Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

A. L THUYT BI 1: KIM LOI KIM

I - V tr v cu to: 1.V tr ca kim lai kim trong bng tun hon. Cc kim lai kim thuc nhm IA, gm 6 nguyn t ha hc: Liti(Li), Kali(K), Natri(Na), Rubii(Rb), Xesi(Cs), Franxi(Fr). Franxi l nguyn t phng x t nhin. S d c gi l kim lai kim v hiroxit ca chng l cht kim mnh. 2.Cu to v tnh cht ca kim lai kim. - Cu hnh electron chung: ns1 - Nng lng ion ha: Cc nguyn t kim lai kim c nng lng ion ha I1 nh nht so vi cc kim lai khc cng chu k. - Nng lng ion ha I2 ln hn nng lng ion ha I1 nhiu ln (6 n 14 ln ), nng lng ion ha I1 gim dn t Li n Cs. - Lin kt kim loi trong kim lai kim l lin kt yu. - Cu to mng tinh th: Lp Phng Tm Khi. (Rng nh + mm). II - Tnh cht vt l Cc kim lai kim c cu to mng tinh th lp phng tm khi l kiu mng km c kht, c mu trng bc v c nh kim rt mnh, bin mt nhanh chng khi kim loi tip xc vi khng kh. (Bo qun trong du ha). 1. Nhit nng chy v nhit si: Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca kim lai kim thp hn nhiu so vi cc kim lai khc, gim dn t Li n Cs do lin kt kim lai trong mng tinh th kim lai kim km bn vng, yu dn khi kch thc nguyn t tng ln. 2. Khi lng ring: Khi lng ring ca kim lai kim cng nh hn so vi cc kim lai khc do nguyn t ca cc kim lai kim c bn knh ln v do cu to mng tinh th ca chng km c kht. 3. Tnh cng: Cc kim lai kim u mm, c th ct chng bng dao do lin kt kim lai trong mng tinh th yu. 4. dn in: Cc kim loi kim c dn in cao nhng km hn nhiu so vi bc do khi lng rig tng i b lm gim s ht mang in tch. 5. tan: Tt c cc kim lai kim c th ha tan ln nhau v u d tan trong thy ngn to nn hn hng. Ngoi ra chng cn tan uc trong amoniac lng v tan ca chng kh cao. * LU : Cc kim loi t do cng nh hp cht d bay hi ca chng khi c a vo ngn la khng mu lm ngn la tr nn c mu c trng: Li cho mu ta Na mu vng K mu tm Rb mu tm hng Cs mu xanh lam. III. Tnh cht ha hc Tnh kh mnh hay d b oxi ho. M 1e M+ ( qu trnh oxi ho kim loi ) 1. Tc dng vi phi kim 1. 2. 3. 4. Th d: nhit thng : to oxit c cng thc M2O (Li, Na) hay to M2O2 (K, Rb, Cs, Fr). nhit cao : to M2O2 (Na) hay MO2 (K, Rb, Cs, Fr) ( tr trng hp Li to LiO). Phn ng mnh lit vi halogen (X2) to mui halogenuA. to 2M + X2 2MX Phn ng vi hiro to kim loi hiruA. to 2M + H2 2MH
o

t 2Na + O2 Na2O2 ( r )

2Na + H2

to 2NaH

2. Tc dng vi nc v dung dch axit iu kin thng: (gy n ) Do hot ng ha ha mnh nn cc kim loi kim phn ng mnh lit vi nc v cc dung dch axit. Tng qut: 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2 2M + 2 H2O 2MOH ( dd ) + H2 3. Tc dng vi cation kim loi to - Vi oxit kim loi.: 2Na + CuO Na2O + Cu - Vi cation kim loi ca mui tan trong nc th kim loi kim tc dng vi nc trc m khng tun theo quy lut bnh thng l kim loi hot ng mnh y kim loi hot ng yu ra khi mui ca chng. Th d: Khi cho Na tc dng vi dd mui CuSO4 . 2 Na +2H2O 2NaOH +H2 2 NaOH+ CuSO4Na2SO4 +Cu(OH)2

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Trang 1

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

4. Tc dng vi cc kim loi khc :Mt s kim loi kim to thnh hp kim rn vi cc kim loi khc, natri to hp kim rn vi thy ngn hn hng natri (Na-Hg). 5. Tc dng vi NH3 Khi un nng trong kh amoniac, cc kim loi kim d to thnh amiua: Th d: 2Na + 2 NH3 2NaNH2 + H2 IV ng dng v iu ch 1. ng dng ca kim lai kim Kim lai kim c nhiu ng dng quan trng : Ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp dng trong thit b bo chy, Cc kim lai Na v K dng lm cht trao i nhit trong 1 vi lai l phn ng ht nhn. Kim lai xesi dng ch to t bo quang in. iu ch 1 s kim lai him bng phng php nhit luyn. Dng nhiu trong tng hp hu c. 2. iu ch kim lai kim: - Trong t nhin kim lai kim ch tn ti dng hp cht. - Phng php thng dng iu ch kim lai kim l in phn nng chy mui halogenua hoc hiroxit ca kim loi kim trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Th d : *Na c iu ch bng cch in phn nng chy hn hp NaCl vi 25% NaF v 12% KCl nhit cao, cc dng than ch v cc m lm bng Fe. dpnc 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 * Li c iu ch bng cch in phn hn hp LiCl v KCl * Rb v Cs c iu ch bng cch dung kim loi Ca kh cc clorua nhit cao v trong chn khng: 700o c 2RbCl + Ca CaCl2 + 2Rb CaC2 + 2CsCl
700 c 2C + CaCl2 + 2Cs
o

BI 2: MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM

I.NATRI HIROXIT(NaOH). 1.Tnh cht a) Tnh cht vt l: - Cht rn mu trng, ht m mnh, nhit nng chy tng i thp 328oC. - Tan tt trong nc v ru, qu trnh tan ta nhiu nhit. b) Tnh cht ha hc: - L baz mnh( hay cn gi l kim hay cht n da), lm i mu cht ch th: lm qu tm ha xanh, phenolphtalein ha hng. - Phn li hon ton trong nc: NaOHdd Na+ + OH - NaOH c y tnh cht ca mt hiroxit. * Vi axit : H+ + OH H2O * Vi oxit axit : CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O NaOH + SiO2 Na2SiO3 (*) Lu : - Phn ng (*) l phn ng n mn thy tinh (NaOH nhit nng chy) v th khi nu chy NaOH, ngi ta dng cc dng c bng st, niken hay bC. - Khi tc dng vi axit v oxit axit trung bnh, yu th ty theo t l mol cc cht tham gia m mui thu c c th l mui axit, mui trung ha hay c hai. OH + CO2 HCO3 2OH + CO2 CO32 + H2O * Vi dung dch mui : CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 xanh lam NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O

Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 keo trng Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O tan NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 NaHSO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

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Trang 2

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

* Ch : - Dung dch NaOH c kh nng ho tan : Al, Al2O3 , Al(OH)3 NaOH + Al + H2O NaAlO2 + 3/2H2 / 2NaOH + Al2O3 2NaAlO2 + H2O / NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O - Tng t, NaOH c th tc dng vi kim loi Be, Zn, Sb, Pb, Cr v oxit v hiroxit tng ng ca chng * Tc dng vi mt s phi kim nh Si, C, P, S, Halogen: Si + 2OH + H2O SiO32 + 2H2 C + NaOHnng chy 2Na + 2Na2CO3 + 3H2 4Ptrng + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2 Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O 3Cl2 + 6NaOH NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O 2. ng dng: Sn xut x phng, giy, t nhn to, tinh du thc vt v cc sn phm chng ct du m, ch phm nhum v dc phm nhum, lm kh kh v l thuc th rt thng dng trong phng th nghim. 3.iu ch: - Nu cn mt lng nh, rt tinh khit, ngi ta cho kim loi kim tc dng vi nc: Na + H2O NaOH + H2 - Trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng phng php in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn. 2NaCl + H2O
dpdd (mnx) 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

II. NATRI HIDROCACBONAT V NATRI CACBONAT(NaHCO3, Na2CO3 ): Natri hidro cacbonat : NaHCO3 -Tnh tan trong H2O - Nhit phn - Vi baz - Vi axit Tinh th mu trng , t tan 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O ion HCO 3 lng tnh. d2 c tnh kim yu - Thu phn HCO 3 + H2O H2CO3 + OH pH > 7 (khng lm i mu qu tm)

Natri cacbonat : Na2CO3 Natricacbonat (hay soda) l cht bt mu trng , ht m v tonc = 851oC, D tan trong nc v ta nhiu nhit. Khng b nhit phn Khng phn ng Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
2 + 3

CO

d2 c tnh kim mnh H2O HCO 3 + OH

HCO 3 + H2O H2CO3 + OHpH > 7 ( Lm qu tm ha xanh) - Nguyn liu trong Cng nghip sn xut thy tinh, x phng , giy dt v iu ch mui khC. - Ty sch vt m bm trn chi tit my trc khi sn , trng kim loi. - Cng nghip sn xut cht ty ra NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2 2NaHCO3

- ng dng

- NaHCO3 c dng trong y khoa cha bnh d dy v rut do tha axit, kh tiu, cha chng nn ma , gii c axit. - Trong cng nghip thc phm lm bt n gy xp cho cc loi bnh Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3

- iu ch

NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

to Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

III. NATRI CLORUA (NaCl) 1. Trng thi t nhin: - NaCl l hp cht rt ph bin trong thin nhin. N c trong nc bin (khong 3% v khi lng), nc ca h nc mn v trong khong vt halit (gi l mui m). Nhng m mui ln c lp mui dy ti hng trm, hng ngn mt. - Ngi ta thng khai tc mui t m bng phng php ngm, ngha l qua cc l khoan dng nc ha tan mui ngm di lng t ri bm dung dch ln kt tinh mui n. - C c nc bin bng cch un nng hoc phi nng t nhin, ngi ta c th kt tinh mui n. 2. Tnh cht: * Tnh cht vt l: - L hp cht ion c dng mng li lp phng tm din. Tinh th NaCl khng c mu v hon ton trong sut. - Nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, tonc= 800oC, tos= 1454oC. - D tan trong nc v tan khng bin i nhiu theo nhit nn khng d tinh ch bng cch kt tinh li. - tan ca NaCl trong nc gim xung khi c mt NaOH, HCl, MgCl 2, CaCl2, Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta sc kh HCl vo dung dch mui n bo ha iu ch NaCl tinh khit. * Tnh cht ha hc:

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Trang 3

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

- Khc vi cc mui khc, NaCl khng phn ng vi kim loi, axit, baz iu kin thng. Tuy nhin, NaCl vn phn ng vi mt mui: NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl - trng thi rn, NaCl phn ng vi H2SO4 m c (phn ng sn xut HCl, nhng hin nay rt t dng v phng php to ra nhiu kh c hi, gy nguy him ti h sinh thi, nhim mi trng). NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl 2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl - in phn dung dch NaCl: 2NaCl + 2H2O
dpdd (mnx) 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

3. ng dng: L nguyn liu iu ch Na, Cl2, HCl, NaOH v hu ht cc hp cht quan trng khc ca natri. Ngoi ra, NaCl cn c dng nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh thc phm (mui n), nhum, thuc da v luyn kim.

BI 3: KIM LOI KIM TH

I. V TR CU TO: 1) V tr ca kim loi kim th trong bng tun hon: - Kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA ca bng tun hon; trong mt chu k, kim th ng sau kim loi kim. - Kim loi kim th gm: Beri (Be); Magie (Mg); Canxi (Ca); Stronti ( Sr); Bari (Ba); Rai (Ra) (Rai l nguyn t phng x khng bn). 2) Cu to v tnh cht ca kim loi kim th: Nguyn t Cu hnh electron Bn knh nguyn t (nm) Nng lng ion ha I2 (kJ/mol) m in Th in cc chun EM2+/M(V) Mng tinh th * Lu : + + + Be [He]2s2 0,089 1800 1,57 -1,85 Lc phng Mg [Ne]3s2 0,136 1450 1,31 -2,37 Ca [Ar]4s2 0,174 1150 1,00 -2,87 Sr [Kr]5s2 0,191 1060 0,95 -2,89 Ba [Xe]6s2 0,220 970 0,89 -2,90 Lp phng tm khi

Lp phng tm din

Be to nn ch yu nhng hp cht trong lin kt gia Be vi cc nguyn t khc l lin kt cng ha tr. Ca, Sr, Ba v Ra ch to nn hp cht ion. Bng phng php nhiu x Rghen, ngi ta xc nh c rng trong mt s rt t hp cht kim loi kim th c th c s oxi ha +1. Th d : Trong hp cht CaCl c to nn t CaCl2 v Ca ( 1000C )

II. TNH CHT VT L : - Mu sc : kim loi kim th c mu trng bc hoc xm nht. - Mt s tnh cht vt l quan trng ca kim loi kim th : Nguyn t Nhit nng chy (C) Nhit si (C) Khi lng ring (g/cm3) cng (ly kim cng = 10) Be 1280 2770 1,85 Mg 650 1110 1,74 2,0 Ca 838 1440 1,55 1,5 Sr 768 1380 2,6 1,8 Ba 714 1640 3,5

* Nhn xt: - Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp (tr Be) v bin i khng theo mt chiu. V cc nguyn t c cu trc tinh th khc nhau Be, Mg, Ca c mng li lc phng ; Ca v Sr c mng li lp phng tm din ; Ba lp phng tm khi. - cng : kim loi kim th cng hn kim loi kim, nhng nhn chung kim loi kim th c cng thp ; cng gim dn t Be Ba (Be cng nht c th vch c thy tinh ; Ba ch hi cng hn ch). - Khi lng ring : tng i nh, nh hn nhm (tr Ba).

