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VAN
PHN I. GII THIU CHUNG V VAN
I. CHC NNG V NHIM V
- Van l mt thnh phn khng th thiu trong h thng cu dng lu cht v p sut n c ng dng rng ri trong i sng thng ngy, trong cng nghip v nht l trong cng nghip du kh v ha cht. Van c dng trong cc trng hp sau: - Cho dng lu cht i trong ng ng hay khng cho dng lu cht i trong ng ng. - iu khin lu lng ca dng lu cht. - Lm chuyn hng cu dng lu cht. - Ch cho dng lu cht i theo mt hng nht nh. - iu khin p sut cu dng lu cht. - Bo v thit b m bo cho thit b hot ng di mt p sut cho php. Nhng nhim v trn c thc hin bng cch thay i v tr ca phn t lm kn trong van. Vic thay i ny c th c thc hin bng tay hoc t ng ho. Vi chc nng v nhim v nu ta thy c phn no vai tr quan trng ca van trong i sng sinh hot v sn sut. Hy tng tng iu g s s xy ra nu mt nh my, mt dy chuyn sn xut phi dng hot ng v mt ci van h hng hoc mt thit b no b n tung khi van an ton khng hot ng v.v.V vy ko di v duy tr s hot ng n nh, ng m van ng trng thi cng nh pht hin sm nhng du hiu bt thng van l gp phn m bo n ng cho sn xut an ton cho con ngi, mi trng v lm gim thit hi cho x hi.

II. NGUYN TC LA CHN V PHN LOI VAN

1. NGUYN TC LA CHN VAN. Nguyn tc c bn la chn van l da vo kh nng lm kn ca van v c tnh cu dng lu cht. Ni n vic lm kn l ni n tnh cht lm kn seat seals, gasketed seals, stem seals. 2. PHN LOA VAN. a. Van vn hnh bng tay (Manual valve) Da theo cch ca phn t lm kn ng v m van hoc iu chnh dng ta c th phn ra lm bn nhn sau: Phn loi bng cch iu chnh dng Kiu van Chn sp li (closing down) - Van cu. - Van piston Trt theo thn van (sliding) - Van cng c hai a lp song song. - Van cng c a hnh nm

Quay (rotating) - Van nut. - Van bi. - Van bm Thay i thn van (flexing of valvebody)

- Van mng

b. Van mt chiu. L loi van ch cho dng lu cht i theo mt chiu nht nh. Tng t nh trn l da vo cch m phn t lm kn chuyn ng trong van m ta chia ra lm bn nhn sau: - Van mt chiu c phn t lm kn hot ng theo phng php nng ln h xung (Lift check valves). - Van mt chiu c phn t lm kn quay xung quanh mt trc (Swing check valves). - Van mt chiu c phn t lm kn lc i lc li xung quanh mt trc (Tilting- disc check valves). - Van mt chiu dng van mng (Diaphragm check valves). c. Van an ton. L loi van c thit k nhm bo v vic qu p cho mt h thng hay mt thit b no . Van an ton c chia lm hai nhn chnh: - Van hot ng di tc ng trc tip ca p sut dong lu cht (Direct- loaded pressure relief valves). - Van hot dng di tc dng ca mt ng dn (Piloted- pressure relief valves)

Sau y l mt s hnh nh minh ho v van:

VAN CNG

VAN BI

VAN NT

VAN CU 4

VAN BM

VAN MT CHIU

VAN AN TON

VAN IU KHIN

PHN II. CU TO V NGYN L LM VIC CA VAN


I. VAN CNG:
Van cng l mt loi van ng dng rt rng ri. 1. CU TO: Van cng bao gm cc chi tit sau y

Np van ( bonnet ):

Thn van: Lu :

L phn t lin kt vi thn van bi cc bulon v ai c, phn trn ca np van c tc dng ng lt dn hng cho trc van, ring i vi van cng np van cn cha cng van khi thc hin qu trnh m van. L b phn lin kt vi ng ng dn lu cht v c bt cht vi np van, ng thi l b phnkt hp vi cng van c ngn dng lu cht chy qua. Mt s loi van cng gia np van v thn van c vng m lm kn (gasket) chng r r, vng ny lm bng vt liu phi kim loi ( giy amian ) nu van ny dng cho cht lng hoc loi van lm vic vi dng lu cht c p sut thp. Nu van dng cho cht kh hoc lm vic trong mi trng dng lu cht c p sut cao th vng lm kn ny lm bng hp kim mu ( thng l hp kim ca ng hoc hp kim ca nhm)

Tay quay (handwheel):

Trc van ( stem ):

Khi tin hnh quay tay quay ty theo chiu quay m lm cho trc van chuyn ng ln hoc xung ko cng van chuyn ng theo thc hin qu trnh ng m van ai c hm tay quay ( nu van cng iu khin bng tay ) n khp vi ren ngoi ca ng lt dn hng lm cho tay quay v ng lt dn hng c nh vi nhau, c loi ai c hm n khp vo trc van.

