t nh bo, km, mangan, ng dng hp cht.
3-
I. Bi tp v axit HNO3 * Khi gii bi tp v axit HNO 3 ta ch yu da vo phng php bo ton s mol electron gii bi tp. Ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny l - s mol electron nh ng = s mol electron nhn . - Xc nh ng trng thi s oxi ha u v cui. * Cc h qu ch yu khi s dng phng php bo ton s mol electron: - Khi lng mui nitrat thu c (khng c mui NH4NO3) l mMui =mkimloi +mNO- ; mNO- =62* s mol electron nh ng ho c nhn.
3 3
- S mol HNO3 cn dung ha tan ht hn hp cc kim loi nHNO3 =4nNO +2nNO2 +12nN2 +10nN2O +10nNH4NO3 Cu 1. Ha tan hon ton m gam Al bng 500 ml dung dch HNO 3 CM (va ) thu c 0.01 mol NO, 0.03 mol NO2 v dung dch A cha x gam mui (khng c mui NH4NO3). a. Tnh gi tr m. b. Tnh CM (HNO3) dung ban u. c. Tnh gi tr x. Gii * Cch 1: y l cch m chng ta thng dng khi gii cc bi tp ha hc thng thng Al + 4HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
0.04 + 6HNO3 0.01 0.06 a. mAl = 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam). nHNO3 0.1 b. CM (HNO3) = = =0.2 (M) V 0.5 c. mAl(NO3 )3 =0.02* 213=4.26 (gam) 0.01 Al
0.01 Al(NO3)3 0.01
0.01 3NO2 0.03
3H2O
* Cch 2: Ta da vo phng php bo ton s mol electron v cc h qu ca n gii bi tp +5 N + 1e 0.03 N+5 + 3e 0.03 nHNO3 N O2 0.03 NO 0.01
+2 +4
Al
Al3+ + 3e 0.02 0.06
a. mAl = 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam) b. nHNO3 =4* 0.01+2* 0.03=0.1(mol) CM(HNO3 ) =

c. mAl(NO3 )3 =mAl +mNO3
V =0.54 +62* 0.06 =4.26 (gam)
0.1 = =0.2 (M) 0.5
Cu 2. Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c, d un nng sinh ra 11.2 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c. Gii Bi ny ta c th gii theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Tuy nhin y trong phm vi chng ny ta c th p dng phng php bo ton s mol electron gii bi tp ny. V 11.2 = =0.5(mol) * nNO2 = 22.4 22.4 t nCu = x; nAl = y. Cu0 Cu2+ + 2e 2x x 0 3+ Al Al + 3e y 3y N+5 + 1e N O2 0.5 0.5
+4
T ta c h PT nh sau 2x + 3y = 0.5 x =0.1 64x + 27y = 9.1 y =0.1 a. %Al = mAl 0.1* 27 *100 = *100 =29.67%; %Cu = 100 - %Al = 100 - 29.67 = 70.33%. mhh 9.1
b. mMui =mkimloi +mNO-3 =9.1+62* 0.5=40.1(gam) II. Bi tp v P2O5, H3PO4 tc dng vi dung dch kim H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + + + H2O 2H2O 3H2O
12
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
t T =
nOH nH3PO4
. Nu T 1 1<T<2 T=2 2<T<3 T3
to mui duy nht NaH2PO4 to hn hp hai mui NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4 to mui duy nht Na2HPO4 to hn hp hai mui Na2HPO4 v Na3PO4 to mui duy nht Na3PO4.
Ch : - Khi gii ton dng ny th u tin ta phi xc nh xem mui no c to thnh bng cc tnh gi tr T. Nu trng hp to hai mui th thng ta s lp h PT gii BT. - Nu ra khng cho H3PO4 m cho P2O5 th ta gii hon ton tng t nhng m nH3PO4 =2nP2O5 V d: Trn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1.5M vi 100 ml dung dch H 3PO4 1M thu c dung dch A. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A. Gii * nNaOH = 1.5*0.1 = 0.15 (mol); nH3PO4 =0.1*1=0.1(mol) * T= nOH nH3PO4 0.15 = =1.5 to hn hp hai mui NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4. t s mol mi mui ln 0.1 + NaOH x 2NaOH 2y
lt l x v y. H3PO4 x H3PO4 y
NaH2PO4 + H2O x + Na2HPO4 + 2H2O y x +y =0.1 x =0.05 mNaH2PO4 =0.05*120 =6 (gam) Ta c h PT: x +2y =0.15 y =0.05 mNa2HPO4 =0.05*142 =7.1(gam)
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Nhn bit dung dch cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc. a. NH3, Na2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4. b. NH4NO3, NaNO3, FeCl3, Na2SO4. c. NH4NO3, NaCl, FeCl3, (NH4)2SO4. d. NH4NO3, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3. Cu 2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau theo phng php thng bng electron. a. Al + HNO3 ? + N2O b. FeO + HNO3 ? + NO c. Fe(OH)2 + HNO3 ? + NO d. Fe3O4 + HNO3 ? + NO2 e. Cu + HNO3 ? + NO2 f. Mg + HNO3 ? + N2 * g . Al + HNO3 ? + NH4NO3 * h.R + HNO3 ? + N2O * i . FexOy + HNO3 ? + NO * k . Fe3O4 + HNO3 ? + NxOy Cu 3. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau.
+ + + + + + + + + +
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
0
+H 2 O +HNO3 +HCl +NaOH t dung dch A B Kh A C D + H2O a. Kh A (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
13
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
(2) (3) (4) (6) b. NO2 (1) Cu(NO3)2 (5) Cu HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(OH)2 CuO (2) (1) N NH NH NO 3 4 3 c. 2 (3)
HNO3 NO NO2
(5) (6) (7)
(4)
(8)
Cu 4. Cn ly bao nhiu lt kh N 2 v H2 iu ch c 67,2 lt kh NH 3 (ktc). Bit hiu sut ca phn ng l 25%. Cu 5. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch (NH4)2SO4 1M, un nng nh. a. Vit phng trnh phn t, phng trnh ion thu gn. b. Tnh th tch kh thu c iu kin tiu chun. Cu 6. Ha tan 3 gam hn hp Cu v CuO trong 1,5 lt dung dch axit HNO 3 1M (long) thy thot ra 6,72 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. a. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u. b. Tnh nng mol ca ng (II) nitrat v dung dch axit nitric sau phn ng. Bit th tch dung dch sau phn ng khng thay i. Cu 7. iu ch 5 tn axit nitric nng 60% cn dng bao nhiu tn NH 3. Bit s hao ht NH 3 trong qu trnh sn xut l 3,8%. Cu 8. t chy hon ton 6,2 gam P trong oxi d. Cho sn phm to thnh tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 32% to ra mui Na2HPO4. a. Tnh khi lng dung dch NaOH dng. b. Tnh nng % ca mui trong dung dch thu c sau phn ng. Cu 9. thu c mui trung ha, cn ly bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 1M cho tc dng vi 50 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,5M. Cu 10. Ha tan hon ton 3.2 gam Cu vo dung dch HNO3 0.5M (va ) thu c V lt kh NO ( ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). a. Tnh gi tr V. b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0.5M cn dng. Cu 11. Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 6.72 lit kh N 2 ( ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch cha x gam mui. Tnh m v x. Cu 12. Ha tan m gam Cu bng dung dch HNO3 0.5M (va ) thu c 0.03 mol NO v 0.02 mol NO2 v dung dch cha x gam mui. a. Tnh m v x. b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0.5M cn dng. Cu 13. Ha tan 12 gam hn hp Cu v Fe bng dung dch HNO 3 c ngui, d thu c 4,48 lt kh NO2 ( ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. Cu 14. Ha tan 8,3 gam hn hp Al v Fe bng dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 8,96 lt kh NO 2 (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch cha m gam mui. a. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. b. Tnh m. Cu 15. Cho 60 gam hn hp Cu v CuO bng dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 6,72 lt kh NO (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp u. Cu 16. Cho m gam hn hp Fe v Al tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 6,72 lt kh NO (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c 67,7 gam hn hp cc mui khan. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.
14
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 17. Cho 68,7 gam hn hp kim loi Al, Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c, ngui, d. Sau phn ng thu c 26,88 lt kh NO 2 (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht) v m gam cht rn B khng tan. Tnh m. Cu 10. Khi cho 9.1 gam hn hp Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c, d un nng sinh ra 11.2 lt kh NO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. Cu 11. Cho 19,5 gam mt kim loai M hoa tri n tan ht trong dung dich HNO 3 thu c 4,48 lit khi NO ( ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh kim loi M. Cu 13. Chia hn hp 2 kim loi Cu v Al thnh hai phn bng nhau: Phn 1: Cho tc dng hon ton vi dd HNO 3 c, ngui thu c 8,96 lt kh NO 2 (gi s ch to ra kh NO2). Phn 2: Cho tc dng hon ton vi dd HCl thu c 6,72 lt kh. a. Vit cc pthh. b. Xc nh % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp trn. Cc th tch kh c o kc. Cu 14. Ha tan hon ton 24,8g hn hp kim loi gm ng v st trong dung dch HNO 3 0,5M thu c 6,72l (kc) mt cht kh duy nht, khng mu ho nu ngoi khng kh. a. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u. b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 0,5 M cn dng ho tan ht hn hp trn. c. Nu cho 1/2 lng hn hp trn vo dung dch HNO 3 c, ngui th th tch kh mu nu thu c ( kc) l bao nhiu? Cu 15. Cho 21,8g hn hp kim loi gm bc v st tc dng va vi 1,2 lt dung dch HNO 3 0,5M thu c mt cht kh (X) duy nht, khng mu ho nu ngoi khng kh. a. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u. b. Tnh th tch kh (X) thu c kc. Cu 16. Chia hn hp Cu v Al lm hai phn bng nhau: Phn 1: Cho vo dung dch HNO3 c, ngui th c 8,96 lt kh mu nu bay ra. Phn 2: Cho vo dung dch HCl th c 6,72 lt kh H2 bay ra. Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. Cc th tch kh c o kc. Cu 17. Cho 11,0 gam hn hp Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO 3 long, d th c 6,72 lt kh NO bay ra (kc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. Cu 18. Cho hn hp gm Fe v Zn tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c ngui thu c 0,896 lt mu nu kc. Mt khc, nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl 10% thu c 0,672 lt kh kc. a. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. b. Tnh khi lng dung dch HCl cn dng. Cu 19. Ha tan ht 1,92 gam mt kim loi trong 1,5 lt dd HNO 3 0,15M thu c 0,448 lt kh NO ( ktc) v dd A. Bit khi phn ng th tch dd khng thay i. a. Xc nh kim loi R. b. Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dd A. Cu 20. Chia 34,8 gam hn hp kim loai gm Al, Fe va Cu thanh 2 phn bng nhau: - Phn I: Cho vo dung dich HNO3 c ngui, d thu c 4,48 lit khi NO2 ( ktc). - Phn II: Cho vao dung dich HCl d thu c 8,96 lit H2 ( ktc). Hy xc nh khi lng cua Al va Fe trong hn hp ban u. Cu 21. Cho 100 ml dung dch X cha Al(NO 3)3 0,2M, Cu(NO3)2 0,1M v AgNO3 0,2M tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m. Cu 22. Ho tan hon ton 0,9 gam kim loi M bng dung dch HNO 3 thu c 0,28 lt kh N2O (ktc). Xc nh kim loi M.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 23. Cho m gam Al tan hoan toan trong dung dich HNO 3 thu c 44,8 lt hn hp 3 kh gm NO, N2O va N2 ( ktc) co ti l mol mol: nNO : nN 2 : nN 2O = 1: 2 : 3 . Xc nh gi tr m. Cu 24. Cho 6,4 g kim loi ha tr II tc dng vi dd HNO 3 c, d thu c 4,48 lt NO 2 (kc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Xc nh kim loi . Cu 25. Cho 15 g hh Cu v Al tc dng vi dd HNO 3 long (ly d) thu c 6,72 lt NO (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Xc nh khi lng ca Cu v Al trong hn hp u. Cu 26. Ha tan mt lng 8,32 gam Cu tac dung va u vi 240 ml dd HNO 3 cho 4,928 lit ( ktc) hn hp khi gm NO va NO2 thoat ra. a. Tnh s mol cua mi khi trong hn hp khi thu c. b. Tnh nng dung dch HNO3 dng. Cu 27. Cho dung dch cha 11,76 gam H3PO4 vo dung dch cha 16,8 gam KOH thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh gi tr m. Cu 28 (B-09). Cho 100 ml dung dch KOH 1,5M vo 200 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,5M, thu c dung dch X. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam hn hp gm cc cht. Xc nh cc cht v khi lng chng bng bao nhiu? Cu 29 (B-09). Cho 100 ml dung dch KOH 1,5M vo 200 ml dung dch H3PO4 0,5M, thu c dung dch X. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam hn hp gm cc cht. Xc nh cc cht v khi lng chng bng bao nhiu? Cu 30 (B-08). Cho 0,1 mol P2O5 vo dung dch cha 0,35 mol KOH. Dung dch thu c c cc cht no? Khi lng bng bao nhiu? Cu 31. Cho 14,2 gam P 2O5 v 100 ml dung dch cha NaOH 1M v KOH 2M thu c dung dch X. Xc nh cc anion c mt trong dung dch X. Cu 32. Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M. a. Tm khi lng mui thu c? b. Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch to thnh? PHN BI TP NNG CAO Cu 1 (A-2010). Hn hp kh X gm N 2 v H2 c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X mt thi gian trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He bng 2. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp NH3. Cu 2. Mt lng 8,32 gam Cu tc dng va vi 140 ml dung dch HNO 3 cho 4,928 lt kc hn hp gm hai kh NO v NO2 bay ra. a. Tnh s mol mi kh to ra. b. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit ban u. Cu 3. Ho tan Fe trong HNO3 d thy sinh ra hn hp kh cha 0,03 mol NO2 v 0,02 mol NO. Khi lng st b ho tan l bao nhiu gam? Cu 4. Hoa tan hoan toan hn hp gm 0,1 mol Fe va 0,2 mol Al vao dung dich HNO 3 d thu c hn hp khi X gm NO va NO 2 co ti l mol tng ng la 2:1. Tnh th tich cua hn hp khi X (ktc). Cu 5. Hoa tan hoan toan 11 gam hh gm Fe va Al trong dd HNO 3 d thu c 11,2 lit hh khi X (ktc) gm NO va NO2 co khi lng 19,8 gam. Bit phan ng khng tao NH4NH3. a. Tnh th tich cua mi khi trong hh X. b. Tnh khi lng cua mi kim loai trong hn hp u. Cu 6. Ho tan hon ton 5,94g kim loi R trong dung dch HNO3 long thu c 2,688lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N2O c t khi so vi H2 l 18,5. Xc nh kim loi R. Cu 7. Nung nong 39 gam hh mui gm va KNO 3 va Cu(NO3)2 n khi lng khng i thu c rn A va 7,84 lit hn hp khi X ( ktc). Tnh % khi lng cua mi mui trong hh ban u.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 8 (A-09). Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO3)2 trong bnh kn khng cha khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c 4,96 gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton X vo nc c 300 ml dung dch Y. Tnh pH ca dung dch Y. Cu 9. Nung m gam Fe trong khng kh, thu c 104,8g hn hp A gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO 3d, thu c dung dch B v 12,096 lt hn hp kh C gm NO v NO2 (ktc) c t khi so vi He l 10,167. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 10. t chy 5,6g bt Fe nung trong bnh O 2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe 2O3, Fe3O4, FeO v Fe. Ho tan hon ton hn hp A bng dung dch HNO 3 thu c V lt hn hp kh B (ktc) gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 l 19. Xc nh gi tr ca V. Cu 11. Thu phn hon ton 8,25 gam mt photpho trihalogenua thu c dung dch X. trung ho X cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 3M. Xc nh cng thc ca photpho trihalogenua. Cu 12. Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1M tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch H 3PO4 0,5M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui. Tnh m. Cu 13 (B-08). Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 1M (long) t nht cn dng ho tan hon ton mt hn hp gm 0,15 mol Fe v 0,15 mol Cu l bao nhiu (bit phn ng to cht kh duy nht l NO)? Cu 14 (A-09). Cho 3,024 gam mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 long, thu c 940,8 ml kh NxOy (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) c t khi i vi H2 bng 22. Xc nh kh NxOy v kim loi M. Cu 15 (B-08). Cho 2,16 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 0,896 lt kh NO ( ktc) v dung dch X. Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi lm bay hi dung dch X. Cu 16 (A-07). Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng HNO 3, thu c V lt (ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO2) v dung dch Y (ch cha 2 mui v axit d). T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 19. Xc nh gi tr ca V. Cu 17 (B-07). Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d) thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) kh NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Xc nh gi tr ca m. Cu 18 (CA-08). Nhit phn hon ton 34,65 gam hn hp gm KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2, thu c hn hp kh X (t khi ca X so vi kh hiro bng 18,8). Tnh khi lng Cu(NO3)2 trong hn hp ban u. Cu 19 (A-2010). Hn hp kh X gm N 2 v H2 c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X mt thi gian trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He bng 2. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp NH3. Cu 20. Hn hp A gm N2 v H2 vi t l mol 1: 3. To phn ng gia N 2 v H2 cho ra NH3 vi hiu sut H% thu c hn hp kh B. T khi ca A so vi B l 0,6. Tnh gi tr ca H. Cu 21 (B-2010). Mt loi phn supephotphat kp c cha 69,62% mui canxi ihirophotphat, cn li gm cc cht khng cha photpho. Xc nh dinh dng ca loi phn ln ny. Cu 22. Ho tan hon ton m gam Cu trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh NO v NO2 (ktc) c t khi hi i vi H2 l 16,6. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