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

ngn la c mu c trng. Ca : mu da cam III. TNH CHT HO HC: Sr : mu son Ba : mu lc hi vng.

Phm Huy Quang

* Lu : Tr Be, Mg ; cc kim loi kim th t do v hp cht d bay hi, chy khi a vo ngn la khng mu, lm cho

Cc kim loi kim th c tnh kh mnh, yu hn so vi kim loi kim. Tnh kh ca cc kim loi kim th tng t Be BA. M 2e M2+ 1) Tc dng vi phi kim : - Khi t nng trong khng kh, cc kim loi kim th u bc chy to oxit, phn ng pht ra nhiu nhit. to V d : 2Mg + O2 2MgO H= - 610 KJ/mol - Trong khng kh m Ca, Sr, Ba to nn lp cacbonat (phn ng vi khng kh nh oxi) cho nn cn ct gi cc kim loi ny trong bnh rt kn hoc du ha khan. - Khi un nng, tt c cc kim loi kim th tng tc mnh lit vi halogen, nit, lu hunh, photpho, cacbon, siliC. to Ca + Cl2 CaCl2
t Mg + Si Mg2Si - Do c i lc ln hn oxi, khi un nng cc kim loi kim th kh c nhiu oxit bn (B2O3, CO2, SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cr2O3,). 2Be + TiO2 2BeO + Ti 2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C
o

2) Tc dng vi axit: A. HCl, H2SO4 (l) : Kim loi kim kh ion H+ thnh H2 Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2 B. HNO3,H2SO4 : Kh N+5, S +6 thnh cc hp cht mc oxi ho thp hn. 4Ca + 10HNO3 (l) 4Ca(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O Mg + 4HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O 3) Tc dng vi nc: - Ca, Sr, Ba tc dng vi nc nhit thng to dung dch baz: Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 - Mg khng tan trong nc lnh, tan chm trong nc nng to thnh MgO. Mg + H2O MgO + H2 - Be khng tan trong nc d nhit cao v c lp oxit bn bo v. Nhng Be c th tan trong dung dch kim mnh hoc kim nng chy to berilat: Be + 2NaOH + 2H2O Na2[Be(OH)4] + H2 Be + 2NaOH(nng chy) Na2BeO2 + H2 IV. NG DNG V IU CH 1) ng dng: - Kim loi Be: lm cht ph gia ch to hp kim c tnh n hi cao, bn, chc, khng b n mn. - Kim loi Ca: dng lm cht kh tch oxi, lu hunh ra khi thp, lm kh 1 s hp cht hu c. - Kim loi Mg c nhiu ng dng hn c: to hp kim c tnh cng, nh, bn ch to my bay, tn la, t Mg cn c dng tng hp nhiu hp cht hu c. Bt Mg trn vi cht oxi ha dng ch to cht chiu sng ban m dng trong pho sng, my nh. 2) iu ch kim loi kim th: - Trong t nhin, kim loi kim th ch tn ti dng ion M2+ trong cc hp cht. - Phng php c bn l in phn mui nng chy ca chng. V d: CaCl2 Ca + Cl2 MgCl2 Mg + Cl2 - Mt s phng php khc: + Dng than cc kh MgO; CaO t olomit bng febositic (hp cht Si v Fe ) nhit cao v trong chn khng. MgO + C Mg + CO CaO + 2MgO + Si 2Mg + CaO.SiO2 + Dng nhm hay magie kh mui ca Ca, Sr, Ba trong chn khng 1100C1200C. 2Al + 4CaO CaO.Al2O3 + 3Ca 2Al + 4SrO SrO. Al2O3 + 3Sr 2Al + 4BaO BaO. Al2O3 + 3Ba

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Trang 5

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

BI 4: MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM TH I. CaO (Canxi oxit) : Vi sng. - Tc dng vi nc, ta nhit : CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 t tan. - Vi axit : CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O - Vi oxit axit : CaO + CO2 CaCO3 ( vi cht ) II. Nhng hiroxit M(OH)2 ca cc kim loi kim th: 1) Tnh cht: - Cc hiroxit M(OH)2 khan u dng mu trng. - Tnh tan: Be(OH)2; Mg(OH)2 rt t tan trong nC. Ca(OH)2 tng i t tan ( 0,12g/100g H2O). Cc hiroxit cn li tan nhiu trong nC. - bn nhit ca hiroxit tng t BeBa: Mg(OH)2 mt nc 150C; Ba(OH)2 mt nc 1000C to thnh oxit. - Tnh baz: Be(OH)2 l baz rt yu, Mg(OH)2 l baz trung bnh, Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2; Sr(OH)2 l baz mnh. * Ca(OH)2 Canxi hidroxit : Vi ti - t tan trong nc : Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH - Vi axt : Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O - Vi oxit axit : Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (1) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 (2) - Vi d2 mui : Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH 2) ng dng: Hp cht hidroxit kim loi kim th Ca(OH)2 ng dng rng ri hn c :trn va xy nh, kh chua t trng, sn xut cloruavi dng ty trng v kh trng. III. CANXICACBONAT (CaCO3) V CANXI HIDRO CACBONAT (CaHCO3) CaCO3 : Canxi cacbonat Canxi cacbonat l cht rn mu trng, khng tan trong nC. nhng tan trong amoniclorua:
CaCO3 + 2NH4Cl
t C
o

Ca(HCO3)2 : Canxi hidro cacbonat Tan trong nc: Ca(HCO3)2 Ca2+ + 2HCO
3

Vi nc Vi baz mnh Vi axit mnh Nhit phn Phn ng trao i 2 vi CO 3 ,PO

3 4

CaCl2 + 2NH3 + H2O + CO2

Khng phn ng CaCO3+2HClCaCl2+CO2+H2O B phn hy nhit cao: 1000o C CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Khng

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Ca(HCO3)2+2HClCaCl2+2CO2+2H2O lng tnh B phn hy khi un nng nh: to Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + CO 3 CaCO3 3Ca2+ + 2PO43- Ca3(PO4)2
2

trng

Vi CO2

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 khng tan tan Chiu thun (1): Gii thch s xm thc ca nc ma i vi vi to hang ng. Chiu nghch (2): Gii thch s to thnh thch nh trong hang ng.

VI. CANXISUNFAT (CaSO4) 1) Tnh cht: - L cht rn mu trng tan t trong nc ( 25C tan 0,15g/100g H2O). - Ty theo lng nc kt tinh trong mui sunfat, ta c 3 loi: + CaSO4.2H2O : thch cao sng trong t nhin, bn nhit thng. + CaSO4.H2O hoc CaSO4.0,5H2O : thch cao nung ( hemihirat)

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.0,5H2O + 1,5H2O (125C) - un nng 200C; thch cao nung thnh thch cao khan. (CaSO4) CaSO4.0,5H2O CaSO4 + 0,5H2O (200C) - CaSO4: khng tan trong nc, khng tc dng vi nc, ch phn hy nhit rt cao. 2CaSO4 2CaO + 2SO2 + O2 ( 960C) 2) ng dng:

Phm Huy Quang

- Thch cao nung c th kt hp vi nc tao thnh thch cao sng v khi ng cng th gin n th tch, do vy thch cao rt n khun. Thch cao nung thng c c tng, c cc mu chi tit tinh vi dng trang tr ni tht, lm phn vit bng, b bt khi gy xng - Thch cao sng dng sn xut xi mng. V. NC CNG: 1).Khi nim Nc cng. Nc cng l nc c cha nhiu cation Ca2+, Mg2+. Nc cha t hoc khng cha cc ion trn c gi l nc mm. 2) Phn loi: Cn c vo thnh phn cc anion gc axit c trong nc cng, ngi ta chia nc cng ra 3 loi: a) Nc cng tm thi: Tnh cng tm thi ca nc cng l do cc mui Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 gy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 Ca2+ + 2HCO3- Go l tm thi v cng s mt i khi un si: M(HCO3)2 MCO3 + CO2 + H2O b) Nc cng vnh cu: Tnh cng vnh cu ca nc l do cc mui CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4 gy ra,gi l vnh cu v khi un nng mui s khng phn hy: c) Nc c tnh cng ton phn: L nc c c tnh cng tm thi v vnh cu. - Nc t nhin thng c c tnh cng tm thi v vnh cu. 3) Tc hi ca nc cng: * V mt i sng thng ngy: - Git o qun bng x phng (natri stearat C17H35COONa) trong nc cng s to ra mui khng tan l canxi stearat (C17H35COO)2Ca, cht ny bn trn vi si, lm cho qun o mau mc nt. 2C17H35COONa +MCl2 (C17H35COO)2M +2NaCl - Nc cng lm cho x phng c t bt, gim kh nng ty rA. - Nu dng nc cng nu thc n, s lm cho thc phm lu chn v gim mi v do phn ng ca cc ion v cc cht trong thc phm. * V mt sn xut cng nghip: - Khi un nng, y ni hay ng dn nc nng s gy ra lp cn km dn nhit lm hao tn cht t ,gy n ni hi v tt nghn ng dn nc nng (khng an ton).. - Lm hng nhiu dung dch cn pha ch. - V vy, vic lm mm nc cng trc khi dng c y ngha rt quan trng. 4. Cc phng php lm mm nc cng: Nguyn tc lm mm nc cng l gim nng cc cation Ca2+,Mg2+ trong nc cng. a) Phng php kt ta: * i vi nc c tnh cng tm thi - un si nc c tnh cng tm thi trc khi dng, mui hirocacbonat chuyn thnh mui cacbonat khng tan: to Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
t Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O Lc b kt ta c nc mm.
o

- Dng mt khi lng va dung dch Ca(OH) 2, Na2CO3 trung ha mui hirocacbonat thnh mui cacbonat kt tA. Lc b cht khng tan, c nc mm: Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Mg(HCO3)2 +2Ca(OH)2Mg(OH)2 +2CaCO3 +2H2O M(HCO3)2 +Na2CO3MCO3 +2NaHCO3 * i vi nc c tnh cng vnh cu: Dng dung dch Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 v dung dch Na3PO4 lm mm nc cng: Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 3Ca2+ + 2PO43- Ca3(PO4)2 2+ Mg + CO32- + Ca2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3 B. Phng php trao i ion: - Phng php trao i ion c dng ph bin lm mm nC. Phng php ny da trn kh nng trao i ion ca cc ht zeolit (cc alumino silicat kt tinh, c trong t nhin hoc c tng hp, trong tinh th c cha nhng l trng nh) hoc nha trao i ion.

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Trang 7

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

- Th d:

Phm Huy Quang

Cho nc cng i qua cht trao i ion l cc ht zeolit th s mol ion Na + ca zeolit ri khi mng tinh th, i vo trong nc nhng ch cho cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ b gi li trong mng tinh th silicat.

BI 5: NHM
I. V TR V CU TO: 1) V tr ca nhm trong bng tun hon: - Nhm c s hiu nguyn t 13, thuc nhm IIIA, chu k 3. - Cu to ca nhm: Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p1, hay [Ne] 3s2 3p1 . Al l nguyn t p, Nng lng ion ha: I3 : I2 = 2744 : 1816 = 1,5 : 1. m in 1,61. Mng tinh th: nhm c cu to kiu mng lp phng tm din. II. TNH CHT VT L - Nhm l kim loi mu trng bc, mm, d ko si v dt mng. C th dt mng c,l nhm mng 0,01mm. - Nhm l kim loi nh (2,7g/cm3), nng chy 660oC. - Nhm dn in v nhit tt. dn nhit bng 2/3 ng nhng li nh hn ng(8,92g/cm3) 3 ln. dn in ca nhm hn st 3 ln. III. TNH CHT HA HC Nhm c tnh kh mnh. Al Al3++ 3e . Nhn chung tnh kh ca nhm yu hn cc kim loi kim v kim th. 1. Tc dng vi phi kim - Nhm tc dng mnh lit vi cc phi kim, in hnh l vi cc halogen, oxi, lu hunh - Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen to V d: 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 - Phn ng vi oxi: Bt nhm chy trong khng kh cho ngn la sng chi v pht ra mt nhit lng ln to ra nhm oxit v mt lng nh nitrua: to 4Al + 3O2 Ho = -(2 x 1675,7kJ) 2Al2O3
t 2Al + N2 2AlN - Nhm phn ng vi oxi to ra mt mng oxit mng (khng qu 10 -6 cm) ngn cn khng cho oxi tc dng su hn, mng oxit ny li rt c kht khng thm nc, v vy n bo v cho nhm chng c s n mn. 2. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi: - nhit cao, Al kh c nhiu oxit kim loi nh ( Fe2O3, Cr2O3,CuO) thnh kim loi t do. to V d: 2Al + Fe2O3 2Fe + Al2O3 t 2Al + Cr2O3 2Cr + Al2O3 - Nhit ca phn ng ln ti gn 3000 oC lm nhm oxit nng chy. Do phn ng ca Al vi oxit kim loi gi l phn ng nhit nhm. 3. Tc dng vi nC. 2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 Phn ng nhanh chng ngng li v lp Al(OH) 3 khng tan trong nc ngn cn khng cho nhm tip xc vi nc vt liu bng nhm khng phn ng vi nC. 4.Tc dng vi axit. A. HCl, H2SO4 (long): Nhm kh H+ thnh H2 2Al + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2 +5 B. Nhm kh N trong HNO3 dung dch long hoc c, nng v S +6 trong H2SO4 dung dch c, nng xung s oxh thp hn: to V d: Al + 4HNO3long Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O t 2Al + 6H2SO4c Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O - Nhm khng tc dng vi H 2SO4 v HNO3 c, ngui. Nhng axit ny oxi ha b mt kim loi to thnh mt mng oxit c tnh tr, lm cho nhm th ng. Nhm th ng s khng tc dng vi cc dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long. 5. Tc dng vi dung dch kim Nhm b ha tan trong dung dch kim nh NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Hin tng ny c gii thch nh sau: - Trc ht, mng bo v l Al2O3 b ph hy trong dung dch kim: Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O to Hay Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] (1) - Tip n, kim loi nhm kh H2O: to 2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (2) - Mng Al(OH)3 b ph hy trong dung dch baz:
o o o

