ng c t trong Mt s thut ng k hiu oto thng dng

Thut ng 4WD ABS ASD ASR AT ATF BA CDI CVT CVTCS DOHC Ch thch Din gii

Double-VANOS

DSC DSG DSM DTSC EBD ECU EDL EFI EGR EPS ESA ESP FSI

Bn bnh ch ng Four - Wheel Driver H thng chng b cng Anti-locking Brake System phanh B vi sai t ng kim sot Automatic Slip-Control Diferential trt H thng trng trt quay Anti Slip Regulator bnh xe Hp s t ng Automatic Tranmission Du hp s t ng Automatic Transmission Fluid Tr lc khi phanh khn Brake Assistance cp H thng phun nhin liu Common Rail Direct Injection in t ca ng c Diesel Hp s t ng v cp Continuously Variable automatic Transmission H thng iu khin thi im ng m xu-pp ca Continous Variable Valve Timing Control System Nissan Hai trc cam t pha trn Double Overhead Cam xi lanh H thng iu khin thi im ng, m v hnh Double-variable camshaft control trnh lm vic xu-pap ca BMW H thng n nh cn bng Dynamic Stability Control in t ca BMW Hp s ly hp kp ca Direct shift gearbox Audi H thng n nh cn bng Dynamic Stability Control in t ca Jaguar H thng n nh cn bng Dynamic Stability Traction Control in t ca Volvo H thng phn phi lc Electronic Brake-force Distributor phanh in t B iu khin ng c Engine Control Unit Kho vi sai in t Electronic Differential Lock H thng phun xng in Electronic Fuel Injection t H thng tun hon kh x Exhaust gas recirculation Tr lc li in t Electronic Power Steering H thng nh la lp Electronic System Advanced trnh H thng n nh cn bng Electronic Stability Program in t H thng phun xng trc Fuel Straight Injection tip

ng c t trong
HP M lc Horse Power Chng trnh iu khin ISC Idle Speed Control ch khng ti H thng iu khin thi Valve Timing and Lift Control + Valve Timing iVTEC im ng, m v hnh Overlap Control (VTEC+VTC) trnh lm vic ca xu-pp ng c c xi lanh b tr L - Engine Lines - Engine thng hng H thng iu khin thi thi im ng m v Mitsubishi Innovative Valve-timing-and-lift MIVEC hnh trnh xu pp ca Engine Control Mitsubishi MT Hp s thng Manual Tranmission H thng n nh cn bng PSM Porsche Stability Management in t ca Porsche Mt trc cam n b tr SOHC Singer Overhead Cam pha trn xi lanh H thng trng trt quay TC Traction Control bnh xe H thng iu khin thi VANOS im ng, m xu-pap ca Variable Camshaft Control BMW H thng iu khin thi VarioCam/VarioCam im ng m xu-pp ca VarioCam/VarioCam Plus Plus Porsche H thng n nh cn bng VSC Vehicle Skid Control in t ca Lexus H thng iu khin thi VVT-i Valve Variable Timing-intelligence im ng, m xu-pap H thng iu khin thi im ng, m v hnh VVTL-i Variable Valve Timing and Lift with Intelligence trnh lm vic ca xu-pp (van x, ht)

ng c t trong

NG C T TRONG
.1. nh ngha v phn loi: nh ngha: ng c t trong l mt loi ng c nhit, nhin liu c t chy trc
tip trong khng gian cng tc ca ng c v cng ti din ra qu trnh bin i nhit nng thnh c nng. Phn loi: Cn c theo nguyn l hot ng, ta chia ng c t trong thnh cc loi sau: + ng c pht ho bng tia la (Spark Ignition Engine): l loi ng c t trong hot ng theo nguyn l nhin liu c pht ho bng tia la sinh ra t ngun nhit bn ngoi khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh. Cc tn gi khc: ng c Otto, ng c xng, ng c gas, ng c t chy cng bc. + ng c Diesel (Diesel Engine): l loi ng c t trong hot ng theo nguyn l nhin liu t pht ho khi c phun vo bung t cha khng kh b nn n p sut v nhit cao. + ng c 4 k (Four Stroke Engine): l loi ng c t trong c chu trnh cng tc c hon thnh sau 4 hnh trnh ca piston. + ng c 2 k (Two Stroke Engine): l loi ng c t trong c chu trnh cng tc c hon thnh sau 2 hnh trnh ca piston. 1.2. Mt s thut ng v khi nim thng dng:

ng c t trong

+ im cht: l v tr ca c cu truyn lc m ti d c tc dng ln nh piston mt lc ln n bao nhiu th cng khng lm cho trc khuu quay. + im cht di: l v tr ca c cu truyn lc, ti piston gn trc khuu nht. + im cht trn: l v tr ca c cu truyn lc, ti piston cch xa trc khuu nht.