A. PHN L THUYT
I. CACBON 1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t a. V tr - Cacbon th 6, chu k 2, nhm IVA ca bng tun hon
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
b. Cu hnh electron nguyn t 1s22s22p2. C c 4 electron lp ngoi cng - Cc s oxi ha ca C l: -4, 0, +2, +4 2. Tnh cht vt l - C c ba dng th hnh chnh: Kim cng, than ch v fuleren 3. Tnh cht ha hc - Trong cc dng tn ti ca C, C v nh hnh hot ng hn c v mt ha hc. - Trong cc phn ng ha hc C th hin hai tnh cht: Tnh oxi ha v tnh kh. Tuy nhin tnh kh vn l ch yu ca C. a. Tnh kh * Tc dng vi oxi
t C + O2 C O2 . nhit cao C li kh CO2 theo phn ng t C + C O 2 2C O 0 +4
0
+ 4
+2
* Tc dng vi hp cht
t C +4HNO3 CO2 + 4NO2 +2H2O 0
0
+ 4
b. Tnh oxi ha * Tc dng vi hidro

t , xt C+2H2 C H4 0
0
-4
* Tc dng vi kim loi

t 3C+ 4Al Al4 C 3 (nhm cacbua) 0
0
-4
II. CACBON MONOXIT 1. Tnh cht ha hc - Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca CO l tnh kh

t 2 C O + O 2 2 C O2 t 3C O + Fe 2O 3 3C O 2 + 2Fe +2
0
+2
+4
+4
2. iu ch a. Trong phng th nghim H2SO4 ( c), t0 HCOOH CO + H2O b. Trong cng nghip: Kh CO c iu ch theo hai phng php * Kh than t C + H2O O2 C
1050 C
0
CO CO2 2CO
H2
* Kh l gas C + CO2 +
t t
0
III. CACBON IOXIT 1. Tnh cht a. Tnh cht vt l - L cht kh khng mu, nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh. - CO2 (rn) l mt khi mu trng, gi l nc kh. Nc kh khng nng chy m thng hoa, c dng to mi trng lnh khng c hi m. b. Tnh cht ha hc
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- Kh CO2 khng chy, khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu cht. - CO2 l oxit axit, khi tan trong nc cho axit cacbonic H2CO3 (dd) CO2 (k) + H2O (l) - Tc dng vi dung dch kim CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Ty vo t l phn ng m c th cho ra cc sn phm mui khc nhau. 2. iu ch a. Trong phng th nghim CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O b. Trong cng nghip - Kh CO2 c thu hi t qu trnh t chy hon ton than. IV. AXIT CACBONIC - MUI CACBONAT 1. Axit cacbonic - L axit km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch long, d b phn hy thnh CO2 v H2O. - L axit hai nc, trong dung dch phn li hai nc. H+ +HCO3 H2CO3
2 H+ +CO3 HCO 3
2. Mui cacbonat - Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi kim, amoni v a s mui hirocacbonat u tan. Mui cacbonat ca kim loi khc th khng tan. - Tc dng vi dd axit NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O + HCO3 + H CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 2CO3 + + 2HCl 2H
+
2NaCl CO2 MgO(r)
+ CO2 + H2O
H2O
- Tc dng vi dd kim NaHCO3 + HCO+ 3 - Phn ng nhit phn MgCO3(r)
NaOH OH
0
Na2CO3 + H2O 2CO3 + H2O + CO2(k)
t
0
t 2NaHCO3(r) Na2CO3(r) + CO2(k) + H2O(k) V. SILIC 1. Tnh cht vt l - Silic c hai dng th hnh: silic tinh th v silic v nh hnh. 2. Tnh cht ha hc - Silic c cc s oxi ha: -4, 0, +2 v +4 (s oxi ha +2 t c trng hn). - Trong cc phn ng ha hc, silic va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh. a. Tnh kh
Si+2F2 Si F4
t Si+ O 2 Si O 2 0
0
+ 4
+4
Si+ 2NaOH + H 2O Na 2 Si O3 + 2H 2 b. Tnh oxi ha

+4

t 2Mg + Si Mg 2 Si 0
0
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
-4
3. iu ch - Kh SiO2 nhit cao t0 SiO2 + 2Mg Si + MgO VI. HP CHT CA SILIC 1. Silic ioxit - SiO2 l cht dng tinh th. - Tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng, tan d trong kim nng chy. t0 SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O - Tan c trong axit HF SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O - Da vo tnh cht ny, ngi ta dng dung dch HF khc ch ln thy tinh. 2. Axit silixic - H2SiO3 l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc. Khi mt mt phn nc to thnh vt liu xp l silicagen. Dng ht hi m trong cc thng ng hng ha. - Axit silixic l axit yu, yu hn c axit cacbinic nn b axit ny y ra khi dung dch mui. Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SiO3 3. Mui silicat - Dung dch m c ca Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3 c gi l thy tinh lng. - Vi tm thy tinh lng s kh chy, ngoi ra thy tinh lng cn c dng ch to keo dn thy tinh v s.
I. Dng bi tp CO2 tc dng vi dung dch kim Cc PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O nOH t T = : Nu T 1 to mui duy nht NaHCO3 nCO2 Nu 1 < T < 2 to hn hp hai mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 Nu T 2 to mui duy nht Na2CO3 Mt s lu khi gii bi tp ny: - Xc nh sn phm no c to thnh bng cc tnh gi tr T. - Nu to thnh hn hp hai mui thng ta gii bng cch lp h PT. V d: Sc 2.24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch A. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A. Gii 2.24 nCO2 = =0.1(mol); nNaOH =0.15*1=0.15(mol) 22.4 nOH 0.15 = =1.5 to hn hp hai mui T= nCO2 0.1 t nNaHCO3 =x; nNa2CO3 =y CO2 x CO2 + + NaOH x 2NaOH NaHCO3 x Na2CO3
H2O
20
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
y x +y =0.1 x =0.05 mNaHCO3 =0.05*84 =4.2 (gam) Ta c h PT: x +2y =0.15 y =0.05 mNa2CO3 =0.05*106 =5.3(gam) II. Dng bi tp kh oxit kim loi bng kh CO Oxit Kl + CO Kl moxit Kl +mCO =mKl +mCO2 nO (oxit) =nCO = nCO2 v mOxitKl =mKl +mO V d: Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe 3O4 v CuO nung nng n khi phn ng hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi bnh c dn qua dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng khi lng 2 oxit trong hn hp u. Gii 5 = 0.05(mol) nO (oxit) =nCO2 =nCaCO3 =0.05(mol) * Cch 1: nCaCO3 = 100 moxit =mKl +mO =2.32 +16* 0.05=3.12 (gam) 5 = 0.05(mol) nO (oxit) =nCO2 =nCO =nCaCO3 =0.05(mol) * Cch 2: nCaCO3 = 100 moxit =mKl +mCO2 - mCO =2.32 +44* 0.05- 28* 0.05=3.12 (gam) + CO2
2y
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: a. NaHCO3 + NaOH b. NaHCO3 + HCl c. SiO2 + HF d. CO2 + NaOH 1 mol 1 mol e. CO2 + NaOH 1 mol 2 mol f. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 1 mol 1 mol g. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 2 mol 1 mol h. CO (d) + Fe2O3 i. CO (d) + Fe3O4 Cu 2. t mt mu than (cha tp cht khng chy) c khi lng 0,6 gam trong oxi d thu c 1,06 m3 (ktc) kh cacbonic. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca cacbon trong mu than trn. Cu 3. Cho 224 ml kh CO 2 (ktc) hp th ht trong 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,2M. Tnh khi lng ca nhng cht trong dung dch to thnh. Cu 4. Cho 5,6 lt kh CO2 (ktc) sc vo dung dch NaOH d thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh gi tr m. Cu 5. Sc 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch D. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong dung dch D. Cu 6. Sc 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch D. Tnh nng mol/lt ca cc cht tan trong dung dch D. Cu 7. Sc 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch NaOH CM thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c 19 gam hn hp hai mui.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
a. Tnh khi lng mi mui. b. Tnh nng dung dch NaOH em dng. Cu 8. Nung 52,65 gam CaCO3 10000C v cho ton b kh thot ra hp th ht vo 500 ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M. Hi thu c mui no? Khi lng l bao nhiu. Bit hiu sut ca phn ng nhit phn CaCO3 l 85%. Cu 9. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 2M ti thiu hp th ht 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Cu 10. Kh hon ton 23,2 gam Fe3O4 bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m. Cu 11. Kh hon ton m gam Fe2O3 bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d thu c 30 gam kt ta. Tnh m. Cu 12. Kh hon ton 2,32 gam Fe3O4 bng kh CO d thu c m gam cht rn. Ha tan hon ton cht rn thu c bng dung dch axit HNO3 thu c V lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh m v V. Cu 13. Kh hon ton m gam gam Fe3O4 bng V lt kh CO (va ) thu c cht rn C. Ha tan hon ton cht rn C thu c bng dung dch axit HNO 3 thu c 6,72 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh m v V. Cu 14 (CA-09). Kh hon ton mt oxit st X nhit cao cn va V lt kh CO ( ktc), sau phn ng thu c 0,84 gam Fe v 0,02 mol kh CO2. Cng thc ca X v gi tr V ln lt l