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2 H2O to Hay Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] (3) - Cc phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra lun phin nhau cho n khi nhm b ha tan ht. - C th vit gn thnh: 2Al + 2NaOH + H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 to Hay 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] (dd) + 3H2

Phm Huy Quang

IV. NG DNG V SN XUT 1. ng dng - Nhm c nhiu u im nhng v n kh mm li km dai nn ngi ta thng ch to hp kim nhm vi magie, ng, silic tng bn. Sau y l vi hp kim v ng dng ca n: + ura (95% Al, 4%Cu, 1%Mg, Mn, Si). Hp kim ura nh bng thp, cng gn nh thp. + Silumin (~90% Al, 10%Si): nh, bn. + Almelec (98,5% Al. cn li l Mg, Si, Fe) dng lm dy cp. + Hp kim electron (10,5% Al, 83,3% Mg, cn li l Zn, Mn), hp kim ny ch nng bng 65% Al li bn hn thp, chu c s thay i t ngt nhit trong mt gii hn ln nn c dng lm v tn lA. - Nhm c dng ch to cc thit b trao i nhit v dng c nu n gia nh, nhm cn c dng l khung ca v trang tr ni tht. - Bt nhm dng ch to hn hp tecmit (hn hp bt Al v Fe2O3), c dng hn ng ray, 2. Trng thi t nhin v sn xut 2.1 Trng thi t nhin. - Trong t nhin nhm chim khong 5,5% tng s nguyn t trong qu t. - Phn ln tp trung vo cc alumosilicat, v d nh orthoclazo(K 2O.Al2O3.6SiO2), mica (K2O.2H2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2). nefelin [(Na,K)2O.Al2O3.2SiO2]. - Hai khong vt quan trng i vi cng nghip ca nhm l boxit(Al2O3.xH2O) v criolit(Na3[AlF6]). - Boxit c hm lng ln nhiu tnh nh Lng Sn, H Tuyn, Sn La, Lai Chu, Hi Hng, Ngh Tnh, Lm ng. 2.2 Sn xut: Gm 3 giai on: *Giai on 1: lm sch qung boxit ln Fe2O3 .SiO2 - Cho qung vo dung dch NaOH d, SiO2 Al2O3 v tan ra, loc b Fe2O3 SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O - Sc CO2 vo dung dch s thu c kt ta Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3 - Lc kt ta em un nung thu c oxit: 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O *Giai on 2:Chun b cht in ly nng chy: criolit 3NaF. AlF3 nhm: + Giam nhit nng chy ca Al2O3 (20500C 9000C) Tit kim nng lng + Hn hp cht lng dn in tt hn. + Criolit Nh, ni ln ngn cn nhm nng chy sinh ra tc dng vi khng kh. *Giai on 3: pnc Al2O3 : 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 Catot anot Sn phm thu c kh tinh khit v c hm lng vo khong 99,4 - 99,8%. in phn ln hai c th n hm lng 99,9998%.

BI 6: MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA NHM

I. NHM OXIT Al2O3 1. Tnh cht vt l: - Al2O3 l cht rn mu trng, chu nhit rt tt, rt cng, khng tan trong nC. - Trong t nhin tn ti c dng ngm nc nh Al2O3.2H2O v dng khan nh emeri, corinon c cng cao. - Dng th hnh nguyn cht l nhng tinh th trong sut, khng ln mu ca cc loi qu: mu ngc rubi (tp cht Cr 2+, mu xanh ngc xaphia (tp cht Fe3+ v Ti4+). 2. Tnh cht ha hc: - Tnh bn: Ion Al3+ c in tch ln(3+) v bn knh nh(0.048nm), bng bn knh ion Na + nn lc ht gia ion Al3+ v ion O2 rt mnh, to ra lin kt rt bn vng. V th Al2O3 c nhit nng chy rt cao(2050oC) v rt kh b kh thnh kim loi Al. - Tnh lng tnh: Va tc dng vi dung dch kim, va tc dng vi dung dch axit. AL2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O - V rt bn nn Al2O3 rt kh b kh thnh kim loi: - Kh Al2O3 bng C khng cho Al m thu c AL4C3: > 2000O C Al2O3 + 9C Al4C3 + 6CO - Al2O3 khng tc dng vi H2, CO bt k nhit no.

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

3. ng dng:

Phm Huy Quang

- iu ch qu nhn to bng cch nu chy Al2O3 vi mt lng nh oxt ca kim loi to mu trong ngn la hiro oxi hoc h quang ri cho kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th ln. Nhng qu ny trong sut, lp lnh v c mu rt p nn c dung lm trang sC. - Tinh th Al2O3 cn c dng ch to cc chi tit trong cc ngnh k thut chnh xc nh chn knh ng h, thit b pht tia laze, - Bt Al2O3 c cng cao(emeri) c dng lm vt liu mi. - Phn ch yu nhm oxit c dng iu ch nhm. - Ngoi ra, Al2O3 cn c dng lm vt liu chu la: chn nung, ng nung v lp lt trong cc l in. Nhm oxit tinh khit cn c dng lm ximng tram rng. 4. iu ch: Trong cng nghip, Al2O3 c iu ch bng cch nung Al(OH)3 nhit cao 1200 1400oC: 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O II. NHM HIROXIT Al(OH)3: 1. Tnh cht: - L hp cht mu trng, kt ta keo, khng tan trong nc, khng bn nhit. - D b nhit phn thnh nhm oxit: t 2Al(OH)3 o Al2O3 + 3H2O - Tnh lng tnh: Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O Pt ion: Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]2. iu ch: - Mui nhm tc dng vi dung dch kim (va ): AlCl3 + NaOH Al(OH)3 + NaCl Nu d: Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O - thu c kt ta trn vn: 2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl - T mui NaAlO2: 2NaAlO2 + CO2 + 3H2O 2 Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3 NaAlO2 + CH3COOH + H2O Al(OH)3 + CH3COONa NaAlO2 + HClv + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl III. NHM SUNFAT V PHN CHUA: - Nhm sunfat Al2SO4 l cht bt mu trng, b phn hy nhit trn 770 oC. Nhm sunfat kt hp vi kim loi kim to thnh loi mui gi l phn nhm, m quan trng nht l phn chua K2SO4.Al2SO4.24H2O. - Phn chua c dng tinh th, khng mu, c v hi chua v cht. - Phn chua c dng nhiu trong cng nghip giy, nhum, thuc da v nh trong nC. Nhng cng dng ny u xut pht t s thy phn kh mnh trong nc ca mui nhm to thnh nhm hiroxit: KAl(SO4)2.12H2OK+ +Al3+ +2SO42- +12H2O Al3+ +3H2O Al(OH)3+ 3H+ - Khi nhum vi, hiroxit c si vi hp ph v gi cht trn si s kt hp vi phm nhum to thnh mu bn, nn n c gi l cht cn mu. - Tc dng nh trong nc cng l do hiroxit gy ra, n ko cc cht bay l lng trong nc cng lng xung. - Trong cng nghip giy, nhm sunfat v phn nhm c cho vo bt giy cng vi mui n. Nhm clorua c to nn do phn ng trao i, b thy phn mnh hn nn cho hiroxit. Hiroxit ny s kt dnh cc phn t xenluloz vi nhau lm giy khng b nhe mc khi vit. IV. HP KIM CA NHM

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Hp kim uyra Silumin Almelec Electron Thnh phn 94% Al, 4% Cu (Mn, Mg, Si) Al, Si (10 14%) 98%Al (Mg, Si, Fe) Mg (83,3%) Al, Zn, Mn Tnh cht Bn hn Al 4 ln Nh, bn, n nhm Rnh, dai, bn Nh, bn chu v chm ng dng ch to My bay, t Cu to b phn my dy cp in Tu v tr, v tinh

Phm Huy Quang

Du hiu nhn ra (c mt Cu) Tan hon ton trong xt Tnh cht ng dng % Al thp

B. BI TP I. TRC NGHIM L THUYT

Cu 1. Pht biu no sau y khng ng v kim loi kim : A. to nng chy, to si thp B. Khi lng ring nh, cng thp. C. dn in dn to thp. D. Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ns1 + Cu 2. Cu hnh e ca ion Na ging cu hnh e ca ion hoc nguyn t no trong y sau y : A. Mg2+, Al3+, Ne B. Mg2+, F , Ar 2+ 3+ C. Ca , Al , Ne D. Mg2+, Al3+, Cl Cu 3. Kim loi kim c cu to mng tinh th kiu no sau y : A. Lp phng tm din B. Lp phng tm khi C. Lc gic D. A v B Cu 4. c im no sau y khng phi l c im chung ca kim loi kim : A. S e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t B. S oxy ha nguyn t trong hp cht C. Cu to mng tinh th ca n cht D. Bn knh nguyn t Cu 5. Cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng ca ion R+ l 2p6. Nguyn t R l : A. Ne B. Na C. K D. Ca Cu 6. Trong phng th nghim bo qun Na c th ngm Na trong : A. NH3 lng B. C2H5OH C. Du ho. D. H2O Cu 7. Phn ng ho hc c trng ca kim loi kim l phn ng vi : A. Mui B. O2 C. Cl2 D. H2O Cu 8. Nhn nh no sau y khng ng v kim loi kim : A. u c mng tinh th ging nhau : Lp phng tm khi. B. D b oxi ho. C. iu ch bng phng php in phn nng chy mui halogenua hoc hidroxit. D. L nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c 1e phn lp p. Cu 9. Kim loi no sau y khi chy trong oxi cho ngn la m ta : A. Li B. Na C. K D. Rb Cu 10. Na lu trong khng kh c th to thnh hp cht no sau y : A. Na2O B. NaOH C. Na2CO3 D. C A,B, C. Cu 11. Trng hp no sau y Na+ b kh : A. in phn nc NaCl B. in phn d2 NaCl C. Phn hu NaHCO3 D. C A,B, C. Cu 12. Dy dung dch no sau y c pH > 7 : A. NaOH, Na2CO3 , BaCl2 B. NaOH, NaCl, NaHCO3 C. NaOH, Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 D. NaOH, NH3 , NaHSO4 Cu 13. Dung dch no sau y c pH = 7 : A. Na2CO3 , NaCl B. Na2SO4 , NaCl C. KHCO3 , KCl D. KHSO4 , KCl Cu 14. in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn, ti khu vc gn in cc catot, nu nhng qu tm vo khu vc th : A. Qu khng i mu B. Qu chuyn sang mu xanh C. Qu chuyn sang mu D. Qu chuyn sang mu hng Cu 15. Dung dch NaOH khng tc dng vi mui no sau y : A. NaHCO3 B. Na2CO3 C. CuSO4 D. NaHSO4 Cu 16. Nhng tnh cht no sau y khng phi ca NaHCO3 : 1. Km bn nhit 5.Thu phn cho mi trng kim yu 2. Tc dng vi baz mnh 6.Thu phn cho mi trng kim mnh 3. Tc dng vi axit mnh 7. Thu phn cho mi trng axit 4. L cht lng tnh 8. Tan t trong nc A. 1, 2, 3 B. 4, 6 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 6, 7 Cu 17. Cho CO2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH ( t l mol 1:2 ) th pH dung dch sau phn ng nh th no

