MOI TRNG VAN E BAO VE MOI TRNG

I- MOI TRNG 1- Khai niem ve moi trng Thuat ng moi trng - Environment, la to hp hay tap hp tong the cac thanh phan cua the gii vat chat co the gay tac ong en s ton tai va phat trien cua sinh vat va con ngi.

Theo UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) Moi trng la tap hp cac yeu to vat ly, hoa hoc, sinh hoc, kinh te xa hoi, tac ong len tng ca the hay ca cong ong.

Theo luat vao ve moi trng cua nc ta Moi trng bao gom cac yeu to t nhien va yeu to vat chat nhan tao co quan he mat thiet vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, co anh hng ti i song, san xuat, s ton tai, phat trien cua con ngi va thien nhien.

Xet tren phng dien con ngi, thuat ng moi trng song cua con ngi (human environment) o la tong hp cac yeu to vat ly, hoa hoc cua at, nc, khong kh, cac yeu to sinh hoc va ieu kien kinh te xa hoi co anh hng en s song cua tng ca nhan va cua nhng cong ong con ngi. That s, moi trng song cua con ngi la vu tru bao la, trong o he mat tri va trai at la bo phan co anh hng trc tiep va ro ret nhat.

H.1 - He vu tru mo ta moi trng song

Mat tri Atmosphere

Stratosphere Nui Troposphere ~ 10 km

Be mat trai at

> Biosphere

Lithosphere

___________ ____ _______ - - - - - - - - - Hydrosphere - - - - -------------

Trai at, theo quan iem cac nha khoa hoc, c xet tren hai phng dien: - Ve mat vat ly, trai at bao gom lithosphere, hydrosphere va atmosphere. - Ve phng dien sinh hoc, tren trai at co biosphere (sinh quyen)

Biosphere bao gom cac c the song va nhng bo phan cua lithosphere, hydrosphere va atmosphere tao thanh moi trng song cua cac c the song.

Biosphere c hieu la lp ac biet tren be mat cua trai at co ton tai s song, bao gom phan ln hydrosphere, lp ben di cua atmosphere va lp ben tren cua lithosphere.
Biosphere bao gom thanh phan hu sinh (biotic) va thanh phan vo sinh (abiotic), co quan he chat che va tng tac vi nhau. Biosphere khong the tach ri khoi cac thanh phan moi trng va luon chu tac ong cua s thay oi ve tnh vat ly, hoa hoc cua cac thanh phan nay.

Trong moi trng song luon ton tai s tng tac gia cac thanh phan vo sinh (abiotic) va hu sinh (biotic).

Moi trng vo sinh (abiotic environment)

Moi trng hu sinh (biotic environment)

Do o co hai kha canh c chu y: - Moi trng vo sinh (abiotic environment) - Moi trng hu sinh (biotic environment)

- Moi trng vo sinh. Hay la moi trng vat ly, ma thanh phan vo sinh bao gom cac chat vo c (C, N, CO2, H2O, O2) va cac chat hu c (protein, glucid, lipid, mun). Moi trng vo sinh bao gom tat ca kha canh vat ly, hoa hoc co tac ong anh hng en sinh vat song.

- Moi trng hu sinh. Bao gom sinh vat, khuan, cay xanh... cho nen moi trng biotic con goi la moi trng sinh vat (biological environment) - gom sinh vat song, thanh phan hu sinh cua moi trng (he sinh thai, cac quan the thc vat, ong vat).

Moi trng biotic ton tai va phat trien tren c s ac iem cua cac thanh phan moi trng abiotic va khong the tach ri moi trng abiotic.

Cac thanh phan cua moi trng khong ton tai trang thai tnh ma luon co s chuyen hoa trong t nhien, dien ra theo chu trnh goi la chu trnh sinh a hoa (biogeochemical cycles) va thong thng dang can bang.

Chnh s can bang nay am bao cho s song va s phat trien on nh tren trai at.

Thong thng cac chu trnh co chc nang luan chuyen cac nguyen to hoa hoc, hp chat hoa hoc t dang vo sinh vao dang hu sinh va ngc lai.

1, 2, 3

Atmosphere 2, 4
1 2 3 3 5

at (land) 8 Tram tch (Sediment)

ai dng (Ocean) 7

1- Ket lang (ma, tuyet ri) 2- Bui (dust) 3- Bui bien (sea spray) 4- S loai thai kh (degassing)

5- S thoat kh (gas evolution) 6- Chat hoa tan va l lng song 7- Tram tch (Sedimentation) 8- Dang len (Uplift)

H.2- Chu trnh truyen vat chat

Chu trnh truyen vat chat co chc nang chuyen vat chat t moi trng ben ngoai vao c the sinh vat, t sinh vat nay truyen sang sinh vat khac, t sinh vat chuyen ra ngoai.
Tat nhien, mot khi cac chu trnh khong gi c mc trang thai can bang th se a en s dien bien bat thng, ieu nay co tac ong xau cho moi trng chung quanh hoac qui mo toan cau.

Cac chu trnh pho bien trong t nhien:

Chu trnh carbon

Chu trnh nitrogen Chu trnh sulfur Chu trnh phospho

-Chu trnh carbon (the carbon cycle) Trong atmosphere, kh CO2 c tao nen phan ln lp troposphere (vao khoang 0,036% the tch cua troposphere).

Tuy nhien ham lng CO2 trong ai dng th vao khoang 60 lan ham lng cua CO2 co trong atmosphere.
Kh CO2 c hoa tan trong nc, s chuyen CO2 t atmosphere vao nc c s dung cho qua trnh photosynthesis nham bien oi CO2 thanh carbohydrate, nh glucose C6H12O6 sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O ----------------> C6H12O6 + O2 Chlorophyll

Carbon tr lai atmosphere theo nhieu cach, chang han mot so phan t hu c thc vat, ong vat b bien oi e tai sinh nang lng te bao, qua trnh nay goi la s ho hap te bao (cellular respiration). Ket qua cua qua trnh nay thu c nang lng, CO2 va H2O: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E

Tat nhien CO2 tao thanh trong qua trnh ho hap te bao c a vao moi trng e tai s dung.

Carbon trong than, dau, kh ot, vat hoa thach Phtosynthesis Ho hap Hoat ong nui la ot chay

Carbon trong atmosphere, phan ln CO2 Khuech tan Carbon hoa tan HCO-3 CO2 hoa tan trong ai dng Phong hoa

Photosythesis

Ho hap

Carbon trong tram tch

H.3- Chu trnh carbon

Nh c biet, kh CO2 c xem nh yeu to ieu nhiet trong thien nhien. Neu chu trnh carbon di chuyen qua nhieu lng CO2 t atmosphere - trai at se lanh, ngc lai neu tai sinh nhieu CO2 - trai at tr nen nong hn. Nh vay nhng bien co lam thay oi nhe trong chu trnh carbon co the gay anh hng en kh hau va cac loai sinh vat ton tai tren hanh tinh. Th du
Con ngi gay tac ong en chu trnh carbon theo hai cach: . Tac ong xam nhap en cac khu vc rng, ni ma s dung kh CO2 cua kh quyen e tao nen cac phan t hu c. . Lam giai phong CO2 trong qua trnh ot chay nhien lieu than, dau va kh thien nhien.