Trc van c tc dng bin chuyn ng quay ca tay quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca cng van, mt u trc van c ren c kt ni vi tay quay v ng lt dn hng,

u cn li c kt ni vi cng van. V trc chuyn ng tnh tin cn np van ng yn do vy gia trc v np van lun lun c khe h, cho nn khi trong van c dng lu cht chuyn ng th n s i theo khe ny v to nn s r r dc theo trc van. khc phc hin tng ny th gia np van v trc van c lp thm hp lm kn.

Hp lm kn (packing):

c nh v trn np van, bn trong c vt liu lm kn ( amian ) qun xung quay trc van, vt liu ny s lm kn khe h gia np van v trc van bng np ca hp lm kn thng qua hai bulon v ai c c nh v trn np van.

CU TO CA VAN

CC DNG CNG VAN

Cng van:

L phn t nhn chuyn ng tnh tin t trc van thc hin qu trnh ng hoc m cho dng lu cht i qua thn van. Tu theo hnh dng ca cng van m ngi ta chia ra thnh cc loi van cng khc nhau: - Van cng song song. L loi van c b mt ca cng l mt phng dng a. N c th l mt a n hay l mt a kp c mt c cu bn trong. Lc tc dng ln a p vo van c quyt nh bi p sut ca dong lu cht. Trong trng hp a van l loi a kp th lc ny cn c cng thm lc ca c cu c hc bn trong.

VAN CNG SONG SONG

VAN CNG HNH NM

Vng lm kn gia cng van v thn van (seat ring):

Li th ca van ny l kh nng tc ng n dng l rt nh v n chim mt khongrt nh trn chiu di ca ng dn nn c kh nng cho dng lu cht c cha cht bn cng i qua. Tuy nhin n cng c nhng hn ch sau: + Dng lu cht c p sut thp th th kh nng lm kn b hn ch. + Nu s dng thng xuyn th rt nhanh h b mt lm kn v kh nng lm kn ph thuc vo p sut ca dng lu cht, b rng ca mt lm kn, vt liu ch to van. + a dn hng b mn, mt phn t no trong a h hng s dn n c ting ku rt ln, nht l khi dng lu cht c t trng ln v tc cao. + Kh nng iu chnh dng ch thch hp trong khong van ng t 50% n ht. Do vy van ny ch thch hp cho vic ng m hon ton. * Lu : V loi van ny dng cho dng c p cao nn bt buc phi kt hp vi van bypass. - Van cng hnh nm. S khc bit chnh gia loi van ny vi loi van cng song song l hnh dng ca cng van. Mc ch ca van van cng loi ny l tng cng kh nng lm kn gia cng van v van bng lc ng ca van, nn loi van ny c th p dng cho c dng lu cht c p sut thp. loi van ny gia thn van v cng van c rnh v g gip cho vic ng m ca van c d dng v lm cho cng van khng b quay trong qu trnh ng, m. C tc dng lm kn khng cho dng lu cht r r khi thc hin qu trnh ng van hon ton, nu vng ny b mn th s r r s xy ra khi van ng hon ton, ty theo tng 10

loi m vng lm kn ny c th lm bng vt liu phi kim loi hay kim loi ( nu kim loi thng l hp kim mu )

- Khi tin hnh quay tay quay th trc van chuyn ng tnh tin ln xung cng vi cng van cn tay quay th ch chuyn ng quay m khng tnh tin theo cng van. - Khi tin hnh quay tay quay th trc, tay quay va chuyn ng tnh tin va chuyn ng quay cn cng van chuyn ng tnh tin Cu to ca loi ny nh sau: Tay quay v trc c ghp c nh vi nhau bi mt ai c v khng nh v trn thn van, khi tin hnh quay lm cho ren trong ca np van n khp vi ren ngoi ca trc van sinh ra chuyn ng tnh tin - Khi tin hnh quay tay quay th trc van cng tay quay ch chuyn ng quay m khng chuyn ng tnh tin Cu to loi ny nh sau: Trc van c nh v trn np van cho php chuyn ng quay trn, nh vy khi quay tay quay th trc v tay quay chuyn ng quay trn lm cho ren ngoi ca trc n khp vi ren trong ca cng van lm cho cng van chuyn chuyn ng tnh tin ln xung thi quay tay quay. 2. NGUYN L LM VIC: - Khi tin hnh quay tay quay theo ngc chiu kim ng h lm cho cng van chuyn ng i ln thc hin qu trnh m van. Ngc li khi quay tay quay theo cng chiu kim ng h lm cho cng van chuyn ng i xung thc hin qu trnh ng van. 4. CHC NNG, PHM VI P DNG a. Chc nng +ng van hon ton. +M van hon ton. +S dng trong iu kin t hot ng. 11