+ Hnh trnh ca piston (S): l khong cch gia im cht trn v im cht di.

ng c t trong
+ Khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh: l khong khng gian bn trong c gii hn bi: nh piston, np xy lanh, thnh xy lanh. Th tch cng tc ca xy lanh (V) thay i khi piston chuyn ng. + Bung t (Vc): l phn khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh khi piston im cht trn. + Dung tch cng tc ca xy lanh (Vs): l phn khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh c gii hn bi hai mt phng vung gc vi ng tm ca xy lanh v i qua im cht trn, im cht di. + T s nn (): l t s gia th tch ln nht ca khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh (Va) v th tch ca bung t (Vc). Cng thc: = Va / Vc + Mi cht cng tc: l cht c vai tr trung gian trong qu trnh bin i nhit nng thnh c nng. nhng giai on khc nhau ca chu trnh cng tc, mi cht cng tc c thnh phn v trng thi khc nhau. + Qu trnh cng tc: l qu trnh thay i trng thi v thnh phn ca mi cht cng tc ca xy lanh din ra trong mt giai on no ca chu trnh cng tc. + Chu trnh cng tc: l tng cng tt c cc qu trnh cng tc din ra trong mt khong thi gian tng ng vi mt ln sinh cng mt xy lanh.

.3. Cc b phn c bn ca ng c t trong: 1.3.1. B khung ca ng c:

B khung ng c bao gm cc b phn c nh c chc nng che chn hoc l ni lp t cc b phn khc ca ng c. Cc b phn c bn ca b khung ng c bao gm: np xy lanh, khi xy lanh, cacte, cc np y, m kn, bulng , v.v.

ng c t trong
+ Np xy lanh: l chi tit y kn khng gian cng tc ca ng c t pha trn, ni y lp t mt s b phn nh: xupap, n gnh xupap, vi phun, buji, ng gp kh np, ng gp kh thi, van khi ng, v.v. Vt liu ch to: gang, hp kim nhm. Phng php ch to: c. Np xy lanh c th c ch to thnh mt khi (np xy lanh chung), hoc c ch to ring cho mi xy lanh (np xy lanh ring). + Khi xy lanh: Cc xy lanh ca ng c nhiu xy lanh thng c c lin thnh mt khi (khi xy lanh). Mt trn v mt di ca khi xy lanh c mi phng lp vi np xy lanh v cacte. Vch ca xy lanh c doa nhn (mt gng). Vt liu ch to: gang, hp kim nhm, hoc c hn t cc tm thp. i vi ng c c lm mt bng khng kh, khi xy lanh c gn thm cc tm tn nhit. i vi ng c c lm mt bng nc, khi xy lanh c cc khoang cha nc lm mt. + Lt xy lanh: l b phn c chc nng dn hng piston v cng vi mt di ca np xy lanh v nh piston to nn khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh. Lt xy lanh c ch to ring v lp vo khi xy lanh. Lt xy lanh kh: khng tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt. Lt xy lanh t: tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt. Phn di ca lt xy lanh c cc vng cao su ngn cn nc lt xung cacte.

ng c t trong

+ Cacte: l b phn bao bc, ni lp t cc b phn chuyn ng ch yu ca ng c. Phn trn cacte (cacte trn) lp t khi xy lanh, trc khuu, trc cam, v.v. Phn di cacte (cacte di, cacte nht) c chc nng y kn khng gian trong ng c t bn di. Ni y cha du bi trn. ng c nh v trung bnh, cacte v khi xy lanh c c lin (thn ng c). ng c ln, cacte di va l ni cha du bi trn va l ni lp t trc khuu v cc b phn lin quan. V d: cc ng c cng sut ln ca hng Man B & W, Cummins, v.v. 1.3.2. H thng truyn lc: H thng truyn lc c chc nng tip nhn p lc kh trong xy lanh ri truyn cho h tiu th v bin chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu. Cc b phn chnh: piston, thanh truyn, trc khuu, bnh . Cc b phn lin quan: xecmang, cht piston, bc lt c chnh, bc lt c bin, v.v. + Piston l b phn chuyn ng trong lng xy lanh. N tip nhn p lc ca mi cht cng tc ri truyn cho trc