Cu 1. Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe 3O4 v CuO nung nng n khi phn ng hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi bnh c dn qua dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng khi lng 2 oxit trong hn hp u. Cu 2. Cho kh CO qua ng cha 15,2g hn hp gm CuO v FeO nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh B v 13,6g cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m. Cu 3. Dn mt lung kh CO qua ng s ng m gam hn hp CuO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 v Al2O3 ri cho kh thot ra hp th ht vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 15 gam kt ta. Cht rn cn li trong ng s c khi lng 215,0 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca m. Cu 4. Cho V lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht vo 500 ml dung dch Ca(OH) 2 0,02 M th thu c 0,5 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca V. Cu 5. Cho 1,344 lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht vo 2 lt dung dch X cha NaOH 0,04M v Ca(OH)2 0,02M thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m. Cu 6. Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo H 2O thu c dung dch A. Sc V lt kh CO 2 (ktc) vo dung dch A thu c 15 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca V. Cu 7 (C-2010). Hp th hon ton 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 125 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M, thu c dung dch X. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i. Xc nh nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch X. Cu 8 (A-09). Cho 0,448 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) hp th ht vo 100 ml dung dch cha hn hp NaOH 0,06M v Ba(OH)2 0,12M, thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 9 (A-08). Hp th hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) vo 500 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M, sinh ra m gam kt ta.Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 10 (A-07). Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng a mol/l, thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca a. Cu 11 (CA-08). Dn t t V lt kh CO ( ktc) i qua mt ng s ng lng d hn hp rn gm CuO, Fe2O3 ( nhit cao). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c kh X. Dn ton b kh X trn vo lng d dung dch Ca(OH)2 th to thnh 4 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca V.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 12 (A-09). Cho lung kh CO (d) i qua 9,1 gam hn hp gm CuO v Al2O3 nung nng n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 8,3 gam cht rn. Tnh khi lng CuO c trong hn hp ban u. Cu 13 (A-08). Cho V lt hn hp kh ( ktc) gm CO v H2 phn ng vi mt lng d hn hp rn gm CuO v Fe3O4 nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng hn hp rn gim 0,32 gam. Xc nh gi tr ca V.
CHUYN 4. I CNG V HA HU C
A. PHN L THUYT
I. M U V HA HC HU C 1. Khi nim v hp cht hu c v ha hc hu c - Hp cht hu c l hp cht ca cacbon (tr CO, CO2, mui cacbonat). - Ha hc hu c l nghnh ha hc nghin cu cc hp cht hu c. 2. Phn loi hp cht hu c - Thng chia thnh hai loi + Hirocacbon + Dn xut hirocacbon 3. c im chung ca hp cht hu c - c im cu to: Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ha tr. - Tnh cht vt l: + Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp. + Phn ln khng tan trong nc, nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c. - Tnh cht ha hc: + Cc hp cht hu c thng km bn vi nhit v d chy. + Phn ng ha hc ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm v theo nhiu hng khc nhau, nn to ra hn hp nhiu sn phm. 4. S lc v phn tch nguyn t a. Phn tch nh tnh * Mc ch: Xc nh nguyn t no c trong hp cht hu c. * Nguyn tc: Chuyn cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin ri nhn bit chng bng cc phn ng c trng. b. Phn tch nh lng * Mc ch: Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t c trong phn t hp cht hu c. * Nguyn tc: Cn chnh xc khi lng hp cht hu c, sau chuyn nguyn t C CO 2, H H2O, N N2, sau xc nh chnh xc khi lng hoc th tch ca cc cht to thnh, t tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t. * Biu thc tnh ton: VN .28 m CO2 .12 m H2O .2 mN = 2 (g) mC = (g) ; mH = (g) ; 22, 4 44 18 m .100 m .100 m .100 - Tnh c: %C = C ; %H = H ; %N = N ; %O = 100-%C-%H-%N a a a II. CNG THC PHN T HP CHT HU C 1. Cng thc n gin nht a. nh ngha - Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong phn t.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
b. Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht - Thit lp cng thc n gin nht ca hp cht hu c CxHyOz l thit lp t l m m m %C %H %O x : y : z = nC : nH : nO = C : H : O ; x : y : z = : : 12 1 16 12 1 16 2. Cng thc phn t a. nh ngha - Cng thc phn t l cng thc biu th s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t. b. Cch thit lp cng thc phn t - C ba cch thit lp cng thc phn t * Da vo thnh phn % khi lng cc nguyn t (t dng) - Cho CTPT CxHyOz: ta c t l M 12.x 1.y 16.z = = = 100 %C %H %O M.%C M.%H M.%O T ta c: x = ; y= ; z= 12.100 1.100 16.100 * Da vo cng thc n gin nht (thng dng) * Tnh trc tip theo khi lng sn phm chy (t dng)
B. HNG DN GII BI TP
Phn bi tp chng ny ch yu l lp CT n gin nht v CTPT. Mt s cng thc sau yu cu chng ta phi nm vn dng trong vic gii bi tp chng ny. Cho hp cht X c CT: CxHyOzNt. m * nC =nCO2 ; nH =2nH2O ; nN =2nN2 ; mO = mX - (mC + mH + mN) nO = O 16 x : y : z : t = nC : nH : nO : nN. MA M A =dA /B * M B * dA /B = MB V d: t chy hon ton 2,46 gam cht hu c (A) thu c 5,28 gam CO 2, 0,9 gam H2O v 224ml N2 (o ktc). T khi hi ca (A) so vi khng kh l 4, 24. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A). Gii t CT n gin nht ca A l CxHyOzNt 5.28 0.9 0.224 nC =nCO2 = =0.12 (mol) ; nH =2* nH2O =2* =0.1(mol) ; nN =2nN2 =2* =0.02 (mol) 44 18 22.4 mO = mA - (mC + mH + mN) = 2.46 (0.12*12+0.1*1+0.02*14) = 0.64 (gam) m 0.64 =0.04 (mol) nO = O = 16 16 x : y : z : t = nC : nH : nO : nN = 0.12 : 0.1 : 0.04 : 0.02 = 6 : 5 : 2 : 1 CT n gin nht ca A l: C6H5O2N M dA /kk = A M A =dA /B * 29 = 123 t ta suy ra: CT n gin nht chnh l CTPT. 29 CTPT ca A l: C6H5O2N
C. BI TP VN DNG
Cu 1. Oxi ha hon ton 0,6 gam hp cht hu c A thu c 0,672 lt CO 2 (ktc) v 0,72 gam H2O. Tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t cht A.
24
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 2. Oxi ha hon ton 0,67 gam -caroten ri dn sn phm oxi ha qua bnh 1 ng dd H2SO4 c, sau qua bnh 2 ng Ca(OH) 2 d. Kt qu cho thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 0,63 gam; bnh 2 c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t -caroten. Cu 3. Tnh khi lng mol phn t ca cc cht sau: a. Cht A c t khi hi so vi khng kh bng 2,07. b. Th tch hi ca 3,3 gam cht X bng th tch ca 1,76 gam kh oxi (o cng iu kin). Cu 4. Kt qu phn tch nguyn t cho thy limonen c cu to t hai nguyn t C v H, trong C chim 88,235% v khi lng. T khi hi ca limonen so vi khng kh gn bng 4,69. Lp cng thc phn t ca limonen. Cu 5. t chy hon ton 0,3 gam cht A (phn t ch cha C, H, O) thu c 0,44 gam kh CO 2 v 0,18 gam nc. Th tch hi ca 0,3 gam cht A bng th tch ca 0,16 gam kh oxi (o cng iu kin). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca cht A. Cu 6. Anetol c khi lng mol phn t bng 148 g/mol. Phn tch nguyn t cho thy anetol c %C=81,08%; %H=8,1%, cn li l oxi. Lp cng thc n gin nht v cng thc phn t ca anetol. Cu 7. Hp cht X c % khi lng C, H v O ln lt l 54,54%, 8,1% v 36,36%. Khi lng phn t ca X l 88g/mol. Lp cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 8. Hp cht Z c cng thc n gin nht l CH 3O v c t khi hi so vi hidro l 31. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca Z. Cu 9. t chy hon ton 2,46 gam cht hu c (A) thu c 5,28 gam CO 2, 0,9 gam H2O v 224ml N2 (o ktc). T khi hi ca (A) so vi khng kh l 4, 24. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (A). Cu 10. t chy hon ton 5,6 lt cht kh hu c, th thu c 16,8lt CO 2 v 13,5 gam H2O. Cc cht kh (o ktc). Lp cng thc phn t, bit rng 1 lt kh cht hu c ktc nng 1,875 gam. Cu 11. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hp cht hu c (D) cn va 14,4 gam oxi, thy sinh ra 13,2 gam CO2 v 7,2 gam nc. a. Tm phn t khi cu (D). b. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (D). Cu 12. t a gam cht (X) cn 0,3 mol O 2 thu c 0,2 mol CO2, 0,3 mol H2O. Hy xc nh a gam, cng thc n gin ca (X)? Cu 13. t chy hon ton 9,9 gam cht hu c (A) gm 3 nguyn t C, H v Cl. Sn phm to thnh cho qua bnh ng H 2SO4 m c v Ca(OH)2 th thy khi lng cc bnh ny tng ln lt l 3,6 gam v 8,8 gam. a. Tm cng thc nguyn (A). b. Xc nh CTPT, bit (A) ch cha 2 nguyn t Clo. Cu 14. t chy hon ton 112 cm3 mt hydrocacbon (A) l cht kh (ktc) ri dn sn phm ln lt qua bnh (I) ng H2SO4 m c v bnh (II) cha KOH d ngi ta thy khi lng bnh (I) tng 0,18 gam v khi lng bnh (II) tng 0,44 gam. Xc nh CTPT (A). Cu 15. t chy hon ton hp cht hu c gm C, H, Cl, sinh ra 112 cm 3 CO2 (o ktc) v 0,09 gam H2O. Cng t hp cht h c cho tc dng AgNO 3 th thu c 1,435 AgCl. Lp CTPT cht hu c. Bit rng t khi hi cht so vi He l 21,25. Cu 16. Mt cht hu c c t l khi lng m C : mH : mO = 12 : 2,5 : 4. Bit rng c 0,1 mol cht hu c c khi lng 7,4 gam. a. Lp CTPT cht hu c. b. Vit CTCT cc ng phn. Cu 17. t chy hon ton 1,608 gam Cht (A), thu c 1,272 gam Na 2CO3, 0,528gam CO2. Lp CTPT (A). Bit rng trong phn t ch cha 2 nguyn t Na.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
CHUYN 5: HIDROCACBON NO
A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANKAN 1. Khi nim - ng ng - ng phn - Danh php a. Khi nim - Ankan l hidrocacbon no mch h c CTTQ CnH2n+2 (n1). Hay cn gi l Parafin - Cc cht CH4, C2H6, C3H8 . CnH2n+2 hp thnh dy ng ng ca ankan. b. ng phn - T C4H10 tr i c ng phn cu to (ng phn mch C). - Th d: C5H10 c ba ng phn: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2CH3; CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3; CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3 c. Danh php - Nm tn cc ankan mch khng nhnh t C1 C10 - Danh php thng. - n - tn ankan tng ng (n- ng vi mch C khng phn nhnh) - iso - tn ankan tng ng (iso- C th hai c nhnh -CH3). - neo - tn ankan tng ng (neo- C th hai c hai nhnh -CH3). - Danh php quc t: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + an Th d: C H 3 - C H(CH 3 ) - C H 2 - C H 3 (2-metylbutan) - Bcca nguyn t C trong hirocacbon no c tnh bng s lin kt ca n vi cc nguyn t C khc. Th d: C H3 - C(CH 3 ) 2 - C H(CH 3 ) - C H 2 - C H 3 2. Tnh cht vt l - T CH4 C4H10 l cht kh. - T C5H12 C17H36 l cht lng. - T C18H38 tr i l cht rn. 3. Tnh cht ha hc a. Phn ng th bi halogen (c trng cho hidrocacbon no) - Clo c th th ln lt tng nguyn t H trong phn t metan askt CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + CH2Cl2 + Cl2 Cl2
askt askt I IV III II I 1 2 3 4
CH2Cl2 + CHCl3 +
HCl HCl
askt CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl - Cc ng ng ca metan cng tham gia phn ng th tng t metan Th d CH -CH -CH Cl
CH3-CH2-CH3
as 250C
1-clopropan (43%) CH3-CHCl-CH3 2-clopropan (57%)

