Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s

CHNG V: CC MCH BIN I TN S

GII THIU CHUNG

Chng ny trnh by cc mch bin i tn s ca tn hiu: iu ch, tch sng, trn tn, nhn chia tn s. - iu ch: Khi nim v iu ch. iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn (ti tin). - iu ch bin : ph ca tn hiu iu bin, quan h nng lng trong iu bin, cc ch tiu c bn ca dao ng iu bin.

+ Tch sng, khi nim v tch sng. - Tch sng iu bin: cc tham s c bn. Mch tch sng iu bin. + Tch sng iu tn iu pha: nguyn tc chung tch sng iu tn iu pha. Nghin cu cc mch tch sng: mch tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng, mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng kp, mch tch sng iu tn kiu tch sng t s. - Trn tn. Khi nim v trn tn, nh ngha trn tn. Nguyn l trn tn. + Mch trn tn: mch trn tn dng it, mch trn tn dng tranzito. - Nhn chia tn s: vng gi pha (PLL) v nguyn l hot ng ca n. Mch nhn chia tn s dng vng gi pha.

TH

+ Mch tch sng iu pha cn bng dng it.

+ Mch iu pha: nghin cu mch iu pha theo Armstrong.

- Biu thc tn hu iu tn, iu pha. Mch iu tn: nghin cu mch iu tn dng it bin dung, mch iu tn dng tranzito in khng.

A
130

- iu tn v iu pha: hai loi iu ch ny u lm gc pha thay i nn gi chung l iu ch gc.

- iu ch n bin. Khi nim v tn hiu n bin. u im trong thng tin khi dng tn hiu n bin. S khi mch iu ch n bin theo phng php lc hai cp.

.V

- Mch iu bin: mch iu bin l mt mng su cc, c th dng it hay tranzito thc hin. C mch iu bin cn bng v iu bin vng.

Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s

NI DUNG
5.1. IU CH
5.1.1. Khi nim iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no nh bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc. Thng qua iu ch, tin tc min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao bc x, truyn i xa. - Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch. - Dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay ti tn. - Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch. i vi ti tin iu ho, ta phn bit ra hai loi iu ch l iu bin v iu ch gc, trong iu ch gc bao gm c iu tn v iu pha. 5.1.2. iu ch bin 5.1.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin

n gin, gi thit tin tc US v ti tin U t u l dao ng iu ho v tn s tin

+U . cos t ). cos t = U .(1 + m. cos t ). cos t Ub = (U t S S t t t t

trong : m =

Do tn hiu iu bin:

. cos t Ut = U t t

. cos t US = U S S

A
v

tc bin thin t S min S max , ta c:

iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tn hiu bin i theo tin tc.

t >> S
(5-1)

TH

H s iu ch phi tho mn iu kin m 1 . Khi m > 1 th mch c hin tng qu iu ch lm cho tn hiu b mo trm trng. (Hnh 5-1). p dng bin i lng gic (5-1) c:

cos t + mU t cos( + )t + mU t cos( )t U db = U t t t S t S 2 2

U S l h s iu ch. U
t

.V

(5-2)

Nh vy, ngoi thnh phn ti tin, tn hiu iu bin cn c hai bin tn. Bin tn trn c tn s t ( t + S min ) ( t + S max ) v bin tn di t

( t S max ) ( t S min ) .

131

Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s 5.1.2.2. Quan h nng lng trong iu bin. Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc, cn ti tin khng mang tin tc. Ta xt xem nng lng c phn b th no trong tn hiu iu bin. Cng sut ca ti tin: l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ti tin. 1 ) 2 P~ t ~ (t l) U t 2 Cng sut bin tn:

U
)2

m.U t 2 2

P~ bt ~

smin a)

smax

.V
b) m<1

N O
t-Smax t-Smin t t+Smi t+Smax t t
132

U b

Ut

0
Hnh 5-1: Tn hiu iu bin a) Ph ca tin tc; b) Ph ca tn hiu iu bin; c) th thi gian ca tin tc v tn hiu iu bin khi m < 1 v m > 1

US

M TH A
c)

Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca tn hiu iu ch. t m2 P~ db = P~ t + 2P~ bt = P~ t (1 + ) m>1 2

H
0 U b 0 U b

Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s Ta thy rng cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin ph thuc vo h s iu ch m. H s iu ch m cng ln th cng sut tn hiu iu bin cng ln. Khi m = 1 th ta c quan h cng sut hai bin tn v ti tn nh sau:

P~ t 2 gim mo h s iu ch m < 1 do cng sut cc bin tn thc t ch khong mt phn ba cng sut ti tin. Ngha l phn ln cng sut pht x c phn b cho ti tin, cn cng sut ca tin tc ch chim phn nh. l nhc im ca tn hiu iu bin so vi tn hiu n bin. 2P~ bt =
5.2. MCH IU BIN
Mch iu bin c th dng cc kiu iu bin n, iu bin cn bng v iu bin vng. - Mch iu bin cn bng c u im gim c mo phi tuyn. Hnh 5-3 l cc mch iu bin cn bng dng it v tranzito lng cc. Theo hnh 5-3a in p t ln cc it 1, 2 ln lt l: ) ) U1 = U S . cos S t + U t . cos t t ) ) U 2 = U S . cos S t + U t . cos t t - Mch iu bin n ch dng mt phn tr tch cc nh it hoc tranzito.

.V

(5-3)

Dng in qua mi it c biu din theo chui Taylor:

3 i1 = a 0 + a 1 .U1 + a 2 .U12 + a 3U1 + ...

A
133

i = i1 - i2

Dng in ra:

2 3 i2 = a 0 + a 1 .U 2 + a 1 .U 2 + a 3 .U 2 + ...

(5-4)

(5-5)

TH

i = A. cos S t + B. cos 3S t + C.[cos( t + S ) t + cos( t S ) t ] + + D.[cos(2 t + S ) t + cos(2 t S ) t ]

Thay (5-3) v (5-4) vo (5-5), ch ly bn s hng u c:

(5-6)

trong :

+ (2a + 3a ).U 2 + 1 .a .U 2 A =U S t s 1 3 3 2 1 3 B = .a3 .U s 2 .U C = 2.a 2 .U S t 3 .U . D = .a3 .U S t 2

Cng c th chng minh tng t cho mch hnh 5-3b.

(5-7)

Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s Trong trng hp cn c ti tin u ra, sau khi iu ch a thm ti tin vo. Ph ca tn hiu ra ca mch iu bin cn bng nh hnh 5-3c.

1 CB US CB 2

i1

T1 Ut Ub US EC - + Ub

i2

T2 (a) Ut (b)

Ub

.V
2St - S 2St + S St - S

TH

iu ch cn bng D3 D4 l i II

im t; b) c)D PhD tn hiu ra Gi dng ia) nDng ra ca ch Dng iu chtranzito; cn bng 1 2 l i I v dng in ra ca mch

K
CB CB

(c) Mch iu ch vng: Hnh ch m i uch bin cn b ng bng chung ti. Mch iu ch vng: th5-2: c chM t l hai iu ch cn

US

H
1 3 4 2 Ut

A
134

3S

St + S

Ta c: Hnh 5-3: Mch iu ch vng

N
Ub