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B iu khin in t (ECU Electronic Control Unit) [10/05/2010] H thng iu khin ng c theo chng trnh, bao gm cc cm bin kim sot

t lin tc tnh trng hot ng ca ng c. Mt b ECU tip nhn tn hiu t cm bin, x l tn hiu v a ra tn hiu iu khin n c cu chp hnh.

1. Tng quan v ECU C cu chp hnh lun bo m tha lnh ECU v p ng cc tn hiu phn hi t cc cm bin. Hot ng ca h thng iu khin ng c em li s chnh xc v thch ng cn thit, gim ti a cht c hi trong kh thi cng nh lng tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c. ECU cng m bo cng sut ti u cc ch hot ng ca ng c, gip chun on ng c mt cch h thng khi c s c xy ra. iu khin ng c bao gm h thng iu khin nhin liu, gc nh la, gc phi cam, ga t ng, ... B iu khin, my tnh, ECU hay hp en l nhng tn gi khc nhau ca mch iu khin in t. Nhn chung, l b t hp vi mch v b phn ph dng nhn bit tn hiu, tr thng tin, tnh ton, quyt nh chc nng hot ng v gi i cc tn hiu thch hp. Cc linh kin in t ca ECU c sp xp trong mt mch in. Cc linh kin cng sut ca tng cui ni iu khin cc c cu chp hnh c lp vi khung kim loi ca ECU vi mc ch gii nhit. S t hp cc chc nng trong mch iu khin (b to xung, b chia xung, b dao ng a hi iu khin vic chia tn s) gip ECU t tin cy cao. 2. Cu to ca b iu khin in t a) B nh: B nh trong ECU chia lm 4 loi: - ROM (Read Only Memory): Dng tr thng tin thng trc. B nh ny ch c thng tin t ra ch khng th ghi vo c. Thng tin ca n

c ci t sn, ROM cung cp thng tin cho b vi x l. - RAM (Random Access Memory): B nh truy xut ngu nhin, dng lu tr thng tin mi c ghi trong b nh v xc nh bi vi x l. RAM c th c v ghi cc s liu theo a ch bt k. RAM c hai loi: Loi RAM xa c: B nh s mt khi mt dng in cung cp. Loi RAM khng xa c: Vn gi duy tr b nh cho d khi tho ngun cung cp. RAM lu tr nhng thng tin v hot ng ca cc cm bin dng cho h thng t chun on. - PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): Cu trc c bn ging nh ROM nhng cho php lp trnh (np d liu) ni s dng ch khng phi ni sn xut nh ROM. PROM cho php sa i chng trnh iu khin theo nhng i hi khc nhau. - KAM (Keep Alive Memory): KAM dng lu tr nhng thng tin mi (nhng thng tin tm thi) cung cp n b vi x l. KAM vn duy tr b nh cho d ng c ngng hot ng hoc tt cng tc my. Tuy nhin, nu tho ngun cung cp t acquy n my tnh th b nh KAM s b mt. b) B vi x l (Microprocessor) B vi x l c chc nng tnh ton v ra quyt nh. N l b no ca ECU.

Hnh 1: S khi cc h thng trong ECU vi b vi x l c) ng truyn BUS: Dng chuyn cc lnh v s liu trong ECU.

nhng th h u tin, my tnh iu khin ng c dng loi 4, 8, hoc 16 bit ph bin nht l loi 4 v 8 bit. My tnh 4 bit cha rt nhiu lnh v n thc hin cc lnh logic tt hn. Tuy nhin, my tnh 8 bit lm vic tt hn vi cc php i s, v chnh xc hn 16 ln so vi loi 4 bit. V vy, hin nay iu khin cc h thng khc nhau trn t vi tc thc hin nhanh v chnh xc cao, ngi ta s dng my tnh 8 bit, 16 bit hoc 32 bit.

3. Cu trc b iu khin in t Cu trc ca ECU c trnh by trn hnh 2.

Hnh 2: S khi cu trc ca ECU B phn ch yu ca n l b vi x l (Microprocessor) hay cn gi l CPU (Control Processing Unit), CPU la chn cc lnh v x l s liu t b nh ROM v RAM, cha cc chng trnh v d liu x l n cc c cu thc hin. S cu trc ca CPU trn hnh 3. N bao gm c cu i s logic tnh ton d liu, cc b ghi nhn lu tr tm thi d liu v b iu khin cc chc nng khc nhau. cc CPU th h mi, ngi ta thng ch to CPU, ROM, RAM trong mt IC, gi l b vi iu khin (Microcontroller).

Hnh 3: Cu trc ca CPU B iu khin ECU hot ng trn c s tn hiu s nh phn vi in p cao biu hin cho s 1, in p thp biu hin cho s 0.

Mi mt s hng 0 hoc 1 gi l bit. Mi dy 8 bit s tng ng 1 byte hoc 1 t (Word). Byte ny c dng biu hin cho mt lnh hoc 1 mu thng tin.

Hnh 4: Chui tn hiu nh phn 4. Mch giao tip vo/ra (I/O) a) B chuyn i A/D (Analog to Digital Converter)

Dng chuyn cc tn hiu tng t t u vo, vi s thay i in p trn cc cm bin nhit , cm bin bm ga, thnh cc tn hiu s b vi x l hiu c.

Hnh 5: Mch in ca b chuyn i A/D b) B m (Counter)

Dng m xung, v d nh t cm bin v tr piston ri gi lng m v b vi x l.

Hnh 6: Mch in ca b m c) B nh trung gian (Buffer)

Chuyn tn hiu xoay chiu thnh tn hiu sng vung dng s, n khng gi lng m nh trong b m. B phn chnh l mt transistor s ng m theo cc tnh ca tn hiu xoay chiu.

Hnh 7:Mch in ca b nh trung gian d) B khuch i (Amplifier)

Mt s cm bin c tn hiu rt nh nn trong ECU c thm b khuch i tn hiu.

Hnh 8: Mch in ca b khuch i e) B n p (Voltage regulator)

Trong ECU thng c hai b n p 5V v 12V.

Hnh 9: Mch in b n p f) Mch giao tip ng ra

Tn hiu iu khin t b vi x l s a n cc transistor cng sut iu khin relay, solenoid, motor,Cc transistor ny c th c b tr bn trong hoc bn ngoi ECU.

Hnh 10: Mch in giao tip ng ra

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