Xc tc ha hc

Cc loi cht xc tc
(ng ngy 06.09.2007 14:00 & 12026 lt xem)

Cc cht xc tc c th to c ra t rt nhiu vt liu bao gm cc kim loi, oxt kim loi, sulfua kim loi v cc oxit cch nhit. Tu thuc vo s dng, cc vt liu xc tc c th dng khng cht nn hoc cht nn trn mt cht mang. Dng thc ca cht xc tc c quyt nh bi thit b nh v phn ng dng xc tc. 1. Cc cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn. Mt vi cht xc tc cng nghip c s dng dng cc kim loi khng cht nn. Thng thng, mt qu trnh xc tc yu cu mt din tch b mt kim loi ln gim ti thiu cc yu cu cho cht xc tc. Tuy nhin, c mt vi qu trnh m tc phn ng trn mi n v din tch b mt xy ra rt nhanh m ch cn c mt din tch b mt kim loi hot ng nh l . Cc cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn c rt nhiu dng: dng dy, dng l, dng li, dng ht th, dng bt v dng mnh khung (Raney). Cc cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn dng dy, l v li thng c gi l cc cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn dng khi khi cc ht kim loi dng khi. Thng thng cc cht xc tc ny c s dng cho cc phn ng iu chnh s truyn khi nhit cao. "Black" l bt kim loi m ta thu c khi kh mui kim loi hoc ngng t hi kim loi. Cc cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn dng bt thng c to ra t cc ht kim loi tng i ln c din tch b mt thp. Nhng vt liu ny t khi c s dng vi mt t l ln nhng c th c dng trong cc thit b trn cht nho gin on trong ngnh cng nghip dc phm. Cc cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn dng khung c to ra nh ngm chit ra mt thnh phn t mt hp kim, cn li cc ht hot ng dng vt liu xp c din tch b mt ln. V d in hnh cho loi ny l cht xc tc niken Raney. Cht xc tc ny c iu ch t hp kim niken-nhm, nh ngm chit ra c hu ht nhm bng dung dch kim gi li mt cht xc tc niken xp. Niken Raney l mt cht xc tc hidro ho rt tt s dng trong cc thit b trn bt nho nhng chng dn c thay th bi cc cht nn. Ba v d ca phn ng dng cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn c a ra trong bng 3 Bng 3: Cc phn ng dng cht xc tc kim loi khng cht nn Phn ng Cht xc tc v dng xc tc Oxi ho amoniac Li platin hoc rodi 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O Oxi ho metyl ancol thnh formaldehit CH3OH + O2 CH2O + H2O Li hoc cc ht bc

Hidrat ho acrinitrin thnh acriamit ng Raney CH2CH2CN + H2O CH2CHCONH2 2. Cc cht xc tc nng chy Vic sn xut cc cht xc tc nh lm nng chy cc oxit khng cn c s dng rng ri. Sn phm nng chy c din tch b mt khng ng k v phi t c iu ny trong vic hot ho cht xc tc (v d bng cch kh). Trong phn ny, cht xc tc quan trng nht c to ra l cht xc tc

