1

CNG NGH SN XUT CHT TY RA

PHN 1: TNG QUAN V CHT HOT NG B MT

TS. L Th Hng Nhan

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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Tnh hnh L mt trong nhng nhm ha cht s dng nhiu nht trn th gii S dng trong lnh vc: ty ra, m phm, cng nghip lin quan vi in t, mi trng, du kh, sinh hc, c ch n mn, Th trng cht hot ng b mt cao (khong 3 t USD trong 1997)

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Th trng cht hat ng b mt trn th gii 1995-2005 ( ngn tn)

Vng Nht Ty u Bc M Chu Thi bnh dng Chu M la tinh Cc vng cn li Tng cng 1995 565 2100 1800 2690 1575 1645 10220 2005 655 2165 1960 4340 1785 2765 13870 % tng /nm 1,5 0,3 1,0 6,1 2,6 6,8 3,6

Ty u, Bc M : khong 80% cht hat ng b mt trn c s du m chu Thi bnh dng: 55-65% cht hat ng b mt trn c s du bo thin nhin.
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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Lng cht hat ng b mt c s dng cc lnh vc v cc vng khc nhau trn th gii nm 1995)
Asia-Pacific Household Products Industrial & Institutional Cleaners All others industrial uses ( pulp and paper, textile, construction,.. % used in all industrial application Tng cng (triu tn) Tng cng trong s dng cng nghip (triu tn) 58 % 2% 40% Western Europe North America 56% 9% 35% 40% 10% 50%

42% 2,8 1,18

43% 1,9 0,82

60% 2,5 1,50

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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.1. Gii thiu

Tn gi Surfactant = Surface-active agent Tn ti nng thp trong h thng Hp thu ln b mt hay mt phn chia pha => thay i nng lng t do ca b mt.

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

A B B A B

Phn t chu tng tc ca cc phn t bao quanh: lng cc- lng cc; ;lng cc- lng cc cm ng; Khuch tn => Lc lin kt Van der Walls (B): lc cn bng (A) lc khng cn bng lc p vo trong lng cht lng = ni p Ni p ko phn t t b mt phn chia pha => gim b mt n mc ti thiu
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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

Th nng (A) > Th nng (B) nng lng (A) v (B) = nng lng b mt Mun tng b mt: a phn t trong lng ra b mt -> thc hin cng chng li lc tng tc phn t -> nng lng d b mt dEs

dEs = .ds

dEs = ds

= nng lng to ra 1 unit b mt = sc cng b mt = Lc tc dng trn mt n v chiu di gii hn (chu vi) b mt phn chia pha v lm gim b mt ca cht lng (dyn.cm-1,erg.cm-2 )
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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

Cc yu t nh hng sc cng b mt -Bn cht pha tip xc -Nhit -p sut - cong b mt -S xut hin ca cht th hai trong cht lng

1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

-Bn cht pha tip xc Cht lng phn cc mnh-> tng tc phn t ln, ni p ln -> sc cng b mt ln Mt phn t Nu hai cht lng ch ha tan mt phn vo nhau th sc cng b mt trn gii hn lng lng gn bng hiu s gia sc cng b mt ca mi cht ( bo ha cht kia) so vi khng kh. Di tc dng ca sc cng b mt, th tch khi cht lng s hng ti dng hnh cu ( nu khng c ngoi lc) v b mt hnh cu l b mt b nht gii hn mt th tch cht lng cho
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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.2. Sc cng b mt

Sc cng b mt ca cc cht lng tip xc vi khng kh (o) v ca cht lng tip xc vi nc (I) 20oC ( dyn/cm

Cht lng Nc Benzen Acid acetic CCl4 Glycerin B mt cht lng

o 72,75 28,88 27,60 26,80 66,00 Nhit (oC)

I 35,00 45,10 -

Cht lng Ethanol n-octanol n-hexan n-octan Anilin

o 22,30 27,50 18,40 21,80 42,90

I 8,50 51,10 50,80 -

Sc cng b mt lng-khng kh (dyn/cm) Lp hu c Lp nc 63,2 46,4

Sc cng b mt lng-lng (dyn/cm) Tnh ton 34,4 4,2 Thc nghim 34,4
10

Benzen/nc Anilin/nc

19 26

28,8 42,2

4,8

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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.3. Cht hot ng b mt

