1.1.

5 Mt m Hill
Mt m ny c pht minh vo nm 1929 bi
Lester S. Hill. Cho mt s nguyn dng m v
nh ngha P = C = (Z
26
)
m
. tng ca thut
ton l ly m t hp tuyn tnh ca m k t ch
ci trong mt phn t vn bn gc , theo sn
xut m k t ch ci trong mt phn t vn bn
m.

Hnh 1.6 Mt m Hill
Cho m l mt s nguyn dng cho trc. Cho P = C
= (Z
26
)
m
v cho
K = {cc ma trn m m c nghch o trn Z
26
}
Cho mt kha K, chng ta nh ngha
e
K
(x) = xK
v
d
K
(y) = yK
-1
, vi K
-1
l ma trn nghch o ca
K, y tt c cc php ton c thc hin trong Z
26
nh ngha 1.5
nh thc ca ma trn 2 2 A = (a
i,j
) l gi tr
det A = a
1,1
a
2,2
a
1.2
a
2,1

Nhn xt: nh thc ca mt ma trn vung m m
c th c tnh bi cc php ton c bn, xem
trong cc sch i s tuyn tnh.
Hai c tnh quan trng ca nh thc l det I
m
= 1
v qui tc nhn
det(AB) = det A det B.
V d 1.5
Gi s kha l K=
T vic tnh ton ta thu c
K
-1
=

Gi s chng ta mun m ha vn bn july. Chng ta
c 2 phn ca vn bn m l: (9,20) (tng ng ju)
v (11,24) (tng ng ly). Chng ta tnh nh sau:
(9,20) = (99 + 60, 72 + 140) = (3,4)
v
(11,24) = (121 + 72, 88 + 168) = (11,22).
11 8
3 7
| |
|
\ .
7 18
23 11
| |
|
\ .
11 8
3 7
| |
|
\ .
11 8
3 7
| |
|
\ .
V d: nu m = 2 chng ta c th vit mt
phn t vn bn l x = (x
1
,x
2
) v mt phn t
mt m l y = (y
1
,y
2
), y y
1
, y
2
l mt t
hp tuyn tnh ca x
1
v x
2
. Chng ta c th
c:
y
1
= 11x
1
+ 3x
2

y
2
= 8x
1
+ 7x
2
Tt nhin ta cng c th vit di dng ma trn nh
sau:
(y1,y2) = (x1, x2)


11 8
3 7
| |
|
\ .
Trong trng hp tng qut, chng ta s ly ma trn K
m m l kha. Nu u vo hng i v ct j ca K l
k
i,j
th chng ta vit K=(k
i,j
). Cho x = (x
1
,x
m
) e P v
K e K, chng ta tnh y = e
K
(x) = (y
1
, .y
m
) nh sau:


(y
1
,y
2
, ,.y
m
) = (x
1
,x
2
,.,x
m
)

Cch vit khc y = xK


1,1 1,2 1,
2,1 2,2 2,
,1 ,2 ,
...
...
...
m
m
m m m m
k k k
k k k
k k k
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
Chng ta ni rng vn bn m thu c t vn bn
gc bng php bin i tuyn tnh. Chng ta phi
xem xt vic gii m s c thc hin nh th no,
lm th no tnh x t y. Nhng ngi hc i
s tuyn tnh s nhn ra rng chng ta s dng ma
trn nghch o K
-1
gii m. Vn bn m c
gii m s dng cng thc x = yK
-1
trong mod 26.

Do , m ha ca july l DELW . gii m, Bob
s tnh ton nh sau:

(3,4) = (9,20)

V
(11,22) = (11,24).

Do , vn bn thu c l ng.
7 18
23 11
| |
|
\ .
7 18
23 11
| |
|
\ .
Mt ma trn s thc K c nghch o nu v ch nu
nh thc ca n l khc khng. Tuy nhin, mt iu
quan trng cn nh rng chng ta ang lm vic
vt qu Z
26
. Kt qu lin quan ti mc ch ca
chng ta l mt ma trn K c nghch o moldulo 26
nu v ch nu gcd(det K, 26) =1.

1.1.6 Mt m hon v
Tt c h thng mt m chng ta tho lun v su xa
n bao hm s thay th: vn bn gc c thay th
bi vn bn m khc. tng ca mt m hon v l
gi nguyn vn bn gc nhng thay i v tr ca
chng bng cch sp xp li chng. Mt m hon v
(cn c gi l mt m chuyn i v tr) c
s dng trong hng trm nm. Trong thc t, s
khc bit gia mt m hon v v mt m thay th
c ch rt sm t nm 1563 bi Giovanni Porta.
Mt nh ngha hnh thc c cho trong hnh 1.7
Hnh 1.7 Mt m hon v
Cho m l mt s nguyn dng cho trc. Cho P
= C = (Z
26
)
m
v cho K gm tt c cc hon v ca
{1,,m}. Cho mt kha (ngha l mt hon v)
chng ta nh ngha

V

y l hon v nghch o t .