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Trang 11

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

A. pH < 7 B. pH > 7 C. pH = 7 D. Khng xc nh c Cu 18. Nguyn t c nng lng ion ha nh nht l: A. Li B. Na C. K D. Cs Cu 19. Vai tr ca H2O trong qu trnh in phn dung dch NaCl l : A. Dung mi B. Cht kh catot C. L cht va b kh catot, oxi ho anot D. Cht oxi ho anot Cu 20. Cho Na vo dung dch CuCl2 hin tng quan st c l : A. Si bt kh B. Xut hin xanh lam C. Xut hin xanh lc D. Si bt kh v xut hin xanh lam Cu 21. Kim loi no tc dng 4 dung dch : FeSO4 , Pb(NO3)2 , CuCl2 , AgNO3 A. Sn B. Zn C. Ni D. Na Cu 22. ng dng no sau y khng phi ca kim loi kim : A. To hp kim c nhit nng chy thp. B. Na, K dng lm cht trao i nhit l phn ng ht nhn. C. Xt tc phn ng hu c. D. Dng iu ch Al trong cng nghip hin nay. Cu 23. Cng dng no sau y khng phi ca NaCl : A. Lm gia v B. iu ch Cl2 , HCl, nc Javen C. Kh chua cho t D. Lm dch truyn trong y t Cu 24: phn bit mt cch n gin nht hp cht ca kali v hp cht ca natri ,ngi ta a cc hp cht ca kaliv natri vo ngn la ,nhng nguyn t d ion ha nhum mu ngn la thnh : A. Tm ca kali ,vng ca natri B .Tm ca natri ,vng ca kali C. ca natri ,vng ca kali D . ca kali,vng ca natri Cu 25: iu ch kim loi Na, ngi ta thc hin phn ng : A. in phn dung dch NaOH B. in phn nng chy NaOH C. Cho dd NaOH tc dng vi dd HCl D. Cho dd NaOH tc dng vi H2O Cu 26: Nu M l nguyn t nhm IA th oxit ca n c cng thc l: A.MO2 B.M2O3 C.MO D.M2O Cu 27: Trong nhm IA ,theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn : A.Bn knh nguyn t tng dn B.Nng lng ion ha gim dn C. Tnh kh tng dn D. m in tng dn Cu 28: Ion no c bn knh b nht ? Bit in tch ht nhn ca P, S, Cl, K ln lt l 15+, 16+, 17+, 19+ : A. K+ B. ClC. S2D. P339 2 2 6 2 6 1 Cu 29: Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s . Ht nhn nguyn t X c s ntron v proton ln lt l : A. 20 ; 20 B. 19 ; 20 C. 20 ; 19 D. 19 ; 19 Cu 30:Trng hp no ion Na+ khng tn ti ,nu ta thc hin cc phn ng ha hc sau: A. NaOH tc dng vi HCl B.NaOH tc dng vi dung dch CuCl2 C.Nung nng NaHCO3 D.in phn NaOH nng chy Cu 31:Cc dd mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 c phn ng kim v trong nc, chng tham gia phn ng : A. Thy phn B. Oxi ha - kh C. Trao i D. Nhit phn Cu 32:Phn ng gia Na2CO3 v H2SO4 theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol c phng trnh ion rt gn l : A. CO32- + 2H+ H2CO3 B. CO32- + H+ HCO3 C. CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2 D. 2Na+ + SO42- Na 2SO4 Cu 33: in phn dung dch NaCl c mn ngn, catt thu kh: A. O2 B. H2 C. Cl2 D. khng c kh Cu 34: Sn phm ca phn ng nhit phn NaNO3 l : A. Na ; NO2 v O2 B. NaNO2 v O2 C. Na2O v NO2 D. Na2O v NO2 v O2. Cu 35: Nc Gia-ven c iu ch bng cch : A. Cho kh clo tc dng vi dung dch NaOH B. in phn dd NaCl c mn ngn B. in phn dd NaCl khng c mng ngn D. A,C u ng Cu 36: Trong phn ng sau : NaH + H2O NaOH + H2 . Nc ng vai tr g ? A. Kh B. Oxi ha C. Axit D. Baz Cu 37: nhn bit cc dd: NaOH, KCl, NaCl, KOH dng: A. qu tm, dd AgNO3 B. Phenolftalin C. qu tm, th ngn la bng dy Pt D. Phenolftalein, dd AgNO3 Cu 38: in phn dung dch NaF, sn phm thu c l : A. H2 ; F2 ; dung dch NaOH B. H2 ; O2 ; dung dch NaOH C. H2 ; O2 ; dung dch NaF D. H2 ; dung dch NaOF Cu 39: Khi in phn dd NaCl (c mng ngn), cc dng khng lm bng st m lm bng than ch l do: A. st dn in tt hn than ch B. cc dng to kh clo tc dng vi Fe C. than ch dn in tt hn st D. cc dng to kh clo tc dng vi than ch Cu 40: Sn phm ca s in phn dung dch NaCl in cc tr, c mng ngn xp l : A. Natri v hiro B. Oxi v hiro C. Natri hiroxit v clo D. Hiro, clo v natri hiroxit. Cu 41: Kim loi c th to peoxt l: A. Na B. Al C. Fe D. Zn Cu 41: C cc cht kh : CO2 ; Cl2 ; NH3 ; H2S ; u c ln hi nC. Dng NaOH khan c th lm kh cc kh sau : A. NH3 B. CO2 C. Cl2 D. H2S

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

Cu 43: iu ch Na2CO3 ngi ta co th dung phng phap nao sau y A. Cho suc khi CO2 d qua dd NaOH. B. Tao NaHCO3 kt tua t CO2 + NH3 + NaCl va sau o nhit phn NaHCO3 C. Cho dd (NH4)2SO4 tac dung vi dd NaCl. D. Cho BaCO3 tac dung vi dd NaCl Cu 44:Khi cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch ZnSO4 ta thy : A.Xut hin kt ta mu trng bn. B.u tin xut hin kt ta mu trng, sau kt ta tan dn v dung dch tr li trong sut. C.Km sunfat b kt ta mu xanh nht. D.Khng thy c hin tng g xy rA. Cu 45: Kim loai kim co tinh kh manh nht trong tt ca cac kim loai vi: 1. Trong cung 1 chu ky , kim loai kim co ban kinh ln nht. 2. Kim loai kim co Z nho nht so vi cac nguyn t thuc cung chu ky . 3. Chi cn mt 1 in t la kim loai kim at n cu hinh khi tr. 4. Kim loai kim la kim loai nhe nht. Chon phat biu ung. A. Chi co 1, 2 B. Chi co 1, 2, 3 C. Chi co 3 D. Chi co 3, 4 Cu 46:Hirua ca kim loi kim tc dng vi nc to thnh : A. Mui v nc B. Kim v oxi C. Kim v hiro D. Mui Cu 47: Phng trnh in phn NaOH nng chy l A. 4NaOH 4Na + O2 + 2H2O. B. 2NaOH 2Na + O2 + H2. C. 2NaOH 2Na + H2O2. D. 4NaOH 2Na2O + O2 + H2. Cu 48: Mt mui khi tan vo trong nc to thnh dung dch c mi trng kim, mui l A. NaCl. B. MgCl2. C. KHSO4. D. Na2CO3. Cu 49: Dn kh CO2 vo dung dch NaOH d, khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch Y. Dung dch Y c cha A. Na2CO3 v NaOH. B. NaHCO3. C. Na2CO3. D. Na2CO3 v NaHCO3. Cu 50: Thc hin cc th nghim sau : (I) Cho dung dch NaCl vo dung dch KOH. (II) Cho dung dch Na 2CO3 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 (III) in phn dung dch NaCl vi in cc tr, c mng ngn. (IV) Cho Cu(OH) 2 vo dung dch NaNO 3. (V) Sc kh NH3 vo dung dch Na2CO3. (VI) Cho dung dch Na2SO4 vo dung dch Ba(OH)2. Cc th nghim u iu ch c NaOH l: A. I, II v III B. II, III v VI C. II, V v VI D. I, IV v V Cu 51. Nhn nh no sau y khng ng vi nhm IIA : A. to si, to nng chy bin i khng tun theo qui lut. B. to si tng dn theo chiu tng nguyn t khi. C. Kiu mng tinh th khng ging nhau. D. Nng lng ion ha gim dn Cu 52. T Be Ba c kt lun no sau sai : A. Bn knh nguyn t tng dn. B. to nng chy tng dn. C. iu c 2e lp ngoi cng. D. Tnh kh tng dn. Cu 53. Kim loi no sau y hon ton khng phn ng vi nc nhit thng : A. Be B. Mg C. Ca D. Sr Cu 54. Cng dng no sau y khng phi ca CaCO3 : A. Lm vi qut tng B. Lm vt liu xy dng C. Sn xut ximng D. Sn xut bt nh pha sn Cu 55. Hin tng no xy ra khi thi t t kh CO2 d vo nc vi trong : A. Si bt dung dch B. D2 trong sut t u n cui C. C trng sau tan D. D2 trong sut sau c Cu 56. S to thnh thch nh trong hang ng l do phn ng : to A. Ca(HCO3)2 B. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
t C. CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 D. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Cu 57. Dung dch Ca(OH)2 phn ng vi dy cht no sau y : A. BaCl2 , Na2CO3 , Al B. CO2 , Na2CO3 , Ca(HCO3)2 C. NaCl , Na2CO3 , Ca(HCO3)2 D.NaHCO3,NH4NO3, MgCO3 Cu 58. C ba cht rn: CaO , MgO , Al2O3 dng hp cht no phn bit chng : A. HNO3 B. H2O C. d2 NaOH D. HCl Cu 59. C 4 mu kim loi : Ba, Mg, Fe, Ag nu ch dng dd H2SO4 long th nhn bit nhng kim loi no : A. 4 kim loi B. Ag, Ba C. Ag, Mg, Ba D. Ba, Fe Cu 60. C 4 cht bt mu trng : CaCO3 , CaSO4 , K2CO3 , KCl ho cht dng phn bit chng l : A. H2O , d2 AgNO3 B. H2O , d2 NaOH C. H2O , CO2 D.d2BaCl2, d2AgNO3 Cu 61. Dng hp cht no phn bit 3 mu kim loi : Ca, Mg, Cu: A. H2O B. d2 HCl C. d2 H2SO4 D. d2 HNO3 2 Cu 62. Cho 3 d khng mu Na2CO3, NaCl , AlCl3 ch dng mt dung dch no sau phn bit ht 3 d2 trn : A. d2 NaOH B. d2 Ba(OH)2 C. d2 Na2SO4 D. CaCl2 Cu 63. Dng thm thuc th no sau y nhn ra 3 l dung dch : H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4? A. Qu tm B. Bt km C. Na2CO3 D. C A,B,C Cu 64. Cho s phn ng : Ca + HNO3 rt long Ca(NO3)2 + X + H2O X + NaOH(to) c kh mi khai thot rA. X l : A. NH3 B. NO2 C. N2 D. NH4NO3
o

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Phm Huy Quang

Cu 65. Cho cc cht Ca, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaO. Hy chn dy no sau y c th thc hin c: A. Ca CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 CaO B. Ca CaO Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 C. CaCO3 Ca CaO Ca(OH)2 D. CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 CaO Ca Cu 66. Trong mt cc c a mol Ca2+, b mol Mg2+, c mol Cl-, d mol HCO3-. Biu thc lin h gia a,b,c,d l: A. a + b = c + d B. 2a + 2b = c + d C. 3a + 3b = c + d D.2a+b=c+ d Cu 67. Phn ng phn hy vi l phn ng thu nhit theo phng trnh : CaCO3 CaO + CO2 . Yu t no sau y lm gim hiu sut phn ng: A. Tng to B. Gim nng CO2 C. Nghin nh CaCO3 D. Tng p sut Cu 68. Dy cht no sau y phn ng vi nc nhit thng : A. Na, BaO, MgO B. Mg, Ca, Ba C. Na, K2O, BaO D.Na,K2O, Al2O3 Cu 69. Nc cng l nc : A. Cha nhiu ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ B. Cha 1 lng cho php Ca2+ , Mg2+ 2+ 2+ C. Khng cha Ca , Mg D. Cha nhiu Ca2+ , Mg2+ , HCO 3 Cu 70. Mt loi nc cha nhiu Ca(HCO3)2 , NaHCO3 l : A. NCTT B. NCVC C. nc mm D. NCTP Cu 71. lm mm NCTT dng cch no sau : A. un si B. Cho d2 Ca(OH)2 va C. Cho nc cng qua cht trao i cationit D. C A, B v C 2 Cu 72. Dng d Na2CO3 c th loi c nc cng no: A. NCTT B. NCVC C. NCTP D. ko loi c Cu 73 S dng nc cng khng gy nhng tc hai no sau : A. ng cn ni hi gy nguy him B.Tn nhin liu, gim hng v thuc C. Hao tn cht git ra tng hp D. Tc ng dn nc nng Cu 74 Dng phng php no iu ch kim loi nhm IIA : A. pdd B. pnc C. Nhit luyn D. Thu luyn Cu 75 Gc axit no sau y c th lm mm nc cng: A. NO3B. SO42C. ClO4D. PO43Cu 76 Cho cc kim loi : Be, Mg, Cu, Li, NA. S kim loi c kiu mng tinh th lc phng l: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Cu 77 Kim loi khng kh c nc nhit thng l: A. Na B. K C. Be D. Ca Cu 78 Cng thc ca thch cao sng l: A. CaSO4.2H2O B. CaSO4.H2O C. 2CaSO4.H2O D. CaSO4 Cu 79Theo chiu tng dn in tch ht nhn cc kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II c: A.Bn knh nguyn t tng dn . B. Nng lng ion ha gim dn. C.Tnh kh ca nguyn t tng dn. D. Tnh oxi ha ca ion tng dn. Cu 80 Hy chn p n sai: Khi un nng, Canxiccbonnt phn hy theo phng trnh: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 178 Kj . thu c nhiu CaO ta phi : A. h thp nhit nung B. Qut l t ui ht CO2 C. tng nhit nung D. C b v c u ng Cu 81 Nguyn t X c cu hnh e l: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 th Ion to ra t X s c cu hnh e nh sau : A.1s22s22p63s23p64s2 B. 1s22s22p63s23p6 2 2 6 2 6 2 6 C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p D. 1s22s22p63s2 Cu 82 Hy chn phng php ng: lm mm nc cng tm thi, c th dng phng php sau: A. Cho tc dng vi NaCl B. Tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 va C. un nng nc D. B v C u ng. Cu 83 Kim loi PNC nhm II tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long , theo phng trnh ha hc sau 4M + 10 HNO3 4 M(NO3)2 + NxOy + 5 H2O . Oxit no ph hp vi cng thc phn t ca NXOY A. N2O B.NO C.NO2 D.N2O4 Cu 84 st trng, ty u tp xung quanh khu vc b nhim, ngi ta thng ri ln nhng cht bt mu trng l cht g ? A. Ca(OH)2 B. CaO C. CaCO3 D.CaOCl2 Cu 85Trong PNC nhm II (tr Radi ) Bari l : A.Kim loi hot ng mnh nht. B. Cht kh mnh nht. C. Baz ca n mnh nht. D. Baz ca n yu nht. Cu 86 Thng thng khi b gy tay, chn ngi ta phi b bt li vy h dng ho cht no ? A. CaSO4 B. CaSO4.2H2O C.2CaSO4.H2O D.CaCO3 Cu 87 Phn ng no sau y Chng minh ngun gc to thnh thch nh trong hang ng. A. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 B. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O C. CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 D. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 Cu 88 Hy chn dp n ng? Trong mt cc nc c cha 0,01mol Na+, 0,02mol Ca2+, 0,01mol Mg2+, 0,05mol HCO3-, 0,02 mol Cl-, nc trong cc l: A. Nc mm B. Nc cng tm thi C. Nc cng vnh cu D. Nc cng ton phn Cu 89 Khng gp kim loi kim th trong t nhin dng t do v: A.Thnh phn ca chng trong thin nhin rt nh. B.y l kim loi hot ng ha hc rt mnh. C.y l nhng cht ht m c bit. D.y l nhng kim loi iu ch bng cch in phn.