26
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- Nhn xt: Nguyn t H lin kt vi nguyn t C bc cao hn d b th hn nguyn t H lin kt vi nguyn t C bc thp hn. b. Phn ng tch.
t , xt C n H 2n +2 C n H 2n + H 2 t , xt C n H 2n+2 Cn' H 2n' + Cm H 2m+2 (n = n' + m)
0 0
- Th d CH3-CH3 C4H1
0
500 C, xt CH2=CH2
+ H2
t0C, xt
CH4 + C2 H6 + 3 4 C2 H8 + 4 6 3n +1 O2 nCO2 2 +
H2 nH2O ( n H2O > n CO2 )
- Phn ng oxi ha. CnH2n+2 +
4. iu ch: a. Phng th nghim: CaO, t 0 - CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3 - Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3 b. Trong cng nghip: i t kh thin nhin, kh m du v t du m. II. XICLOANKAN 1. Khi nim - Danh php a. Khi nim - Xicloankan l mt loi hirocacbon no m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n v c mt vng khp kn. C CTTQ l CnH2n (n3). - Th d: (xiclopropan) (xiclobutan) b. Danh php: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + xicol + tn mch C chnh (vng) + an - Th d: -CH3 (metylxiclopropan)
2. Tnh cht ha hc a. Phn ng th b. Phn ng cng m vng - Cng H2: Ch c Xiclopropan v xiclobutan - Cng Br2 v HX (X: Cl, Br): Ch c xicolpropan c. Phn ng tch - Thng ch c xiclohexan v metylxiclohexan. d. Phn ng oxi ha: 3n t0 CnH2n + O2 nCO2 + nH2O 2 3. iu ch: - c iu ch t vic chng ct du m. Ngoi ra cn c iu ch t ankan tng ng.
27
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Phn bi tp ankan l phn bi tp c bn, lm nn tng ta gii cc bi tp ha hc sau ny. Do vy yu cu chng ta cn phi nm chc vn dng khi ta gp cc dy ng ng khc. chng ny ch yu ta gii quyt dng bi tp lp cng thc phn t ca ankan. CTPT ca ankan l: CnH2n+2. lp CTPT ca ankan ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp): * Cch 1: M = 14n + 2. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra. * Cch 2: n =
nCO
2
nankan
. Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta s gp nCO2 nankan = nCO2 nH2O nCO 2
sau ny. nankan =nH2O - nCO2 n =
* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht mt n (n l n). T tnh gii tr n. * Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ankan ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt ankan c CT l CnH2n+ 2 . T tnh gi tr n . V d 1: t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c 11,7g H 2O v 17,6g CO2. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn. Gii t CTPT ca 2 ankan l CnH2n+ 2 . 17.6 11.7 nCO2 = =0.4 (mol); nH2O = = 0.65(mol) 44 18 nCO2 nCO2 0.4 n= = = =1.6. T suy ra CTPT ca hai ankan l: CH4 v C2H6. nankan nH2O nCO 2 0.65 0.4 V d 2: t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A. Gii 3.36 4.48 nhh = =0.15(mol); nCO2 = =0.2 (mol) 22.4 22.4 t nCH4 =a, nC2H6 =b CH4 a C2H6 b CO2 a 2CO2 2b
0.1 *100 =66.67(%) a +b =0.15 a =0.1 %CH4 = 0.15 Ta c h PT: a +2b =0.2 b =0.05 %C2H6 =100- 66.67 =33.33(%)
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn ankan ng vi cng thc phn t C 4H10, C5H12 v C6H14. Gi tn theo danh php thng v tn thay th. Cu 2. Vit CTCT ca cc ankan c tn sau: a. pentan, 2-metylbutan, isobutan v 2,2-imetylbutan. b. iso-pentan, neo-pentan, 3-etylpentan, 2,3-imetylpentan. Cu 3. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thng v danh php thay th:
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
a. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3; b. CH3-(CH2)4-CH3 c. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3; d. CH3-C(CH3)2-CH3 Cu 4. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php thay th. a. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3 b. CH3-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3 c. CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH3 d. CH3-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH2-CH3 Cu 5. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: askt a. CH4 + Cl2 1 mol 1 mol askt b. C2H6 + Cl2 1 mol 1 mol askt c. CH3-CH2-CH3 + Br2 1 mol 1 mol t0 d. CH4 + O2
CaO, t e. CH3COONa + NaOH f. Al4C3 + H2O Cu 6. Vit PTHH iu ch cc ankan sau t cc cht tng ng. Metan, 2-clobutan, iso-propyl clorua. Cu 7 (A-08). Cho iso-pentan tc dng vi Cl2 (askt) theo t l s mol 1 : 1. a. Xc nh s sn phm monoclo ti a thu c. b. Vit PTHH to cc sn phm mono clo tng ng . Cu 8. Khi clo ha C5H12 vi t l mol 1:1 thu c mt sn phm th monoclo duy nht. a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan . b. Vit PTHH ca phn ng xy ra. Cu 9. Khi clo ha mt ankan c cng thc phn t C6H14, ngi ta ch thu c 2 sn phm th monoclo. a. Xc nh CTCT v danh php IUPAC ca ankan . b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 10. Ankan Y mch khng nhnh c cng thc n gin nht l C2H5. a. Tm cng thc phn t, vit CTCT v gi tn Y. b. Vit PTHH phn ng ca Y vi Clo khi chiu sng (t l 1:1), ch r sn phm chnh. Cu 11. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt C 3H8 (ktc) thu c V lt CO2 (ktc) v m gam nc. Tnh m v V. Cu 12. t chy hon ton V lt kh C4H10 (ktc). Ton b sn phm chy sc vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 40 gam kt ta. a. Tnh V. b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c. Cu 13. t chy hon ton mt hidrocacbon X thu c 8,96 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 9 gam nc. Xc nh cng thc ca X. Cu 14. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan X (ktc) thu c 6,72 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v m gam nc. a. Tnh khi lng mui thu c. b. Xc nh cng thc ca X. Cu 15. Khi t chy hon ton mt ankan A th th tch Oxi phn ng bng 5/3 ln th tch ca kh CO2 sinh ra trong cng iu kin. Xc nh cng thc ca ankan A. Cu 16. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt ankan B (ktc) cn 11,2 lt O2 (ktc). a. Xc nh cng thc ca B. b. Tnh khi lng CO2 v nc sinh ra.
0
29
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3,36 lt hn hp kh metan v etan thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp A. Cu 18. Xicloankan n vng X c t khi hi so vi nit bng 2. Lp cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 19. Khi t chy hon ton 3.6 gam ankan X thu c 5.6 lt CO 2 (ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 20. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp gm C 2H6 v C3H8 ( ktc) ri cho sn phm chy i qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong c d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng m g, bnh 2 tng 22 g. a. Xc nh gi tr ca m. b. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u. Cu 21. t chy hon ton m g hn hp gm CH 4, C2H6 v C4H10 thu c 3,3g CO2 v 4,5 g H2O. Xc nh gi tr ca m. Cu 22. Mt hn hp 2 ankan k tip c khi lng 24,8 gam c th tch tng ng l 11,2 lt ( ktc). Xc nh CTPT ca 2 ankan. Cu 23. t chy hn hp hai hidrocacbon ng ng k tip nhau ta thu c 11,7g H 2O v 17,6g CO2. Xc nh CTPT ca hai hidrocacbon trn. Cu 24. Khi t chy hon ton 7,84 lt hn hp kh gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8 (ktc) thu c 16,8 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v x gam H2O. Xc nh gi tr ca X. Cu 25. t chy hon ton 11,2 lt hn hp propan v butan (ktc) ri cho tt c sn phm chy thu c vo dung dch NaOH th thu c 95,4 gam Na2CO3 v 84 gam NaHCO3. a. Tnh thnh phn % v s mol ca hn hp. b. Tm th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5 M cn thit dng trong trng hp trn. Cu 26. t chy hon ton 0,01 mol ankan (A). Dn ton b sn phm chy qua bnh Ca(OH) 2 d ngi ta thu c 4 gam kt ta. a. Tm cng thc phn t ca Ankan (A). b. B l ng ng lin tip ca A. B tc dng vi clo (askt) theo t l mol 1:1. Ngi ta thu c 4 sn phm. Hy xc nh CTCT ng ca (B). Cu 27. Mt hn hp gm 2 ankan X v Y l ng ng k tip nhau c khi lng 10,2 gam. t chy hon ton hn hp cn 36,8 gam O2. a. Tnh khi lng CO2 v H2O to thnh. b. Tm CTPT ca 2 ankan. Cu 28. Khi tin hnh craking 22,4 lt kh C4H10 (ktc) thu c hn hp A gm CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, H2 v C4H10 d. t chy hon ton A thu c x gam CO 2 v y gam H2O. Xc nh gi tr ca x v y. Cu 29. Hn hp (X) gm 2 ankan A, B lin tip nhau trong dy ng ng c d X/He = 16, 6 . Xc nh CTPT ca A, B v tnh % V ca hn hp. Cu 30. Mt ankan c thnh phn % cc nguyn t: %C = 84,21; %H = 15,79. T khi hi ca ankan i vi khng kh l 3,93. Xc nh CTPT ankan. Cu 31. t chy hon ton 3,6 g mt ankan A thu c 11g CO 2 v 5,4g nc. Khi clo ha A theo t l mol 1:1 to thnh dn xut monoclo duy nht. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT ca A.