1 (1) ( )
( ,..., ) ( ,...,
m m
e x x x x
t t t
=
1 1
1
(1) ( )
( ,..., ) ( ,...,
m
m
d y y y y
t
t t

=
1
t

t
V d 1.6
Cho m = 6 v kha l hon v c cho nh sau:



Khi ta c hon v nghch o
-1
l

1 2 3 4 5 6
3 5 1 6 4 2
t
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 6 1 5 2 4
Gi s chng ta c vn bn
Shesellsseashellsbytheseashore
trc tin chng ta nhm vn bn cho thnh cc
nhm, mi nhm 6 ch ci
Shesel | lsseas | hellsb | ythese | ashore


By gi mi nhm gm 6 ch ci l sp xp ty hon
v kt qu nh sau:
ELSEHS | SSLASE | LBHSEL | HEYSTE | HEARSO
V th vn bn m ha l:
ELSEHS | SSLASE | LBHSEL | HEYSTE | HEARSO
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 5 1 6 4 2
Vn bn m ha c th c gii m tng t nh
cch m ha, s dng hon v nghch o
-1

Trn thc t, mt m hon v l trng hp c bit
ca mt m Hill. Cho mt hon v ca ca tp hp
{1,,m}, chng ta c th nh ngha ma trn hon v
(kt hp) m m, K = (k
i,j
) vi

k j,i =

(mt ma trn hon v l mt ma trn m mi hng v
ct u cha chnh xc mt gi tr 1 v cc v tr
khc u cha gi tr 0. Mt ma trn hon v c th
thu c t mt ma trn ng nht bng cch hon v
cc hng v ct.)

t
t
t
1 neu j= (i)
0 truonghopkhac
t

t
1.1.7 Mt m dng
Trong h thng mt m chng ta tm hiu vn
ny, vn bn vi cc phn t k tip l mt m s
dng kha K. vn bn m xu y thu c nh sau:
y = y
1
y
2
=e
K
(x
1
)e
K
(x
2
)
H thng mt m kiu ny thng c gi l mt
m khi
Mt cch tip cn khc l s dng ci c gi l
mt m dng. tng c bn l sn sinh mt kha
dng z = z
1
z
2
., v s dng n m ha xu gc x
= x
1
x
2
ty theo qui tc
y = y
1
y
2
=e
z1
(x
1
)e
z2
(x
2
)
hot ng ca mt m dng l nh sau: cho K K l
kha v x
1
x
2
l xu gc. Hm f
i
c s dng
sn sinh z
i
(phn t th i ca kha dng), y f
i
l
hm ca kha K v i-1 k t u ca xu gc:
z
i
= f
i
(K, x
1
,,x
i-1
).
phn t kha dng z
i
s dng m ha x
i
, kt
qu y
i
= e
zi
(x
i
). v th m ha xu gc
x
1
x
2
.....chng ta s tnh
z
1
, y
1
, z
2
, y
2

Gii m xu m ha y
1
y
2
c th c hon
thnh bi vic tnh
z
1
, x
1
, z
2
, x
2
.
e
V d:
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 5 1 6 4 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
K
nh ngha 1.6
Mt m dng l mt b (P,C,K,L,F, , D) tha mn
cc iu kin sau:
1. P l tp hp hu hn ca cc vn bn gc
2. C l tp hp hu hn ca cc vn bn m
3. K l tp hp hu hn ca cc kha
4. L l tp hp hu hn gi l bng ch ci kha
5. F = ( f
1
, f
2
..) l hm to kha. Vi i 1
f
i
:K P
i-1
L
6. Vi mi z L, c mt qui tc m ha e
z
v tng ng c
mt qui tc gii m d
z
L
z
e
z
: P C v d
z
: C P l
cc hm sao cho d
z
(e
z
(x)) = x vi mi vn bn gc x P.
>
c
e
e
e
Chng ta c th coi mt m dch chuyn l trng
hp c bit ca mt m dng khi kha dng l hng
z
i
= k vi mi i 1.
>
Mt v d ca mt m dng khng ng b c
bit n l mt m kha t ng c cho trong hnh
1.9. nhn b ngoi ging vi mt m Vegenre.
L do dng thut ng kha t ng l vn bn gc
c s dng kha (ngoi tr kha ban u K).
Hnh 1.9 Mt m kha t ng
Cho P = C = K = L = Z
26
, cho z
1
= K v z
i
= x
i-1
(i 2).
Cho 0 z 25, nh ngha
e
z
(x) = x + z mod 26
v
d
z
(y) = y z mod 26
(x,y thuc Z
26
).
s
s
>
y l v d minh ha:
V d 1.8
Gi s kha K = 8, v vn bn l
rendezvous.
Trc ht ta chuyn vn bn gc thnh mt dy s
nguyn:
17 4 13 3 4 25 21 14 20 18
Kha dng l:
8 17 4 13 3 4 25 21 14 20
By gi chng ta cng cc phn t tng ng, qui v
modulo 26
25 21 17 16 7 3 20 9 8 12
i chiu trong bng ch ci ta c vn bn m l:
ZVRQHDUJIM
By gi hy nhn xem Alice gii m nh th no.
Trc ht c s chuyn xu ch ci thnh dy s
nguyn
25 21 17 16 7 3 20 9 8 12
Sau c y tnh
x
1
= d
8
(25) = 25 8 mod 26 =17.
tip theo
x
2
= d
17
(21) = 21 17 mod 26 = 4. v tip tc nh
vy. Mi ln c y nhn c ch ci vn bn gc
khc nhau. C cng s dng n l phn t kha
dng tip theo