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Phm Huy Quang

Cu 90 Hy chn p n ng? C 4 dd trong 4 l mt nhn l: AmoniSunpht, Amoni Clorua, NattriSunphat, NatriHiroxit. Nu ch c php dng mt thuc th nhn bit 4 cht lng trn ta c th dng thuc th no sau y: A. DD AgNO3 B. DD Ba(OH)2 C. DD KOH D. DD BaCl2 Cu 91 Hy chn p n ng? olomit l tn gi ca hn hp no sau y. A. CaCO3. MgCl2 B. CaCO3. MgCO3 C. MgCO3. CaCl2 D. MgCO3.Ca(HCO3)2 Cu 92 C cc cht sau : NaCl, Ca(OH)2 ,Na2CO3, HCl . Cp cht no c th lm mm nc cng tm thi : A. NaCl v Ca (OH)2 B. Ca(OH)2 v Na2CO3 C.Na2CO3 v HCl D. NaCl v HCl Cu 93 Mt hn hp rn gm: Canxi v CanxiCacbua. Cho hn hp ny tc dng vi nc d ngui ta thu uc hn hp kh g ? A. Kh H2 B. Kh C2H2 v H2 C. Kh H2 v CH2 D. Kh H2 v CH4 Cu 94 Hy chn p n ng? Ho tan Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3 vo H2O ta c dd A. Cho bit dd A c gi tr pH nh th no ? A. pH = 7 B. pH < 7 C. pH > 7 D. Khng xc nh c Cu 95 Canxi c trong thnh phn ca cc khong cht : Canxit, thch cao, florit. Cng thc ca cc khong cht tng ng l: A. CaCO3, CaSO4, Ca3(PO4)2 B.CaCO3, CaSO4.2H2O, CaF2 C.CaSO4, CaCO3, Ca3(PO4)2 D. CaCl2, Ca(HCO3)2, CaSO4 Cu 96 Khi so snh tnh cht ca Ca v Mg, cu no sau y khng ng A. S e ho tr bng nhau B. u tc dng vi nc nhit thng C. Oxit u c tnh cht oxit baz D. u c iu ch bng cch in phn clorua nng chy Cu 97 iu no sau y khng ng vi Canxi A. Nguyn t Ca b oxi ho khi Ca tc dng vi nc B. Ion Ca2+ b kh khi in phn CaCl2 nng chy 2+ C. Ion Ca khng thay i khi Ca(OH)2 tc dng vi HCl D. Nguyn t Ca b kh khi Ca tc dng vi H2 Cu 98. Trong phn ng CO32- + H2O -> HCO3- + OH-. Vai tr ca CO32- v H2O l A. CO32- l axit v H2O l baz B. CO32- l baz v H2O l axit 2C. CO3 l lng tnh v H2O l trung tnh D. CO32- l cht oxi ho v H2 l cht kh Cu 99. Nhn xt no sau y khng ng A. Cc kim loi kim th c tnh kh mnh B. Tnh kh ca cc kim loi kim th tng dn t Ba n Be C. Tnh kh ca cc kim loi kim th yu hn kim loi kim trong cng chu k D. Ca, Sr, Ba u tc dng vi nc nhit thng. Cu 100. M t ng dng no di y v Mg khng ng A. Dng ch to dy dn in B. Dng to cht chiu sng C. Dng trong qu trnh tng hp cht hu c D. Dng ch to hp kim nh, cn cho cng nghip sn xut my bay, tn la, t Cu 101: Trong Cc php biu sau v cng ca nc. 1. Khi un si ta c th loi c cng tm thi ca nc. 2. C th dng Na2CO3 loi c cng tm thi v cng vnh cu ca nc. 3. C th dng HCl loi cng ca nc. 4. C th dng Ca(OH)2 vi lng va loi cng ca nc. Chn php biu ng: A. Ch c 2. B. (1), (2) v (4). C. (1) v (2). D. Ch c 4. Cu 102: Cng thc chung ca oxit kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II l A. R2O3. B. R2O. C. RO. D. RO2. Cu 103: Cho dung dch Ca(OH)2 vo dung dch Ca(HCO3)2 thy c A. kt ta trng sau tan dn. B. bt kh v kt ta trng. C. bt kh bay ra. D. kt ta trng xut hin. Cu 104. Dung dch cha cc ion Na+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Ba2+ , H+ , Cl- . phi dng dung dch cht no sau y loi b ht cc ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Ba2+ , H+ ra khi dung dch ban u? A. K2CO3 B. NaOH C. Na2SO4 D. AgNO3 Cu 105. Cho bit phn ng no khng xy ra nhit thng A. Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H2O B. Ca(OH)2 + NaHCO3 CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O C. Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 D. CaCl2 + NaHCO3 CaCO3 + NaCl + HCl Cu 106. Cho cc phn ng m t cc phng php khc nhau lm mm nc cng ( dng M2+ thay cho Ca2+ v Mg2+ ) (1) M2+ + 2HCO3- MCO3 + CO2 + H2O (2) M2+ + HCO3- + OH- MCO3 + H2O (3) M2+ + CO32- MCO3 (4) 3M2+ + 2PO43- M3(PO4)2 Phng php no c th p dng vi nc c cng tm thi ? A. (1) B. (2) C. (1) v (2) D. (1) ,(2) , (3) , v (4) Cu 107. M t no di y khng ph hp cc nguyn t nhm IIA A. Cu hnh e ho tr l ns2 B. Tinh th c cu trc lc phng C. Gm cc nguyn t Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba D. Mc oxi ho c trng trong cc hp cht l +2 Cu 108. Cu no sau y v nc cng l khng ng ? A. Nc cng c cha ng thi anion HCO3- v SO42- hoc Cl- l nc cng ton phn

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

B. Nc c cha nhiu Ca2+ ; Mg2+ C. Nc khng cha hoc cha rt t ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ l nc mm D. Nc cng c cha 1 trong 2 ion Cl- v SO42- hoc c 2 l nc cng tm thi Cu 109. Nc t nhin l nc? A.c tnh cng tm thi. B. c tnh cng vnh cu C. c tnh cng ton phn

Phm Huy Quang

D. mm

Cu 110. Cho Phng trnh Ca(HCO3 ) 2 CaCO3 + CO 2 + H 2O . Phn ng ny gii thch

(1) To lp cn trong m un nc. (2) Xm thc ca nc ma vo ni vi (3) To thch nh trong cc hang ng vi A. (1) v (2) B. (2) C. (3) D. (1) v (3) Cu 111.Thch cao no dng c tng l A.Thch cao sng B. Thch cao nung C. Thch cao khan D. Thch cao t nhin Cu 112. Trong s cc cht cho di y, cht no c tan nh nht ? A.CaSO4 B. CaCO3 C.Ca(OH)2 D.Ba(OH)2 Cu 113.Cht no cho di y khng dng lm mm nc cng ? A.Na2CO3 B.Ca(OH)2 C.Na3PO4 D.Ba(OH)2 Cu 114. Mt loi nc cng khi un si th mt tnh cng. Trong loi nc cng ny c hon tan nhng cht no sau y A.Ca(HCO3)2, MgCl B.Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 C.Mg(HCO3)2, CaCl2 D.MgCl2, CaSO4 Cu 115 .Dy cc ion sau cng tn ti trong mt dung dch l A.NH4+, Ba2+, NO3-, PO43B. Ca2+, K+, Cl-, CO32C. Na+, Mg2+, CH3COO-, SO42D. Ag+, Na+, NO3-, BrCu 116.Dng ho cht no sau y phn bit 3 cht rn:NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Al(OH)3 A.Dng nc, dung dch HCl B.Dng qu tm v kh CO2 C.Dng kh CO2, dung dch HCl D.Dng nc v kh CO2 Cu 117. Dy cc cht u phn ng c vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 A.Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3, CH3COONa B.(NH4)2CO3, CaCO3, NaHCO3 C. KHCO3, KCl, NH4NO3 D.CH3COOH, KHCO3, Ba(HCO3)2 Cu 118.Kt lun no sau y khng ng vi nhm? A. C bn knh nguyn t ln hn Mg. B. L nguyn t h p C. L kim loi m oxit v hidroxit lng tnh. D. Trng thi c bn nguyn t c 1e c thn. Cu 119 : Ch ra u l phn ng nhit nhm A. 4Al + 3O2 t 2Al2O3. B. Al + 4HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O. C. 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O D. 2Al + Fe2O3 t Al2O3 + 2Fe. 2NaAlO2 + 3H2.
0
0

Cu 120: nhn bit ba cht Al, Al2O3 v Fe ngi ta c th dng A. dd BaCl2 B. dd AgNO3. C. dd HCl. D. dd KOH. Cu121 : Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch nhm bng phng php A. cho Mg y Al ra khi dung dch AlCl3. B. kh Al2O3 bng C. c. in phn nng chy AlCl3. D. in phn nng chy Al2O3. Cu 122: Cc cht Al(OH)3 v Al2O3 u c tnh cht A. l oxit baz. B. u b nhit phn. C. u l hp cht lng tnh. D. u l baz. Cu 123: Nhm khng b ho tan trong dung dch A. HCl. B. HNO3 c, ngui. C. HNO3 long D. H2SO4 long. Cu 124 : Cht no sau y tc dng vi dung dch NaAlO2 sinh ra kt ta A. kh CO2. B. dung dch NaOH. C. dung dch Na2CO3. D. kh NH3. Cu 125 : Cht khng c tnh lng tnh l A. NaHCO3. B. AlCl3. C. Al2O3. D. Al(OH)3. Cu 126: Nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut nhm l A. qung boxit. B. qung pirit. C. qung olomit. D. qung manhetit. Cu 127: Cht phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH l A. Al2O3. B. MgO. C. KOH. D. CuO. Cu 128: Al2O3 phn ng c vi c hai dung dch A. NaOH v HCl. B. KCl v NaNO3. C. NaCl v H2SO4. D. Na2SO4 v KOH. Cu 129: Cho phng trnh ho hc: aAl + bFe 2O3 cFe + dAl2O3 (a, b, c, d l cc s nguyn, ti gin). Tng cc h s a, b, c, d l? A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7. Cu 130: phn bit dung dch AlCl3 v dung dch KCl ta dng dung dch A. NaOH. B. HCl. C. NaNO3. D. H2SO4. Cu 131 Dy oxit u tan trong nc cho dd c tnh kim l: A. Na2O, CaO, Al2O3 B. K2O, MgO, BaO C. Na2O, CaO, BaO D. SrO, BeO, Li2O Cu 132. Cht va tdv dd NaOH, va tdv dd HCl l:

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

A. Al, Al2O3, Na2CO3 B. Al(OH)3, NaHCO3, MgSO4 C. Zn(OH)2, Ca(HCO3)2, Al2O3 D. Al2O3, MgCO3, Al(OH)3 Cu 133. Phn ng nhit nhm l: A. p ca nhm vi khi oxi B. dng CO kh nhm oxit C. phn ng ca nhm vi cc oxit kim loi D. phn ng nhit phn Al(OH)3 Cu 134. Khi nh vi git dd Al2(SO4)3 vo dd KOH, thy A. c kt ta keo trng, kt ta tng dn, sau tan dn B. c kt ta keo trng, sau tan ngay C. khng c hin tng g xy ra D. c kt ta keo trng, kt ta khng tan Cu 135. Khi dn CO2 vo dd Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2 ) v NH3 vo dd AlCl3 t t n d, u thy A. c kt ta keo trng, sau kt ta tan B. c kt ta keo trng, kt ta khng tan C. c kt ta keo trng, kt ta tng dn, sau tan dn D. khng c hin tng g xy ra Cu 136. Khi thm dn dd HCl va dd Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2 ) v dd NaOH vo dd AlCl3 n d, thy A. ban u hin tng xy ra khc nhau, sau tng t nhau B.hin tng xy ra hon ton khc nhau C. ban u hin tng xy ra tng t nhau, sau khc nhau D. hin tng xy ra tng t nhau Cu 137. Cho cc cht rn sau: CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Na2O ng trong cc l mt nhn. Ch dng thm cc thuc th l dd NaOH, CO2 c th nhn bit c: A. 1 cht B. 2 cht C. 3 cht D. 4 cht Cu138. Thuc th duy nht phn bit 3 cht rn: Mg, Al, Al2O3 ng trong cc l mt nhn l A. dd NaOH B. dd NH3 C. dd HCl D. dd NaHCO3 Cu139. Dd NaOH khng tc dng c vi tt c cc cht trong dy no sau: A. CO2, HCl, CuSO4 B. Ca(HCO3)2, HCl, MgCl2 C. SO2, Al, Cl2 D. CO2, K2CO3, HCl Cu 140. Cht no sau khng lm xanh nc qu tm: A. NaOH B. Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2 ) C. Na2CO3 D. Na2SO4 Cu 141 . Khng th phn bit cc dd NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3 ng trong cc l mt nhn bng thuc th: A. dd NaOH B. dd Ba(OH)2 C. dd NH3 D. dd Sr(OH)2 Cu 142. Trng hp no sau y s xut hin kt ta, v kt ta tan ngay A. Cho t t dd natri aluminat vo dd HCl B. Cho t t dd KOH vo dd nhm clorua C. Thi t t kh CO2 vo dd Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2 ) D. Cho t t dd AlCl3 vo dd NH3 Cu 143. Hy chn trnh t tin hnh no sau phn bit 3 cht rn: NaCl, CaCl2 v MgCl2 ng trong ba l ring bit: A. dng H2O, dng dd H2SO4 B. dng H2O, dng dd NaOH, dng dd Na2CO3 C. dng H2O, dng dd Na2CO3 D. dng dd HCl, dng dd Na2CO3 Cu 144. phn bit cc dd ha cht ring bit CuSO 4, FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, c th dng 1 trong cc ha cht no sau: A. dd NaOH hoc Na B. dd Ba(OH)2 C. Ba D. dd Ba(OH)2 hoc Ba Cu 145. phn bit cc dd ha cht ring bit NaCl, FeCl3, NH4Cl, (NH4)2CO3, AlCl3 c th dng kim loi no sau: A. K B. Ba C. Rb D. Mg Cu 146. Nhm cht no gm cc cht c th iu ch trc tip c nhm oxit A. AlCl3, Al(NO3)3 B. Al, Al(OH)3 C. Al(OH)3, Al2(SO4)3 D. Al, AlCl3 Cu 147. Nung hn hp gm Cr2O3, Fe3O4 v Al d thu c cht rn A. A gm: A. Cr2O3, Fe, Al2O3 B. Cr, Fe, Al2O3, Al C. Fe3O4, Cr, Al2O3 D. Cr, Fe, Al Cu 148. Ha cht duy nht tch Fe2O3 ra khi hn hp bt Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2: A. HCl B. NaHCO3 C. NaOH D. CaCO3 Cu 149. Trong qu trnh sn xut Al t qung boxit, ngi ta ha tan Al2O3 trong criolit nng chy nhm: (1) tit kim nng lng; (2) gip loi cc tp cht thng ln trong qung boxit l Fe2O3 v SiO2; (3) gim bt s tiu hao cc dng ( cacbon) do b oxi sinh ra oxi ha; (4) to hh c tc dng bo v Al nng chy khng b oxi ha trong khng kh; (5) to c cht lng c tnh dn in tt hn Al2O3. Cc ng l: A. (1), (2), (5) B. (1), (3), (5) C. (1), (4), (5) D. (3), (4), (5) Cu 150. ng dng ca nhm ch da trn tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n l A. Lm dy cp dn in v dng c un nu B. Ch to hp kim lm my bay, tn la, tu v tr. C. Ch to hn hp tecmit hn kim loi D. Xy dng nh ca, trang tr ni tht Cu 151. Cht khng co tinh lng tinh la A. Al2O3 B. Al(OH)3 C. Al2(SO4)3 D. NaHCO3 Cu 152. Dung dch no di y lm qu tim i mu xanh? A. K2SO4 B. KAl(SO4)2.12H2O C. Natrialuminat D. AlCl3 Cu 153. Phn ng ca cp cht no di y khng to sn phm kh? A. dd Al(NO3)3 + dd Na2S B. dd AlCl3 + dd Na2CO3 C. Al + dd NaOH D. dd AlCl3 + dd NaOH Cu 154. C 3 ng nghim, mi ng cha 2 cation v 2 anion (khng trng lp ) gm cc ion sau : Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ba2+, NH4+, Ag+, SO42-, PO43-, CO32-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-. Cc ng ln lt cha cc ion: A. Na+, Mg2+, SO42-, PO43-; Ba2+,Al3+,Cl-, CO32-; NH4+, Ag+, Br-, NO3-. + 2+ 322+ + 2-, B. Na ,Ba , PO4 , CO3 ; Mg , NH4 , SO4 NO3 ; Al3+, Ag+, Cl-, Br+ + 323+ + 2C. Na , NH4 , PO4 , CO3 ; Al , Ag , SO4 , NO3 ; Ba2+, Mg2+, Cl-, Br+ 2+ 2+ + 2D. Na , Ba , Cl , NO3 ; Mg , NH4 , SO4 , Br ; Al3+, NH4+,PO43-, CO32Cu 155. C th phn bit 3 dung dch: KOH, HCl, H2SO4 (long) bng mt thuc th l A. Al. B. BaCO3. C. giy qu tm. D. Zn. Cu 156. Cho dd NaOH n d vo dd cha MgSO 4, CuSO4 ,Al2(SO4)3 c kt ta A. Nung A c cht rn B. Cho CO d i qua B nung nng s thu c cht rn l: A. MgO, Al2O3, Cu B. MgO, Cu C. MgO, CuO D. MgO, Al2O3, Cu Cu 157. Cho phn ng: Al + H2O + NaOH NaAlO2 + 3/2H2 (hoc Al + 3H2O + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] + 3/2H2)

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Trang 17

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

Cht tham gia phn ng ng vai tro cht oxi ha trong phn ng ny l: A. Al B. H2O C. NaOH D. C nc v NaOH Cu 158. M ta khng ph hp vi nhm la A. th 13, chu k 3, nhm IVA B. Cu hnh electron [Ne] 3s2 3p1 C. Tinh th cu to lp phng tm din D. Mc oxi ha c trng +3 Cu 159. M t cha chnh xc v tnh cht vt l ca nhm l A. Mu trng bc B. L kim loi nh C. Mm, d ko si v dt mng D. Dn in v nhit tt, tt hn cc kim loi Fe v Cu Cu 160. Cho dung dch NH3 n d vo dung dch cha AlCl3, v ZnCl2 thu c kt ta A. Nung A dc cht rn B. Cho lung H2 i qua B nung nng s thu c cht rn l A. Al2O3 B. Zn v Al2O3 C. ZnO v Al D. ZnO v Al2O3 Cu 161. Cho hh gm BaO, FeO, Al2O3 c t l mol 1:2:1 vo nc d c cht rn A. dn H2 c d i qua A nhit cao c cht rn B. B cha A. Fe B. Al v Fe C. Fe v Al2O3 D. FeO Cu. 162 Mt dung dch cha a mol Na[Al(OH) 4] (hoc NaAlO2 ) tc dng vi mt dung dich cha b mol HCl.iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l : A. a=b B. a=2b C. b < 4a D. b < 5a Cu 163 Mt dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch cha b mol AlCl3. iu kin thu c kt ta l A. a> 4b B. a <4b C. a+b = 1mol D. a b = 1mol Cu 164. Mt dung dch cha x mol KAlO2 tc dng vi dung dch cha y mol HCl. iu kin sau phn ng thu c lng kt ta ln nht l: A. x > y B. x < y Cx=y D. x < 2y Cu 165. Kim loi nhm kh N+5 ca HNO3 thnh N+1.S phn t HNO3 b kh trong p sau khi cn bng l A. 30 B. 36 C. 6 D. 15 Cu 166.Kim loi nhm kh N+5 ca HNO3 thnh N0. H s ca nc trong p khi cn bng l:A. 10; B. 12 C. 18; D. 20 Cu 167 Kim loi nhm kh N+5 ca HNO3 thnh N-3 S phn t HNO3 khng b kh trong p khi cn bng l: A. 24 B. 27 C. 8 D. 36 Cu 168. Cho cc cht sau: NaOH, K2SO4, CuCl2, CO2, Al, NH4Cl. S cp cht c phn ng vi nhau l ? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 Cu 169. KL Al c th kh S+6 ca H2SO4 thnh S-2.Tng h s ca cc sn phm p sau khi cn bng pt l: A. 19 B. 20 C. 21 D. 22 Cu 170 . tch ring tng mui t hh rn: NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, ch cn dng thm: A. Dd NaOH, dd HCl B. Dd NaOH, CO2, dd HCl C. dd NH3, dd HCl D. ddNH3, ddNaOH, ddHCl Cu 171. C mt mu boxit dng sx nhm ln Fe2O3 v SiO2, ly nhm tinh khit t mu boxit trn ta dng: A. dd NaOH, CO2 B. dd NaOH, dd HCl C. dd NaAlO2, CO2 D. dd HCl, H2O Cu 172. Xc nh pht biu khng ng v qu trnh in phn sn xut Al di y? A. Cn tinh ch qung boxit (Al2O3. 2H2O) do cn ln tp cht l Fe2O3 v SiO2. B. T 1 tn boxit (cha 60% Al2O3) c th iu ch c gn 0,318 tn Al vi hiu sut 100%. C. Sn xut 2,7 tn Al tiu hao 18 tn C lm anot, nu cc qu trnh l hon ton v sn phm oxi ha ch l CO2. D. Criolit c s dng h nhit nng chy, tng dn in v ngn cn Al b oxi ha bi khng kh. Cu 173: nhn bit ba axit c, ngui: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 ng ring bit trong ba l b mt nhn, ta dng thuc th l A. Fe. B. CuO. C. Al. D. Cu. Cu 174: C th phn bit 3 dung dch: KOH, HCl, H2SO4 (long) bng mt thuc th l A. giy qu tm. B. Al. C. BaCO3. D. Zn. Cu 175: C cc cht bt: CaO, MgO, Al2O3. Ch dng thm mt cht no trong s cc cht cho di y nhn bit? A. Nc B. Axit clohiric C. Axit sunfuric long D. Dung dch NaOH Cu 176: C cc dung dch: NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, CuCl2. Ch dng thm mt cht no trong s cc cht cho di y nhn bit? A . dung dch HCl B. Dung dch H2SO4 C. dung dch NaOH D. dung dch AgNO3 Cu 177: C cc cht bt: AlCl3, Al, Al2O3. Ch dng thm mt cht no trong s cc cht cho di y nhn bit? A. dung dch HCl B. dung dch NaOH C. dung dch CuSO4 D. dung dch AgNO3 Cu 178: Phn ng ho hc xy ra trong trng hp no di y khng thuc loi phn ng nhit nhm? A. Al tc dng vi Fe2O3 nung nng. B. Al tc dng vi axit H2SO4 c, nng. C. Al tc dng vi CuO nung nng. D. Al tc dng vi Fe3O4 nung nng. Cu 179: Cho dung dch NH3, kh CO2, dung dch HCl, dung dch KOH, dung dch Na2CO3. a. Cc cht dng to kt ta nhm hiroxit t nhm clorua: A. NH3; HCl; Na2CO3 B. CO2; HCl; NH3 C. Na2CO3; NH3; KOH D. KOH, Na2CO3; CO2. b. Cc cht dng to kt ta nhm hidrxit t Natri aluminat: A. HCl; CO2 B. NH3; Na2CO3 C. KOH; Na2CO3 D. NH3; CO2. Cu 180: Nh t t cho n d dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AlCl3. Hin tng xy ra l A. c kt ta keo trng, sau kt ta tan. B. ch c kt ta keo trng. C. c kt ta keo trng v c kh bay ln. D. khng c kt ta, c kh bay ln Cu 181: C 4 dung dch mui ring bit: CuCl2, ZnCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3. Nu thm dung dch KOH (d) ri thm tip dung dch NH3 (d) vo 4 dung dch trn th s cht kt ta thu c l A. 4. B. 1. C. 3. D. 2 Cu 182: Nh t t dung dch NaOH n d vo dung dch X. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton ch thu c dung dch trong sut. Cht tan trong dung dch X l A. Ca(HCO3)2. B. CuSO4. C. Fe(NO3)3. D. AlCl3. Cu 1 8 3 : Ho tan hn hp gm: K2O, BaO, Al2O3, Fe3O4 vo nc (d), thu c dung dch X v cht rn Y. Sc kh CO2 n d vo dung dch X, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kt ta l A. Fe(OH)3. B. Al(OH)3. C. K2CO3. D. BaCO3. Cu 184: Thuc th dng phn bit 3 dung dch ring bit: NaCl, NaHSO4, HCl l