- Chu trnh nitrogen (the nitrogen cycle) Nitrogen c tm thay trong cac loai protein, acid nucleic. Vao khoang 78-79% kh nitrogen N2 c tao nen t lp troposphere. Vi mot lng ln kh N2 nh the, nhng thc vat cung nh ong vat khong the s dung trc tiep loai kh nay. e co the s dung c, trc het phai bien oi thanh ammonium hoac nitrate, s bien oi nay nh vao mot vai loai bacterium song trong at hoac trong nc nh rhizobium. Qua trnh bien oi tren goi la co nh am (the nitrogen fixation).

N2

Bacterium ------------------>
Rhizobium

NH3 hoac NO-3

S co nh am

Cac thc vat chuyen hoa va chuyen cac ion nitrat vo c va cac ion ammonium t at nc vao cac chat dinh dng cha nitrogen nh ADN, protein ..., con cac ong vat co c nitrogen bang cach an cac thc vatcung nh cac ong vat an thc vat.

Phan chim Chim

N2, Khong kh Co nh am NO2 Thc vat Hap thu NO-3 Nitrat hoa Hap thu ong vat

Ca

Thc vat noi (rong,reu..)

Tram tch bien

NO2 Nitrit hoa

Chat hu c chet

NH+4 hoa tan Hoac trao oi

Ammon hoa

Mun

H.4 - Chu trnh nitrogen

-Chu trnh phospho (the phosphorus cycle) Phospho c tm thay trong cac c the song di dang phosphate PO-4 c xem la thanh phan quan trong cua ADN va ARN. Phospho cung c tm thay trong cac chat beo (phospholipid), trong cac mang te bao. Khong nh carbon va nitrogen, phospho khong lu thong trong atmosphere

Phan lan

Phosphate trong thc vat Phosphate vo c hoa tan trong at, song

Phong hoa

Phosphate trong a, hoa thach, phan chum

Phan huy

Thoat ra ai dng

Phosphate trong ong vat

Phosphate trong tram tch ai dng

Thai bo va gi lai (xng, vo so.)

H.5- Chu trnh phospho

Khong nh chu trnh carbon va nitrogen nguon goc cua phospho nguyen t la t a. Do qua trnh phong hoa, cac loai a co cha phopho b pha huy, mot so phospho c hoa tan trong nc va mot so khac tr thanh mot bo phan cua at.

Phospho c di chuyen qua nc, be mat trai at vacac c quan song trong chu trnh phospho, ma trong chu trnh o phospho di chuyen cham t cac khoang phosphate vao at va ai dng.

Vai tro cua bacteria trong chu trnh phospho t quan trong hn chu trnh nitrogen.

2- Biosphere va s phat sinh s song tren trai at.

S xuat hien s song tren trai at gan lien mat thiet vi cuoc cach mang hanh tinh trong he thong thai dng, v vay bien luan cho s song tren trai at c bat au bang s xuat hien thai dng he. Hn 5 ty nam ve trc a xuat hien he thai dng, cho nen nhng g a xay ra ch co the phong oan tren nen tang nghien cu cua lnh vc vat ly thien van.

Nh c biet he thai dng gom:

Sun

Venus

Mars

Saturn

Neptune

Mercury

Earth

Jupiter

Uranus

Pluto

Bang 1- Thong so ve cac hanh tinh trong he thong thai dng

Hanh tinh Khoang cach t mat tri (Trieu Km) 58 108 150 228 778 1427 2866 4492 5909 ng knh (Km) 4854 12112 12751 6788 143000 121000 47000 46529 ~ 2400 Khoi lng tng oi (Trai at = 1) 0.056 0.82 1 0.108 318 95.2 14.6 17.3 ~ 0.01 Ty trong (trung bnh) (g/cm3) 5,1 5,3 5,52 3,94 1,34 0,70 1,55 2,27 ~ 1,5

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Phu thuoc vao khoang cach t mat tri, thanh phan hoa hoc cua cac hanh tinh khac nhau.

Cac hanh tinh xa nhat la Pluto, Neptune va Uranus ch gom nhng nguyen to nhe va nhng hp chat hoa hoc n gian nh hydrogen, helium, amiac, H2O, metan, oxid va cac hidrur.

Nhiet o tren be mat cua cac hanh tinh nay vao khoang 40-45OK. Atmosphere cua chung bao gom c ban la helium va hydrogen (tr trng hp Pluto khong co atmosphere).

Ngc lai, hanh tinh gan mat tri - Mercury, gom nguyen to nang la u ai. Mercury cung khong co atmosphere. Be mat cua hanh tinh nay b lam vao,

. Hoac b tng tac thieu huy cua bc xa mat tri (nhiet o cua no len en vai tram o).
. Hoac la tng tac cua s ret lanh vu tru. Nhiet o trung bnh ay vao khoang 400OK, khong co mot sinh vat nao co the ton tai.

* Tren Venus, cach xa mat tri khoang 110 trieu km, nhiet o be mat kha cao (700OK), ieu nay c gan lien vi hieu ng nha knh o la mot lng ln CO2 (90%) trong bau atmosphere day ac cua Venus. Nc ay dang t do thc te khong ton tai. Ap suat kh quyen tren be mat cua Venus vao khoang 300 atm. May trong atmosphere cua hanh tinh nay bao gom tinh the acid lu huynh, ieu nay lam tang anh hao quang rc sang. * Sao hoa cach xa mat tri khoang 230km, nhiet o trung bnh cua hanh tinh khoang 200OK. Atmosphere ay rat loang, ham lng nc trong atmosphere rat be.

Trai at cach xa mat tri khoang 150 trieu km, la mot trong so nhng hanh tinh trong he thong thai dng, o c e cap en cac thanh phan co quan he en s song, nh:

Atmosphere

Biosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere

Tnh en nay s trng thanh trai at a hn 4,6 ty nam. Giai oan au cua qua trnh hnh thanh trai at th kh quyen hau nh cha hnh thanh, trai at con dang long. Nh qua trnh lanh dan ma cac kh do nui la va cac hoat ong trong long at sinh ra c chuyen len be mat cua trai at.

Be day (km)
ai dng ----10 . . 0 Lp tren Mantle

S thoat kh

100 ---------------------------------Vung chuyen tiep

1000 ----------------------------------Lp di Mantle

H.6- Cau truc lp vo trai at

Kh c phun ra t nui la, t s nong chay long at khoang thi ky au cua 500 trieu nam cua s ton tai hanh tinh chung ta, ma thanh phan chnh gom:

hydrogen

hi nc

metan va oxid carbon

vi hon hp cua hp chat lu huynh.

Chnh cac kh va hi nc nay tao thanh lp atmosphere bao quanh lp vo trai at.

S ngng tu cua hi nc xay ra bau kh quyen a en s tao thanh bien ai dng, ieu nay dien ra 4 ty nam ve trc.

Cac qua trnh boc hi nc, ngng tu tren luc a di dang cac chat ngng ket am t va mot lan na chay xuong ai dng - ieu nay c goi la chu trnh thuy quyen.

Ket qua

a en s hoa tan vao nc mot lng ln cac muoi khoang.

Mot ac iem quan trong cua atmosphere thi ky au hnh thanh trai at la s vang mat oxygen t do.
Song, e s song tren trai at ton tai va phat trien th van e at ra la lng oxygen phai ap ng nhu cau cho s song: Thi ky au [Oxygen] = 0%

------------>

Ngay nay [Oxygen] ~ 21%

S gia tang nong o oxygen nh ngay nay 21% c xem la mot giai oan phat trien trng thanh cua trai at, la mot giai oan ac biet cua lch s phat trien s song tren trai at.