ng c t trong
khuu qua trung gian l thanh truyn. Ngoi ra, n cn c tc dng nh mt bm trong vic np, nn, y kh thi ra khi khng gian cng tc ca ng c. Vt liu ch to: gang, hp kim nhm, thp. Piston c cc phn c bn: nh, vy, rnh xecmang, cht piston, gn chu lc. nh piston c hnh dng a dng tu thuc vo c im t chc qu trnh chy, qu trnh np - x. Vy piston c chc nng dn hng cho piston v chu lc ngang khi piston chuyn ng. Rnh xecmang l ni lp t cc xecmang. C rnh xecmang du v rnh xecmang kh. Rnh xecmang kh c b tr pha trn cht piston. Rnh xecmang du pha di xecmng kh, c th trn hoc di cht piston.

Xecmang kh c chc nng lm kn bung t v dn nhit t nh piston ra thnh xy lanh. Trn nh piston c t 2 - 4 xecmang kh. Xecmang pha trn cng l xecmang la, mt ngoi c m crom.

ng c t trong
Xecmang du c chc nng san u du bi trn ln mt gng xy lanh v gt du bi trn t mt gng xy lanh v cacte du. Trn nh piston c t 1 - 2 xecmang du, c b tr pha di xecmang kh. + Cht piston l chi tit lin kt piston vi thanh truyn. C 3 phng n lin kt nh sau: Phng n 1: cht piston c c nh vi thanh truyn v chuyn ng tng i vi piston. Phng n 2: cht piston c c nh vi piston v chuyn ng tng i vi thanh truyn. Phng n 3: cht piston chuyn ng tng i vi c thanh truyn v piston. + Thanh truyn l b phn trung gian lin kt piston vi trc khuu v cho php bin chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu. Vt liu ch to: thp. Phng php ch to: rn, dp. Thanh truyn c cu thnh t 3 phn: u to, u nh, thn. + Trc khuu l b phn c chc nng tip nhn ton b p lc kh trong xy lanh ri truyn cho cc h tiu th, h tiu th bn trong (trc cam, cc bm du, bm nc, v.v.), h tiu th bn ngoi (chn vt, my pht in, v.v.). Vt liu ch to: thp. Phng php ch to: rn hoc c. Trc khuu c cc b phn: c chnh (lp trong chnh ca ng c), c bin (lp vi u to ca thanh truyn), m khuu (lin kt c chnh v c bin), cc i trng ( cn bng lc qun tnh). 1.3.3. H thng np - x: H thng np - x c chc nng lc sch khng kh, cung cp khng kh cho khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh, thi kh x t ng c ra ngoi.

ng c t trong
Cc b phn c bn ca h thng np - x bao gm: lc khng kh, ng np, ng x, bnh gim thanh, c cu phn phi kh. + C cu phn phi kh: C cu phn phi kh c chc nng iu khin qu trnh np kh mi vo khng gian cng tc ca xy lanh, thi kh thi ra khi ng c. Hu ht ng c 4 k hin nay c c cu phn phi kh kiu xupap. i vi ng c 2 k, khng nht thit phi c xupap, chc nng iu khin qu trnh np x c m nhim bi piston, ca np, ca x. + Xupap l mt loi van c trng ca ng c t trong, c chc nng ng m ng ng np, x. Trong qu trnh hot ng ca ng c, xupap thi chu nhit thng xuyn ca kh thi 600 - 700 ( C). Nn xupap thi c ch to t thp hp kim cht lng cao.

.3.4. H thng bi trn: H thng bi trn c chc nng lc, cung cp du n cc

b mt chuyn ng tng i vi nhau nhm lm gim lc ma st v hao mn. Cc phng php bi trn: hi du, vung to du, p sut.