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Trang 18

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

A. (NH4)2CO3. B. BaCO3. C. BaCl2. D. NH4Cl Cu 185 . Gii thch ti sao iu ch Al ngi ta in phn Al2O3 nng chy m khng in phn AlCl3 nng chy l: A. AlCl3 nng chy nhit cao hn Al2O3 B. AlCl3 l hp cht cng ho tr nn khng nng chy m thng hoa C. in phn AlCl3 to ra Cl2 rt c D. in phn Al2O3 cho ra Al tinh khit hn Cu 186 . Cho kh CO (d) i vo ng s nung nng ng hn hp X gm Al2O3, MgO, Fe3O4, CuO thu c cht rn Y. Cho Y vo dung dch NaOH (d), khuy k, thy cn li phn khng tan Z. Gi s cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Phn khng tan Z gm A. MgO, Fe, Cu. B. Mg, Fe, Cu. C. MgO, Fe3O4, Cu. D. Mg, Al, Fe, Cu Cu 187 . Mt nguyn t X thuc 4 chu k u ca bng HTTH, mt d dng 3 electron to ra ion M3+ c cu hnh kh him. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l: A. 1s22s22p1 B. 1s22s22p63s23p1 C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2 D. 1s22s22p63s23p3

II. CC DNG BI TP DNG 1: KIM LOI KIM KIM TH - NHM TC DNG VI NC

- Khi cho kim loi kim, kim th (tr Mg, Be) tc dng vi nc nhit thng s thu c dung dch cha ion OHM + H2O M+ + OH- + H2 M + 2H2O M2+ + 2OH- + H2 Ta thy: nOH- = 2nH2 - Nu c kim loi Al th OH- s tc dng vi Al: Al + OH- + H2O AlO2- + 3/2 H2 Cu 1: Cho mt mu hp kim K-Ca tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H2 ( ktc). Th tch dung dch axit HCl 2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l A. 150ml. B. 75ml. C. 60ml. D. 30ml Cu 2: Cho m gam hon hp Na, Ba vao nc thu c dung dich A va 6,72 lt kh (ktc). The tch dung dch hon hp H2SO4 0,5M va HCl 1M e trung hoa va u dung dch A la: A. 0,3 lt. B. 0,2 lt. C. 0,4 lt. D. 0,1 lt. Cu 3: Ha tan m (g) K vo 200g nc thu c dung dch c nng l 2,748%. Vy m c gi tr l? A. 7,8g B. 3,8g C. 39g D. 3,9g Cu 4: Ha tan mt lng gm 2 kim loi kim vo nc thu c 200ml dung dch A v 1,12 lt H2 (ktc). Tm pH ca dd A? A. 12 B. 11,2 C. 13,1 D. 13,7 Cu 5 (HKA 2010): Ha tan hon ton 8,94g hn hp gm Na, K, Ba vo nc, thu c dd X v 2,688 lt kh H2 (ktc). Dung dch Y gm HCl v H2SO4, t l mol tng ng l 4:1. Trung ha dd X bi dd Y, tng khi lng cc mui c to ra l? A. 13,7g B. 18,46g C. 12,78g D. 14,62g Cu 6 (HKA 2008): Cho hn hp gm Na v Al c t l mol tng ng l 1:2 v nc (d). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 8,96 lt kh H2 (ktc) v m gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr ca m l? A. 10,8g B. 5,4g C. 7,8g D. 43,2g Cu 7 (HKB 2007): Hn hp X gm Na v Al. Cho m gam X vo mt lng d nc th thot ra V lt kh. Nu cng cho m gam X vo dung dch NaOH d th c 1,75V lt kh, (bit th tch cc kh o trong cng iu kin), thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Na trong X l? A. 39,87% B. 77,31% C. 49,87% D. 29,87% Cu 8: Ha tan 46g hn hp gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k lin tip vo nc thu c dd D v 11,2 lt kh (ktc). Nu thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4 vo dd D th sau phn ng vn cn d ion Ba2+. Nu thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4 vo dd D th sau phn ng cn d Na2SO4. Vy 2 kim loi kim l? A. Li v Na B. Na v K C. K v Rb D. Rb v Cs Cu 9 (HKB 2009): Ha tan hon ton 2,9g hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n vo nc, thu c 500ml dung dch cha mt cht tan c nng 0,04M v 0,224 lt H2 (ktc). Kim loi M l? A. Ca B. Ba C. K D. Na

DNG 2: BI TON CO2, SO2 TC DNG VI DUNG DCH BAZ

I. TC DNG VI NaOH, KOH
- Khi choCO2 (hoc SO2) tc dng vi NaOH, KOH u xy ra 3 kh nng to mui. Ta thng lp t l

k=
Nu : k

nNaOH nNaOH hoc k = nCO2 nSO2

1: Ch to mui NaHCO3
Trang 19

1< k < 2: To 2 mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

k 2: Ch to mui Na2CO3 * Ch : Vi nhng bi ton khng th tnh k, ta c th da vo d kin bi cho tm ra kh nng to mui nh th no. - Hp thu CO2 vo NaOH d ch to mui Na2CO3 - Hp thu CO2 d vo NaOH ch to mui NaHCO3 - Hp thu CO2 vo NaOH to dd mui. Sau thm BaCl2 vo dd mui thy c kt ta, thm tip Ba(OH)2 d vo thy xut hin thm kt ta: To 2 mui Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 - Nu bi ton khng cho bt k d liu no th phi chia trng hp gii.

Phm Huy Quang

II. TC DNG VI Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

Tng t nh trn, trng hp ny cng c 3 kh nng to mui, ta lp t l:

k= 1: Ch to mui CaCO3

nCO2 nCa ( OH )2

hoc

k=

nSO2 nCa (OH )2

Nu :

1< k < 2: To 2 mui Ca(HCO3)2 v CaCO3 k 2: Ch to mui Ca(HCO3)2 * Ch : Vi nhng bi ton khng th tnh k, ta c th da vo d kin bi cho tm ra kh nng to mui nh th no. - Hp thu CO2 vo nc vi trong d ch to mui CaCO3 - Hp thu CO2 d vo nc vi trong (lc u c kt ta trng, sau kt ta tan): ch to mui Ca(HCO3)2 - Hp th CO2 vo nc vi trong thy to kt ta, sau thm NaOH d vo thy c kt ta na: To 2 mui - Hp th CO2 vo nc vi trong thy to kt ta, lc b kt ta ri un nng nc lc li thy kt ta na: to 2 mui. - Nu bi ton khng cho bt k d liu no th phi chia trng hp gii.

III. TC DNG VI HN HP GM C NaOH / KOH V Ca(OH)2 / Ba(OH)2

Lp t l:

k=
Nu : k

nOH nCO2

1: Ch to ion HCO3-

1< k < 2: To 2 ion HCO3- v CO32 k 2: Ch to ion CO32* Ch : PTHH to mui: 2OH- + CO2 CO32- + H2O OH- + CO2 HCO3-

Special Note: Hai dng ton ny c mt s cng thc gii nhanh.

1. Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt lng CO2 vo dd Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 :

n = nOH nCO2
- S dng cng thc trn vi iu kin: - Nu baz d th
n = nCO2

n nCO2 , ngha l baz phn ng ht.

2. Cng thc tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt lng CO2 vo dd cha hn hp gm NaOH v Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 : - Trc ht tnh - iu kin l: 3. Cng thc tnh
nCO 2 = nOH nCO2
3

ri so snh vi

nCa2+ hoc nBa 2+ xem cht no phn ng ht. Lng kt ta

tnh theo s mol cht phn ng ht.

3

nCO 2 nCO2 VCO2 cn hp th ht vo 1 dd Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 thu c 1 lng kt ta theo yu cu:
nCO2 = n nCO2 = nOH n

Dng ny c 2 kt qu:

Cu 1: t chy hon ton 0,1mol C2H5OH ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh cha 75ml dd Ba(OH)2 2M. Tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng l? A. 32,65g B. 19,7g C. 12,95g D. 35,75g

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Trang 20

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

Cu 2 (C KA 2010): Hp th hon ton 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 125ml dd Ba(OH)2 1M, thu c dd X. Coi th tch dd khng thay i, nng mol cht tan trong dd X l? A. 0,4M B. 0,2M C. 0,6M D. 0,1M Cu 3: Hp th ht 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 350 ml dd Ba(OH)2 1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c? A. 39,4g B. 78,8g C. 19,7g D. 20,5g Cu 4: Hp th ht 1,344 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 350 ml dd Ca(OH)2 1M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c? A. 64g B. 10g C. 6g D. 60g Cu 5: Hap thu het 7,84 lt CO2 (kc) vao 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c? A. 19,7g B. 49,25g C. 39,4g D. 10g Cu 6: Hap thu het 6,72 lt CO2 (kc) vao 300ml dung dch hon hp gom NaOH 0,1M va Ba(OH)2 0,6M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c? A. 15g B. 35,46g C. 19,7g D. 17,73g Cu 7: Hap thu 13,44l CO2(ktc) vao 500ml dd hon hp NaOH 1M va Ca(OH)2 0,2M. Tnh khoi lng ket tua thu c? A. 20g B. 10g C. 30g D. 15g Cu 8: Hap thu het V lt CO2 (kc) vao 300ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 1M c 19,7 gam ket tua. Tm V? A. 2,24 lt B. 11,2 lt C. 2,24 hoc 11,2 lt D. 2,24 hoc 3,36 lt Cu 9: Hap thu 10 lt hon hp CO2 va N2 (ktc) vao 200ml dd Ca(OH)2 0,2M thay tao thanh 1g ket tua. Tnh %VCO2 trong hon hp au? A. 2,24% B. 15,68% C. 2,24% hoc 4,48% D. 2,24% hoc 15,68% Cu 10 (HKA 2008): Hp th hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO2 ktc vo 500ml dd hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M, sinh ra m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l? A. 19,7g B. 17,73g C. 9,85g D. 11,82g Cu 11 (HKA 2007): Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 2,5 lt dd Ba(OH)2 nng a mol/lt, thu c 15,76g kt ta. Gi tr ca a l? A. 0,032M B. 0,048M C. 0,06M D. 0,04M Cu 12 (HKB 2007): Nung 13,4g hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ha tr 2, thu c 6,8g cht rn v kh X. Lng kh X sinh ra cho hp th vo 75ml dd NaOH 1M, khi lng mui khan thu c sau phn ng l? A. 5,8g B. 6,5g C. 4,2g D. 6,3g

DNG 3: TON V MUI CACBONAT

- C 2 dng thng gp: +) Phn ng nhit phn Mui Hidrocacbonat cho mui cacbonat: 2MHCO3 M(HCO3)2 MCO3 +) Phn ng trao i: Vi axit
to MO + CO2 to M2CO3 + CO2 + H2O to MCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Mui cacbonat ca KL kim th ch b nhit phn nhit cao cho oxit bazo:

to kh CO2 Vi mt s mui to kt ta.

- Hay s dng: nh lut bo ton khi lng v nh lut tng gim khi lng. - Lu : Khi cho t t dd HCl vo hn hp mui cacbonat v hidrocacbonat, phn ng xy ra theo trnh t: u tin: H+ + CO32- HCO3Sau : HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O

Special Note:
- Gp dng: Mui cacbonat + ddHCl

Mui clorua + CO2 + H2O. Tnh nhanh khi lng mui clorua bng cng thc:
mmuo 11.nCO2 i clorua = mm uo i cacbonat +

- Gp dng: Mui cacbonat + H2SO4 long

Mui sunfat + CO2 + H2O. Tnh nhanh khi lng mui sufat bng CT:

mmuo i sunfat = mm uo i cacbonat +36.nCO2

Cu 1: Khi nung 30g hn hp CaCO3 v MgCO3 th khi lng cht rn thu c sau phn ng ch bng mt na khi lng ban u. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht ban u?