Sc cng b mt (2)

(3)

(1) Nng

(1) Cht hot ng b mt (2) Cht khng hat ng b mt (3) Cht khng nh hng n sc cng b mt
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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.3. Cht hot ng b mt

Cc cht hat ng b mt: -Cht c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung mi cha chng. Thng l: cc cht hu c nh cc acid bo, mui ca acid bo, ester, ru, alkyl sulfate. Cu to: gm hai phn: + Phn phn cc ( i nc, a nc, ho nc=lyophilic group) + Phn khng phn cc ( k nc, ght nc hay i du, ho du, a du= lyophobic group)
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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.4. hot ng b mt

hot ng b mt = bin thin sc cng b mt theo nng

d d ; hay dc da

i lng Gibbs G* = -d/dc Dd nc: cht tan c phn cc gim -> G* tng

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1.1.1.CC KHI NIM C BN 1.1.1.4. hot ng b mt

Trong dy ng ng, hot ng b mt bin i theo quy lut

, dyn/cm (1) 65 (2)

(3) 50

(1)HCOOH (2) CH3COOH (3) CH3CH2COOH (4) CH3(CH2)2COOH (5)(CH3)2CHCH2 COOH

(5) 35 0,16 0,36 0,54

(4) C, mol/l

Quy tc Traube: hot ng b mt tng 3-3.5 ln khi chiu di mch carbon tng thm 1 nhm CH2

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1.2.1.LP B MT TRN GII HN LNG KH

: lng cht HBM/ n v din tch b mt (mol/cm2 hay mol/m2)

(a) Nng cht HBM nh (b) Nng cht HBM ln

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1.3.1.LP B MT TRN GII HN LNG KH

Quan h gia hp ph - nng C: Nng C Chiu di mch carbon Gi tr ti hn m

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1.3.2.S HNH THNH MICELLE

S hnh thnh micelle trong dd nc: Lc ht Van de Walls gia phn k nc Lc y ca nhm in tch cng du Lc ht ca cc phn t nc

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1.3.2.S HNH THNH MICELLE

Micelle trong cc h khc nhau: O/W, W/O

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1.3.3.NNG MICELLE TI HN (CMC)

Nng micelle ti hn (Critical Micelle Concentration: CMC) CMC= nng dung dch cht HBM m ti s hnh thnh micelle tr nn ng k Ap sut thm thu
c

Sc cng b mt

dn in

CMC

Nng

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1.3.4.YU T NH HNG CMC

Chiu di phn k nc: tng chiu di-> CMC gim Nhit : nhit gim -> gim CMC Cht in ly: tng cht in ly -> CMC gim Cht hu c: ty thuc bn cht -> CMC tng hay gim

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1.3.4.YU T NH HNG CMC

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CMC ca dung dch sodium alkyl sulphate trong nc 40oC S nguyn t C CMC x 103 mol/L 8 140 10 33 12 8,6 14 2,2 16 0,58 18 0,23

CMC ca dung dch sodium lauryl sulphate trong dd NaCl 25oC Nng NaCl (mol/L) CMC x 103 mol/L 0 8,1 0,01 5,6 0,03 3,1 0,1 1,5 0,3 0,7
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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.1.im Kraft

im Kraft: l nhit ha tan bng CMC (ti nng 0.1-10%) Lin quan cht HBM anion Chiu di mch C tng -> Kraft tng Mch C c xut hin oxide ethylene -> Kraft gim Ph thuc nng v cc thnh phn khc trong dd im Kraft ca dung dch alkyl sulphate trong nc S nguyn t C im Kraft (oC) 10 8 12 16 14 30 16 45 18 56
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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.2.im c

im c: l nhit cht HBM khng ion tr nn khng th ha tan, tch ra khi dung dch Lin quan cht HBM khng ion di gc akyl tng -> im c gim Lng nhm oxide ethylene gim -> im c gim

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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.3.HLB

Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance -HLB: Mi tng quan i nc- i du Thang o HLB: 1-40 HLB ln: tnh i nc cao, tnh i du thp Gia tng HLB -> gia tng tnh i nc phn tn khc nhau trong dd nc -> HLB khc nhau