10

ng c t trong

a s ng c t trong hin nay c trang b h thng bi trn di p sut. H thng ny dng bm du nn du n p sut 1.5 - 8 bar, ri cung cp vo mch du chnh ca ng c, t mch du chnh du c chuyn n cc b mt cn bi trn: c chnh, c bin trc khuu, cam, mt gng xy lanh, v.v. 1.3.5. H thng lm mt: H thng lm mt c chc nng gii nhit t cc chi tit nng ca ng c (piston, xy lanh, np xy lanh, xupap, v.v.) chng khng b qu ti v nhit. H thng bi trn cn c chc nng th hai l

11

ng c t trong
duy tr nhit ca du bi trn trong mt phm vi nht nh m bo cc ch tiu k thut ca du bi trn. Mi cht lm mt l cht c vai tr trung gian trong vic truyn nhit t cc chi tit nng ca ng c ra ngoi. Mi cht lm mt c th l du, nc, khng kh, hoc l mt dung dch c bit. 1.3.6. H thng nhin liu ca ng c Diesel:

H thng nhin liu c chc nng lc sch nhin liu v cung cp cho bung t ca ng c.

Cc b phn c bn ca h thng nhin liu ng c Diesel nh sau: + Thng nhin liu: bao gm thng nhin liu hng ngy v thng nhin liu d tr. + Bm thp p: c chc nng ht nhin liu t bnh cha hng ngy cung cp cho bm cao p. H thng nhin liu c th c hoc khng c bm thp p. + Lc nhin liu: lc sch nhin liu trc khi a n bm cao p. + ng dn nhin liu: c ng dn thp p v ng dn cao p. + Bm cao p: nn nhin liu c p sut rt cao (100 - 1500 bar) ri y n vi phun. Bm cao p cn c chc nng iu chnh lng nhin liu cp vo bung t

12

ng c t trong
(chc nng nh lng), nh thi im bt u v kt thc qu trnh phun nhin liu (chc nng nh thi). + Vi phun nhin liu: c cu trc tia nhin liu ph hp vi phng php t chc qu trnh chy.

Hp s ly hp kp DCT
Hp s tay thng dng hin nay trn dng xe ph thng gip ngi li thay i lc ko v s vng quay ca bnh xe ch ng vn tc ph hp vi lc cn ca ng theo nhu cu s dng. Tuy nhin ngoi chc nng trn, xe hi hin i cn i hi hn na m du khi chuyn s v s nhn nh khi iu khin xe. V th, nhng loi hp s t ng 4, 5, 6 hay 7 cp ln lt ra i. Dng hp s tay c nhc im l khng to c cm gic m du mi khi chuyn s, cn hp s t ng c kt cu qu phc tp v lm gia tng lng tiu th nhin liu. Nhng, c mt loi hp s c th loi b c cc nhc im trn, l hp s- ly hp kp: Dual - Clutch Transmission (DCT) hay cn gi l hp s bn t ng S lc lch s Ngi sng to ra h thng ly hp kp l mt k s t tr tui, Adolphe Kgresse c bit n nhiu nht trong vai tr ngi pht trin loi xe half-track (vi bnh lp ng trc v bnh xch pha sau), gip chic xe c th vt qua nhiu loi a hnh phc tp. Nm 1939, Kegresse thai nghn tng v h thng hp s trang b ly hp kp vi hy vng s dng n trong chic xe huyn thoi, Citroen Traction. Tht khng may, tnh hnh ti chnh bt li ngn cn k hoch pht trin xa hn ca d n ny.