Gi tay quay, trc van v cng van c nhng kiu lin kt nh sau:

+Khng lm vic c ch tit lu v ch ny cng van s b mi theo mn do tc ng ca dng lu cht. N s b r r ln ng tip - Khi ng hoc m cng nhanh cng tt.

II. VAN NT
Van nt l loi van m phn t lm kn hot ng theo phng php quay xung quanh n mt gc 90 th van thay i trang thi lam vic. Van nt gm c hai loi: - Van nt hnh xylanh (Cylindrical plug valves). - Van nt hnh nn ct (Taper plug valves). Thng thng trn thn van v trn phn t lm kn c khoan l hnh ch nht i vi loi van nt hnh xylanh, hnh tam gic i vi loi van hnh nn ct. Mc ch ca vic ny l lm gim khi lng ca van nhng n li lm tng tn tht p sut. Van nt rt thun tin cho vic ng v m hon ton. Loi van ny nn hn ch dng iu tit dng. Kh nng iu tit ca loai van ny cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu lm van v nhng c im ca dng lu cht 1.VAN NT HNH XY LANH

VAN NT HNH XYLANH KHNG BI TRN

VAN NT HNH XYLANH C BI TRN

Trong van nt gia cng van v thn van th bn phng php sau c s dng: - Lm kn chung. - Lm kn bng vic gin n ca cng van. - Lm kn bng O-ring. - Lm kn bng lch tm ca nt.

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2. VAN NT HNH NN

LOI BI TRN

LOI KHNG BI TRN

Loi van ny cho php c iu chnh khe h bng cch p nt van xung su hn hoc nhc ln mt cht trc khi quay 90 tu thuc vo thit k c th. - Loi van nt hnh nn khng bi trn ph hp vi dng cht lng c sc cng b mt v nht ln, Nu trc khi lp ngi ta bi m cho cng van th loi van nay c th dng cho dng kh m. Khi khng s dng bi trn l thc hin qu trnh ng m van khng cho xy ra ma st gia thn van v nt van khi thc hin qu trnh m hoc ng van ta tin hnh xoay cn lm kn trc theo ngc chiu kim ng h lm xut hin khe h gia nt v thn van. Sau ta tin hnh xoay cn ng, m. - Loi van nt hnh nn c bi trn n tng t nh van nt hinh xylanh nhng n c nhng iu thun li hn cho vic vn hnh. Chng hn van c th b kt sau mt thi gian di khng hot ng, do khng c du bi trn hoc vn qu cht. Th van nt hnh nn ta ch vic lm cho nt van nng ln mt cht v nh vy ta ng m d dng. 3. NGUYN L LM VIC: - Khi c cu iu khin hoc tay quay lm cho trc van xoay mt gc 90 th van thay i ch lm vic. - Theo nguyn tc khi van ang v tr ng ta xoay cn iu khin ngc chiu kim ng h th van m. 4. CHC NNG, PHM VI P DNG a. Chc nng - Van nt ch hot ng ch ng, m hon ton. - Van nt hn ch lm vic c ch tit lu. - Van nt c th dng i hng cho dng lu cht. b. Phm vi p dng: 13

Dng Dng Dng Dng

cho dng kh. cho dng lng. cho dng bn st khng mi mn bn st c mi mn th phi s dng loi van c bi trn.

III. VAN BI
Van bi l mt dng c bit ca van nt, vi hnh dng ca phn t lam kn l hnh vin bi 1. CU TO:

a. Thn van (Body): Thn van bi c dng hnh cu gm hai na ghp li vi nhau, trong thn c cha cc vng lm kn. b. Trc (Stem): Trc lm nhim v kt ni gia cn iu khin ( tay quay ) hoc c cu iu khin vi bi. Hp m lm kn (Stem packing): Cng nh van cng van bi th gia trc v thn cng phi c lm kn bi hp lm kn chng r r. d. Bi (ball): - Bi c dng hnh cu trn bi c khoan l thng sut v i qua trc ca bi, ng knh l tng ng vi ng knh ca l trn thn van. - B mt ngai ca van bi c bng rt cao do vy van bi khng cn phi bi trn.