S tao thanh oxygen tren trai at c ga thiet rang: nhng thi ky au s xuat hien hnh thanh oxygen bau kh quyen la do qua phan ly quang hoc cua cac lien ket oxygen, nh H-O-H, O=C=O, di tac dung cua cac tia cc tm ( < 200 nm), co ngha la :
UV ( < 200 nm) H 2O CO2 Photosynthesis -------------------> Oxygen

Co the hieu rang di tac dung cua cac tia cc tm a dan en lam gay cac lien ket, cung nh cac qua trnh ion hoa ma ket qua la co s tao thanh cac fragment rieng biet.

Chnh cac fragment nay la vat lieu e tao thanh cac hp chat co cau truc phc tap hn.

Nh vay co s cach mang hoa hoc, ma ket qua cua cac qua trnh hoa hoc a lam tang nong o oxygen.

Cho nen co the noi ket qua cua s tng tac cua bc xa mat tri, cua yeu to manh liet cua s tng tac ot bien bc xa bat au cho cuoc cach mang s song tren trai at.

S xuat hien va gia tang lng oxygen t do trong bau atmosphere trai at c xem la yeu to gop phan vao s xuat hien nhieu sinh vat a bao. Hn na s gia tang lng oxygen trong atmosphere dan en s xuat hien lp ozone, t phan ng:

O2 -------------->

O +

O2 + O + M --------> O3 + M ay M la thanh phan nhan nang lng giai phong e ngan can qua trnh phan ly ozone.

Chnh lp ozone nay hap thu bc xa UV t mat tri chieu len trai at, bao ve c s song tren trai at.

ieu nay mang en mot xu the mi cua cong cuoc cach mang s song cung nh dan en s t ieu chnh he thong sinh hoa e duy tr s song trong biosphere o la s can bang t nhien.

Da tren s phat trien cua trai at a co nhieu ga thuyet ve s xuat hien s song. The gii sinh hoc ngay nay la ket qua cua s tien trien keo dai 4 ty nam, ma s phat trien o la: n nguyen t -----> Bac phan t ------> Phan t sinh hoc, te bao ----> Sinh vat phc tap.

Mot cach tong quat, theo cac nha khoa hoc, qua trnh phat trien cua s song co the chia thanh 4 giai oan:

S phat trien hoa hoc

S phat trien tien sinh hoc

S phat trien sinh hoc S phat trien xa hoi

* S phat trien hoa hoc cua s song o la qua trnh hnh thanh cac phan t phc tap. Cac phan t n sinh, cac phan t a sinh c sinh ra t cac vat the n gian cua thi ky ban au theo hng lien ket hoa hoc thong qua viec s dung nguon nang lng xuat hien tren trai at. S o phat trien hoa hoc co the hieu:

CH4 H 2O NH3 HCN

Nhiet Phong ien -------------------> Tia X, , , Tia t ngoai

Nhiet Protein Acid Amin Phong ien Nucleotid Acid beo ----------------> Carburhydro ng T ngoai M

Phat trien sinh hoc la qua trnh t hnh thanh he thong cac ai phan t sinh hoc nh acid nucleic, protein.

S phat trien sinh hoc la mot qua trnh phat trien a dang cua ban chat s song ton tai tren trai at. No bat au t s phat trien cua cac vi khuan vo c, vi khuan tong hp quang hoc, vi khuan ciano, vi khuan hieu kh roi tiep tuc en s xuat hien cua tao n bao, tao a bao....

* S phat trien xa hoi la s phat trien cua con ngi

t ong vat en xa hoi ngay nay.

Trong qua trnh phat trien xa hoi, nhan thc cua con ngi cung nh cua xa hoi loai ngi oi vi moi trng chu anh hng rat ln bi s phat trien hoa hoc, sinh hoc va tien en xa hoi van minh hn.

Nh vay hang trieu nam ve trc trong cuoc cach mang s song tren trai at a dien ra s xuat hien con ngi, tac ong len moi trng chung quanh...
Thoat au con ngi ch la mot trong nhng khau cua mac xch sinh thai, nhng cai y thc cua con ngi a tr thanh phng hng tm kiem thc an, cu nguy t thu d, s khai thac tm kiem nhiet, nang lng...

Tat ca ieu nay ton tai trong thien nhien va co y ngha can thiet cho s song.

Nh vay hang trieu nam ve trc trong cuoc cach mang s song tren trai at a dien ra s xuat hien con ngi, tac ong len moi trng chung quanh...

Thoat au con ngi ch la mot trong nhng khau cua mac xch sinh thai, nhng cai y thc cua con ngi a tr thanh phng hng tm kiem thc an, cu nguy t thu d, s khai thac tm kiem nhiet, nang lng... Tat ca ieu nay ton tai trong thien nhien va co y ngha can thiet cho s song.

Ta cung hieu rang t khi co c the song, s song xuat hien khi ay y ngha moi trng c hnh thanh. Thc ra, cac thanh phan nh
atmosphere

hydrosphere

lithosphere

a ton tai trc khi s song xuat hien tren hanh tinh cua chung ta, nhng ch khi cac c the song xuat hien trong moi tng tac vi cac nhan to o th chung mi tr thanh moi trng.

Tom lai, moi trng la tat ca nhng g chung quanh chung ta, tao ieu kien e chung ta song, hoat ong va phat trien. Cho nen co the xem chc nang chnh cua moi trng c hte hen qua hnh ve sau:
Khong gian song cua con ngi va cua cac loai sinh vat MOI TRNG Ni lu tr va cung cap cac nguon thong tin Ni cha ng cac phe thai do chnh con ngi tao ra trong cuoc song Ni cha ng cac nguon tai nguyen

II- S VAN CHUYEN CHAT NHIEM BAN TRONG MOI TRNG - O NHIEM MOI TRNG.

1- Tac ong cua con ngi oi vi moi trng. Con ngi la ai dien cua the gii sinh vat, s ton tai con ngi nh mot dang sinh hoc c gan lien chat che vi tnh nang cua moi trng chung quanh. Cho nen s gia tang con ngi - gia tang dan so, khong t van e co tac ong en ieu kien song cua moi trng chung quanh.

Tac ong cua dan so len moi trng c e cap tai Hoi ngh dan so va phat trien cua Lien hiep quoc to ch Cairo ngay 5 13 thang 9 nam 1994, a nhan nh Ap lc len moi trng co the nay sinh t s gia tang dan so qua nhanh, s phan bo va di c, ac biet cac he sinh thai de b ton thng.

Neu I (Impact) la yeu to tac ong cua dan so len moi trng, th I = P.C.T

ay:

ngi)

I Tac ong moi trng P Dan so C Tieu thu tai nguyen (bnh quan tren au

T Cong nghe (quyet nh mc tac ong cua moi n v tai nguyen c tieu thu).

ieu o c the hien bang sau: Bang 3- So lieu khai thac tai nguyen va s thai cac chat vao moi trng S lay ra t biosphere/nam Lam tham nhap vao biosphere/nam - Tai nguyen i at 100 ty tan - Hoa chat -100 ngan danh muc mat hang - Kim loai 800 tan - Vat lieu tong hp - 60 trieu tan. - Phan khoang - 500 trieu tan - Pesticide - 5 trieu tan - Sat - 50 trieu tan - Chat long - 500 ty m3 - Vat ran - 17,4 ty tan - CO2 ty tan - SO2 150 ty tan Nh vay chnh s phat trien cua con ngi cung nh cac hoat ong cua con ngi c xem la nguon goc gay nen s nhiem ban moi trng. The nao la s nhiem ban moi trng?