Cu 1. Hn hp kh X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B l ng ng k tip. t chy X vi 64 gam O 2 (d) ri dn sn phm thu c qua bnh ng Ca(OH) 2 d thu c 100 gam kt ta. Kh ra khi bnh c th tch 11,2 lt 0OC v 0,4 atm. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A v B. Cu 2 (A-2010). t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 3. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO 2 v 0,132 mol H2O. Khi X tc dng vi kh clo (theo t l s mol 1:1) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Xc nh tn gi ca X. Cu 4 (B-08). Hirocacbon mch h X trong phn t ch cha lin kt v c hai nguyn t cacbon bc ba trong mt phn t. t chy hon ton 1 th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO 2 ( cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Cho X tc dng vi Cl2 (theo t l s mol 1:1). a. Xc nh s dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra. b. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 5 (A-08). Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H 2 bng 12. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 6 (A-07). Khi brom ho mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t khi hi so vi hiro l 75,5. Xc nh tn ca ankan . Cu 7. Khi t chy hon ton hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng k tip thu c 7,84 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 9,0 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 ankan. Cu 8. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai hidrocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng cn dng 6.16 lt O2 (kc) v thu c 3.36 lt CO2 (kc). Tnh gi tr ca m.
CHUYN VI. HIDROCACBON KHNG NO - HIDROCACBON THM

A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANKEN 1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh php a. Khi nim: - Anken l hidrocacbon khng no mch h c mt ni i trong phn t. C CTTQ l CnH2n (n 2 ) - Cc cht C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 . . . CnH2n (n2) hp thnh dy ng ng ca anken. b. ng phn: C hai loi ng phn - ng phn cu to: (ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt i) Th d: C4H8 c ba ng phn cu to. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3; CH3-CH=CH-CH3; CH2=C(CH3)-CH3 - ng phn hnh hc (cis - trans): Cho anken c CTCT: abC=Ccd. iu kin xut hin ng phn hnh hc l: a b v c d. Th d: CH3-CH=CH-CH3 c hai ng phn hnh hc H CH H CH C=C
3 3
H H3 Ctrans - but-2-en
C H
C=C H cis - but-2-en
c. Danh php: - Danh php thng: Tn ankan nhng thay ui an = ilen. + V d: C2H4 (Etilen), C3H6 (propilen) - Danh php quc t (tn thay th): S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr lin kt i + en + V d: C H 3 - C H = C H - C H 3 C H 2 = C(CH 3 ) - C H 3 2. Tnh cht vt l iu kin thng th
1 2 3 4 3 2 1
(C4H8) (C4H8)
But-2-en 2 - Metylprop-1-en
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- T C2H4 C4H8 l cht kh. - T C5H10 tr i l cht lng hoc cht rn. 3. Tnh cht ha hc a. Phn ng cng (c trng) Ni, t 0 * Cng H2: CnH2n + H2
0
CnH2n+2
Ni, t CH2=CH-CH3 + H2 CH3-CH2-CH3 * Cng Halogen: CnH2n + X2 CnH2nX2 CH2Br-CH2Br CH2=CH2 + Br2 Phn ng anken tc dng vi Br2 dng nhn bit anken (dd Br2 mt mu) * Cng HX (X: Cl, Br, OH . . .) H+ Th d: CH2=CH2 + HOH CH3-CH2OH
CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3-CH2Br - Cc anken c cu to phn t khng i xng khi cng HX c th cho hn hp hai sn phm CH3-CH2-CH2Br (spp) 1-brompropan CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr CH3-CHBr-CH3 (spc) 2-brompropan - Quy tc Maccopnhicop: Trong phn ng cng HX vo lin kt i, nguyn t H (phn mang in dng) ch yu cng vo nguyn t C bc thp hn (c nhiu H hn), cn nguyn hay nhm nguyn t X (phn mang in m) cng vo nguyn t C bc cao hn (t H hn). b. Phn ng trng hp: iu kin: Phn t phi c lin kt i C=C.
- V d: nCH2=CH2 Etilen c. Phn ng oxi ha:
( CH2-CH2 )n Polietilen (P.E) +
3n t0 O2 + nH2O ( n H2O = n CO2 ) nCO2 2 - Oxi ha khng hon ton: Anken c th lm mt mu dung dch B 2 v dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit anken v hp cht cha lin kt . 4. iu ch H 2SO 4 , 1700 C a. Phng th nghim: CnH2n+1OH + H2O CnH2n - Oxi ha hon ton: CnH2n
t , p, xt b. iu ch t ankan: CnH2n+2 CnH2n + H2 II. ANKADIEN 1. nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh php a. nh ngha: L hidrocacbon khng no mch h, trong phn t cha hai lin kt C=C, c CTTQ CnH2n-2 (n 3 ) - V d: CH2=C=CH2, CH2=CH-CH=CH2 . . . b. Phn loi: C ba loi: - Ankadien c hai lin kt i lin tip. - Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau bi mt lin kt n (ankadien lin hp). - Ankadien c hai lin kt i cch nhau t hai lin kt n tr ln. c. Danh php: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn anka mch C chnh + s ch v tr lin kt i + ien. CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (buta-1,3-ien) 2. Tnh cht ha hc
0
32
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
a. Phn ng cng (H2, X2, HX) * Cng H2: CH2=CH-CH=CH2 * Cng brom: Cng 1:2 CH2=CH-CH=CH2
+ +
2H2
Ni, t
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH2=CH-CHBr-CH2Br (spc) CH2Br-CH=CH-CH2Br (spc) CH2Br-CHBr-CHBr-CH2Br CH2=CH-CHBr-CH3 (spc)
-80 C Br2 (dd) 40 C Br2 (dd)

0
Cng 1:4 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + Cng ng thi vo hai lin kt i CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + * Cng HX Cng 1:2 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + Cng 1:4 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 b. Phn ng trng hp: - VD: nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 +
2Br2 (dd)
-80 C HBr 40 C HBr
0 0
CH2=CH-CH2-CH2Br (spc)
( CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )n Cao su buna
c. Phn ng oxi ha: - Oxi ha hon ton t0 2C4H6 + 11O2 8CO2 + 6H2O - Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh anken th ankadien c th lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankadien. 3. iu ch - c iu ch t ankan tng ng bng phn ng tch H2. xt, t 0 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2
xt, t CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2 + 2H2 III. ANKIN 1. Khi nim - ng phn - Danh php a. Khi nim - L hidrocacbon khng no mch h trong phn t c mt lin kt C C , c CTTQ l CnH2n-2 (n 2). - Cc cht C2H2, C3H4, C4H6 . . .CnH2n-2 (n 2) hp thnh mt dy ng ng ca axetilen. b. ng phn - Ch c ng phn cu to (ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt C C ). Ankin khng c ng phn hnh hc. - Th d: C4H6 c hai ng phn CHC-CH2-CH3; CH3-CC-CH3. c. Danh php: - Danh php thng: Tn gc ankyl + axetilen + VD: C2H2 (axetilen), CHC-CH3 (metylaxetilen) - Danh php thay th: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch C chnh + s ch v tr ni 3 + in
0
C H3 - C H 2 - C C H C H 3 - C C- C H3
4 3 2 1
But-1-in But-2-in
2. Tnh cht ha hc: a. Phn ng cng (H2, X2, HX, phn ng ime ha v trime ha). - Th d + Cng H2
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Ni, t
0 0
CHCH
H2
CH2=CH2
Ni, t CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3-CH3 Nu dng xc tc Pd/PbCO3 hoc Pd/BaSO4, ankin ch cng mt phn t H2 to anken Pd/PbCO3 , t 0 CHCH + H2 CH2=CH2 + Cng X2 CHCH + Br2 CHBr =CHBr
CHBr=CHBr + Br2 CHBr2-CHBr2 + Cng HX HgCl 2 CHCH + HCl CH2 =CHCl 150-2000 C + Phn ng ime ha - trime ha xt, t 0 2CHCH CH2=CH-CCH (vinyl axetilen) 3CHCH
600 C xt
0
C6H6
b. Phn ng th bng ion kim loi: - iu kin: Phi c lin kt 3 u mch. R-CCH + AgNO3 + NH3 R-CCAg + NH4NO3 Phn ng ny dng nhn bit Ank-1-in c. Phn ng oxi ha: - Oxi ha hon ton: 3n -1 CnH2n-2 + O2 nCO2 + (n-1)H2O ( n CO2 > n H 2O ) 2 - Oxi ha khng hon ton: Tng t nh anken v ankadien, ankin cng c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankin. 3. iu ch: a. Phng th nghim: CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 15000 C b. Trong cng nghip: 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 IV. BENZEN V DY NG NG: 1. ng ng - ng phn - Danh php: a. ng ng: Dy ng ng ca benzen c CTTQ l CnH2n-6. b. ng phn: ng phn v v tr tng i ca cc nhm ankyl xung quanh vng benzen (o, m, p). - V d: C8H10
C2H5 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
c. Danh php: Gi tn theo danh php h thng. S ch v tr nhm ankyl + tn ankyl + benzen. - VD: C6H5CH3 (metylbenzen). 2. Tnh cht ha hc: a. Phn ng th: * Th nguyn t H vng benzen - Tc dng vi halogen Br + Br2
Ti liu n tp Ha Hc 11 bt Fe
+ HBr
34
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cho ankyl benzen phn ng vi brom c bt st th thu c hn hp sn phm th brom ch yu vo v tr ortho v para.
- VD:
CH3
+ Br2
CH3 -Br
+ HBr
o-bromtoluen
CH3
+ HBr
Br
p-bromtoluen - Phn ng gia benzen v ng ng vi axit HNO3 xy ra tng t nh phn ng vi halogen. - Quy tc th H vng benzen: Cc ankyl benzen d tham gia phn ng th nguyn t H ca vng benzen hn benzen v s th u tin v tr ortho v para so vi nhm ankyl. * Th nguyn t H mch chnh t0 - C6H5CH3 + Br2 C6H5CH2Br + HBr b. Phn ng cng: - Cng H2 v cng Cl2. c. Phn ng oxi ha: - Oxi ha khng hon ton: Toluen c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm cn benzen th khng. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit Toluen. - Phn ng oxi ha hon ton: 3n - 3 CnH2n-6 + O2 nCO2 + (n-3)H2O 2 V. STIREN: CH=CH 1. Cu to: CTPT: C8H8; CTCT: 2. Tnh cht ha hc: 2 a. Phn ng vi dung dch Br2. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit stiren. b. Phn ng vi H2. c. Tham gia phn ng trng hp lin kt i C=C. VI. NAPTTALEN: 1. Cu to phn t: - CTPT: C10H8. CTCT: 2. Tnh cht ha hc: - Tham gia phn ng th v tham gia phn ng cng.
1. Lp CTPT ca anken CTPT ca anken l: CnH2n. lp CTPT ca anken ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp): * Cch 1: M = 14n. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra.
35
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
* Cch 2: n =
nCO2 nanken
* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht mt n (n l n). T tnh gii tr n. * Lu : Nu l hn hp hai anken ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt anken c CT l CnH2n . T tnh gi tr n . 2. Lp CTPT ca ankin CTPT ca ankin l: CnH2n-2. lp CTPT ca ankin ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau (ty bi ra m ta s c cc cch gii ph hp): * Cch 1: M = 14n - 2. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra. nCO2 nCO2 nCO = * Cch 2: n = 2 ; nankin =nCO2 - nH2O n = nankin nCO 2 nH2O nankin * Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht mt n (n l n). T tnh gii tr n. * Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ankin ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt ankin c CT l CnH2n2 . T tnh gi tr n . V d 1: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO 2 (cc th tch kh c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta Y. Xc nh CTCT ca X. Gii Do X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta Y t ta c th suy ra X l Ankin. t CTPT ca X l: CnH2n-2. 2.24 6.72 nX = =0.1(mol); nCO2 = =0.3(mol) 22.4 22.4 nCO 0.3 n = 2 = =3 CTPT ca X l C3H4. CTCT ca X l: CHC-CH3 nankin 0.1 V d 2: t chy hon ton 6.72 lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip nhau cn 26.88 lt kh oxi. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken. Gii t CTPT ca 2 anken l CnH2n . 6.72 26.88 nanken = =0.3(mol); nO2 = =1.2 (mol) 22.4 22.4 3n CnH2n n CO2 + n H2O + O2 2 0.3 1.2 3n 1.2 = 0.3* n = 2.67. Vy CT ca hai anken l: C2H4 v C3H6. 2
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn (cu to) anken ng vi CTPT l C 4H8 v C5H10 v gi tn theo tn thay th. Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc anken c tn gi sau: a. Butilen, 2-metylbut-2-en, pent-1-en, 2,3-imetylpent-2-en. b. Propilen, hex-1-en, etilen, 2-metylpent-1-en, iso-butilen. Cu 3. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th a. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3, CH2=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CH3-C(CH3)=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3. b. CH3-CH=CH-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CH2=CH-CH3, CH2=CH2.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 4. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: Ni, t0 a. CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2 b. CH2=CH-CH3 + Br2 c. CH2=C(CH3)-CH3 + HBr d. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 e. CH3-CH=CH-CH3 f. C2H4 g. nCH2=CH2 h. nCH2=CH-CH3 + + + H2O HBr O2
H t p, xt, t p, xt, t
0 0 0 0 +
p, xt, t i. nCH2=CHCl Cu 5. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau i t cc cht hu c tng ng. PE, PVC, etilen, propilen, 2-clopropan, ancol etylic. Cu 6 (A-08). Cho cc cht sau: CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=CH2, CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH2-CH3, CH3C(CH3)=CH-CH3, CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2. Cht no c ng phn hnh hc. Vit CTCT cc ng phn cis-trans ca n. Cu 7. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ankin ng vi CTPT l C4H6 v C5H8 v gi tn theo tn thay th. Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc ankin c tn gi sau: a. Metyl axetilen, etyl metyl axetilen, imetyl axetilen, 3-metylbut-1-in, pent-1-in. b. Hex-2-in, axetilen, 3,4-imetylpent-1-in. Cu 9. Gi tn cc anken sau theo danh php thay th a. CHCH-CH2-CH3, CHC-CH(CH3)-CH3, CH3-C(CH3)=C(CH3)-CH2-CH3. b. CH3-CC-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3, CHCH-CH3, CHCH. Cu 10. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: Ni, t0 a. CHC-CH3 + H2
b. CHC-CH3 c. CHC-CH3 d. CHCH 1 mol e. CHCH f. 2CHCH g. 3CHCH
+ + + +
H2 Br2 HCl 1 mol H2O
Pd, PbCO3 , t
Hg xt ( imeha)
0
2+
600 C, xt (trimeha) Cu 11. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc mono me tng ng. Axetilen, vinyl clorua, benzen, vinyl axetilen. Cu 12. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau: a. CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H5Cl C2H4. b. CH4 C2H2 C4H4 C4H6 polibutadien c. CH4 C2H2 C6H6 C6H5Br d. C2H6 C2H4 PE e. CH4 C2H2 Vinyl clorua PVC Cu 13. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc. a. CH4, C2H4, C2H2 v CO2. b. But-1-in v but-2-in c. Benzen, hex-1-en v toluen d. Benzen, stiren v toluen Cu 14. T CH4 v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc, hy vit cc PTHH iu ch: Cao su buna, benzen, PE v PVC. Cu 15. Vit CTCT cc ng phn benzen ng vi CTPT C8H10 v gi tn cc ng phn .
37
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 16. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: t0 a. C6H5CH3 + Br2 b. C6H5CH3 + Br2
Fe, t
0 0
H2SO4 ( c), t c. C6H5CH3 + HNO3(c) d. C6H5CH=CH2 + Br2 e. C6H5CH=CH2 + HBr p, xt, t0 e. nC6H5CH=CH2 Cu 17. t chy hon ton 3.36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen thu c 8.96 lt kh CO 2 v m gam nc (cc kh u c o ktc). a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u. b. Tnh gi tr m. Cu 18. t chy hon ton hn hp kh C 3H6 v C4H8. Ton b sn phm chy thu c dn qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 (c), bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d. Thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 9 gam, bnh 2 tng m gam. Tnh gi tr m. Cu 19. t chy hon ton 2.24 lt hn hp kh propilen v butilen. Ton b sn phm chy thu c sc qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 25 gam kt ta v thy khi lng bnh tng ln m gam. a. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp u. b. Tnh gi tr m. Cu 20. Dn t t 3,36 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung dch brom thy dung dch b nht mu v khng c kh thot ra. Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 4,9 gam. a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th nghim trn. b. Tnh % theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u. Cu 21. Dn t t 4,48 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen (ktc) vo dung dch brom d thy c 80 gam brom phn ng. a. Vit cc PTHH v gii thch cc hin tng th nghim trn. b. Tnh th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ban u. Cu 22. t chy hon ton 0.672 lt hn hp kh etilen v propilen cn 2.688 lt kh oxi. Ton b sn phm chy thu c sc vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c m gam kt ta. a. Tnh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp u. b. Tnh gi tr m. Cu 23. t chy hon ton 4.48 lt hn hp hai anken X (ktc) l ng ng k tip ca nhau thu c 11.2 lt kh CO2 (ktc). a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken. b. Tnh % th tch mi anken trong hn hp ban u. Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6.72 lt hn hp X gm hai anken l ng ng k tip nhau cn 26.88 lt kh oxi. a. Xc nh cng thc ca hai anken. b. Cho hn hp X qua dung dch brom d, tnh khi lng brom tham gia phn ng. Cu 25. Oxi ha hon ton 0,68 gam ankadien X thu c 1,12 lt CO2 (ktc). a. Tm cng thc phn t ca X. b. Vit CTCT c th c ca X. Cu 26. Cho 4,48 lt hn hp kh gm metan v etilen i qua dung dch brom d, thy dung dch b nht mu v c 1,12 lt kh thot ra. Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Tnh % theo th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u.
38
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 27. Dn 3,36 lt hn hp A gm propin v etilen i vo mt lng d dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3 thy cn 0,84 lt kh thot ra v c m gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh c o iu kin tiu chun. a. Tnh % theo th tch etilen trong A. b. Tnh m. Cu 28. Dn 6,72 lt hn hp kh X gm propan, etilen v axetilen qua dung dch brom d, thy cn 1,68 lt kh khng b hp th. Nu dn 6,72 lt kh X trn qua dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3 thy c 24,24 gam kt ta. Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh % theo th tch v theo khi lng mi kh trong hn hp ban u. Cu 29. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt kh CO 2 (cc th tch kh c o ktc). X tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3 sinh ra kt ta Y. Xc nh CTCT ca X. Cu 30. Hidrocacbon X l cht lng c t khi hi so vi khng kh l 3,17. t chy hon ton X thu c CO2 c khi lng bng 4,28 ln khi lng H 2O. nhit thng X khng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Khi un nng X lm mt mu dung dch KMnO 4. Tm CTPT v vit CTCT ca X. Cu 31. Cho benzen tc dng vi lng d HNO 3 c c xc tc H2SO4 c iu ch nitrobenzen. Tnh khi lng nitrobenzen thu c khi dng 1 tn benzen vi hiu sut 78%. Cu 32. Trng hp 5,6 lt C2H4 (ktc) nu hiu sut phn ng t 90% th khi lng polime thu c l bao nhiu? Cu 33. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt C3H6 ( ktc) ri cho sn phm chy i qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong c d thy khi lng bnh tng m(g). Xc nh gi tr ca m. Cu 34. Hn hp X gm C2H4 v C2H2. Dn 1,12 lt hn hp X i qua bnh ng dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 2,4 g kt ta vng. Xc nh th tch ca C 2H4 v C2H2 o c iu kin chun? Cu 35. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt hn hp kh C2H4 v C3H6 (ktc) thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc). a. Xc nh % theo th tch mi kh trong hn hp u. b. Tnh khi lng nc sinh ra. Cu 36. Mt hn hp gm hai anken c th tch 11,2 lt (ktc) k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Khi cho hn hp i qua dung dch brom th thy khi lng bnh brom tng ln 15,4 g. a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anken. b. Tnh th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u. Cu 37. Cho (A) v (B) l 2 anken ng ng k tip nhau. Cho 13,44 lt (ktc) hn hp 2 anken (A) v (B) qua bnh ng dung dch Br2 thy bnh Br2 tng ln 28 gam. a. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. b. Cho hn hp 2 anken + HCl thu c 3 sn phm. Hy cho bit CTCT ca (A) v (B). Cu 38. Dn 4,48 lt hn hp gm C 2H4 v C3H4 (ktc) qua bnh ng dung dch Br 2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. Tnh phn trm th tch ca C3H4 trong hn hp. Cu 39. Cho 12,60 gam hn hp 2 anken l ng ng k tip tc dng va vi dung dch Br 2 thu c 44,60 gam hn hp sn phm. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anken. Cu 40. Chia 16,4 gam hn hp gm C 2H4 v C3H4 thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 tc dng va vi dung dch cha 56,0 gam Br2. Phn 2 cho tc dng ht vi H2 (Ni, t0), ri ly 2 ankan to thnh em t chy hon ton th thu c x gam CO2. Tnh gi tr ca x. Cu 41. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp 2 ankin l ng ng k tip thu c 9,0 gam nc. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 ankin. Cu 42. t chy hon ton hn hp 2 anken thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh th tch kh O2 (ktc) tham gia phn ng chy.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 43. t chy hon ton hn hp 3 anken ri dn sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng dung dch nc vi trong d, thy khi lng bnh 1 tng m gam v khi lng bnh 2 tng (m + 5,2) gam. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 44. Khi cho 0,2 mol mt ankin tc dng vi AgNO 3 trong dung dch NH3 (d) thu c 29,4 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ankin.