Cn iu khin ca hp s DCT

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ng c t trong
C Porsche v Audi pht trin nhng concept v h thng ly hp kp, mc d n ch c s dng trn nhng phin bn xe ua hn ch. Nhng chic 956 v 962C phin bn xe ua c lp t h thng Porsche Dual Klutch - PDK (h thng ly hp kp Porsche). Nm 1986, chic 962 chin thng gii ua Monza 1.000km dnh cho xe prototype (Monza 1.000km World Sports Prototype Championship). y l chin thng u tin dnh cho chic xe c trang b h thng PDK cng hp s bn t ng vi nt bm chuyn s. Audi cng lm nn lch s nm 1985 khi chic Sport Quatro S1 Rally c trang b hp s vi ly hp kp, chin thng, chinh phc ngn Pikes Peak trong mt cuc ua ln nh ni cao n 4.300m ny Tuy nhin, vic sn xut thng mi hp s vi ly hp kp khng c tin hnh cho n khi VW l ngi tin phong trong vic sn xut i tr hp s vi ly hp kp vi s cho php ca cng ty BorgWarners DualTronic. Hin nay, nhng chic xe c trang b cng ngh DCT ch c bn ti chu u bao gm: Beatle, Golf, Touran v Jetta ca Volkswagen; TT v A3 ca Audi; Altea, Toledo, Leon ca Seat v Skoda Octavia. Ford l i gia th hai ng dng sn xut cng ngh ly hp kp, vi s lin kt ca Ford chu u v nh sn xut m Ford gp 50% vn trong lin doanh GETRAG-Ford. y chnh l h thng m Ford gi l Powershift System, mt hp s 6 tc vi h thng ly hp kp xut hin ln u ti trin lm t Quc t Frankfurt 2005. Vi s pht trin nhanh nh th, nhiu ngi t ra cu hi: liu trong tng lai, DCT c loi b loi hp s t ng v cp CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) khng? DCT: i th trc tip ca CVT C th ni DCT chnh l i th cnh tranh trc tip vi hp s CVT. C hai u gip xe tit kim nhin liu v gim chi ph sn xut hn so vi hp s t ng truyn thng. Tuy nhin, khi so snh v chc nng v kt cu, CVT li l r nhng hn ch. M c th l CVT s dng ai truyn m-men v to ra cc cp s, v th trong qu trnh hot ng d xy ra s trt ai gy tn tht ng k n hiu sut truyn lc, trong khi hp s ly hp kp vn s dng cc bnh rng xon nh hp s tay thay i t s truyn v m-men. Vi cu to , DCT kt hp c u im ca c hai hp s hin rt ph bin trn nhiu dng xe: hp s t ng v hp s tay. Cu to v ci tin mi Tuy gi l hp s ly hp kp nhng DCT li khng c bn p ly hp ngi li s dng mi khi chuyn s. B i ly hp y thuc loi ly hp ma st t, ngha l cc a ma st c ngm trong du v s tch, ni ca n c iu khin bng c cu chp hnh: thu lc-in t. Hai ly hp ny hot ng hon ton c lp vi nhau, mt iu khin cc bnh rng cp s l (1, 3, 5 v bnh rng gi s li), trong khi ly hp cn li c nhim v iu khin bnh rng gi s chn (2, 4 v s li). Vi kt cu nh vy, khi qu trnh tng s (1 - 2 3) hoc gim s (5 - 4) din ra s khng b mt mt cng sut. ng thi, vic gi cc s truyn thc hin mt cch t ng tu thuc vo ch hot ng ca ng c v sc cn ca mt ng (nu ngi li chn ch t ng hon ton). V vy n lun m bo c lc ko ph hp vi sc cn chuyn ng, bo m c cht lng ng lc hc v tnh kinh t nhin liu ca t.