2- S nhiem ban (Pollution). S nhiem ban hay la s o nhiem la nhng tac ong lam thay oi cac thanh phan moi trng, tao nen s mat can bang trang thai moi trng, gay anh hng xau ti sinh vat va moi trng chung quanh. Mot cach ro hn, o nhiem moi trng la nhng tac ong lam thay oi moi trng t nhien thong qua s thay oi cac thanh phan vat ly, hoa hoc, cac nguon nang lng, mc o bc xa, o pho bien cua sinh vat... Nhng thay oi nay anh hng trc tiep en con ngi thong qua con ng thc an, nc uong va khong kh, hoac anh hng gian tiep ti con ngi do thay oi cac ieu kien vat ly, hoa hoc va s suy thoai t nhien.

Theo WHO (World Health Organization), s o nhiem la viec chuyen cac chat thai hoac nang lng vao moi trng en mc co kha nang gay tac hai en sc khoe con ngi, en s phat trien sinh vat hoac lam suy giam chat lng moi trng. Theo nh ngha nay cac tac nhan gay o nhiem (pollutant), tc la nhng chat co trong t nhien nhng do tnh huong nao o ham lng co gia tang va dan en gay tac hai cho moi trng thien nhien, cho con ngi cung nh sinh vat song.

Chat o nhiem co the la do cac hien tng t nhien sinh ra trong mot pham vi nao o cua moi trng (nui la, chay rng, bao lut...), hoac do cac hoat ong cua con ngi gay nen (khu san xuat cong nghiep, giao thong van tai, sinh hoat o th...).

Chat o nhiem co the la dang ran, long, kh; co the la cac hoa chat hoac tac nhan vat ly, sinh hoc, cac dang nang lng nh nhiet o, bc xa. Song moi trng ch c goi la o nhiem neu trong o ham lng, nong o hoac cng o cac tac nhan at en mc co kha nang tac ong xau en con ngi, sinh vat.

Chang han nong o cho phep mot vai oc to kim loai trong nc uong. Nguyen to Pb Hg As Cd WHO 0,1 mg/l 0,001 mg/l 0,05 mg/l 0,01 mg/l Nong o cho phep trong nc uong Viet nam (1995) 0,05 mg/l 0,001 mg/l (be mat nc sinh hoat va nc ngam) 0,05 mg/l (nguon nc sinh hoat va nc ngam) 0,01 mg/l

3- Nong o chat nhiem ban. Thong thng nong o cac oc to, chat gay nhiem ban kha be tuy the van co tac dung gay hai oi vi sc khoe.

Ham lng nong o cua cac chat nay co the bieu dien nhieu cach - tuy thuoc vao moi trng chung co mat, nh trong khong kh, nc, hay at.
Phan ln cac trng hp, nong o hoa hoc trong dung dch nc c bieu th nh la khoi lng tren n v the tch, mg/L (mot phan nghn gam tren liter).

Tuy nhien, khi nong o cua chung rat loang, chang han nong cua cac chat ay trong nc ngam, khi o nong o co the bieu th nh g/L (mot phan trieu gam tren liter).

Cung co mot so trng hp, khi o nong o c bieu th nh ppm (parts per million) hoac bieu th ppb (parts per billion), ieu nay co gia tr nong o tng thch vi cach bieu th nong o mg/L va g/L tng ng.

Ve mat ky thuat, moi quan he tng thch ay, thc ra cha han tng ng. Tuy nhien, neu dung moi la nc co ty trong 1g/cm3 tai 4 oC, th khi o ro la tng ng.

Do vay,

1mg chat nhiem ban 1 ppm = --------------------------106 mg moi trng

1mg chat nhiem ban 1 mg/L = ----------------------------103 mL dung moi

Neu dung moi la nc co co ty trong d = 1g/cm 3 (hay 103 mg/mL), th co moi quan he nh sau:

1mg chat nhiem ban 1mg/L = --------------------------------------(103 mL dung moi) (103 mg/mL) 1mg chat nhiem ban --------------------------- = 1 ppm 106 mg dung moi

Do vay co moi quan he sau: mg ppm = ------L mg ------kg

Tai nhiet o t 4 oC, khi o ty trong d 1g/cm3, trong tnh huong nay moi quan he tren khong con ga tr.

Do vay, e an toan thng s dung n v mg/L.

Nong o cua chat nhiem ban trong at hay trong bun set (sludge), ve c ban bieu th bi n v khoi lng / khoi lng.

Thong thng nhat, c bieu th: mg chat nhiem ban / kg at (tng ng vi ppm).

oi vi nong o chat nhiem ban la kh c bieu th: khoi lng / the tch (g chat nhiem ban / m3 khong kh), Hoac: n v la the tch / the tch (ppm).

4- Cac nguon gay o nhiem.

- Nganh san xuat va tieu thu nang lng

- Cac nganh cong nghiep

- Nong nghiep

- Giao thong van tai

-Nganh san xuat va tieu thu nang lng Co the noi ay la nguon gay o nhiem moi trng ang ke. Chang han, khai thac va tieu thu than, dau hoa a a vao atmosphere mot lng ang ke kh CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, ... Cac nganh cong nghiep. Cong nghiep hoa chat, ien t, luyen kim a a vao moi trng mot lng cac oc to kim loai Hg, Cd, Sb, As....
-

Chu yeu a vao moi trng cac hoa chat bao ve thc vat, nh pesticide, insectiside

-Nong nghiep.

- Giao thong van tai. Cac kh c thai vao atmosphere la CO2, SO2, NOx, Pb..

Nh vay tac ong con ngi a a vao moi trng cac dang nhiem ban khac nhau.

Bang sau cho thay cac dang va oi tng gay o nhiem.

Bang 4 - Cac dang va oi tng lam o nhiem moi trng

Dang nhiem ban Nganh cong nghiep ac trng cho cac dang o nhiem Nang lng nhiet, giao thong Nganh luyen kim Cong nghiep hoa chat, ien lanh Cong nghiep hoa chat, luyen kim Cong nghiep luyen kim, nang lng Cong nghiep giay - Cellulose Cong nghiep ien nguyen t, quoc phong Cac tram lam sach sinh hoc C dan.... Nang lng ien nguyen t, cong nghiep quoc phong Cong nghiep dau kh, hoa dau Nong nghiep Cong nghiep khai mo, c kh Cong nghiep det Cong nghiep Cellulose-giay

Khong kh

- CO2, SO2, NOx, hydrocarbon - Vet kim loai - Cac hp chat co cha halogen

at

- Kim loai - Tro, than x - Cellulose, giay - Hat nhan phong xa - Bun hoat tnh - Rac ri

Nc

- Nhiet - Chat phong xa - San pham dau kh - Pesticide - Kim loai nang - Chat mau, Phenol - Lignin

Du rang co nhieu nguon lam o nhiem moi trng, nhng co the phan chia thanh hai nhom: Nguon khong nh hng (Non-point source) Cac chat gay o nhiem thuoc nhom Non-point source do thien tai ma, gio, lu lut mang en. Nhung chat thuoc nhom o nhiem nay co the di chuyen xa rong va van e kiem soat se kho khan hn vi nguon iem.