Cu 1 (A-07). Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, trong khi lng phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Y, sn phm kh hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m. Cu 2 (B-2008). t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C 2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 3 (B-2010). Hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H 2 bng 11,25. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO 2 (cc th tch kh o ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca ankan v anken. Cu 4 (A-07). Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br2 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol Br 2 gim i mt na v khi lng bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon. Cu 5 (B-08). Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brom (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO 2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon (bit cc th tch kh u o ktc). Cu 6 (A-2010). un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C 2H2 v 0,03 mol H2 trong mt bnh kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 10,08. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 7 (B-09). Hn hp kh X gm H2 v mt anken c kh nng cng HBr cho sn phm hu c duy nht. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 9,1. un nng X c xc tc Ni, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y khng lm mt mu nc brom; t khi ca Y so vi H 2 bng 13. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca anken. Cu 8 (C-09). Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua Ni nung nng, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho. Cu 9 (C-2010). Cho 3,12 gam ankin X phn ng vi 0,1 mol H 2 (xc tc Pd/PbCO3, t0), thu c hn hp Y ch c hai hirocacbon. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 10. Hn hp X gm mt olefin M v H 2 c khi lng phn t trung bnh 10.67 i qua Ni un nng thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi H 2 l 18. Bit M phn ng ht. Xc nh CTPT ca M. Cu 11 (C-2010). Cho 3,12 gam ankin X phn ng vi 0,1 mol H 2 (xc tc Pd/PbCO3, t0), thu c hn hp Y ch c hai hirocacbon. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
CHUYN VII DN XUT HALOGEN - ANCOl - PHENOl