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- Chnh v ng knh ca l van bng ng knh ca ng ng dn dng lu cht cho nn khi dng lu cht i qua van bi th hin tng tn tht p sut l rt nh. Trong cc loi van th van bi c tn tht v p sut l nh nht. e. Vng m lm kn (seat ring): Vng lm kn gia bi v thn van c tc dng lm kn khng cho dng lu cht r r khi thc hin qu trnh ng van hon ton, nu vng ny b mn th s r r s xy ra khi van ng hon ton. van bi th vng lm kn ny thng c ch tao bng vt liu mm. Mc ch ca vic ny l tng kh nng lm kn. Khi bi dch chuyn n c kh nng loi c cht bn cho nn n c th dung cho c ln cht rn l lng. Tuy nhin nhng cht bn cng c kh nng mi mn cao th c th ph hu vng m v b mt ca bi. c bit quan trng l vng m c ch to bng teflon. Loi vt liu ny tr vi hu nh cc loi ho cht c tnh qu bu ny coi nh c kt hp gia cc yu t sau: h s ma st thp, phm vi p dng cho nhit di rt rng v c tnh lm kn th tuyt vi. Nhng n cng c hn ch l nhy cm vi dng lnh v dng c nhit thp i qua. Nhng vt liu nh: platic, teflon, nylon v mt s loi khc s gim dn kh nng lm kn v tr ln bin cng v c bit vi dng c chnh p thp. Nhng vt liu n hi khc nh cao su cng c th c s dng trong mt s dng lu cht v trong di nhit cho php. Tuy nhin nhng vt liu mm c xu hng kp cht bi tr khi dong lu cht c nht. Trong nhng iu kin m vt liu mm khng p ng c th phi thay th bng kim loi hoc gm.

VNG M LM KN V CCH LP T

2. NGUYN L LM VIC: - Khi c cu iu khin hoc tay quay lm cho trc van xoay mt gc 90 th van thay i ch lm vic.

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- Theo nguyn tc khi van ang v tr ng ta xoay cn iu khin ngc chiu kim ng h th van m. 3. CHC NNG, PHM VI P DNG a. Chc nng - Van bi ch hot ng ch ng, m hon ton. - Van bi hn ch lm vic c ch tit lu. - Van bi c th dng i hng cho dng lu cht. b. Phm vi p dng: - Dng cho dng kh. - Dng cho dng lng. - Dng cho dng bn st khng mi mn. - Dng trong mi trng chn khng. 4. PHN LOI VAN BI: C rt nhiu kiu,chng ta c th phn ra: Theo cch lin kt vi trc ta c: - Bi c ngng trc - Bi khng c ngng trc Theo kt cu thn van ta c: - Thn mt mnh (1 piece body) - Thn hai mnh (2 piece body) - Thn ba mnh (3 piece body)

VAN BI KHNG C NGNG TRC

VAN BI C NGNG TRC

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THN MT MNH

THN HAI MNH

VAN NHIU CA

THN BA MNH

IV. VAN BM
1. CU TO

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a.Thn van: Thn van ca van bm tng t nh mt vng kim loi trn thn van c nhng l dng nh v vo ng ng bi cc bulon v ai c. b. a van: a van l mt tm kim loi n lm nhim v iu khin dng chy (ng hoc m dng chy) thng qua c cu iu khin hoc tay quay c. Seat ring: L vng lm kn gia thn van v a van khi van thc hin qu trnh ng van hon ton. 2. NGUYN L LM VIC: - Khi tin hnh quay tay quay theo ngc chiu kim ng h l thc hin qu trnh m van. Ngc li khi quay tay quay theo cng chiu kim ng h l hin qu trnh ng van. Vic ng m ch cn quay tay quay hoc iu khin c cu ng mi gc . Lu : + Van bm rt d b h hng khi m iu tit t 15-75. + Van bm l van c th dng u tit dng chy, v vy lc tc ng ca dng chy s tc ng ln a van cho nn trong nhng iu kin nht nh ngi ta s dng van bm c c cu gi gc m.

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C cu gi gc m: Gm c hai phn: phn c nh c gn trn thn van gm l kim loi c rng thng hoa v phn di ng l mt ci cht c gn trn cn van. C cu ny nhm mc ch c nh gc m ca van khng cho dng lu cht tc ng lm thay i gc ng m ban u 3. CHC NNG, PHM VI P DNG a. Chc nng - Van bmc th hot ng ch ng, m hon ton. - M tit lu 19

b. Phm vi p dng: - Dng cho dng kh. - Dng cho dng lng. - Dng bn.