Nguon iem (point source) La cac nguon gay o nhiem co the nh v c, nh khoi thai t nha may, xe co giao thong,...

Co the noi hau het cac tac nhan gay o nhiem la nhng san pham sinh ra t nhng khu vc xac nh, chang han t cac khu cong nghiep, vung nong nghiep phat trien, thanh pho...

5- S lan truyen va bien oi cua chat gay o nhiem moi trng

The nhng bang cach nao chung co the lan truyen i xa e dan en s tac ong len thc vat, ong vat va ngay ca con ngi nhng ni khac; hay la chung lam thay oi thanh phan hoa hoc cua kh quyen qui mo toan cau.

Van e nay la cho:

- Cac sinh vat tren trai at to chc lai thanh cac quan xa sinh hoc, trong o moi mot nhom ong vat, thc vat co chc nang rieng.

Cac thanh vien trong quan xa ay co s phu thuoc lan nhau va co moi quan he tng ho gia quan the sinh vat vi cac yeu to moi trng chung quanh. Tap hp cua cac cac quan the sinh vat va moi trng chung quanh tao nen he sinh thai.

- Khong co he sinh thai nao uc xem la hoan toan ong kn, t nhieu eu b anh hng cua cac he ben canh. Moi he sinh thai se s dung nang lng mat tri e chuyen hoa chat hu c can cho s song.

- Cac chat hu c can thiet cho s song c lu thong t he sinh thai nay sang he sinh thai khac thong qua con ng cac chu trnh sinh a hoa.

Do vay khong lay lam ngac nhien khi mot tac nhan o nhiem c sinh ra mot ni nao o lai co the gay cac phan ng tac ong mot ni xa iem xuat phat. Chang han, DDT khong bao gi c s dung nam cc, nhng a tm thay DDT trong m chim penguin.

Ro rang, co the noi rang s lan truyen cac chat o nhiem c thc hien bi: . Cac chu trnh sinh a hoa . Qua trung gian cua cac mach dinh dng, chuoi thc an.

III- NANG LNG VA SINH THAI HOC Vi s gia tang dan so va phat trien cong nghiep, hien nay tren toan the gii a dan en viec khai thac va s dung nhieu nhuon tai nguyen thien nhien. ieu nay gan lien vi viec gia tang mc tieu thu nang lng ien, c thay ay mc san xuat va tieu thu hang nam cua cac dang nang lng My.

* n

v nang lng c qui oi theo lng nang lng tng ng cua dau tho ot chay, cho nen mc san xuat ien tnh theo barrel/nam

Ty barrrels/nam 14 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (2)

(1)
7 ------------------------(1)- Mc san xuat (2)- Mc tieu thu. 0 . 1950 . 1970 1 barrel = 150 litre = 20 - 30 Gallons . 1990 Nam

H.8 - Nhu cau tieu thu va san xuat nang lng cua My

Ben canh ay, mc san xuat ien nam 1988 cho mot so quoc gia nh sau:

Bang 5 - Nang lng ien san xuat tai mot so nc

Khu vc Cong suat chung Trieu. kW Bac My(USA, Can.) Tay Au Nhat ban Cac nc khoi SEV Cac nc con lai 855 531 180 490 570 Cac dang nang lng, % Nhiet ien 81 51 63 73 65 Thuy ien 17 27 21 18 33 ien ng. t 12 22 16 9 2

Vi mc gia tang tieu dung ve nang lng ien dan en s can thiet qui mo rong rai e tien hanh phng thc san xuat. Tuy nhien, cac bien phap thc hien e tiep nhan nang lng ien hien nay a mang en nhng tac ong trc tiep hay gian tiep khong co li cho moi trng.

Nhn vao mc san xuat ien nang hien nay, phan ln cac nc van s dung ien nang dang nhiet ien, ma nhien lieu s dung di dang carbon hu c nh than, dau, kh ot... Viec s dung nhiet ien se thai vao moi trng atmosphere cac dang co the a en mc gia tang o nhiem - S hoat ong cac nha may nhiet ien se mang en cho moi trng atmosphere mot lng tro bui va cac kh CO, CO2, NOx, SO2. - Vi cac nha may nhiet ien s dung than, v trong than co the cha mot lng ong v phong xa t nhien nh U-238, Th-232, va C-14. Do vay, xuat phat t khu vc cua cac nha may nhiet ien, cac chat phong xa nay cung tro bui bay len trong qua trnh hoat ong. ieu nay se a en nen phong phong xa co cao hn.

* Nhiet ien

* Thuy ien
Hien nay mot so nc s dung thuy ien manh nh: - Phap va Thuy s > 90% - Thuy ien va Italia - 74% - Nhat - 62% - Canada - 50% - USA - 44% Viec s dung thuy ien th ga thanh ien nang c san xuat kinh te hn nha may nhiet ien, khoang 4 lan thap hn nha may nhiet ien. Tuy nhien van e xay dng cac nha may thuy ien co tac ong en moi trng sinh thai - o la co kha nang lam di chuyen tnh t nhien cua cac loai ca. ieu nay gan lien vi s vi pham can bang sinh thai.

* ien nguyen t Tai mot so nc cong nghiep phat trien nhu cau s dung ien cao. e ap ng nhu cau ve ien, tai cac nc o a s dung en ien nuyen t (NT).

Chang han, mc san xuat ien nguyen t vao nam 1988 cho mot so nc tren the gii c cho bang sau:

Bang 6. Mc san xuat ien nguyen t mot so nc

Nc Nha may NT hoat ong So lo phan ng USA Phap Anh Nhat CHLB c Canada B 108 55 40 36 23 18 7 Cong suat, Trieu. kW 95,3 52,6 11,9 26,9 21,5 12,2 5,5 Nha NT xay NT s dung may trong nc, dng So lo Cong suat, % phan ng Trieu. kW 7 9 2 14 1 4 7,7 12,2 1,8 12,3 1,5 3,5 19,6 69,9 18,7 23 34 16 65,5

Nh c biet lo phan ng hat nhan cua cac nha may ien nguyen t thng s dung nguyen lieu hat nhan gom 2% U-235, 97% U-238 va mot lng U234, khi o, U-235 + n ----> [U-236] --------> (T1/2 = 10-14s)
Manh phan hach + (2-3) n + 200 MeV

U-238 (n, ) U-239 -------------> Np-239 ----------> Pu-239 23,5 min 2,35d Pu-239 c goi la nhien lieu chay hat nhan hu hieu hn U-235. Pu-239 c s dung che tao vu kh hat nhan.

Cung vi U-238 co the s dung Th-232, trong trng hp nay san pham tao thanh la U-233.
Th-232 (n, ) Th-233 -----------> Pa-233 --------> U-233 22,1 min 27,4 d

Viec s dung ien nguyen t se cho nguon nang lng ln, neu nh ot chay 1g carbon se phat ra lng nhiet lng khoang 7 Kcal, the nhng vi 1g nhien lieu hat nhan cho ra lng nhiet khoang 20 trieu Kcal, co ngha la khoang 3.106 lan ln hn.

Dau rang mc o nguy hiem nhiem ban bi cac san pham hat nhan neu khong co che o bao am an toan, v co the thai ra mot so san pham phan hach nguy hai nh Sr-90, Zr-93, Cs-137....