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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.3.HLB

Mc phn tn HLB 1-4 3-6 6-8 8-10 10-13 > 13
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- Khng phn tn trong nc - Phn tn km - Phn tn nh sa sau khi lc - Phn tn nh sa bn - Phn tn trong m n trong - Dung dch trong

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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.3.HLB

Cng thc tnh HLB: +Cng thc ca Davies: HLB = 7 + HLB nhm i nc - HLB nhm k nc + Cng thc ca Kawakami: HLB = 7 + 11,7 log ( Mn/Md) Mn : Khi lng phn t a nc trong phn t Md : Khi lng phn t a du trong phn t + Cng thc tnh ester ca acid bo v ru a chc: HLB = 20 ( 1 S/A) S: Ch s x phng ha ca ester A: Ch s acid ca acid bo

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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.3.HLB

Cng thc tnh HLB: Nu ester khng o c ch s x phng th c cng thc sau: HLB = (E + P) / 5 E, P: phn trm khi lng ca EO v ru a chc trong phn t. +Cng thc Griffin: hn hp c nhiu cht hot ng b mt th HLB hh = xi HLBi xi :phn khi lng trong tng lng cht hat ng b mt
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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.3.HLB

Cht hot ng b mt Tween 18 Tween 81 Span 20 Span 40 Span 60 Span 80 Glycerol Stearat Span 65

Gi tr thc 15 10 8,6 6,7 4,7 4,3 3,8 2,1

Gi tr tnh ton 15,8 10,9 8,5 7,0 5,7 5,0 3,7 2,1
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1.3.5.CC TNH CHT KHC 1.3.5.4.c tnh b mt lng-rn v quan h 3 pha

c tnh b mt lng-rn v quan h 3 pha:

LK RK

(Kh) (Lng)

LR

(Rn)

: gc dnh t < 90: RK > RL + LK -> cht lng chy loang trn b mt rn -> dnh t > 90: RK < RL + LK -> cht lng co li trn b mt rn -> khng dnh t
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Chng 2: NH GI K THUT CHT HBM

Gm: Kh nng to nh Kh nng to bt Kh nng ty ra Cc ch tiu khc

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Kh nng to nh

Nh tng: h c pha phn tn v mi trng phn tn u dng lng. to nh tng hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau. Trong nh tng, pha lng phn cc thng gi l pha nc k hiu n hay w (water)- pha lng kia khng phn cc thng gi l du k hiu d hay o (oil).

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Kh nng to nh

Nh tng thng c phn lm hai loi: n/d (w/o : water in oil) gi l nh tng nc trong du gm cc git nc phn tn trong du. d/n (o/w) gi l nh tng du trong nc gm cc git du phn tn trong nc. Nh tng n/d cn gi l nh tng loi 1 hay nh tng thun. Nh tng d/n cn gi l nh tng loi 2 hay nh tng nghch.

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Kh nng to nh

Phn loi nh tng theo nng ca pha phn tn: Nh tng long: nng pha phn tn < 0,1 %. Nh tng m c: cha mt lng ln pha phn tn, c th n 74 % th tch Nh tng rt m c( v d nh nh tng gelatin ha) c t l pha phn tn > 74% th tch

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Kh nng to nh

S nh ha (emulsification): qu trnh phn tn mt cht liu vo mt cht liu khc (thng u dng lng) di dng nhng git cu. tng bn vt l ca h phn tn: Tng nht ca pha ngoi Bo m pha ni tn ti nhng git nh nht v hp l => gim kh nng bm dnh ca hai git. Tng sc bn c hc ca b mt, s gim lc nhit ng gy ra s kt t
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Kh nng to nh

Cht nh ha (emulsifier): gim sc cng b mt gia hai pha du/nc v lm bn nh. Cn thit phi c cht nh ho hin din hnh thnh t nht 1 lp n bao ph ln b mt git ca pha phn tn.

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Kh nng to nh

bn nh: Nh tng c khuynh hng to nn cc git ln hn-> h b ph v -> tch ra lm hai lp (hin tng tch pha)

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Kh nng to nh

Yu t nh hng bn nh: Lng cht nh ha T l du v nc S nh hng ca pha nh hng ca s tch in Nhit nht ca mi trng phn tn. S phi hp cc cht nh ha.