Kt cu ca hp s DCT

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ng c t trong
Cc k hiu: 1: Bnh rng xon n khp vi b vi sai; 2: bnh rng thuc b vi sai; 3: trc s cp s1; 4: trc khuu ng c; 5: trc s cp s 2; 6: Ly hp 2; 7: Ly hp 1; 8: bnh rng xon n khp vi b vi sai; 9: bnh rng n khp vi b ng tc; BR: Cp bnh rng s Kt cu ca b ly hp ma st t: Ging nh bin m thu lc, b ly hp ma st t s dng du to p sut iu khin cc bnh rng. V s ni ngt ca ly hp thng qua cc pit-tng v l xo hi v. iu khin ly hp ny bng c cu in t v thu lc, ging nh qu trnh iu khin ca hp s t ng. Kt cu c bit ca DCT chnh l h trc trung tm gm hai trc ng trc lng nhau. Trc th nht (mu ): mt u (bn tri) lin kt vi ly hp th nht (mu ) bng then hoa, trn thn trc bao gm 3 bnh rng c kch thc khc nhau n khp vi cc bnh rng trn trc th cp th nht, to ra cc cp s: 1, 3, 5. Trc cn li (mu xanh), mt u lp vi ly hp th 2 (mu xanh), trn thn trc gm 2 bnh rng n khp vi 2 bnh rng trn trc th cp th hai to ra 2 cp s 2, 4 v thm mt s li. Cu to c bit ca h trc trung tm v b i ly hp cho php qu trnh chuyn s nhanh hn v m hn hp s tay truyn thng. Ti sao vy? Chng ta hy cng hnh dung li thao tc sang s ca hp s tay: Khi ngi iu khin mun chuyn s, u tin cn phi gim ga sau tc ng vo bn p ly hp ngt ly hp, do vy m-men ng c khng truyn ti trc s cp ca hp s v ngi li thc hin vic chuyn s. Tip , ngi li nh bn p v ly hp c ni li ng thi cng sut ng c truyn ti hp s. M-men c phn b theo trng thi: ON-OFF-ON trong sut qu trnh chuyn s. Nh vy, m du ca xe khi sang s ph thuc rt nhiu vo k nng ca ngi iu khin. Khong thi gian OFF cng b th xe bt b rung, git v gim thiu tn hao cng sut my. Tuy nhin, DCT hon ton c th khc phc c im yu trn ca hp s tay nh vo s hot ng c lp ca hai ly hp. Qu trnh chuyn s nh sau: gi s thi im hin ti, xe ang di chuyn s 1, lc ny ly hp 1 ng (mu ), ly hp 2 (mu xanh) m, khi dng cng sut c t ng c qua ly hp 1, qua trc v b ng tc ti trc s cp v ti b vi sai (xem hnh v). Xe tip tc gia tng tc , my tnh s tm kim v tr s k tip, v bnh rng s 2 c chn. Khi ngi iu khin chuyn s, ngay lp tc ly hp 1 s c ngt, ng thi ly hp 2 ng, v dng cng sut s vn tip tc truyn t ng c ti trc th cp v dn ng b vi sai. Nh vy, thi gian chuyn t s 1 ln 2 rt b, do vy dng m-men gn nh khng b ngt qung. Cng theo nguyn l , khi ngi li gim s chu trnh s din ra ngc li. Ton b qu trnh chuyn s s c my tnh kim sot v ra lnh cho c cu chp hnh chn bnh rng v ng hoc ngt tng ly hp. Nu ngi li chn ch t ng hon ton hoc ch iu khin s tay: ch t ng th b i ly hp hot ng nh mt bin m thu lc ca hp s t ng truyn thng, cn nu s dng ch s tay, ngi li cng khng phi mt thm thao tc dng chn tri iu hnh bn p ly hp. Khi iu khin: Da vo thng tin t cc cm bin: cm bin v tr s, cm bin tc xe, cm bin v tr bm ga, cm bin tc ng c a v, my tnh s ra lnh iu khin thng qua c cu chp hnh. C cu chp hnh: Trong DCT van iu khin in t ng vai tr l c cu chp hnh, thc hin vic ng m cc ng du. Van iu khin t bao gm li thp t, cun dy.

Hnh ct hp s DCT

15

ng c t trong
So snh vi hp s tay v hp s t ng truyn thng Vi hp s tay: hai xe u c ng c cng cng sut th xe s dng hp s DCT cn t thi gian hn hn so vi hp s tay t c cng 1 vn tc. V ti mi im chuyn s, khong thi gian OFF gn nh bng ) Vi hp s t ng: So vi hp s t ng truyn thng (s dng bin m-men thu lc v c cu bnh rng hnh tinh) th DCT c cu to n gin, gn nh hn rt nhiu. Tuy v ng cp vn khng th snh ni vi n, nhng s rt hp l lp trn nhng xe hng trung, va gip gim chi ph sn xut xe va to ra s nhn nh cho ngi iu khin khi s dng ch t ng v cng to phn khch cho nhng dn m tc ch t thay i cp s. Vi gi nhin liu ang bin i theo xu hng ngy mt tng, chng ta hy ch xem s thi thc ca vic tit kim nhin liu s a DCT i n u v ph bin n mc no. Tuy vy DCT vn cn bc l mt hn ch: do s dng ly hp ma st t nn kh c th truyn ti c lng m-men ln. V vy, hp s DCT ch c lp trn dng xe du lch nh: Volkswagen Beatle, Audi TT Hin Audi ang l nh sn xut xe hi s dng DCT nhiu nht cho cc model 2006 A3 V6 3.2, TT 3.2 Quatro, vi tn gi l Direct Shift Gears (DSG