The nhng nang lng ien nguyen t c xem nh tnh huong phai la chon ly tng oi vi ien nang neu s dung nhien lieu ot chay hu c.

V - SINH THAI VA BAO VE MOI TRNG Nh c biet he sinh thai (ecosystem) la mot he thong tng tac bao gom cac quan the sinh vat va moi trng trong o chung ton tai.
He sinh thai = Moi trng + chung quanh Quan xa sinh vat + Nang lng mat tri

Chang han, he sinh thai bien. he sinh thai nc ngot...

Co the noi rang mot he sinh thai hoan thien phai co c hai thanh phan . Moi trng vat ly . Moi trng sinh vat

Co ngha la hoi u ve yeu to abiotic va biotic, tc bao gom - Cac chat vo sinh - Cac sinh vat san xuat - Cac sinh vat tieu thu - Cac sinh vat phan huy

- Cac chat vo sinh Gom cac chat vo c (C, N, CO2, H2O, O2) va cac chat hu c (protein, glucid, lipid, mun) - Cac sinh vat san xuat Bao gom thc vat va mot so vi khuan. Nhng sinh vat nay co kha nang tong hp cac chat hu c t cac chat vo c can thiet cho s song, do vay chung c goi lasinh vat t dng.

Chang han nh cay xanh, tao la cac sinh vat san xuat, co the thc hien s quang tong hp.

La nhng ong vat s dung trc tiep hay gian tiep cac chat hu c do thc vat san xuat. Sinh vat tieu thu khong co kha nang san sinh ra cac chat hu c cho chnh mnh, v vay chung c goi la sinh vat d dng. Sinh vat tieu thu c chia lam 3 nhom ong vat an thc vat ong vat an tht ong vat va an tht va an thc vat

- Cac sinh vat tieu thu

- Cac sinh vat phan huy

Bao gom cac vi khuan, nam co kha nang phan huy cac hp chat hu c. S dinh dng cac sinh vat nay gan lien vi s phan huy cac chat hu c, v vay chung c xem la nhng sinh vat tieu hoa cua mot he sinh thai.

Cac sinh vat phan huy co kha nang chuyen hoa nhng phan t hu c phc tap co trong xac chet cua ong vat, thc vat thanh nhng hp chat vo c n gian ma cay xanh co the hap thu c lam nguon dinh dng.

Quan he gia cac thanh phan trong mot he sinh thai c mo ta bi s o

Sinh vat san xuat (Producers)

Cac chat vo sinh (Abiotic)

Sinh vat tieu thu (Consumers)

Sinh vat phan huy (Reducers)

H.9 - Chu trnh vat chat trong he sinh thai

Neu mot he sinh thai trang thai on nh, co ngha la trong o cac thanh phan cua moi trng t nhien ieu kien can bang, khi o ta noi co s can bang sinh thai (ecological balance).

Vi mot he sinh thai can bang th se thiet lap c can bang gia san xuat, tieu thu va phan huy cung nh ton tai c
gia cac loai trong he o.

Cac he sinh thai co kha nang thc hien s t ieu chnh trong mot gii han nhat nh. Tuy nhien, neu vt qua gii han nay th chung khong con kha nang hoat ong s t ieu chnh na, khi o he sinh thai, hoac . Se phai chu s thay oi.

. B ton thng hoac b pha huy.

Nh vay, neu co mot tac ong nao en he sinh thai ma ket qua co the lam pha v can bang, th he sinh thai o kho co the ton tai va phat trien. Th du: Cong nghiep ien lanh thai ra moi trng atmosphere hp chat Freon ClFCH2, Cl2F2C... se dan en kha nang lam thung tang ozone va co nguy c gay tac hai en sinh vat tren trai at, v h Freon Cl + O3 ClO + O ClO + h --------> --------> --------> --------> Cl (nguyen t) ClO + O2 Cl + O2 Cl + O ( < 303,5nm)

Th du: S co lam o dau FO cua Humanity (1993) va Neptune Ariens (1994) tren song ong nai a lam thiet hai en ruong nuoi tom va canh tac lua, bi le khi mat nc ngap lp dau m se lam can tr qua trnh ho hap, quang hp va cung cap dinh dng cho cac loai thuy sinh moi trng b o6 nhiem dau m.

Chnh v ly do o ma viec bao ve he sinh thai hay bao ve moi trng la can thiet.

Bao ve moi trng, thc chat la:

- bao ve o tinh khiet cua khong kh ma con ngi can th-ho hap, - bao ve s trong sach cua cac nguon nc ma con ngi uong, - bao ve s an toan thc an thc pham ma con ngi an. - Theo ngha rong, bao ve moi trng la chong lai tat ca nhng g lam tac hai en trang thai the chat va tinh than cua con ngi.

1- Tnh hnh dan so the gii Mc gia tang dan so tren trai at theo tng giai c cho bi bang sau.

Bang 1 - S gia tang dan so tren trai at

S gia tang dan c (trieu ngi) 10 - 20 40 - 80 160 - 320 320 - 600 600 - 1200 1200 - 2500 2500 - 5000 Khoang thi gian (nam) 7000 - 4500 en Cong nguyen 2500 - 100 en Cong nguyen 1 - 900 Cong nguyen 900 - 1700 1700 - 1850 1850 - 1950 1950 - 1990

T so lieu tren cho thay: -Hang nam dan c tren trai at gia tang khoang 100 trieu ngi - Theo d oan dan so tren trai at khoang 6,3 ty ngi vao nam 2000 Thc vay, theo nguon ieu tra dan so the gii (2002 World Population Data Sheet), nam 2002, toan the gii co 6,2 ty ngi, c phan bo theo cac khu vc sau:

Khu vc Chau A Chau Phi Chau Au My la tinh va Vung Caribe Bac My Thai bnh dng

Dan so (x 1000), ngi 3.766.082 840.214 727.493 531.156 318.954 31.532

Ty le. % 60,6 13,5 11,7 8,5 5,1 0,5

2002 World Population Data Sheet, nam 2002, toan the gii co 6,2 ty ngi

Theo o,
- Dan so khu vc cac nc phat trien la 1.197.423.000 ngi, chiem 19.3% - Dan so khu vc cac nc kem phat trien la 5.018.008.000 ngi, chiem 80.7% - Dan so khu vc kem phat trien chiem hn 4/5 tong dan so the gii - Ty suat tang t nhien cua khu vc kem phat trien (1.6%) gap 16 lan khu vc phat trien (0.1%). - Co 20 nc c xem nh ong dan nhat.

STT

Nc

Dan so (x 1000), ngi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Trung quoc An o My Indonesia Brasin Nga Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Nhat Mexico c Philipin Viet nam Ai cap Ethiopia Tho nh ky Iran Thai lan Anh

1.280.712 1.049.464 287.494 216.983 171.816 143.524 143.481 133.603 129.935 127.378 101.743 82.406 80.025 79.707 71.244 67.673 67.264 65.554 62.626 60.244

Cung theo d bao dan so the gii trong nhng nam tiep theo oi vi cac nc thuoc khu vc phat trien va cac nc thuoc khu vc ang phat trien c cho trong bang sau:
Khu vc cac nc ang phat trien Phat trien Toan the gii 1990 (trieu ngi) 4.191 1.142 5.285 2010 (trieu ngi) 5.819 1.213 7.032 2030 (trieu ngi) 8.167 1.333 9.500 2050 (trieu ngi) 8.624 1.208 9.832

- Dan so the gii se at 7,9 ty ngi vao nam 2025 va 9,1 ty ngi vao nam 2050.