A. PHN L THUYT
I. DN XUT HALOGEN CA HIDROCACBON 1. Khi nim
40
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- Khi thay th nguyn t hidro ca phn t hidrocacbon bng nguyn t halogen ta c dn xut halogen c CTTQ: RCl + V d: CH3Cl, C6H5Cl - Bc ca dn xut halogen: Chnh l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi C. + V d: Bc I: CH3CH2Cl (etyl clorua) Bc II: CH3CHClCH3 (isopropyl clorua) Bc III: (CH3)C-Br (tert - butyl bromua) 2. Tnh cht ha hc: a. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen bng nhm OH: t0 RX + NaOH + NaX ROH
t CH3CH2Br + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaBr b. Phn ng tch hidro halogenua: C2 H5 OH CH2=CH2 + KCl + H2O - CH3-CH2Cl + KOH t0
0
- PTTQ: (i vi dn xut halogen no, n chc, mch h) C2 H5 OH CnH2n + KX + H2O CnH2n+1X + KOH t0 - Quy tc Zaixep: Nguyn t X tch vi nguyn t H C bc cao hn. II. ANCOL 1. nh ngha - Phn loi a. nh ngha - Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C no. V d: C2H5OH - Bc ancol l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi nhm OH. Th d CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH: ancol bc I CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH: ancol bc II CH3-C(CH3)2-OH: ancol bc III b. Phn loi - Ancol no, n chc, mch h (CnH2n+1OH): V d: CH3OH . . . - Ancol khng no, n chc mch h: CH2=CH-CH2OH - Ancol thm n chc: C6H5CH2OH - Ancol vng no, n chc:
-OH
xiclohexanol
- Ancol a chc: CH2OH-CH2OH (etilen glicol), CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (glixerol) 2. ng phn - Danh php a. ng phn: Ch c ng phn cu to (gm ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr nhm OH). - Th d C4H10O c 4 ng phn ancol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH; CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2OH CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH; CH3-C(CH3)2-OH b. Danh php: - Danh php thng: Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ic + V d: C2H5OH (ancol etylic) - Danh php thay th: Tn hidrocacbon tng ng vi mch chnh + s ch v tr nhm OH + ol + V d: C H 3 C H(CH3 ) C H 2 C H 2OH (3-metylbutan-1-ol) 3. Tnh cht vt l
4 3 2 1
41
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- Tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc. tan trong nc gim dn khi s nguyn t C tng ln. 4. Tnh cht ha hc a. Phn ng th H ca nhm OH * Tnh cht cung ca ancol 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 * Tnh cht c trng ca ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k - Ha tan c Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k. 2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 [C3H5(OH)2O]2Cu + 2H2O b. Phn ng th nhm OH * Phn ng vi axit v c t0 C2H5 - OH + H - Br C2H5Br + H2O * Phn ng vi ancol H 2SO4 , 1400 C 2C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5 + H2O ietyl ete H 2SO 4 , 1400 C - PTTQ: 2ROH R-O-R + H2O c. Phn ng tch nc H 2SO4 , 1700 C C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
H 2SO 4 , 170 C - PTTQ: CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O d. Phn ng oxi ha: - Oxi ha khng hon ton: + Ancol bc 1 khi b oxi ha bi CuO/to cho ra sn phm l andehit t0 RCH2OH + CuO RCHO + Cu + H2O + Ancol bc hai khi b oxi ha bi CuO/to cho ra sn phm l xeton. t0 R-CH(OH)-R + CuO R-CO-R + Cu + H2O + Ancol bc III kh b oxi ha. - Oxi ha hon ton: 3n t0 CnH2n+1OH + O2 (n+1)H2O nCO2 + 2 5. iu ch: a. Phng php tng hp: H 2SO 4 , t 0 - iu ch t anken tng ng: CnH2n + H2O CnH2n+1OH - iu ch Glixerol i t anken tng ng l CH2=CH-CH3. b. Phng php sinh ha: iu ch C2H5OH t tinh bt. +H 2 O C6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n t 0 , xt enzim C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 II. PHENOL 1. nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh php a. nh ngha: Phenol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm -OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C vng benzen. - V d: C6H5OH (phenol) . . . b. Phn loi: - Phenol n chc: Phn t c mt nhm -OH phenol. - Phenol a chc: Phn t cha hai hay nhiu nhm -OH phenol.
0
42
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
c. Danh php: S ch v tr nhm th + phenol 2. Tnh cht ha hc: a. Phn ng th nguyn t H ca nhm OH - Tc dng vi kim loi kim 2C6H5OH + 2Na 2C6H5ONa + H2 - Tc dng vi dung dch baz C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O b. Phn ng th H ca vng benzen: Tc dng vi dung dch Brom (Phn ng ny dng nhn bit phenol). C6H5OH + 3Br2 C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr 3. iu ch: iu ch phenol ta c s sau: C6H6 C6H5Br C6H5ONa C6H5OH
1. Lp CTPT ca ancol * CT ca ancol no a chc: CnH2n+2-a(OH)a hoc CnH2n+2Oa. * CT ca ancol no n chc: CnH2n+1OH. lp cng thc phn t ca ancol chng ta c th s dng mt trong cc cch sau ( y ta ch xt ancol no): * Cch 1: M = 14n + 18 (n chc) hoc M = 14n + 2 + 16a. M ta c th tnh bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty vo d kin bi ra. * Cch 2: n =
nCO
2
nancol
. Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta s gp nCO2 nancol = nCO2 nH2O nCO 2
sau ny. nancol =nH2O - nCO2 n =
* Cch 3: Ta lp t l trn PTHH a ra phng trnh bc nht. T tnh gii tr n. * Lu : Nu l hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip ca nhau th ta quy thnh mt ancol c CT l CnH2n+ 2Oa . T tnh gi tr n . V d 1: t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO 2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Gii t CTPT ca X l CnH2n+1OH. 4.4 3.6 nCO2 = =0.1(mol); nH2O = = 0.2 (mol) 44 18 nCO nCO2 0.1 n= 2 = = =1. T suy ra CTPT ca ancol l: CH3OH. nancol nH2O nCO 2 0.2 0.1 2. Bi tp tch nc ca ancol to ete i vi phn bi tp ny, ancol tch nc to ete thng l ancol no n chc. Do vy ta ch xt i vi ancol no n chc. 2ROH ROR + H2O mancol =mete +mH2O v nancol =2nH2O * Lu : - i vi phn ny a s ta vn dng nh lut bo ton khi lng gii bi tp. - Nu bi cho hn hp nhiu ancol th ta quy v mt ancol gii v cch gii ta xem nh l mt ancol vi PTHH nh sau
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
2ROH ROR + H2O V d 2: un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng ng k tip trong H2SO4 c 140oC thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h = 100%). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol. Gii t CT ca hai ancol l 2ROH . 2.25 mH2O =mancol - mete =12.9- 10.65=2.25(gam) nH2O = =0.125(mol) 18 m 12.9 nancol =2nH2O =0.25(mol) M ROH = = =51.6 n 0.25 R +17 =51.6 R =34.6 . Vy cng thc phn t hai ancol l: C2H5OH v C3H7OH 3. Bi tp v oxi ha ancol bc 1 v 2 Ta ch xt ancol no n chc t0 CnH2n+1OH + CuO CnH2n O + Cu + H2O nO (CuO) =nancol =nandehit ho c xeton =nCu
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT cc ng phn ancol ng vi CTPT C3H8O, C4H10O, C5H12O v gi tn theo danh php thay th. Cu 2. Vit CTCT cc ancol c tn gi sau: a. Ancol iso-propylic, ancol etylic, ancol n-propylic, etanol, propan-1-ol. b. 3-metylbutan-1-ol, 2-metylbutan-2-ol, pentan-1-ol, 2-metylpropan-2-ol. Cu 3. Gi tn cc ancol sau theo danh php thay th. a. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3; CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH; CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3. b. CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH; CH3OH, CH3-CH=CH-CH(CH3)-CH2OH Cu 4. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: t0 a. CH3Cl + NaOH b. CH3-CH2-CH2Cl c. CH3-CH2-CH2Cl + + KOH KOH
t C2 H5OH, t
0 0 0
C2 H5OH, t d. CH3-CHCl-CH2CH3 + NaOH Cu 5. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: a. CH3OH + Na b. C3H5(OH)3 + Na c. ROH + HCl H2 SO4 ,1400 C d. C2H5OH
e. C2H5OH f. CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3 g. C2H5OH h. iso-C3H7OH+ i. n-C3H7OH k. C2H5OH + CuO + + CuO

t
0
H2 SO4 ,170 C H2 SO4 ,170 C t

0 0
CuO O2
t t
0 0
t l. CnH2n+1OH + O2 Cu 6. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
44
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
a. C6H5OH + Na b. C6H5OH + KOH c. C6H5OH + Br2 H2 SO4 ( c), t0 d. C6H5OH + HNO3 (c) Cu 7. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng: Etanol, etilen, propan-2-ol, propilen Cu 8. Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau: a. Metan axetilen etilen etanol axit axetic b. Benzen brombenzen natri phenolat phenol 2,4,6-tribromphenol Cu 9. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc: a. Etanol, glixerol, nc v benzen. b. Phenol, etanol, glixerol, nc. c. Propan-1,2-iol; propan-1,3-iol. d. Propan-1,2,3-triol; propan-1,3-iol; 2-metylpropan-2-ol. Cu 10. T axetilen, vit PTHH ca cc phn ng iu ch: etyl bromua (1); 1,2-ibrometan (2); vinyl clorua (3). Cu 11. T propen v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht sau: propan2-ol (1); propan-1,2-iol (2). Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 12. T benzen v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c cc cht sau: 2,4,6tribromphenol (1); 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2). Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 13. Cho 12,2 gam hn hp X gm etanol v propan-1-ol tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,8 lt kh (ktc). a. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u. b. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 14. t chy hon ton 5,5 gam hn hp X gm hai ancol CH3OH v C2H5OH thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v m gam nc. a. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u. b. Tnh gi tr m. c. un nng hn hp X vi xc tc H2SO4 c nhit 1400C thu c hn hp 3 ete. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 15. t chy hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm hai ancol C 2H5OH v n-C3H7OH. Ton b sn phm chy thu c sc vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 50 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh tng ln m gam. a. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u. b. Tnh gi tr m. c. Cho hn hp X qua ng ng CuO un nng. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 16. Cu . Cho 11 gam hn hp hai ancol no n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc). a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol. b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u. Cu 17. t chy hon ton 0.1 mol mt ancol no, n chc X cn V lt O 2 (ktc) thu c 6.72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v gam nc. a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. b. Tnh gi tr m. c. Tnh V bng cc phng php khc nhau. Cu 18. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO 2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 19. un nng 15,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol no n chc, l ng ng k tip vi H 2SO4 c 140OC, thu c 12,5 gam hn hp 3 ete (h = 100%). a. Xc nh cng thc ca 2 ancol. b. Tnh % khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp u. Cu 20. Cho 3,7 gam mt ancol no, n chc, mch h tc dng vi Na d thy c 0,56 lt kh thot ra ( ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 21. Cho 14 gam hn hp A gm phenol v etanol tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh H 2 (ktc). a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh % mi cht trong hn hp A. c. Cho 14 gam hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 () th thu c bao nhiu gam axit picric (2,4,6-trinitrophenol). Cu 22. Cho hn hp A gm etanol v phenol tc dng vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H 2 (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi nc brom va thu c 19,86 gam kt ta trng. a. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi cht c trong hn hp ban u. Cu 23. Cho natri tc dng hon ton vi 18,8 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h k tip trong dy ng ng sinh ra 5,6 lt kh H2 (ktc). a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ancol trn. b. Tnh khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp ban u. Cu 24. Chia hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thnh hai phn bng nhau. t chy ht phn (1) thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Phn (2) tc dng ht vi natri th thy thot ra V lt kh (ktc). Xc nh V. Cu 25. t chy ht hn hp gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h k tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 6,3 g nc. Xc nh CTPT ca hai ancol. Cu26. Cho 0,1 mol ru X phn ng ht vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh H 2(ktc). S nhm chc -OH ca ru X l bao nhiu? Cu 27. Chia m gam hn hp hai ancol thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn 1: t chy hon ton, thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Phn 2: ehirat ha hon ton thu c hn hp 2 anken. Nu t chy ht 2 anken th thu c bao nhiu gam nc? Cu 28. Oxi ho 4,96 gam X l mt ancol (ru) n chc bc 1 (h=100%), ri ly anehit thu c cho tc dng ht vi lng d AgNO 3 trong dung dch NH3, thu c 66,96 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc ca X . Cu 29. Oxi ho hn hp X gm C2H6O v C4H10O thu c hn hp Y gm 2 anehit. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 (d) thu c m gam Ag. Cng lng X nh trn, nu cho tc dng vi Na d th thu c 1,12 lt kh H2(ktc). Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 30. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO 2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Nu cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%). Tnh s gam ete thu c. Cu 31. un nng 12,90 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc, bc 1, l ng ng k tip trong H2SO4 c 140oC thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 3 ete (h = 100%). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol. Cu 32. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc A v B thuc cng mt dy ng ng, ngi ta thu c 70,4 gam CO2 v 39,6 gam H2O. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 33. Chia 27,6 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cho tc dng ht vi Na, thu c 3,36 lt kh H 2 (ktc). Phn 2 tch nc thu c m gam hn hp 6 ete (h=100%). Tnh gi tr ca m.
46
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 34 (B-2010). t chay hoan toan mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, hai chc, mach h) cn va u V lit khi O2, thu c 11,2 lit khi CO2 v 12,6 gam H2O (cac th tich khi o ktc). Tnh Gia tri cua V.