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Kh nng to nh

Yu t nh hng bn nh: Lng cht nh ha T l du v nc S nh hng ca pha nh hng ca s tch in Nhit nht ca mi trng phn tn. S phi hp cc cht nh ha. Kch thc ca nh S ng u ca nh

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Kh nng to nh

Yu t nh hng bn nh: Lng cht nh ha T l du v nc S nh hng ca pha nh hng ca s tch in Nhit nht ca mi trng phn tn. S phi hp cc cht nh ha. Kch thc ca nh S ng u ca nh

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Kh nng to bt

Bt in hnh l h phn tn m cc cht th v rt c ca pha kh ( thng l khng kh) trong cht lng. Kch thc bt kh c mm v trong mt s trng hp c th ln n cm.

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Kh nng to bt

bn vng ca bt ph thuc: Tnh cht ca mng bt Bn cht ca cht to bt Hm lng cht to bt Nhit nht ca dung dch Cc tc nhn lm tng bt (foam bootster) Cc tc nhn chng bt (antifoamer)
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Kh nng to bt

Cc tc nhn lm tng bt (foam bootster) -Chn cht hot ng b mt to bt hay khng to bt -S dng cc ph gia lm tng bt.

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Kh nng to bt

Chn cht hot ng b mt to bt hay khng to bt Cc yu t nh hng n CMC c th tng hoc gim bt l: Nhit S c mt ca cht in ly Cu trc phn t ca cht hot ng b mt S dng cc cht ph gia lm tng bt Thm vo mt s hp cht i cc ( ion i) c th lm gim CMC ca cht hot ng b mt . Khi hp cht c cng mch C vi cht hot ng b mt th kh nng to bt v n nh bt tng: Ether glycerol < Ether sulfonyl < Amide <
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Kh nng to bt

Cc tc nhn chng bt (antifoamer) Ngn cn s to bt: thng l cc ion v c nh canxi c nh hng n s n nh tnh in hoc gim nng aniion bng kt ta Tng tc phn hy bt: l cc cht v c hay hu c s n thay th cc phn t cc cht hot ng b mt ca mng bt lm mng bt t n nh ( khng bn). Khi thm cht hot ng b mt NI vo cht hot ng b mt anion lm gim bt ng k. Tuy nhin h thng anionic/ NI ny vn cn qu nhiu bt.
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Kh nng to bt
C ch ph v bt bng cc ht k nc
Khng kh (K) Ht k nc Phim (K) (K) Khng kh (K) Ht k nc

Phim

Lng (L)

Lng (L)

ht k nc c th = x phng canxi ( k nc) khng tan. X phng no c hiu qu ph bt cao v c sp xp theo dy sau: X phng m c voi > x phng colza > stearate > x phng m b > x phng du da. Tuy nhin h thng ny c cc nhc im sau: + Thiu hiu qu nc ngt ( khng c s to thnh x phng canxi) 45 + ng bnh ( gel ha ) trong b phn phn phi bt ( khi nhit thp)

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Kh nng to bt
C ch chy loang (spreading)
Khng kh (K) Phim (K) Lng (L) Silicon /Du Phim (K) Lng (L) Khng kh (K) Silicon /Du

H thng anionic/NI vi cc tc nhn chng bt c s dng rng ri bao gm: + Stearyl phosphate ( mono v distearyl phosphate) + Du v sp + Cc silicon ,silic k nc
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Kh nng to bt
ngha ca bt

+bt c vai tr trong qu trnh tuyn ni qung + s to bt l yu t tch cc trong qu trnh git gi + Nh s to bt v sau kh bt, c th lm sch mt s cht lng khi cht hot ng b mt + Bt c ngha to ln trong cu ho, dp tt m chy ngi ta dng bt trong pha phn tn l dioxt cacbon, ngn khng cho khng kh tip xc vi m chy + S to bt l cn thit khi sn xut cc cht do xp
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Kh nng ty ra
Ty ra = detergency= qu trnh lm sch (cleaning) Cht ty ra (detergent)= tc nhn kh nng lm sch khi nim ty ra y ch qu trnh lm sch b mt rn (bao gm c vi si) trong mt dung dch trong c cc qu trnh ho l xy ra.

