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BI TIU LUN V VT LIU NANO Khi nim v vt liu nano? Vt liu nano l loi vt liu c kch thc c nanmt.

y l i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc nano v cng ngh nano, n lin kt hai lnh vc trn vi nhau. Tnh cht ca vt liu nano bt ngun t kch thc ca chng, vo c nanmt, t ti kch thc ti hn ca nhiu tnh cht ha l ca vt liu thng thng. y l l do mang li tn gi cho vt liu. Kch thc vt liu nano tri mt khong t vi nm n vi trm nm ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu v tnh cht cn nghin cu. nh ngha v khoa hc nano da trn tin t nano ca ting Hi Lp c ngha l nh xu, rt nh. Trong k thut nano c ngha l bng mt phn t ca ci g , 10-9 (1/1.000.000.000). Mt nano mt bng 10-9m, mt n v o lng o kch thc nhng vt cc nh. C cu nh nht ca vt cht chnh l nguyn t c kch thc khong 1nm, phn t l hp ca nhiu nguyn t v c kch thc khong 1nm, vi khun: 50nm, hng huyt cu 10.000 nm, si tc: 100.000 nm, u cy kim: 1 triu nm v chiu cao con ngi: 2 t nm. Vt liu nano c th nh ngha l nhng vt liu m thnh phn cu trc ca n c mt chiu vi kch thc di 100 nm. Nhng vt liu c mt chiu kch thc nano l cc lp (layers) nh cc mng mng hay cc lp ph b mt. Cc vt liu c hai chiu kch thc nano c th k n l cc si nano (nanowires) hay cc ng nano (nanotubes). Nhng vt liu c ba chiu vi kch thc nano bao gm cc ht nano (nano particles). Ngoi ra cc vt liu mao qun nm trong khong vi n vi chc nano mt cng c gi l cc vt liu c cu trc nano (nanostructured materials). Gii thch tnh cht mi l ca vt liu nano? Vt liu nano c nhng tnh cht mi l do chng kch thc nh b v nhng kch thc ny thay i theo kch thc v hnh dng ca chng. Do c im ca kch thc, tnh cht ca vt liu nano nm gia tnh cht lng t ca nguyn t v tnh cht khi ca vt liu. C nhiu nguyn nhn gii thch hin tng ny v ty thuc vo kiu vt liu. Trong cc cht bn dn n c c do s hn ch chuyn ng ca electron trong mt khng gian nh hn so vi dng khi. Vi nhng kim loi loi quy khi kch thc ht gim n khong vi chc nano mt c mt s hp th mi, rt mnh t s dao ng cng hng ca cc electron trong vng dn t b mt ca ht ny n b mt ca ht khc. S dao ng ny c mt tn s tng ng vi vng kh bin. iu ny gi l suwj hp th plasmon b mt.S hp th mnh ny sinh mt c trng mu rc r v c ng dng t th k 17 nhng thi cha gii thch c.Nhng ht vng c th sinh ra mu hng sng chi v c dng trong sn xut knh mu cho nhng ca s cc nh th Chu u, trong gm s, v c vt dng trang tr khc Trung Quc. Vi nhiu kim loi chuyn tip, vic gim kch thc ht s lm tng t l din tch b mt trn th tch ht. iu ny s lm cho chng c nhiu ng dng v kh nng hn trong ng dng lm cht xc tc v hp ph. Tim nng ng dng ca vt liu nano Vt liu Nano trong cng nghip, in t, nng lng v mi trng Th trng cc sn phm ng dng cng ngh nano c tnh t t 1- 2,6 nghn t la vo nm 2015. Tuy nhin, hiu bit v nhng c tnh bt thng v nguy c ca dng vt liu ny vn cn rt hn ch.