Cu 1 (B-2010). t chay hoan toan mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, a chc, mach h, co cung s nhom -OH) cn va u V lit khi O2, thu c 11,2 lit khi CO2 va 12,6 gam H2O (cac th tich khi o ktc). Tnh gia tri cua V. Cu 2 (C-08). t chy hon ton mt ru (ancol) a chc, mch h X, thu c H2O v CO2 vi t l s mol tng ng l 3:2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 3 (B-2007). X l ancol (ru) no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6 gam oxi, thu c hi nc v 6,6 gam CO2. Xc nh cng thc ca X. Cu 4 (B-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm ba ancol (n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng), thu c 8,96 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 11,7 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu un nng m gam X vi H2SO4 c th thu c x gam hn hp cc ete. Tnh gi tr ca x. Cu 5 (B-08). un nng mt ru (ancol) n chc X vi dung dch H2SO4 c trong iu kin nhit thch hp sinh ra cht hu c Y, t khi hi ca X so vi Y l 1,6428. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 6 (A-2010). Oxi ho ht 2,2 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh anehit cn va 4,8 gam CuO. Cho ton b lng anehit trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3, thu c 23,76 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ancol. Cu 7 (CA-08). Oxi ho ancol n chc X bng CuO (un nng), sinh ra mt sn phm hu c duy nht l xeton Y (t khi hi ca Y so vi kh hiro bng 29). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X. Cu 8 (B-07). Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t khi so vi hiro l 15,5. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 9. t chy hon ton mt ancol n chc X thu c 4,4 gam CO 2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Nu cho lng X trn tch nc to ete (h=100%) th s gam ete thu c l bao nhiu? Cu 10. Cho 15,6 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Nu cho 15,6 gam X tch nc to ete (h = 100%) th s gam ete thu c l bao nhiu? Cu 11 (A-2010). t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng, thu c 3,808 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 12 (C-2010). Cho 10 ml dung dch ancol etylic 460 phn ng ht vi kim li Na (d), thu c V lt kh H2 (ktc). Bit khi lng ring ca ancol etylic nguyn cht bng 0,8 g/ml. Tnh gi tr ca V.
CHUYN IV: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANDEHIT 1. nh ngha - Danh php a. nh ngha: Andehit l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -CH=O lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H. - V d: HCHO, CH3CHO... b. Danh php: - Tn thay th ca cc andehit no n chc mch h nh sau:
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + al V d: C H 3 C H(CH 3 ) C H 2 C HO (3-metylbutanal) - Tn thng ca mt s anehit: Andehit + tn axit tng ng V d: HCHO (andehit fomic), CH3CHO (andehit axetic) . . . 2. Tnh cht ha hc - Va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh a. Tnh oxi ha: Phn ng cng H2 (to thnh ancol bc I): Ni, t 0 RCHO + H2 RCH2OH b. Tnh kh: Tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha t0 R-CHO + 2AgNO3 + H2O + 3NH3 R-COONH4 + 2Ag + R-CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH
t
0
2NH4NO3
RCOONa + Cu2O + 3H2O ( gch)
Cc phn ng trn dng nhn bit andehit. 3. iu ch - iu ch andehit ta i t ancol bng phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton. t0 CH3CH2OH + CuO CH3CHO + Cu + H2O - i t hidrocacbon. xt, t 0 2CH2=CH2 + O2 2CH3CHO II. XETON 1. nh ngha - L nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm lin kt trc tip vi hai nguyn t C. C=O -V d: CH3-CO-CH3 (imetyl xeton), CH3-CO-C6H5 (metyl phenyl xeton) . . . 2. Tnh cht ha hc - Cng H2 to thnh ancol bc II. Ni, t 0 R-CO-R + H2 RCH(OH)R
Ni, t CH3-CO-CH3 + H2 CH3CH(OH)CH3 - Xeton khng tham gia phn ng trng gng. 3. iu ch - Oxi ha khng hon ton ancol bc II. t0 CH3CH(OH)CH3 + CuO CH3-CO-CH3 + Cu + H2O - i t hidrocacbon. III. AXIT CACBOXYLIC 1. nh ngha - Danh php a. nh ngha - L nhng phn t hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -COOH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H. - V d: HCOOH, CH3COOH, . . . b. Danh php - Tn thay th ca cc axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h nh sau: Axit + tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + oic
0
- V d: C H3 C H(CH3 ) C H 2 C H 2 C OOH (Axit-4-metylpentanoic) 2. Tnh cht vt l - Axit tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc v tan gim dn khi s nguyn t C tng ln.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
- Nhit si cao hn ancol tng ng do lin kt H gia cc nguyn t bn hn lin kt H gia cc phn t ancol. 3. Tnh cht ha hc a. Tnh axit: C y tnh cht ca mt axit. CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O 2CH3COOH + ZnO (CH3COO)2Zn + H2O 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O 2CH3COOH + Zn (CH3COO)2Zn + H2 b. Phn ng th nhm -OH (phn ng este ha): RCOOH + ROH
H ,t H ,t
+ 0 + 0
RCOOR
H2O + H2O
CH3COOH
+ C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 etyl axetat
4. iu ch axit axetic a. Ln men gim men gim C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH b. Oxi ha andehit axetic xt 2CH3CHO + O2 2CH3COOH c. Oxi ha ankan d. T metanol t 0 , xt CH3OH + CO CH3COOH y l phng php hin i sn xut axit axetic.
H2O
V d 1: Cu 1 (C-08). Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng vi lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3, un nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag to thnh l bao nhiu? Gii HCHO 4Ag 0.1 0.4 HCOOH 2Ag 0.1 0.2 mAg = 0.6*108 = 64.8 (gam) V d 2: Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic cn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u. Gii nNaOH = 0.2*1 = 0.2 (mol) t n HCOOH = x; n CH3COOH = y HCOOH x CH3COOH y + + NaOH x NaOH y HCOONa CH3COONa + + H2O H2O
x + y = 0.2 x = 0.1 m HCOOH = 46*0.1 = 4.6 (gam) Ta c h PT: 46x + 60y = 10.6 y = 0.1 m CH3COOH = 60*0.1 = 6 (gam)
C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT ca cc andehit c CTPT l C4H8O v gi tn chng theo tn thay th.
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 2. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thng: HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH2=CHCHO. Cu 3. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thay th: HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH3CH(CH3)-CH2-CHO, CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CHO. Cu 4. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau: a. Andehit acrylic, andehit propionic, andehit axetic, 2-metylbutanal. b. 2,2-imetylbutanal, andehit fomic, 3,4-imetylpentanal, andehit oxalic. Cu 5. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: a. CH3CHO + AgNO3 + NH3 b. RCHO + AgNO3 + NH3 Ni, t0 c. CH3CHO + H2 d. RCHO e. CHCH + + H2 H2O
Ni, t Hg
2+ 0
xt f. CH2=CH2 + O2 Cu 5. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng: Ancol etylic, ancol iso-propylic, ancol n-propylic, andehit axetic, andehit fomic. Cu 6. Vit CTCT, gi tn cc axit (theo danh php thay th) c CTPT C4H8O2. Cu 7. Gi tn cc axit sau theo danh php thng: HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH, CH2=CHCOOH, CH2=C(CH3) COOH, HOOC-COOH. Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau: a. Axit acrylic, axit propionic, axit axetic, axit -2-metylbutanoic. b. Axit - 2,2-imetylbutanoic, axit fomic, axit - 3,4-imetylpentanoic, axit oxalic. Cu 9. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau: a. CH3COOH + Na b. HCOOH + KOH
c. CH3COOH d. RCOOH
+ +
C2H5OH ROH
H3SO4 ( c), t C
0
H3SO4 ( c), t C men gim e. C2H5OH + O2 Cu 10. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng: Etyl axetat, axit axetic, axit fomic. Cu 11. Hon thnh chui phn ng sau: (1) (2) (3) (4) a. Metan metyl clorua metanol metanal axit fomic. (1) (2) (3) b. Etanol andehit axetic axit axetic etyl axetat. (1) (2) c. Propen propan-2-ol axeton. (1) (2) (3) d. Etilen andehit axetic axit axetic etyl axetat. Cu 12. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc: a. Andehit axetic, axit axetic, glixerol v etanol. b. Axit fomic, andehit axetic, axit axetic, ancol etylic c. Propan-1-ol, propan-1,2-iol, andehit axetic, axit axetic. Cu 13. T metan v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c axit fomic v axit axetic. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra. Cu 14. Trung ha 16,6 gam hn hp axit axetic v axit fomic bng dung dch natri hiroxit thu c 23,2 gam hn hp hai mui. Xc nh thnh phn % khi lng mi axit trong hn hp u.
Cu 15 (CA-09). Cho 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, un nng thu c
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
32,4 gam Ag. Xc nh CTPT ca anehit trong X. Cu 16. Cho 0,94 g hn hp hai anehit n chc, no, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 3,24 gam Ag. a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anehit. b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi andehit trong hn hp u. Cu 17. t chy hon ton 4,4 gam mt andehit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 3,6 gam nc. Xc nh CTPT ca X. Cu 18. Cho hn hp X gm 2 anehit ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H2 (Ni, t0), thu c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton Y thu c 6,6 gam CO2 v 4,5 gam H2O. a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anehit trong X. b. Tnh khi lng ca mi andehit trong hn hp X. Cu 19. Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic cn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. a. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u. b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c. Cu 20. trung ho 8,8 gam mt axit cacboxylic mch khng nhnh thuc dy ng ng ca axit fomic cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Xc nh cng thc cu to v tn gi ca axit . Cu 21. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O. a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mi axit. b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi axit trong hn hp u. Cu 22 (CA-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH3COOH vi 6,0 gam C2H5OH (c H2SO4 lm xc tc, hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to thnh. Cu 23. Hn hp A gm X, Y l 2 axit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Cho 10,6 gam hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y. b. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp A. Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6 gam mt axit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 3,6 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 25. t chy hon ton 0,88 gam 2 axit l ng phn ca nhau thu c 1,76 gam CO 2 v 0,72 gam H2O. a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 axit. b. Vit CTCT ca 2 axit . Cu 26. t chy hon ton 8,8 gam mt axit no, n chc X cn 11,2 lt kh O 2 (ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca axit. Cu 27. Cho 90 gam axit axetic tc dng vi 69 gam ru etylic (H 2SO4 xc tc). Khi phn ng t ti cn bng th 66% lng axit chuyn thnh ete, khi lng este sinh ra l bao nhiu gam? Cu 28. Trung ha hon ton 3 gam mt axit cacboxilic no n chc X cn dng va 100ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tn gi ca X l g? Cu 29. Cho 1,74gam mt anehit no, n chc phn ng hon ton vi AgNO 3/NH3 sinh ra 6,48 gam bc kim loi. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca anehit. Cu 30. Cho 0,92 gam hn hp gm axetilen v anehit axetic phn ng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 5,64gam hn hp rn. Xc nh thnh phn % cc cht trong hn hp u.
51
Nhm Ha Hc - Ha 11
Cu 31. Cho 10,9 g hn hp gm axit acrylic v axit propionic phn ng hon ton vi Na thot ra 1,68 lt kh (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tham gia phn ng cng H 2 hon ton th khi lng sn phm cui cng l bao nhiu? Cu 32. Hn hp X c khi lng 10g gm axit axetic v anehit axetic. Cho X tc dng vi lng d dd AgNO3 trong amoniac thy c 21,6g Ag kt ta. trung ha X cn Vml dd NaOH 0,2M. Gi tr ca V bng bao nhiu?

Cu 1 (C-08). Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng vi lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3, un nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag to thnh l bao nhiu? Cu 2 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gam anehit n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3 un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho tan hon ton m gam Ag bng dung dch HNO3 c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca X. Cu 3 (B-07). Khi oxi ho 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng. Xc nh cng thc ca anehit. Cu 4 (B-08). Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung dch gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan. X c nh cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 5 (C-2010). Cho 45 gam axit axetic phn ng vi 69 gam ancol etylic (xc tc H 2SO4 c), un nng, thu c 41,25 gam etyl axetat. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng este ho. Cu 6 (C-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH3COOH vi 6,0 gam C2H5OH (c H2SO4 lm xc tc, hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to thnh. Cu 7 (A-2010). Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca hai axit hu c. Tnh gi tr ca m. Cu 8 (C-09). Hiro ho hon ton hn hp M gm hai anehit X v Y no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng (MX < MY), thu c hn hp hai ancol c khi lng ln hn khi lng M l 1 gam. t chy hon ton M thu c 30,8 gam CO2. Xc nh cng thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong hn hp M. Cu 9 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gam anehit n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3 un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho tan hon ton m gam Ag bng dung dch HNO3 c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca X. Cu 10 (A-08). Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c m gam hn hp cht rn khan. Tnh gi tr m. Cu 11 (B-07). trung ho 6,72 gam mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng 200 gam dung dch NaOH 2,24%. Xc nh cng thc ca Y. Cu 12 (B-07). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O 2 (ktc), thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Tnh gi tr ca V.
52

Tai Lieu On Tap Hoa 11 Day Du

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Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

axit - Th d: NH4NO3 NaHCO3 NH+ 4 Na+ + + NO3 HCO3

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

BaSO4 BaSO4 2NaCl CO2

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

nNaOH 0.02 = =0.2 (lit) CM 0.1

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

CHUYN II. NIT - PHOTPHO

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

NH4HCO3 (r) CO2 (k) 2H2O 2H2O + H2O (k)

t NH4NO3 N2O + III. AXIT NITRIC 1. Cu to phn t - Tnh cht vt l a. Cu to phn t

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

0.01 Al(NO3)3 0.01

0.01 3NO2 0.03

Al3+ + 3e 0.02 0.06

a. mAl = 0.02*27 = 0.54 (gam) b. nHNO3 =4* 0.01+2* 0.03=0.1(mol) CM(HNO3 ) =

V =0.54 +62* 0.06 =4.26 (gam)

0.1 = =0.2 (M) 0.5

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

. Nu T 1 1<T<2 T=2 2<T<3 T3

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

b. Tnh oxi ha * Tc dng vi hidro

* Tc dng vi kim loi

II. CACBON MONOXIT 1. Tnh cht ha hc - Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca CO l tnh kh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

2NaCl CO2 MgO(r)

- Tc dng vi dd kim NaHCO3 + HCO+ 3 - Phn ng nhit phn MgCO3(r)

Na2CO3 + H2O 2CO3 + H2O + CO2(k)

Si+ 2NaOH + H 2O Na 2 Si O3 + 2H 2 b. Tnh oxi ha

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

1-clopropan (43%) CH3-CHCl-CH3 2-clopropan (57%)

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

H2 nH2O ( n H2O > n CO2 )

- Phn ng oxi ha. CnH2n+2 +

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

. Lu : Cng thc ny ta c th p dng cho mi dy ng ng m ta s gp nCO2 nankan = nCO2 nH2O nCO 2

sau ny. nankan =nH2O - nCO2 n =

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

CHUYN VI. HIDROCACBON KHNG NO - HIDROCACBON THM

C=C H cis - but-2-en

Trng THPT Nguyn Ch Thanh

a. mAl = 0.0227 = 0.54 (gam) b. nHNO3 =4 0.01+2* 0.03=0.1(mol) CM(HNO3 ) =