Hp s 8 tc - Hiu qu hn, mnh m hn

s dng nhin liu hiu qu hn v mnh m hn, hng chuyn sn xut c cu truyn ng ca c, ZF gii thiu hp s 8 tc mi vi mt con s tit kim nhin liu n tng. ZF thit k mt th h mi hp s t ng 8 cp cho xe khch, kt hp vi nhng mc tiu c v nh rt mu thun l tng kh nng vn hnh v tit kim nhin liu. Ra mt ln u tin ti Hi ngh chuyn v t quc t Vienna ln th 28, hp s 8 tc cho php tit kim nhin liu 6% so vi hp s 6 tc tn tin nht ca hng. iu t c bi ZF a ra mt khi nim truyn ng mi bao gm 4 b bnh rng hnh tinh v 5 c cu chuyn s. Hp s t ng truyn c nhiu cng sut hn so vi cc model trc , nhng vn ch c kch thc tng t v khng cn thm cc chi tit thm khc lp t. Hp s mi cn c thit k c th hybrid ha cho c kiu micro hybrid vi my pht in khi ng gn vi trc khuu hay kiu hybrid song song hon ton.

Nn tng ca th h hp s 8 cp t ng mi l phng php truyn ng mi gm 4 b bnh rng hnh tinh v 5 c cu chuyn s

Tit kim nhin liu Hp s t ng a t s truyn mi ca ZF cho php tit kim nhin liu 6%. l mt gi tr tuyt vi so vi th h th hai ca hp s 6 cp i vo sn xut i tr trong nm 2006 vi s lng ng k. so snh r rng hn: Ta so snh vi cc hp s 5 cp vn c s dng rng ri ngy nay th lng nhin liu m hp s 8 cp c th tit kim cho bn ln n 14% - mt con s qu n tng. C hai s cch tn l nhn t chnh cho nhng con s n tng v tit kim nhin liu. So vi hp s 6 cp, nn tng ca th h hp s mi l 4 b bnh rng hnh tinh v 5 c cu chuyn s. Ch c 2 c cu chuyn s c m ti mi bnh rng s lm gim tn tht do trt ng k. Bn cnh vic tng hiu sut, phng php

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ng c t trong
truyn ng mi cn c tng t s truyn cao hn. H thng chng dao ng xon tin tin trong b bin m cn c nh hng tch cc n tiu hao nhin liu v pht thi CO2. H thng cn cho php kha nhanh ly hp kha bin m nh th h th hai ca hp s 6 cp. Thm na, ZF cn s dng mt bm cnh gt c gn song song vi trc.

Chuyn s: Di truyn ng ln hn v hiu sut cao hn cho php hp s mi tit kim nhin liu 6% so vi th h trc.

S kt hp linh hot Mt trng tm trong khc pht trin hp s ca ZF l tng kh nng vn hnh. T s cng sut trn trng lng ca hp s mi cao hn v c th truyn c m men xon cao hn vi cng mt trng lng nhng cng ch cn mt khng gian lp t tng t so vi cc model trc y ca ZF. V mt chuyn s m du, tc p ng v chuyn s, hp s 8 tc cho cho thy s vt tri ca mnh so vi cc th h trc. Nhng la chn m hp hp s 8 tc cho cng ngh dn ng trn xe khch em li rt ph hp vi xu th ca thi i. Hp s mi c thit k nh mt m un cho nhng bc khi u xa hn v nhng khi nim 4 cu ch ng ton thi gian m khng cn thay i phng php dn ng hin ti. Theo , mt bin m c th c thay th bng mt ly hp mi hoc c th b qua hon ton khi tch hp vi mt ly hp khi ng. Cc k s thit k cn ch n s tng thch ca hp s mi vi phng php truyn ng 4 cu ch ng ton thi gian ca ZF. hybrid ha h dn ng, hp s cho php dn ng c h thng micro hybrid v hybrid song song. Tt c kh nng hybrid, v th, u c th thc hin c khi kt hp vi hp s 8 cp t ng mi. c bit, hp s ny s xut hin u tin trn BMW 7-series 2009, mc d ZF tuyn b n nm 2010 hng mi gii thiu hp s mang tn 8HP ny. Ngoi ra, Audi ca Volkswagen, cc mc xe hng sang thuc nhm PAG ca Ford nh Jaguar, Volvo hay Land Rover cng c nh trang b 8HP cho cc xe SUV hng sang c ln. Hin Lexus ca Toyota l mc xe duy nht c trang b hp s 8 cp cho cc mu LS460 v IS-F.