Theo d bao o,

- Chau Phi se la khu vc co mc tang dan so nhanh nhat, tiep en la Chau A, rieng Chau Au dan so se giam.

Khu vc
Chau Phi Chau A Chau Au

Nam 2025
1,3 ty ngi 4,7 ty ngi 717.6 trieu ngi

Nam 2050
1,8 ty ngi 5,3 ty ngi 633.5 trieu ngi

Dan so gia tang gan lien vi s gia tang ieu kien song, gan lien vi s gia tang van hoa cho xa hoi loai ngi.

Cung vi s gia tang ay a a en s gia tang ve tong the san pham cong nghiep, nong nghiep.

ieu nay a phan nao lam tieu hao tai nguyen thien nhien cung nh lam tham nhap vao moi trong khong t cac phe thai t cong ong loai ngi.

Dan c gia tang

Dang pho bien, nhu cau tang

oc to, benh tat tang

Khong gian, chat dinh dng, cac dang tieu dung giam

Tac ong e doa en moi trng

He qua: Thay oi kh hau thi tiet, tieu hao tai nguyen thien nhien, pha v can bang sinh thai...

2- S gia tang lng kh nha knh CO2 Neu theo quy c, lng CO2 la kh can thiet cho s tang trng thc
vat thanh phan trung bnh CO2 co trong atmosphere vao khoang 0,033%. Thi gian Trc o 1850 1958 1980 1988 Ham lng CO2, ppm 260 265 315 340 350

Nh vay co the nhn nhan rang chnh con ngi a lam gia tang ang ke lng CO2 trong atmosphere tc a lam tang lng kh nha knh.

2- S gia tang lng kh nha knh CO2

Bang sau cho thay tong lng CO2 phat ra t nam nc

USA Total (106t) 791 1224 Per capital (t) 4.38 5.03 West Germany Total (106t) 531 624 741 709 809 718 719 709 706 689 Per capital (t) 8.7 10.3 12.1 11.6 13.3 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.3 Netherlands Total (106t) 75 99 131 134 154 145 156 155 153 155 Per capital (t) 5 6.6 8.7 8.9 10.2 9.7 10 10.3 10.2 10.3 Total (106t) 619 663 675 599 583 561 567 583 577 579 UK Per capital (t) 10.5 11.6 11.8 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.1 10.1 Total (106t) 10.5 13.5 19.1 20.6 25.2 17.2 28.3 30.1 30.3 30.9 Ireland Per capital (t) 3 3.9 5.5 5.9 7.2 7.8 8.1 8.6 8.7 8.8

Nam 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1980

-Lng kh CO2 phat ra t cac thu o cua cac nc phat trien xap x vao khoang t 5 en 10 tan /nam. -Nam 1987, vao khoang 5.6x109 t kh CO2 phat thai vao atmosphere toan cau, trong o My ong gop 1.2x109 tan - Khoang thi gian 1970 en 1980 cac nha khoa hoc nhan thay rang s gia tang CO2 trong bau kh quyen dan en s gia tang nhiet o trai at.

Top Ten CO2 Producing Nations

S phat thai CO2, (trieu tan)

1800

S phat thai CO2 khong kiem soat

1700

1600

1500

1400 1300 1250 1200 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

S giam thai CO2 Theo Kyoto Protocol

e giam bt nguy c nay, thang 12 nam 1997, cac nha lanh ao cac nc a co cuoc hop tai Kyoto Nhat ban Ket qua a ra ngh nh Kyoto (The Kyoto Protocol) ve van e cat giam lng kh thai CO2 vao atmosphere. Theo ngh nh nay can giam bt kh nha knh. Trong nhng nam 2010 2012, lng kh nha knh can giam khoang 5% thap hn mc thai cua nam 1990.

3 - S suy giam ozone (Ozone depletion) Ozone c tao thanh do s ket hp gia oxygen radical va oxygen phan t O2 + O* -> O3

Without the Ozone Layer

Ozone hap thu anh sang cc tm dan en tao thanh oxygen va radical oxygen O3 + UV radiation O2 + O.

Do vay ozone c biet co vai tro kha quan trong o la ngan can tia cc tm UV (bc xa co o dai song 340 nm) t mat tri co kha nang gay ung th da, ot bien (mutation), benh uc thuy tinh the (cataract) tren con ngi hay sinh vat.

S ket hp gia oxygen radical va oxygen phan t cho phep tai tao ozone, ieu nay dan en hap thu bc xa UV nhieu hn. O2 + O* -> O3

Tuy nhien co nhng tac nhan hoa hoc, trong ieu kien thch hp co the a en pha huy ozone, nh chlorofluorocarbon CF2Cl2 c goi la cac hp chat CFC, cac hp chat nay la can nguyen cua s lam suy giam ozone tang stratosphere.

Thc s hp chat CF2Cl2 tai be mat trai at tr ve mat hoa hoc, tuy nhien khi tng tac vi tia UV trong tang atmosphere th giai phong chor nguyen t.

Chlor nguyen t se tng tac nhanh vi ozone

CF2Cl2 Cl. Va ClO + O. --------> Cl. + O2 + + UV O3 ------- > ------- > CF2Cl ClO + + Cl. O2

The Process of Ozone Depletion

The Process of Ozone Depletion

S quan tam kha nang xam nhap cua cac hoa chat vao atmosphere lam suy giam ozone c bat au bi cac nha khoa hoc vao gia nhng nam 1970.

Thc te nam 1985 nhan thay rang tai Nam cc cua trai at a phat hien mot lo thung tang stratosphere

Kch thc cua lo hong ozone vao khoang 20.106 km2, ln dan moi nam, co khuynh hng bao phu en khu vc Nam My.

Dobsons units are used to express the amount of total column ozone. One Dobson Unit (DU) is the height of the layer of pure gaseous ozone in units of 10-5m that one would have if one separated all of the atmospheric ozone and compressed it into a layer at 1 atm and 273OK.
That is, 100 DU is equivalent to a layer of pure ozone of thick of 1 mm

.While working in Australia, I identified some unique misconceptions that students have about ozone depletion

Because Australia has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world, an

appreciation for sun safety (i.e. using sunscreen, staying out of the sun during the middle of the day etc.) has been thoroughly communicated through public education.

However interestingly, when asked why Australia has such concerns about skin cancer, a large majority of students (and I believe the general public as well) blame the Antarctic ozone hole (Cordero, 2001) for their problems.

Because Australia has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world, an appreciation for sun safety (i.e. using sunscreen, staying out of the sun during the middle of the day etc.) has been thoroughly communicated through public education. However interestingly, when asked why Australia has such concerns about skin cancer, a large majority of students (and I believe the general public as well) blame the Antarctic ozone hole (Cordero, 2001) for their problems.