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V. VAN CU
1. CU TO

VAN CU - Np van c lin kt vi thn van c th bng ren, mt bich, hn. - Thn: Tu theo yu cu c th c th c cc loi cu to khc nhau p ng c cc yu cu v p sut, lu lng v nhit . Ngoi ra thn cn c cu to nhng hnh dng khc nhau tng tnh hiu qu cho h thng (hnh di) - Trc van: Truyn chuyn ng gia tay van n a van. N c th chuyn ng tnh tin hoc c th chuyn ng quay. - Hp lm kn: Gia trc v thn c hp lm kn v thng c mt khoang lm cn bng. - van c th c ch to bng kim loi c th chu c ng sut cao v d to c hnh dng nh mong mun hoc c th c ch to bng vt liu mm.

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MT S DNG KHC CA VAN CU

2. NGUYN L LM VIC: - C th s dng iu tit - ng hay m hon ton. C th s dng trong cc mi trng: kh, lng khng c bn l cht cng, mi trng chn khng, mi trng ng lnh. 22

VI. VAN MT CHIU


1. NGUYN L LM VIC: Van mt chiu l loi van ch cho dng lu cht chuyn ng qua van mt chiu cn chiu ngc th van ng. trng thi bnh thng khng c tc ng ca chiu dng chy, trng lng ca a s lm cho van ng ca van li. 2. Cc loi van mt chiu thng dng: a. Van mt chiu s dng a (Swing check valve)

N p

Khp ni bn l bulon a

thn

Van mt chiu loi a c s dng l xo.

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b. Van mt chiu loi a dng cho ng ng thng ng ( lift check valves ) y l loi van c li th hn hn nhng loai van khc v: - N ch cn dch chuyn mt mt khong ngn t c trng thi m hoan ton. - Loi van ny thng c rnh dn hng cho nn m bo chc chn rng phn t lm kn s i ng vo v tr ca n. - Dng lu cht i qua theo dng hnh trn nn kch c ca van l nh gn. - Vic ng van rt d dng v nhanh chng. Tuy nhin n cng c nhng nhc im sau: - V van ny c rnh dn hng cho nn khi dng lu cht bn th chnh rnh ny li lm cn tr qu trnh ng van. - Khi dng lu cht c nht cao th cng lm chm qu trnh ng ca van, i cn lm cho van khng ng c. Cho nn loi van ny ch dng vi dng c nht thp v khng c cht bn cng

Van mt chiu kiu bi: C hai loi + Loi dng cho ng ng nm ngang + Van mt chiu kiu bi lp cho ng ng thng ng.

Loi van ny c th dng vi dng lu cht c cn bn.

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Loi van ny hn ch n ti a hin tng sc

Loi van ny ch s dng cho dng kh c. Van mt chiu loi a lc i lc li quanh mt trc

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Khi van mt chiu hot ng cn trnh: - Vic hnh thnh mt p gy sc rt ln l kt qu ca qu trnh ng van. trnh iu ny th van phi ng nhanh. - Vic dao ng tc thi nhanh chng lp i lp li ca phn t lm kn. khc phc hin tng ny th van phi lp ng v tr c tnh ton. 3. CC DNG H HNG THNG THNG: - i vi loi a: + b mt phn tip xc lm kn c th b try xc dn n vic lm kn kem hiu qu + C cu dn ng cho a c th b mi mn...

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VII. VAN AN TON


1. CU TO

VAN AN TON 2. NHIM V Nhim v ca van an ton l m bo s an ton cho mt thit b hay mt cm thit b no bng cch gi cho p sut ca thit b hay cm thit b lun lun trong gii hn an ton cho php.

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3. NGUYN L LM VIC Van an ton l loi van thng xuyn ng n ch lm vic (t ng) v bt buc phi lm vic mt p sut ti thiu no y (p sut ci t). iu c ngha l khi p trong h thng t n gi tr ci t ca van an ton th van an ton s t ng m lm gim p sut trong h thng. Lu : Van an ton l loi van bt buc phi c kim nh k bi nhng t chc c chc nng theo ng qui nh ca nh nc.

VIII. VAN IU KHIN


1. CU TO

II. NGUYN L LM VIC Van an ton l loi van lm victheo nguyn l thay i dng in iu khin dn thay i m ca van: khi dng in iu khin thay i th b phn thay i tn hiu (I/P) n chuyn thnh vic thay i p sut kh iu khin v p sut ny s thay i m ca van. m bo s thay i ny c chnh xc th trn thn van ngi ta gn thm thit b cm nhn s thay i ca trc van (positioner) v thit b ny quay li iu chnh mt ln na (chnh tinh) kt qu ta s c c m chnh xc ca van.

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