So snh gia 2 loi ng c

Hin nay, lng xe 4 k trn th trng tiu th mnh hn nhiu xe 2 k. Ngi tiu dng cho rng xe 2 k chy hao xng hn v my khng bn nh 4 k, ch c thanh nin mi "chi" loi xe ny. Cu to ng c 4 k phc tp hn nhiu ng c 2 k, ng c 4 k phi dng c cu sp-pp (ging nh nt chai) ng m ha kh v thot kh chy. S ng m ca sp-pp lin quan n nhiu b phn khc trong my nh sn cam, cam, ct cam, c m. Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc c phn ny va p, mi mn nhit cao. Do vic to nhit phi c c bit ch trng.

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ng c t trong
ng c 2 k, vic ht v thot kh chy nh vo pt-tng v cc l ht, l thot nm ngay ti xilanh my. C cu ng c n gin hn. Vic sa cha xe 2 k cng n gin hn. Tuy nhin nu c s dng lu ngy, pt-tng, bc b lng, th mt phn ha kh b tht thot qua khe h gia pt-tng v xilanh. iu ny lm xe b hao xng hn so vi ng c 4 k cng tnh trng. ng c 2 k c hnh trnh my ngn hn nn xe bc hn nhng cng chnh v vy m cc linh kin ng c phi chu nhiu lc hn, khin tui th khng th cao bng xe 4 k. Hn na, lc ht nhin liu ng c 2 k ph thuc trc tip vo lc nn ca pt-tng, nn vi nhng xe b do thng l rt kh n, nht l vo bui sng. Tuy nhin bn ca xe cn ty thuc vo ngi s dng. xe 4 k, chy khong 1.500 km, nn thay nht v nn dng nht c cp cht lng API SE hoc SF, SG. Vi xe 2 k, phi pha nht vi xng ng liu lng, khong 4-5% vic bi trn dn u ca my c tt. Pha nht qu t, vic tn nhit v bi trn my km. Pha nhiu qu, vic t chy hn hp kh khng tt, cng lm nh hng n hot ng ca my. Mt s loi xe 2 k i mi c ch t pha du bng bm, tuy nhin cn cnh gic vi loi bm ny v bm hng ng ngha vi vic ph tan lun ng c. Hn na khng nn p ga, cn qu mnh bi iu ny lm cc linh kin phi chu lc qu ln khin chng b mn nhanh. Khi khng chun, ng c 2 k do rt nhanh. ng c 4 k chy m hn, bn hn nhng cng cn n ch du bi nu nht km s lm linh kin nhanh mn v do cu to phc tp nn vic sa cha cng rt kh khn. Khng bit tng lai ca em ny ra sao, hay cng km ph dng nh ng c Wankel trc y, nhng theo li gii thiu ca Hng ch to ra n th tht l n tng, c th ph hp s dng cho rt nhiu lai nhin liu: xng, diesel, kh nn, kh ha lng, v c bit l hydro, ci

nhin liu sau cng ny chnh l mc tiu ca Pivotal. Lai ng c ny c bit chnh l ch piston khng chuyn ng tnh tin m l chuyn ng quay quanh mt cht (xem hnh s r), cng chnh v th m n t b rung lc hn so vi ng c thng thng. Mt im ni bt ca lai ng c ny chnh l t s cng sut/trng lng, cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc lai ng c hin ti. Pivotal kt hp vi vin cng ngh Mace (ch bit ci vin ny l vin no) ch to ng c th nghim u tin, lai 2.1 lt, bn bung t (v lai ny khng th gi l xy-lanh c), nhin liu s dng l xng. Kt qu l cho ra cng sut 170 KW, trong khi ng c ch nng 65 kg, c ngha l t s cng sut/trng lng khang chng 2,6 KW/Kg (qu n tng!!!!!). Nu c ch to s dng nhin liu hydro, t s ny c th l 1,8 Kw/Kg, vn cn rt xut sc, khi so

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ng c t trong
snh vi lai ng c xng np thng thng (khng tng p) tt nht hin nay l V10 ca BMW vi t s 1,55 KW/Kg. Vi nhng u im , lai ng c ny t c gii thng ca hi k s t quc t (AEI)

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