As shown below, the Antarctic ozone hole never really comes even close to the borders of Australia. The more convincing explanation of Australia high incidence of skin cancer is related to skin type, and the historical migration of a light-skinned population from northern Europe to a natural high sunlight environment. Evidence that Australia is a natural high sunlight environment can be found by looking at the skin color of the indigenous population (e.g. Aboriginal Australians), which has had thousands of year to adapt.

mercredi 3 mars 2004

Ozone Depletion Three Times Worse Than Predicted According to a new study, the shrinking of the ozone layer over the Arctic is much worse than previously believed. In Climate change set to poke holes in ozone, Nature tells us it is a sideeffect of global warming, the polar stratospheric clouds absorbing more and more industrial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

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S suy giam ozone tang stratosphere, ngay nay cung c tm thay nhng ni khac tren the gii. Mot phan pha bac cua Canada va Sibiria.

S suy gam ozone c tnh khoang giam 25%.

Do tnh chat nghiem trong lam suy giam tang ozone cua cac hp chat CFC, cho nen vao nam 1989 tai Canada dien ra hoi ngh Montreal (Montreal protocol) lien quan en cac hoa chat lam phan huy tang ozone.

Co 81 quoc gia ong y khong s dung hp chat CFC vao nam 2000.

Theo chieu hng o, viec s dung cac hp chat CFC trc ay trong cong nghe ien lanh, c thay the bi nhng hp chat t co kha nang lam suy giam tang ozone.

Trong giai oan hien nay, hp chat hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) c s dung thay cho cac hp chat CFC, bi le moi phan t hp chat HCFC giai phong lng Chlor nguyen t t hn.

Tac ong cua Montreal Protocol c thay qua o th sau:

Nong o Chlor (ppb)
14

Khong kiem soat

12

10

6 4 2 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 nam

c cat giam t 1996

4- Nguy c thieu nc sach Du rang, vi khoang 3/4 be mat trai at c bao phu bi nc, song cung nhan thay rang nguon tai nguyen nc la co han, -Hau het cac nguon nc tren trai at khong the dung trc tiep c: 97% la nc bien, 2% ton tai trong cac nui, song va bang va mot ty le ln trong so 1% con lai nam qua sau di long at khong the de dang khai thac c - Nhu cau nc s dung tren the gii gia tang moi nam khoang 2-3%, nhng do s phan bo khong ong eu ve nguon nc, ma kha nang co c nc dung tuy thuoc vao chu trnh thuy van, cho nen se co tnh trang thieu nc.

Mot so ni tren the gii co s lo ngai ve nc, nh: STT 1 Khu vc, quoc Tnh hnh nc s dung gia Trung ong - Do khong co ma, nen phai oi mat vi tnh trang khan hiem nc. ay la khu vc khan hiem nc nhat the gii. - Cac quoc gia thuoc khu vc nay s dung nc thong qua viec kh muoi t nc bien Vng quoc A Nc c lay t cac nguon hoa thach trong rap Xeut long at. ay c xem la khu vc s dung nc khong ben vng.

VII - PHNG PHAP KIEM TRA, PHAN TCH CHAT NHIEM BAN TRONG CAC OI TNG MOI TRNG

1- Quan trac (Monitoring) Nham anh ga chat lng cac thanh phan cua moi trng, xem xet mc o nhiem ban, kha nang s dung cac thanh phan moi trng cung nh thu thap d lieu trong viec quan ly va bao ve noi trng th phai tien hanh phep monitoring. Co the noi monitoring moi trng la s o ac, phan tch anh ga dien bien chat lng moi trng theo cac thong so chon loc trong mot khong gian theo tan so nhat nh trong mot thi gian dai.

Quan ly
anh ga yeu to trang thai ieu hoa chat lng moi trng

Quan sat

D bao trang thai

anh ga trang thai c d bao

H.10 - S o quan trac moi trng

Mot cach ro hn, s monitoring can cung cap:

- Thanh phan, nguon goc, nong o cua cac tac nhan gay o nhiem. - Kha nang anh hng cua cac tac nhan gay o nhiem - D bao chieu hng ve nong o va anh hng oi vi tac nhan gay o nhiem
Tren c s thong tin ay c quan quan ly se co bien phap ngan nga, bao ve nham giam thieu tac ong o nhiem moi trng.

2- Phng phap phan tch xac nh chat o nhiem

Cac phng phap phan tch hoa-ly c s dung e kiem tra xac nh nong o cac chat gay o nhiem va c tnh mc gay o nhiem. Ve nguyen tac cac bc sau c tien hanh e xac nh cac chat gay o nhiem moi trng:

. Thu thap va la chon mau . X ly mau vi muc tieu bao ton cac thong so o ac. . Tien hanh phan tch xac nh cac thong so can thiet. . X ly ket qua

Co the phan chia cac phng phap phan tch

. Phng phap phan tch pho

. Phng phap phan tch ien hoa . Phng phap phan tch sac ky

Cac phng phap phan tch pho

Pho nguyen t

Pho phan t

- Photometer (UV, VIS)

Bc xa cng

UV-VIS

- Phng phap huynh quang - Phng phap phan tch cau truc (IR, )

- Kch hoat neutron - Phan tch tia X va Huynh quang tia X

- Pho phat xa - Pho hap thu nguyen t

H. 11 - S o phan tch moi trng bang phng phap phan tch pho.

Bang 7 - Phng phap pho nguyen t ap dung trong phan tch moi trng Phng phap Pho hap thu nguyen t : . Ngon la Pho hap thu nguyen t: . Microwave plasma . ICP . Fluorescence Pho phat xa tia X: . Kch thch ong tia X . Kch thch ong v . Kch thch proton Gii han, g 0,04 - 50 0,005 - 0,5 0,001 - 0,5 0,01 - 10 Ap dung Mau dung dch Mau dung dch Mau dung dch Mau dung dch

0,05 - 5 1 - 50 0,005 - 0,01

Mau ran Mau ran Mau ran

Phng phap phan tch ien hoa

Phng phap tren c s khong dien ra phan ng ien cc Phng phap tren c s dien ra phan ng ien cc

- Phng phap o o dan - Phng phap chuan o o dan

Di s vang dong

Di s tng tac dong

Sensor ien hoa

Phng phap o the

- Volt-Ampere - Chan o ampere - Coulometry

- ien cc chon loc ion - ien cc trao oi electron

H. 11 - S o phan tch moi trng bang phng phap phan tch ien hoa

Bang 9 - Phng phap ien hoa ap dung trong phan tch moi trng Phng phap
ien cc chon loc ion Cc pho

Gii han, mol/lit 10-5-10-4 10-7-10-4

Ap dung
Mau dung dch Mau dung dch

Phng phap sac ky Pha chuyen ong - Kh Pha chuyen ong - Long

- Sac ky kh - Sac ky kh-long

- Sac ky lp mong - Sac ky long cao ap

Sac ky khoi pho

H.11- S o phan tch moi trng bang phng phap phan tch sac ky

Bang 11 - Phng phap sac ky ap dung trong phan tch moi trng

Phng phap Sac ky kh-long va kh-ran Sac ky long-long

Gii han, ng 0,001-10 0,01-10

Ap dung (Mau long) Tach cac chat hu c va vo c bay hi da tren ap suat hi khac nhau gia hai pha. Tach cac chat hu c hoa tan da tren o tan khac nhau gia hai chat long co o phan cc khac nhau. Tach cac hp chat hu c hoa tan da tren s tng tac cac nhom the cua chung vi pha tnh. Tach cac anion vo c, hu c, cation kim loai kiem va NH4+ da tren s tng tac gia chat phan tch va pha tnh c ion hoa.

Sac ky long-ran Sac ky ion

0,001-10