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

A. 28,41% v 71,59% B. 40% v 60% C. 13% v 87% D. 50,87% v 49,13% Cu 2: Khi nung mt lng hidrocacbonat ca kim loi ha tr 2 v ngui, thu c 17,92 lt kh (ktc) v 80g b rn. Xc nh tn mui hidrocacbonat ni trn? A. Ca(HCO3)2 B. NaHCO3 C. Cu(HCO3)2 D. Mg(HCO3)2 Cu 3: Nung nng 100g hn hp NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 n khi lng khng i thu c 69g hn hp rn. % khi lng ca NaHCO3 trong hn hp l? A. 80% B. 70% C. 80,66% D. 84% Cu 4 (HKB 2008): Nhit phn hon ton 40g mt loi qung lmit c ln tp cht tr, sinh ra 8,96 lt CO2 (ktc). Thnh phn % v khi lng ca CaCO3.MgCO3 trong loi qung nu trn l? A. 40% B. 50% C. 84% D. 92% Cu 5: Cho 24,4g hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2. Sau phn ng thu c 39,4g kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m gam mui clorua. Tnh m? A. 41,6g B. 27,5g C. 26,6g D. 16,3g Cu 6: Ha tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr I v mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr II bng dd HCl d th thy thot ra 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc). C cn dd sau phn ng th lng mui khan thu c l? A. 26g B. 28g C. 26,8g D. 28,6g Cu 7: Ha tan hon ton 19,2 gam hn hp XCO 3 v Y2CO3 vo dung dch HCl d thy thot ra 4,48 lit kh (ktc). Khi lng mui sinh ra trong dung dch l: A. 21,4 g B. 22,2 g C. 23,4 g D. 25,2 g Cu 8: Ha tan hon ton 4 gam hn hp MCO3 v M/CO3 vo dung dch HCl thy thot ra V lit kh (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c 5,1 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca V l: A. 1,12 B. 1,68 C. 2,24 D. 3,36 Cu 9: Nung m (g) hn hp X gm 2 mui carbonat trung tnh ca 2 kim loi A v B u c ha tr 2. Sau mt thi gian thu c 3,36 lit CO2 (kc) cn li hn hp cht rn Y. Cho Y tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d, th thu c ddC v kh D. Phn dung dch C c cn thu 32,5g hn hp mui khan. Cho kh D thot ra hp th hon ton bi dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d thu c 15g kt ta. Tnh m? A. 34,15g B. 30,85g C. 29,2g D. 34,3g Cu 10 (HKA 2010): Nh t t tng git n ht 30ml dd HCl 1M vo 100ml dd cha Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c s mol CO2 l? A. 0,03 B. 0,01 C. 0,02 D. 0,015 Cu 11(HKB 2009): Cho t t dd cha a mol HCl vo dd cha b mol Na 2CO3 ng thi khuy u, thu c V lt kh(ktc) v dd X.Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dd X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a,b l: A.V = 22,4(a b) B. V = 11,2(a b) C.V = 11,2(a + b) D.V = 22,4(a + b) DNG 4: PHN NG NHIT NHM - Nhn dng: Cho bt nhm phn ng vi cc oxit kim loi. Tnh hiu sut phn ng hoc thnh phn khi lng sau phn ng.... 2yAl + 3MxOy yAl2O3 + 3x M - Ch : +) Trng hp phn ng xy ra hon ton (H = 100%), nu cho sn phm tc dng vi dung dch kim c kh H2 thot ra th sn phm sau phn ng c Al d , M v Al2O3. +) Trng hp phn ng xy ra khng hon ton (H<100%), khi sn phm c Al d, Al2O3, MxOy d, M. + Hay s dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, nh lut bo ton nguyn t.... Cu 1: Nung nng hn hp gm 15,2 gam Cr 2O3 v m gam Al. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 23,3 gam hn hp X. Cho ton b X phn ng vi HCl d thy thot ra V (l) H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l: A. 7,84 lt B. 4,48 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 10,08 lt Cu 2 (C KA,B 2008): t nng mt hn hp gm Al v 16g Fe2O3 (trong iu kin khng c khng kh) n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng va vi Vml dd NaOH 1M sinh ra 3,36 lt H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l? A. 100ml B. 150 ml C. 200ml D. 300ml Cu 3: Trn 5,4g Al vi 17,4g bt Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (gi s ch xy ra phn ng kh Fe3O4 thnh Fe). Ha tan hon ton hn hp rn sau phn ng bng dd H2SO4 long, d th thu c 5,376 lt H2 (ktc). Hiu sut phn ng nhit nhm l? A. 62,5% B. 60% C. 20% D. 80% Cu 4 (HKB 2009): Nung nng m gam hn hp gm Al v Fe3O4 trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng vi dd NaOH d thu c dd Y, cht rn Z v 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Sc kh CO2 d vo dd Y, thu c 39 g kt ta. Gi tr ca m l? A. 45,6g B. 48,3g C. 36,7g D. 57g

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Trang 22

Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

Cu 5: Sau khi thc hin phn ng nhit nh m vi Fe3O4 thu c cht rn A v nhn thy khi lng nhm tng 0,96g. Cho A tc dng vi dd NaOH d thu c 0,672 lt kh (ktc), gi s hiu sut cc phn ng l 100%, khi lng ca a l? A. 1,08g B. 1,62g C. 2,1g D. 5,1g Cu 6 ( HKA 2008): Nung nng m gam hn hp Al v Fe2O3 (trong mi trng khng c khng kh) n khi phn ng xy ra khon ton, thu c hn hp rn Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn bng nhau: - Phn 1: Tc dng vi dd H2SO4 long, d sinh ra 3,08 lt kh H2 ktc. - Phn 2: Tc dng vi dd NaOH d sinh ra 0,84 lt kh H2 ktc. Gi tr ca m l? A. 22,75g B. 21,4g C. 29,4g D. 29,43g Cu 7: t nng mt hn hp X gm bt Fe3O4 v bt Al trong mi trng khng c khng kh. Nu cho nhng cht cn li sau phn ng tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d s thu c 0,3 mol H2; cn nu cho tc dng vi HCl d s thu c 0,4 mol H2. Vy s mol Al trong hn hp X l? A. 0,3 mol B. 0,4 mol C. 0,25 mol D. 0,6 mol Cu 8: Khi cho 41.4 gam hn hp X gm Fe2O3, Al2O3 v Cr2O3 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH c, d thu c cht rn c khi lng 16 gam. kh hon ton 41.4 gam X bng phn ng nhit nhm cn dng 10.8 gam Al. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Cr2O3 trong hn hp X l: A. 30,23% B. 50,67% C. 36,71% D. 66,67% Cu 9: Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm hn hp gm Al v oxit Fe thu c hn hp cht rn X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c dung dch Y, phn khng tan Z v 0.672 (l) kh (ktc). Cho dung dch HCl vo dung dch Y n khi thu c lng kt ta ln nht, lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i thu c 5.1 gam cht rn. Cho Z tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng, sau phn ng thu c dung dch E ch cha 1 loi mui st sulfat v 2.688 (l) SO 2 (ktc). Cc p xy ra hon ton. Cng thc ca oxit Fe l: A. FeO hay Fe2O3 B. FeO hay Fe3O4 C. FeO D. Fe2O3

DNG 5: TON V S LNG TNH CA Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2

Dng 1: Cho t t a mol OH- vo dd cha b mol Al3+. Tm khi lng kt ta. Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 Nu OH- d: Al(OH)3 + OH- AlO2- + H2O - Khi ty theo t l mol OH-; s mol Al3+ m c kt ta hoc khng c kt ta hoc va c kt ta va c mui tan. * gii nhanh bi ton ny ta c cng thc tnh nhanh:
nOH = 3.n nOH = 4.nAl3+ n

Dang nay phai co hai ket qua. Cong thc:

Dng 2: Cho t t H+ vo dd cha AlO2- (hay Al(OH)4-) to kt ta. AlO2- + H+ + H2O Al(OH)3 Nu H+ d: Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O - Khi ty theo t l mol H+; s mol AlO2- m c kt ta hoc khng c kt ta hoc va c kt ta va c mui tan. * gii nhanh bi ton ny ta c cng thc tnh nhanh:
nH+ = n n = 4.n[Al(OH) ] 3.n H+ 4

Dang nay phai co hai ket qua. Cong thc:

Dng 3: Cng thc

VddNaOH cn cho vo dd Zn 2+ xut hin 1 lng kt ta theo yu cu:

nOH = 2n nOH = 4nZn2+ 2n

Dng ny c 2 kt qu:

Cu 1: Cho t t 0,7 mol NaOH vo dd cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3. S mol kt ta thu c? A. 0,2 B. 0,15 C. 0,1 D. 0,05 Cu 2: Cho V lt dd Ba(OH)2 0,5M vo 200ml dd Al(NO3)3 0,75M thu c 7,8g kt ta. Gi tr ca V l? A. 0,3 v 0,6 lt B. 0,3 v 0,7 lt C. 0,4 v 0,8 lt D. 0,3 v 0,5 lt Cu 3: dd A cha KOH v 0,3 mol K[Al(OH)4]. Cho 1 mol HCl vo dd A thu c 15,6g kt ta. S mol KOH trong dd l?

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

Phm Huy Quang

A. 0,8 hoc 1,2 mol B. 0,8 hoc 0,4 mol C. 0,6 hoc 0 mol D. 0,8 hoc 0,9 mol Cu 4: Cho 2,7g Al vo 200ml dd NaOH 1,5M thu c dd A. Thm t t 100ml dd HNO3 vo dd A thu c 5,46g kt ta. Nng ca HNO3 l? A. 2,5 v 3,9M B. 2,7 v 3,6M C. 2,7 v 3,5M D. 2,7 v 3,9M Cu 5 (HKB 2007): Cho 200ml dd AlCl3 1,5M tc dng vi V lt dd NaOH 0,5M; lng kt ta thu c l 15,6g. Gi tr ln nht ca V l? A. 1,2 1,8 C. 2,4 D. 2 Cu 6 (HKB 2010): Cho 150ml dd KOH 1,2M tc dng vi 100ml dd AlCl3 nng x mol/l, thu c dd Y v 4,68g kt ta. Loi b, thm tip 175ml dd KOH 1,2M vo Y, thu c 2,34g kt ta. Gi tr ca x l? A. 1,2M B. 0,8M C. 0,9M D. 1M Cu 7 (C 2007): Thm m gam Kali vo 300ml dd cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M thu c dd X. Cho t t dd X vo 200ml dd Al2(SO4)3 0,1M thu c kt ta Y. thu c lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tr ca m l? A. 1,59g B. 1.17g C. 1,71g D. 1,95g Cu 8 (C 2009): Ha tan hon ton 47,4g phn chua KAl(SO4)2.12H2O vo nc, thu c dd X. Cho ton b X tc dng vi 200ml Ba(OH)2 1M, sau phn ng thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l? A. 46,6g B. 54,4g C. 62.2g D. 7,8g Cu 9 (C 2009): Nh t t 0,25 lt dd NaOH 1,04M vo dd gm 0,024 mol FeCl3; 0,016 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,04 mol H2SO4 thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l? A. 4,128g B. 2,568g C. 1,56g D. 5,064g Cu 10 (HKA 2010): Ha tan hon ton m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dd X. Nu cho 110 ml dd KOH 2M vo X th thu c 3a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140ml ml dd KOH 2M vo X th thu c 2a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l? A. 32,2g B. 24,25g C. 17,71g D. 16,1g Cu 11: Cho 38.795 gam hn hp bt nhm v nhm clorua vo lng va dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch A (kt ta va tan ht) v 6.72 (l) H2 (ktc). Thm 250ml dung dch HCl vo dung dch A thu c 21.84 gam kt ta. Nng dung dch HCl l: A. 1.12M hay 3.84M B. 2.24M hay 2.48M C. 1.12, hay 2.48M D. 2.24M hay 3.84M Cu 12: Tnh th tch dd NaOH 1M cn cho vo 200 ml dd ZnCl2 2M c 29,7 gam kt ta? Cu 13: Can cho bao nhieu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vao dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl 3 e c 31,2 gam ket tua? Cu 14: Cho 3,42gam Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi 25 ml dung dch NaOH to ra c 0,78 gam kt ta. Tnh nng mol ca NaOH dng? Cu 15: thm 100ml dd AlCl3 1M vo 200ml dd NaOH th thu c kt ta. em kt ta nung n khi lng khng i thu c 2,55g cht rn. tnh CM ca dd NaOH dng? Cu 16: Can cho mot the tch dung dch NaOH 1M ln nhat la bao nhieu vao dung dch cha ong thi 0,6mol AlCl3 va 0,2mol HCl e xuat hien 39gam ket tua? Cu 17: Can cho bao nhieu lt dung dch HCl 1M vao dung dch cha 0,7mol Na[Al(OH) 4] e thu c 39 gam ket tua? Cu 18: The tch dung dch HCl 1M cc ai can cho vao dung dch cha ong thi 0,1mol NaOH va 0,3mol Na[Al(OH)4] la bao nhieu e xuat hien 15,6gam ket tua? Cu 19: Ha tan 3,9 gam Al(OH)3 bng 50ml NaOH 3M c dung dch A. Tnh th tch dung dch (lt) HCl 2M cn cho vo dung dch A xut hin tr li 1,56 gam kt ta? Cu 20: Cho 3,42gam Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi 25 ml dung dch NaOH to ra c 0,78 gam kt ta. Tnh nng mol ca NaOH dng? Cu 21: Trong mt cc ng 200ml dung dch AlCl 3 2M. Rt vo cc 200ml dung dch NaOH c nng a mol/lt, ta c mt kt ta; em sy kh v nung n khi lng khng i c 5,1g cht rn. Tnh a? Cu 22: C mt dung dch cha 16,8g NaOH tc dng vi dung dch c ha tan 8 gam Fe 2(SO4)3. Sau li thm vo 13,68gam Al2(SO4)3. T cc phn ng ta thu c dung dch A c th tch 500ml v kt ta. Tnh nng mol cc cht trong dung dch A? Cu 23: Ha tan 21 gam hn hp gm Al v Al 2O3 bng HCl c dung dch A v 13,44 lt H 2 (ktc). Tnh th tch dung dch (lt) NaOH 0,5M cn cho vo dung dch A thu c 31,2 gam kt ta?

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Chng 6+7: Kim Loi Kim Kim Th - Nhm

dung dch A xut hin tr li 1,56 gam kt ta?

Phm Huy Quang

Cu 24: Ha tan 3,9 gam Al(OH) 3 bng 50ml NaOH 3M c dung dch A. Tnh th tch dung dch (lt) HCl 2M cn cho vo

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