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Kh nng ty ra

S ty ra bao gm: Ly i cc vt bn khi cc b mt rn ( vt dng, vi vc) Gi cc vt bn ly i ang l lng trnh cho chng khi bm li trn cc qun o ( hin tng chng ti bm ).

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Kh nng ty ra

Vt bn : bao gm vt bn khng phn cc (vt bn du m) v vt bn dng ht ( cc ht mn). Cc vt bn cht bo v dng ht ny c th tn ti c lp hay ha ln vi nhau.

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Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn c cht bo Thuyt nhit ng phng php Lanza
Nc (N) Nc (N)

Cht bo (B) Cht bo (B)

Si (S)

Si (S)

khi thm cht hot ng b mt vo nc, do s hp ph ca chng trn si v vt bn lm gim c sc cng b mt ca chng ( so vi nc) cho n khi tng ca chng tr nn nh hn sc sng b mt ca giao din si/vt bn lc vt bn t ty i
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Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn c cht bo C ch rolling up : ( cun i)
Nc (N) Nc (N)

BN
Cht bo (B)

Cht bo (B)

NS
Si (S)

BS

Si (S)

Cht hot ng b mt do chng hp ph ln si v vt bn lm gim cc sc cng giao din si/nc v bn/nc, lc mng du s cun li v tch khi si do lc c hc nh ch xt ( git bng tay hay bng my).
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Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn c cht bo C ch ha tan

Cc phn t cht hot ng b mt kt hp => hnh thnh micell nng CMC => hp cht c ha tan bn trong cc micell Tm li c s ty ra tt, khng nhng cn gim sc cng b mt m cn phi tng nng hot cht hnh thnh cc micell v c c mt s micelle , ty theo lng vt bn bo hin din trong dung dch git ra.
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Kh nng ty ra
Ty cc vt bn dng ht Thuyt nhit ng hc v in hc ( DuiaguinLandau-vervey v Overbeck (DLVO)
P P P

Cng cung cp tch ht P ra khi b mt S mt khong cch yu hn bi v lc y quan trng hn, tc l ht P v b mt S cng phn cc cng du ( tch in ging nhau). Khi cht hot ng b mt b hp ph trn cc ht v b mt lm cho gia tng lc y v do lm cho qu trnh ty d dng hn.
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Kh nng ty ra

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ty ra -bn cht cht hot ng b mt s dng -pH -ph gia -nhit

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Cc ch tiu nh gi khc
Kh nng to h huyn ph Huyn ph :h cc pha rn phn tn trong mi trng lng. Cc ht rn c xu hng kt t v tch ra khi h. Cc ht rn c kch thc nh hn th thi gian lng ta s di hn => thm cht hot ng b mt huyn ph bn Huyn ph c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong cng nghip. V d: huyn ph khng nc: sn du, verni, mc in, h c nc: sn nc, mc vit, dung dch thuc nhum phn tn.
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Cc ch tiu nh gi khc

Kh nng thm t Hin tng thm t nh cht hot ng b mt c nhiu ng dng gii quyt cc vn thc t trong k thut sn, nhum, ty trng, trung ha cc cht dit cn trng, su b. Cc b mt rn y thng khng thm t, vic thm cht hot ng b mt thch hp s lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc, gip cho vic thm t d dng hn.
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Cc ch tiu nh gi khc
Ch s canxi chp nhn Ch s ny o cng ti a ca nc m cht hot ng b mt vn cn hiu lc trong chc nng ty ra. Ch s ny cng ln, cht hot ng b mt cng c kh nng ty ra trong nc cng. Ch s canxi chp nhn c xc nh bng cch chun dung dch cht hot ng b mt bng dung dch canxi acatat 1 %. Tin hnh chun dung dch trn cho n khi no dung dch c. Lc ny lng ion canxi trong dung dch l ch s canxi chp nhn c.
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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM

Phn loi theo: Cu trc ha hc Tnh cht vt l ( tan trong nc hoc dung mi) ng dng ha hc

Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc Phn loi theo bn cht nhm k nc Phn loi theo bn cht lin kt gia nhm ho nc v k nc
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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