tng hp amoniac. Cht xc tc ny c sn xut nh lm nng chy qung Manhtit cng vi cc cht h tr thch hp. R rng cc k thut c khng cn ph hp vi cht xc tc nng chy v nguyn liu phi c c, nghin phn on c kch c ph hp. 3. Cc cht xc tc oxit Cc cht xc tc oxit c th d dng chia ra lm 2 loi chnh : cht cch in v cht bn dn. Cht cch in l nhng vt liu m nhng ht cation trng thi ho tr 1. Cc v d cho loi oxt cch in bao gm Al2O3, SiO2 v 3Al2O3 v 3Al2O3.2SiO2. Cc vt liu ny s dng ch yu nh l axt rn hoc l baz rn v nh l cht nn cho cc ht hot tnh xc tc khc. Cc oxt bn dn l vt liu m trong cc ht kim loi c chuyn i qua li tng i d dng gia hai trng thi ho tr. iu ny c th l gia hai trng thi xi ho khc nhau nh trong: Fe2O3 Fe3O4 hoc s chuyn i gia ion dng v kim loi trung tnh, ging cc xt d b kh nh l ZnO v CdO. Cc xt bn dn c s dng ph bin hu ht trong cc phn ng oxi ho chn lc. Cc v d v cc phn ng xc tc bi cc oxt c cho trong bng 4. Bng 4. Cc phn ng c xc tc bng oxt Phn ng Cht xc tc v dng xc tc Oxi ho n-butan thnh andehit maleic Cc vin hoc dng trn V2O5 Oxi ho metyl ancol thnh formaldehit Cc vin oxt Fe-Mo hoc vin Fe-Mo CH3OH +1O2 CH2O + H2O Cracking xc tc naptha Cc ht vi cu zeolit/SiO2 - Al2O3 4. Cc cht xc tc c cht nn Cc ht xc tc thng c phn tn trn cht nn. Mc ch chnh ca vic s dng thnh phn hot tnh xc tc cho cht nn l lm tng ng k s khuych tn v sinh ra cc cht hot tnh cao. Khi nim trc y v cht nn l mt cht tr, dng lm phng tin phn b hp phn cu t xc tc t tin, nh l kim loi qu, tn dng c hiu qu ln hn na ca cc kim loi so vi kim loi dng khi, v d nh l bt platin. Tuy nhin, vi cc cht xc tc kim loi thng th vic s dng cht nn thng nhm mc ch ch yu l nng cao n nh ca cht xc tc. iu ny c th t c nh s tng tc ph hp ca cc thnh phn hot tnh vi cht nn. Do , vic la chn cht nn l cc k quan trng trong vic thit k mt cht xc tc. Cc c tnh vt l v ho hc cn c trong vic la chn cht nn c a ra trong bng 5 Bng 5. Cc tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca cht nn Tnh cht vt l Tnh cht ho hc Bn c hc Tr vi cc phn ng ph Khi lng th tch (dung trng) ph n nh di cc iu kin phn ng v hp iu kin ti sinh Cp ngun (hoc b) thot nhit Phn ng vi cht xc tc lm tng Lm long pha qu hot tnh hot tnh c trng hoc tnh chn lc Lm n nh cht xc tc chng li s Tng din tch b mt hot tnh dnh kt Ti u ho xp cht xc tc Lm gim ti thiu s nhim c cht xc Ti u ho kch c cu t v tinh th tc kim loi Mc d mt bng tm tt chi tit cc c im c lit k trong bng 5 nhng cng nn bit rng khng mt cht nn no c th p ng tt c cc yu cu trn. Cc vt liu cht nn thng c s dng nht l Al2O3, SiO2, 3Al2O3.2SiO2 v ccbon hot tnh. Bng 6 tm tt ton b vt liu cht nn s dng cho Ty u trong nm 1990. Mt vi vt liu khc c s dng gii hn lm cht nn nh l TiO2, MgO, Cr2O3 v Zn2O3 (ZnO2). Vic dng Cr2O3 lm cht nn cho cht xc tc l rt hn ch bi c tnh t nhin ca n. Bng 6. Lng tiu th cht nn xc tc Ty u vo nm 1990 Cht nn Tn/nm Al2O3 47315 SiO2 45224 3Al2O3.2SiO2 24473 Corierit Mg2Al4SiO5O18 nguyn khi 3600

Cacbon hot tnh 825 Nh ch ra trong phn trc ( hnh 1 v 2), vt liu cht nn c th di nhiu dng khc nhau nh l dng khi cu, dng ht, dng p tri, dng hnh tr v dng bt. Nhng vt liu cht nn ny c th c tm bng mui kim loi ca pha hot ho cn dng. Mt cht nn dng bt c th c hp nhp vo hn hp kt ta hoc cht nn c th c kt ta t dung dch trong qu trnh sn xut. Cht nn c cu trc nh dng nguyn khi (hnh 2) thng khng ph bin m trong cc ht hot tnh thng c phn tn trn din tch b mt ln trng ra ton b b mt. Dng khi thng l vt liu s dng khi n sp xp song song u nhau, c cc rnh thng khng ni lin nhau. Dng cht nn ny c bit hu ch v gim p rt thp ca n v iu thun li ny c tn dng trong cht xc tc cho khi xe t lm gim ti thiu nng lng tn tht ca ng c. Bng 7 cho bit mt vi cht xc tc c cht nn. Bng 7 Cc phn ng dng cht xc tc c cht nn. Phn ng Cht xc tc v dng xc tc Hyro ho tin Dng cu v dng vin Pd/ Al2O3 C2H2 C2H4 Tng hp metyl ancol CO + 2H2 CH3OH Gim bt s oxi ho ca nit trong NOx 2H2 + 2NO 2H2O + N2 Dng vin Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Dng nguyn khi c lp trng tm Pt