V l do ny, Vn phng Trch nhim gii trnh Chnh ph (GAO), c quan kim ton, nh gi v iu tra ca Quc hi M thc hin mt bn bo co v tim nng v nguy c ca vt liu Nano. Lot bi di y trch lc t ni dung ca bo co ni trn. Mt s mu xe hi trn th trng hin nay s dng vt liu nano vo ch to cc chi tit thn, v, ng c v cc ph tng khc nhm tng bn, kh nng chng chy cng nh tnh thm m ca xe. Knh xe b sung phn t kim loi v gm nano c kh nng ngn chn tia cc tm (UV) v t lm sch m trong ca knh khng thay i. Sn nano cho b mt v xe bn hn, mn hn, ng thi chng try xc, chng bm bn. ng nano ccbon dn nhin liu c bn ko (kh nng chu lc ko m khng b t gy) gp 100 ln, kh nng dn in c th kim sot chnh xc nn trnh c vic hnh thnh tnh in. Trong tng lai, vt liu nano c th c s dng gim t l hao mn ng c, tng hiu sut s dng pin v nhin liu. S dng xt kim loi dng nano to ra cc phn t nano tinh th ha lm pin lithium-ion c cng sut ln hn 20% dng cho xe chy in. xt xeri, c th dng ch to cht ph gia lm tng hiu sut s dng nhin liu ca ng c diesel, lm qu trnh t nhin liu sch hn,gim c lng kh thi c hi cng nh lng ccbon bm vo thnh xylanh ca ng c so vi s dng cc loi cht ph gia khc. Vt liu nano l s la chn ti u ca Lu Nm Gc nhm ci tin cc trang thit b cho ngi lnh v nng cao hiu qu ca v kh. Polymer nano hin c s dng trong cc thit b cm bin c kh nng pht hin nhng du vt rt nh ca cht n chn di lng t. Trong lnh vc hng khng v tr, cc vt liu cu trc nano c th gip to ra nhng th h my bay bn hn, nh hn, c kh nng chng st v chng chy tt hn. Hin nay, ngi ta sn xut c mt loi vt liu cn nano c bn cao, nh v hp th nng lng tt hn thp, dng ch to my bay. Cc loi polymer cha ht nano bc gip lm sch vi khun trong my bay. Mt cng ty ch to c loi vi v si cha ng nano ccbon c tnh dn in cao dng thay ng sn xut dy dn v cp nh hn cho my bay hoc v tinh. Trong cng nghip quc phng, t thit b gim st, cht n, n qun phc, chip xc nh tn s radio; mch tch hp; cm bin sinh hc cc nh v cc loi vi, mng thng minh. K thut gim st vi th ha ang c nghin cu bao gm vic s dng cn trng sng gn thit b nano hoc cc robot c cnh siu nh bay ln vo cn trng ti a bn ca i phng thu thp thng tin. Nhm nano ch to cc loi tn la di chuyn nhanh hn, hoc tng sc cng ph ca cc loi cht n truyn thng l do khi kt hp vi mt xt kim loi nh xt st, nhm nano cho php phn ng ha hc xy ra nhiu hn trn mt din tch b mt nh sn, nn c th tng sc n. Qun phc may bng vi kt hp vt liu nano c th i mu theo mi trng, cng li bo v ngi mc khi chn thng, chng n hoc cc loi v kh sinh/ha. N cn c th tch hp

thit b cm bin theo di tnh trng ca ngi lnh, hoc hot ng nh mt thit b phng thuc m bc s c th kch hot t xa qua sng radio. Gim kch thc, tng dung lng thit b in t in t dn dng v my tnh l nhng lnh vc sm bit tn dng u im ca vt liu nano vo sn phm, ni bt c th k n l nng cao cht lng mn hnh v kh nng dn in. Mn hnh ng dng cc lp polymer siu mng khng cn n nn v knh lc nh mn hnh LCD truyn thng, cho hnh nh ti sng v r nt hn. Cng ngh ny c ng dng ch to loi mn hnh cht do c th un cong hon ton. Kh nng dn in ca vt liu nano c s dng trong rt nhiu sn phm cn lp ph b mt dn in nh cc loi mn hnh cm ng v pin mt tri. Trn th trng hin nay c loi mng ph v vt liu ph trong sut c ch to t dy nano c kh nng dn in tt hn cc vt liu truyn thng. Cc loi mng ph ny c th thay th xt thic indi ch to in cc trong sut ca mn hnh tinh th lng. Trong tng lai, my tnh v cc thit b in t c th s dng vt liu nano tng kh nng lu tr d liu cng nh ko di thi gian s dng ca pin. Cc phng php lu tr mi da trn nn tng cng ngh nano s cho php lu c nhiu thng tin gp hn 200 ln mt lu tr ca a DVD thng thng. Nng lng xanh, mi trng sch Vt liu nano bt u c s dng lm sch rc thi, thay th cc ngun nng lng khng ti to bng nng lng ti to, gim nhim, tng hiu sut ca pin mt tri. Gia tng din tch b mt ca mt s dng vt liu nano gm v kim loi c th gip gim nhanh nng cc cht gy nhim trong t, nc, khng kh. St nano hin c s dng trong rt nhiu d n x l mi trng v mang li thnh cng ng khch l. Cc nh nghin cu th nghim bm ccbon trn cc ht st nano vo t nhim kh nng thm ht cc cht gy nhim cao hn nhiu so vi vt liu khng c ht nano. Vt liu nano cn c s dng ch to cc loi bao b t rc thi,dng thay th cc loi vt liu trng ph truyn thng sn xut t nguyn liu du m khng ti to.Trong lnh vc nng lng, mng mng nano v cng ngh quang in ang gp phn nng cao hiu qu ca in mt tri, tng kh nng hp thu nh sng ca pin mt tri mng mng. Trong tng lai, vt liu nano c th gip to ra cc dng nng lng thay th. S dng cc cht xc tc nano, ngi ta c th sn xut hyr (mt dng nng lng thay th) t nc. in cc quang s dng vt liu nano, chuyn i nh sng mt tri thnh hyr vi hiu qu cao gp 6 ln so vi phng php dng cc vt liu thng thng. H thng lc v kh mn nc ng dng

cng ngh nano cho php cc phn t nc i qua nhng gi li cc phn t c kch thc ln hn nh ion mui v cc tp cht nh vi khun, virus, kim loi nng, vt cht hu c. V cch in cho dy cp x l bng vt liu nano composite cha silic ixt nano c kh nng chu in p gp 100,kh nng ti dng cao gp 100 ln cc loi dy dn tt nht hin nay.

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