-Anionic
-

- Cationic

+
- Non ionic (NI) ( khng phn ly)

- Lng tnh ( Amphoteric)

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Anionic: Ha tan trong nc phn ly thnh ion HBM in tch m Bao gm cc nhm chnh: Acid carbocylic: RCOO(-) Ester sulfuric ( Sulfate): ROSO2O(-) Alkan sulfonic acid: RSO3(-) Alken sulfonic acid: R-CH=CH-CH2-SO3(-) Alkyl aromatic sulfonic acid: R-C6H4-SO3(-) Cc nhm khc: Phosphate v phosphonic acid, persulfate, thiosulfate, sulfamic acid, sulfosuccinate
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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc
H3C (CH2)n H C SO3 (CH2)m CH3

R O SO3

Sulfate ru bc mt ( PAS: Primery Alcohol Sulfate)

CH3

Parafin sulfonate ( SAS: Secondary Alkyl Sulfonate)

CH3 H3C C CH3

CH3 CH3

CH2 C CH2 C CH3

H3C

(CH2)n

SO3

SO3

ABS thng (LAS: Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate)

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Alkyl benzen sulfonat (ABS) ABS nhnh

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Cationic: Ha tan trong nc phn ly thnh ion HBM in tch dng

R1 N R2
+

R3 X R4

X: halogenua, sulfate, methyl sulfate, R1: alkyl mch di R2, R3, R4: Hydro hay nhm alkyl mch ngn, alkyl aryl.
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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

R-CH2 H3C

CH3 N
+

Cl CH3

O R C O R C O-CH2-CH2 O-CH2-CH2 CH3 N

+

Mt dy alkyl

CH3SO4-

CH2-CH2OH

H3C

N R

(CH2)2NH

C R O

Dialkyl ester th bn ln ca methosulfate triethanolamine

imidazolin bc bn

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Non ionic: Khng to ion khi tan trong dung dch nc Cu to: -Phn k nc: akyl phenol, alcol, acid bo, amide, -Phn i nc: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, glycerin orbitol, Hot ng c trong mi trng cha cht in ly ln

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

R O

(CH2-CH2O)n

Cc ru bo ethoxy ha
H (O-CH2-CH2)m O (CH2-CH-O)n (O-CH2-CH2)m-H

Copolymer oxide ethylene (OE) v oxide propylene (OP)

H R C N O CH2-CH2-OH

R C N O

CH2-CH2-OH CH2-CH2-OH
66

Alkyl monoethanol amide

Alkyl diethanol amide

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

R CHOH-CH2-(OCH2-CHOH-CH2)n -OH
Polyglycerol ester

C H2O H
O

OH
O

OH

alkylpolyglucoside (APG)
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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc

Lng tnh: C cha c nhm acid v base trong phn i nc Gm 2 loi chnh: -HBM lng tnh carboxylic -HBM lng tnh sulfate/sulfonate

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm ho nc
CH3
+

R C NH (CH2)3 N

CH2 C O

CH3

Alkyl amido propyl betain

O R C NH CH2-CH2-CH2 CH3 N
+

CH2 CH OH

CH2 SO3

CH3

Alkyl amidopropyl sulfobetain

C2H4OH R
Betain ethoxy ha

O
69

CH2 C

C2H4OH

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo bn cht nhm k nc

Gc alkyl mch thng, C8-18 Gc alkyl mch ngn C3-C12 gn vo nhn thm Olefin nhnh C8-C20 Hydrocarbon t du m Hydrocarbon mch di thu c t phn ng CO v H2

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1.1.2.PHN LOI CHT HBM 1.1.2.2. Phn loi theo bn cht lin kt nhm k nc v i nc

Gm 2 loi: Nhm ho nc lin kt trc tip nhm k nc: RCOONa, ROSO3Na, RC6H4SO3Na Nhm ho nc lin kt nhm k nc thng qua cc lin kt trung gian Lin kt ester: RCOO-CH2CHOHCH2-OSO3Na Lin kt amide: R-NHCOCH2SO3Na Lin kt ether: ROC2H4OSO3Na
71